Journal articles: 'WSN routing protocols'

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Mahboub, Aziz, El Mokhtar En-Naimi, Mounir Arioua, Hamid Barkouk, Younes El Assari, and Ahmed El Oualkadi. "An energy-efficient clustering protocol using fuzzy logic and network segmentation for heterogeneous WSN." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 5 (2019): 4192. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i5.pp4192-4203.

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Wireless sensor networks have become an emerging research area due to their importance in the present industrial application. The enlargement of network lifetime is the major limitation in WSN. Several routing protocols study the extension of lifespan in WSN. Routing protocols significantly influence on the global of energy consumption for sensors in WSN. It is essential to correct the energy efficiency performance of routing protocol in order to improve the lifetime. The protocols based on clustering are the most routing protocols in WSN to reduce energy consumption. The protocols dedicate to WSN have demonstrated their limitation in expanding the lifetime of the network. In this paper, we present Hybrid SEP protocol : Multi-zonal Fuzzy logic heterogeneous Clustering based on Stable Election Protocol (FMZ-SEP). The FMZ-SEP characterizes by four parameters: WSN segmentation (splitting the WSN into the triangle zones ), the Subtractive Clustering Method to determine a correct number of clusters, the FCM and the SEP protocol. The FMZ-SEP prolong the stability period and extend the lifetime. The simulation results point out that the stability period of FMZ-SEP. FMZ-SEP protocol outperforms of MZ-SEP, FSEP and SEP protocol by improving the network lifetime and the stability period.

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Kaur, Jaspinder, Taranvir Kaur, and Kanchan Kaushal. "Survey on WSN Routing Protocols." International Journal of Computer Applications 109, no. 10 (2015): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/19226-0924.

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Devika G., Asha Gowda Karegowda, and Ramesh D. "Survey of WSN Routing Protocols." International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation 11, no. 1 (2020): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaec.2020010103.

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Many original ideologies are being applied as a solution to the problem of wireless sensor network with the rigorous experimentation and advancement in technology and research. This article reviews various energy efficient routing algorithms, classifying them based on the methodology applied. The classification is based on the design approach used to solve the basic problem arising in the construction of a transmission path between a source and the base station [BS] with a minimum of energy consumed. The pros and cons of the routing algorithm for WSN in the stated architectures are analyzed. The parameters to be considered in the evaluation of all routing protocols are summarized.

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Sang, Lei, and Duo Long. "Application of Ant Colony Algorithm to the Hierarchical Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 1833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.1833.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have become a hot research topic in the field of computer science. Since WSNs are characterized by limited node energy, dynamic topological structure and data fusion, the design of WSN routing protocols is faced with new problems and challenges. In recent years, many new routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks have appeared, but they all have some shortcomings. This paper studies and analyzes these routing protocols, and in view of their shortcomings, proposes a WSN hierarchical routing protocol based on ant colony algorithm. And a simulation test is conducted on this improved routing protocol, and the simulation result proves that this algorithm basically achieves the design objectives of WSN routing algorithms.

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Kaur, Mukhwinder. "Types Routing Protocols based one Energy Efficiency." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (2021): 709–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38057.

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Abstract: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of autonomous sensors distributed in space to monitor physical or environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, and pressure, and to coordinate communications. The information collected reaches its destination through the network infrastructure. Energy-efficient routing protocols are becoming more important because sensor nodes are power-limited devices. Several tiered routing protocols have recently been proposed to minimize power consumption. For example, LEACH is a basic hierarchical routing protocol that uses clustering to achieve energy efficiency. Much research has been done to eliminate the shortcomings and improve the performance of hierarchical routing protocols. WSN hierarchical routing protocols and analyzes the capabilities and performance of existing hierarchical routing protocols. It also compares existing routing protocols, highlights key technical differences, and provides a performance comparison of some LEACH-based routing protocols. Finally, this article highlights the issues and challenges of existing WSN routing protocols. It supports future research on the selection of appropriate research areas and provides guidance on the selection of energy saving methods in the energy efficient design of WSN routing protocols. Keywords: wireless sensor network, routing protocols, CSMA, CH, TDMA

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Suresh, Bhukya, and G. Shyama Chandra Prasad. "A Survey on Enhanced Energy Efficient Routing Protocol of WSN for Internet of Things." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 07 (2021): 1499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/07326.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a resource-constrained network class recognized as a major energy consumer. Wireless sensor technologies are used in many commercialized industrial automation processes and other real-world applications. The WSN protocol is well-suited to harsh situations where deployment is difficult or impossible, such as the battlefield, a toxic chemical plant, the cloud, fog computing, and the Internet of Things, but not in a high-temperature network infrastructure environment. WSNs have introduced various Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols based on network (NW) organization and protocols in recent years. Various WSN routing options for energy efficiency are explored in this work. The WSN Energy Efficient Routing Protocol is compared to other routing systems. We also compare and investigate better WSN routing algorithms for cloud computing, fog computing, and the Internet of Things.

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Alazzawi, L., and A. Elkateeb. "Performance Evaluation of the WSN Routing Protocols Scalability." Journal of Computer Systems, Networks, and Communications 2008 (2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/481046.

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Scalability is an important factor in designing an efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A good routing protocol has to be scalable and adaptive to the changes in the network topology. Thus scalable protocol should perform well as the network grows larger or as the workload increases. In this paper, routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are simulated and their performances are evaluated to determine their capability for supporting network scalability.

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Roy, Minakshi, Debjani Bhowmik, and Chitrapriya N. "Classification of Several WSN Routing Protocols." International Journal of Computer Applications 158, no. 8 (2017): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2017912821.

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Dr. Abhishek Badholia, Kanak Prabha Lila Ramani,. "CLUSTER BASED ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WSN SENSOR." INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY 9, no. 1 (2021): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/itii.v9i1.119.

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Over the past few years we can observe the WSNs or Wireless Sensor Network applications in various fields increasing immensely. The energy efficiency, network lifetime and clustering process prime goal is the working network's optimization is the focus of many of the routing algorithm. Keeping in mind the network homogeneity, for network performance reinforcement we suggest instead of single path to use multiple paths. For WSNs, Reinforcement Intelligence Routing Protocol (RIRP)[1]. In the multihop wireless sensor networks an efficient and effective method for security improvements local monitoring has worked well [2]. But taking in consideration the power consumption in the current practice of local monitoring is costly. For ensuring long-lived operations in the sensor network reinforcement intelligent routing protocol is critical [3]. For ensuring both the aspects improvement in security and long-lived operations, the development of mechanism that is effective and incorporated with the Reinforcement protocol is an open problem. With the help of local monitoring to solve this issue, section of the traffic going in and out of its neighbors is supervised by each node to keep a check on any suspicious behavior like unlikely long delays in packet forwarding [4]. To integrate the existing reinforcement protocol of the network and without any niggardly in the consumption of energy in the local monitoring with the help of a protocol [5]. In comparison to other protocols in this protocol the region of instability starts later. At a constant rate the nodes of the RIRP or Reinforcement Intelligent Routing Protocol dies. Few problems such as cluster head selection process, network lifetime and network stability are evaluated and worked in the technique proposed here [6]. To reduce the overload consumption as much as possible the nodes switches in between the active and sleep mode.

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Hussein, Aya A., and Rajaaaldeen A. Khalid. "An IMPROVED ENERGY EFFICIENT CHAIN-BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL USING ACO." Iraqi Journal of Information & Communications Technology 2, no. 3 (2019): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31987/ijict.2.3.75.

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As new ideas and perspectives continue to be shared by various authors, many different aspects of WSN technology have been generated according to the pivotal role of WSN for many fields in our lives. This technology contains different components, the most basic one is the sensor nodes that communicate with each other and deliver the data. Routing protocols make the sensors' communication and delivering of data thoughtfully planned to be more reliable. Routing protocols are a wide field given the importance of their presence in the network to route the data to the best path or shortest path as much as possible among sensor nodes. This paper focus on cluster-based routing protocols that have hierarchal architecture, this class of protocols has gone through a lot of developments and improvements because of the great benefits that offer to WSN. Part of these Improvements that applied to IEEPB protocol (Improved Energy-Efficient PEGASIS-Based protocol) is enhancing the protocol work mechanism using the Ant colony optimization technique (ACO) to conserve wasted energy and thus increase the network lifetime. Therefore, this paper proposes a SIEEPB-ACO protocol that is an improved protocol over IEEPB protocol using ACO.

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Ameen, Nabeena, Najumnissa Jamal, and L. Arun Raj. "Comparative analysis of energy based optimized dynamic source multipath routing protocol in WSNs." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 16, no. 1 (2019): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v16.i1.pp441-455.

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Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been considered to be a formula for overcoming various requirements like surveillance, health care, traffic surveillance and defense systems. As an aid to the demands for Wireless sensor network, research has been going on the efficient consumption of energy and secure communication areas for WSN. Here introducing Ant colony optimization based Optimized dynamic Secure multipath routing protocol (ODMRP) have improvised WSN in terms of energy efficiency, performance, strength and scalability. This paper proposed mechanism of Ant Colony Optimization based on the optimized dynamic secure multipath routing protocol (ODMRP-ACO) for data transmission in the WSNs. This eases the data transmission via WSNs. The shortest path between the source node and the destination node is analyzed by the ant colony cooperation which is based on the ACO. There are several routing protocols like Energy-aware and Secure Routing with Trust (ESRT-ACO), Split multipath routing protocol-Ant colony Optimization (SMR-ACO), Light Weight Trust Based routing protocol (TLB-AODV) and AODV routing protocols that are built with the ACO based Routing Protocol. They are concerned over the End to End Delay, Packet Delivery Rate, Routing Overhead, Throughput and Energy Efficiency. The data analytic results have proven to be effective compared to the other routing protocols designed for WSN. This is because; the overall ODMRP-ACO was calculated to be 96.98% better than the other existing. For the newly developed ODMRP-ACO protocol, the simulation platform used is NS2 simulation software.

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S.Shetty, Bharati, and Suresha . "Survey on Energy Efficient Routing Protocols by Clustering and Load balancing in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.12 (2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12.15907.

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Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is consisting of nodes which deployed to sense the physical environment. In WSN there is excessive growth in performance evaluation and analysis techniques, because of fast development in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The main resource problem in WSN is the energy of sensor nodes. There is need of routing protocol which consumes less energy during communication. A reliable and robust routing protocol which limits the excess energy consumed by nodes during forwarding and receiving messages results in energy efficiency protocol. This survey work provides the advantages, drawbacks and comparison of five energy efficient routing protocols.

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Abazeed, Mohammed, Norshiela Faisal, Suleiman Zubair, and Adel Ali. "Routing Protocols for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network: A Survey." Journal of Sensors 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/469824.

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Multimedia applications have become an essential part of our daily lives, and their use is flourishing day by day. The area of wireless sensor network is not an exception where the multimedia sensors are attracting the attention of the researchers increasingly, and it has shifted the focus from traditional scalar sensors to sensors equipped with multimedia devices. The multimedia sensors have the ability to capture video, image, audio, and scalar sensor data and deliver the multimedia content through sensors network. Due to the resource constraints nature of WSN introducing multimedia will add more challenges, so the protocols designed for multimedia wireless sensor network should be aware of the resource constraints nature of WSN and multimedia transmission requirement. This paper discusses the design challenges of routing protocols proposed for WMSN. A survey and comprehensive discussion are given for proposed protocols of WMSN followed by their limitations and features.

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Chen, Xia, Jian Ping Luo, Ye Liu, and Cheng Zhi Long. "The Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 1606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.1606.

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Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a network which connect the human and the nature. The lifetime is an important standard which measures the network is good or not. The routing can influence on the lifetime of the network. This paper mainly introduces some routing protocols in WSN and describes their advantages and shortcomings.

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Pasha, Muhammad Adeel, Jahangir Hassan Khan, and Shahid Masud. "I-LEACH: energy-efficient routing protocol for monitoring of irrigation canals." SIMULATION 91, no. 8 (2015): 750–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549715602957.

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Irrigation canals and their tributaries, originating from the run of a river, span a considerable geographical area that is typically of the order of 100 km2. Efficient deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to monitor and control the flow of scarce water resources is a challenging task, mainly because the WSN motes are designed to consume very low power and communicate over very short distances. This paper investigates the use of different WSN protocols to monitor water usage over irrigation networks in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. This irrigation network is considered to be among the biggest in the world with over 58,000 canal outlets. The paper proposes a new energy-efficient routing protocol that improves the network lifespan as well as the packet error rates resulting in a more dependable distributed WSN. The protocol was simulated along with other state-of-the-art protocols in random as well as linear topologies with simulation variables such as the number of nodes, coverage area and base station position varied in each case. The results also show that the node die-out pattern in our protocol is uniformly spread throughout the network as compared with other existing protocols resulting in increased robustness. The NS3 network simulator was used to simulate the geographically distributed WSN with different protocols and system parameters.

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Umar, Syed, P. V. R. D Prasada Rao, and Sridevi Gutta. "Tree Based Energy Balancing Routing Protocol by Self Organizing in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 5, no. 6 (2015): 1486. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v5i6.pp1486-1491.

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Today the wireless sensor networks (WSN) play a crucial role in wireless technology in various domains like military, medicine, communications etc. The energy conservation is the crucial factor in the WSN. The WSN is a system which has more number of nodes in which various sensors are fabricated on the nodes to monitor various factors of the given task. These nodes will form a network by connecting the one to other for the effective communication between the nodes, and sends the whole information to the base station (BS). As the nodes which we use for the WSN are of low cost and are battery operated. The main drawback is replacement of the battery in the WSN. The main goal is to conserve the energy consumption in WSN and also to balance the load on WSN. For this many protocols are designed like LEACH, PEGASIS, PEDAP, etc. in those balancing the load and time delayed. some drawbacks are there. So we proposed a protocol so called “Tree Based Energy Balancing routing Protocol by Self Organizing” (TEBRSO), in which instead of routing tables a routing tree will be used for routing from nodes to base station (BS), which chooses one root/control node for the broadcasting messages to the selected sensor nodes. By this protocol we can save the energy consumption in WSN and can extend the life time of it. The performance of this protocol is better when we compare with other energy saving protocols.

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El Ouadi, Mohammed Réda, and Abderrahim Hasbi. "Comparison of LEACH and PEGASIS Hierarchical Routing Protocols in WSN." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 16, no. 09 (2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v16i09.14691.

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Wireless Sensor Networks is a group of sensor nodes dispatched in a geographical area for a defined objective. These sensor nodes are characterized by limited capacity of communicating, computing and especially of energy. The performance of these WSN is resting on a good routing protocol, hence the need to choose the routing protocol able to satisfy the wsn's objectives, and to satisfy the common challenge to prolong network life time.Several routing concepts have been proposed for the WSN, hierarchical routing is one of the most used concepts. It is divided into 3 types: cluster based routing, grid based routing and chain based protocol. In this paper, we are interested to Study, analyse and compare two popular routing protocols for Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) using clusters based concept and Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System (PEGASIS) with chain based concept. The both protocols are simulated with Matlab simulator, in order to evaluate its performances against the different users and the WSNs objectives defined.

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Kumar, Nagesh, Yashwant Singh, and Pradeep Kumar Singh. "An Energy Efficient Trust Aware Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network." International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design 8, no. 2 (2017): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijismd.2017040102.

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As the wireless sensor networks (WSN) are gaining popularity the need of reliable delivery of data packets becomes more important. The reliable delivery is only possible when the routing protocols are efficient and secure. Because of lack of resources it is not possible to use existing cryptosystems to provide security in WSN. But, trust aware routing can provide the security with lesser resources, which become popular in last three to four years. In this paper, a new energy efficient and trust aware reliable opportunistic routing (TAEROR) protocol is proposed. The protocol consists of a trust metric and also a relay selection algorithm. The trust aware metric detects the malicious nodes on the basis of forwarding sincerity, energy consumption and acknowledgement sincerity. Relay selection algorithms avoid these malicious nodes to get selected in the routing process. The protocol is simulated and compared to existing trust aware routing protocols. Proposed protocol TEAROR presents better results than the other compared protocols.

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Dhiman, Sonal, Ravi Jaiswal, and Siddharth Srivastava. "A Review of Routing Protocols in WSN." Journal of Control System and Control Instrumentation 6, no. 2 (2020): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jocsaci.2020.v06i02.003.

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Siddiqui, Faizan Ali, Qing Ling Liu, and Muhammad Hashim. "Comprehensive Review of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 1709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.1709.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are attracting great interest in a number of application domains concerned with monitoring and control of physical phenomena, as they enable dense and boundless deployments at low-cost and with excellent flexibility. Extensive usage of WSN is the reason of development of any routing protocols. The main contribution of this article is an extensive survey and classification of the routing protocols in WSN. Routing protocols are classified under seven categories (Location-Based, Data Centric, Hierarchical-Based, Mobility-Based, Multipath-Based, Heterogeneity based and Quality of Service (QoS)-Based.). Each protocol is described and discussed with advantage and disadvantages. The challenges faced by WSN are also mentioned in this paper and finally to set the milestone for future work. For researchers, this paper serves as a starting point into research in designing routing protocols for WSNs effectively and efficiently. Any reader who is interested in improving their knowledge of the technical concepts will find a list of references and recent publications at the end of this paper.

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KANELLOPOULOS, DIMITRIS. "Rethinking Cluster-based Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 12, no. 1 (2019): 03–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst12.01.02.

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A wireless sensor network (WSN) can be employed in many application areas such as traffic control and industrial automation. In WSNs, clustering achieves energy efficiency and scalable performance. A cluster is formed by several sensors nodes, and one of them is elected as cluster-head (CH). A CH collects information from the cluster members and sends aggregated sensed data to the base station (BS) or another CH. The main task of a routing protocol in a WSN is to forward these sensed data to the BS. This paper analyses the advantages of cluster-based routing protocols vs. flat routing protocols in WSNs.

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Ahvar, Ehsan, Shohreh Ahvar, Gyu Myoung Lee, and Noel Crespi. "An Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Query-Based Applications in Wireless Sensor Networks." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/359897.

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Wireless sensor network (WSN) typically has energy consumption restriction. Designing energy-aware routing protocol can significantly reduce energy consumption in WSNs. Energy-aware routing protocols can be classified into two categories, energy savers and energy balancers. Energy saving protocols are used to minimize the overall energy consumed by a WSN, while energy balancing protocols attempt to efficiently distribute the consumption of energy throughout the network. In general terms, energy saving protocols are not necessarily good at balancing energy consumption and energy balancing protocols are not always good at reducing energy consumption. In this paper, we propose an energy-aware routing protocol (ERP) for query-based applications in WSNs, which offers a good trade-off between traditional energy balancing and energy saving objectives and supports a soft real time packet delivery. This is achieved by means of fuzzy sets and learning automata techniques along with zonal broadcasting to decrease total energy consumption.

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Barkouk, Hamid, El Mokhtar En-Naimi, and Aziz Mahboub. "Performance evaluation of hierarchical clustering protocols with fuzzy C-means." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 4 (2021): 3212. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3212-3221.

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The longevity of the network and the lack of resources are the main problems within the WSN. Minimizing energy dissipation and optimizing the lifespan of the WSN network are real challenges in the design of WSN routing protocols. Load balanced clustering increases the reliability of the system and enhances coordination between different nodes within the network. WSN is one of the main technologies dedicated to the detection, sensing, and monitoring of physical phenomena of the environment. For illustration, detection, and measurement of vibration, pressure, temperature, and sound. The WSN can be integrated into many domains, like street parking systems, smart roads, and industrial. This paper examines the efficiency of our two proposed clustering algorithms: Fuzzy C-means based hierarchical routing approach for homogeneous WSN (F-LEACH) and fuzzy distributed energy efficient clustering algorithm (F-DEEC) through a detailed comparison of WSN performance parameters such as the instability and stability duration, lifetime of the network, number of cluster heads per round and the number of alive nodes. The fuzzy C-means based on hierarchical routing approach is based on fuzzy C-means and low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. The fuzzy distributed energy efficient clustering algorithm is based on fuzzy C-means and design of a distributed energy efficient clustering (DEEC) protocol. The technical capability of each protocol is measured according to the studied parameters.

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Wang, Yi Dan, and Yi Liu. "Analysis and Comparison of WSN Routing Protocols Oriented to WBAN." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 952–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.952.

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Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) can implement the wireless communication between several micro-sensor units, so as to meet demand of medical remote monitoring, disease control, disease prevention and others. In this paper, we will analysis in-depth of some characteristics of three routing protocols commonly used in wireless sensor network, including energy consumption, transmission rate, network stability and unexpected resilience of communication. There are also some statements for both the strengths and weaknesses of each protocol and the improvement advices, finally according to the characteristics of each protocol to analyze the respective applicable WBAN types. By improving the routing protocols, WBAN can provide more practical and beneficial applications in the medical, entertainment and other fields, thereby the popularity of it will be improved.

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Midha, Surabhi, and Anand Nayyar. "A Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocols based on SPIN." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 6 (2014): 4583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v13i6.2521.

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SPIN(Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation) comprises of a set of adaptive protocols that proficiently disseminate data in wireless sensor network(WSN).SPIN overcomes certain deficiencies associated with some of the data dissemination protocols & brings in more efficiency. WSNs have limited energy and hence efficiency of protocol has a significant impact on networkâ€Ÿs lifetime. Many protocols have been developed that are based on SPIN and are its modifications. This paper presents a survey on SPIN protocol and the various protocols devised which use SPIN as a base in one or another way.

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Zhang, Jing, Han Yan, Yi Cui, Hui Rong, and Jian Ping Wang. "LEACH-EO: A More Energy-Efficient LEACH Protocol for WSN." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 3108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.3108.

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The sensor nodes in WSN are generally limited in energy, and the communication between nodes consumes most power. Therefore, it is the key point to reduce energy consumption and network traffic when designing routing protocols for WSN. The Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is a widely used and studied WSN routing protocol. In this paper, an improved LEACH based on energy-consumption optimization (LEACH-EO) was proposed against the deficiencies of LEACH. LEACH-EO implemented some improvements on the cluster-head selection of LEACH, meanwhile, the data redundancy of WSN was exploited to optimize the data transmission according to the characteristics of WSN. The simulation results show that LEACH-EO increases network lifetime and reduces energy consumption in comparison to LEACH.

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Meshram, Abhay K., and Prof Deepak C. Mehetre. "Survey on Recent Reliable Routing protocols in WSN." IJARCCE 6, no. 4 (2017): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/ijarcce.2017.6478.

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H. El-Sayed, Hamdy, and Hassan Shaban Hassan. "Performance Comparison of Various Hierarchical WSN Routing Protocols." International Journal of Advanced Networking Applications 11, no. 02 (2019): 4218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35444/ijana.2019.11025.

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Sumalatha, G., and P. Anil. "Applications of Energy Aware Routing Protocols in WSN." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 9, no. 1 (2016): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst/9.01.05.

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In this paper we have reviewed application of energy aware routing protocols like LEACH, LEACH-C, PEGASIS, BCDCP, ENPC-NPSO, ANPC etc In WSN sensors are randomly deployed in the sensor field which brings the coverage problem. Hence energy and coverage problem are very scarce resources for such sensor systems and has to be managed wisely in order to extend the life of the sensors and maximizing coverage for the duration of a particular mission. In past a lot of cluster based algorithm and techniques were used. In this paper we also find out all type of PSO based algorithm, their application and limitation over present techniques to overcome the problems of low energy and coverage of sensor range.

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Sumalatha, G., and P. Kumar. "Applications of Energy Aware Routing Protocols in WSN." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 9, no. 1 (2016): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst/901.05.

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In this paper we have reviewed application of energy aware routing protocols like LEACH, LEACH-C, PEGASIS, BCDCP, ENPC-NPSO, ANPC etc In WSN sensors are randomly deployed in the sensor field which brings the coverage problem. Hence energy and coverage problem are very scarce resources for such sensor systems and has to be managed wisely in order to extend the life of the sensors and maximizing coverage for the duration of a particular mission. In past a lot of cluster based algorithm and techniques were used. In this paper we also find out all type of PSO based algorithm, their application and limitation over present techniques to overcome the problems of low energy and coverage of sensor range.

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He, Jingsha, Bo Zhou, and Ruohong Liu. "Analysis of Typical Secure Routing Protocols in WSN." International Journal of Security and Its Applications 8, no. 6 (2014): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsia.2014.8.6.04.

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Kaur, Jaspinder, and Varsha Sahni. "Survey on Hierarchical Cluster Routing Protocols of WSN." International Journal of Computer Applications 130, no. 17 (2015): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2015907122.

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Shani, Varsha, Manju Bala, Manoj Kumar, and Neeraj Kumar. "Energy Efficient TABU Optimization Routing Protocol for WSN." Ingeniería Solidaria 16, no. 3 (2020): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/2357-6014.2020.03.07.

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Introduction: This article is the result of the research “Energy efficient routing protocols in wireless sensor network: Examine the impact of M-SEEC routing protocols on the lifetime of WSN with an energy efficient TABU optimization routing protocol”developed in the IKG, Punjab Technical University, India in 2019.Problem: The task of finding and maintaining routes in WSNs is non-trivialsince energy restrictions and sudden changes in node status cause frequent and unpredictable changes.Objective: The objective of this paper is to propose an energy efficient heterogeneous protocolwith the help of a hybrid meta-heuristic technique.Methodology: In the hybrid meta-heuristic technique, the shortest route has been selected and the data forwarded to the sink in a minimal time span,savingenergy and making the network more stable. To evaluate the technique, a new hybrid technique has been created where the data transmission is implemented from the beginning under MATLAB 2013a.Results: The proposed technique is better than the existing ones since the remaining energy in the network is increased by 62% compared to normal nodes in MSEEC, 65% compared to advanced nodes in MSEEC and 70% compared to super nodes in MSEEC. The network lifetime was also enhanced by 70.8% compared to MSEEC.Conclusion: The proposed protocol was found to be superior based on the average residual energy.This paper proposes an efficient routing mechanism towards the energy efficient network.Originality: Through this research, a novel version of MSEEC protocol is carried out using the TABU search mechanism to generate the functions of two neighbourhoods to detect the optimum path with the aim of maximizing the network lifetime in an area of 200×200m2.Limitations: The lack of other routing techniques falls under swarm intelligence.

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Huang, Gui Min, Wu Jin Tao, Ping Shan Liu, and Si Yun Liu. "Multipath Ring Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 701–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.701.

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In the past years, the routing problems of wireless sensor network (WSN) have attracted great interest, and many routing protocols for WSN have being proposed. However, these routing protocols pay little attention to the transmission reliability. Therefore, this paper proposes a new multipath ring routing algorithm for WSNs. The proposed algorithm utilizes ring level to separate sensor nodes into several sections, which can improve the reliability of the data transmission. Using the multipath ring routing data delivery improves as an average of 27.58% to leach routing and 113.06% to directing routing.

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Birur Viswanath, Shruti, Thippeswamy Muddenahalli Nagendrappa, and Krishna Rao Venkatesh. "JSMCRP: Cross-Layer Architecture based Joint-Synchronous MAC and Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 19, no. 1 (2021): 94–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2021191.240719.

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The exponential rise in wireless technologies and allied applications has revitalized academia-industries to develop more efficient and economic routing solution to meet Quality-of-Service (QoS) provision. Amongst the major wireless communication systems, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is the most sought technology for defense surveillance, healthcare monitoring, industrial monitoring and control, civic and strategic infrastructure surveillance etc. Additionally, the up surge in Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine to Machine (M2M) communication systems too have broadened the horizon for WSNs based communication. However, the parallel increase in communication environment, complex network conditions etc confine efficacy of the classical WSN protocols. Dynamic network and node conditions often force classical protocols to undergo pre-mature link outage, delayed transmission, energy exhaustion and eventual QoS violation. To address such issues enhancing Median Access Control (MAC) and allied routing decision can have vital significance. However major existing efforts either focus on MAC enhancement or routing optimization, even under static WSN topology. Considering it as motive in this paper a highly robust “Cross-layer architecture based Joint-Synchronous MAC and Routing Protocol for WSN communication (JSMCRP)” has been developed. Being cross layer model JSMCRP protocol employs Application Layer, Network Layer, MAC Layer and PHY Layer to perform Network Adaptive MAC scheduling and Dynamic Routing Decision. JSMCRP employs Data Traffic Assessment, Prioritization and Scheduling (DTAPS), Proactive Network Monitoring and Knowledge (PNMK), Dynamic Congestion Index Estimation (DCIE), Adaptive Link Quality, Packet Injection Rate and Cumulative Rank Sensitive Routing Decision (CRSRD) to perform routing decision. Additionally, exploiting dynamic network/node conditions it performs Cognitive MAC scheduling to ensure QoS centric communication over IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack. JSMCRP exhibited higher PDR, lower PLR and low delay under varying network conditions, suitable for real-time communication over constrained mobile WSN conditions.

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Verma, Sandeep, Neetu Sood, and Ajay Kumar Sharma. "QoS provisioning-based routing protocols using multiple data sink in IoT-based WSN." Modern Physics Letters A 34, no. 29 (2019): 1950235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732319502353.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising paradigm in which the objects are fused with the capabilities of sensing, networking, identifying and processing to make it feasible for them to communicate with one another and with the other dedicated devices over the Internet to acquire some goals. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)-based IoT has proliferated its manifold applications in almost every sector of human lives. Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning in WSN-based IoT still requires significant research attention. In this paper, QoS provisioning-based routing protocols are proposed that use multiple data sinks in WSN-based IoT. The proposed protocols are named as Optimized-Energy and Threshold Sensitive Stable Election Protocol (O-ETSSEP) and Multiple data Sinks-based Optimized-ETSSEP (MSO-ETSSEP). The Cluster Head (CH) selection is optimized by incorporating distance, residual energy, node density and energy threshold factors in both protocols. Both protocols use three levels of energy heterogeneity for the energy balancing in the network. MSO-ETSSEP employs multiple (four) data sinks around each periphery of the square-shaped network to mitigate the hot-spot problem by circumventing multi-hop communication. The performance evaluation of these protocols is done based on the QoS provisioning performance metrics. The simulation results obtained confirm the superiority of the proposed protocols over the state-of-the-art protocols.

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Radhika, A., and D. Haritha. "Performance Analysis of TBC-ACO Routing Protocol with Existing Routing Protocols of Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 7, no. 8 (2017): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v7i8.46.

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Wireless Sensor Networks, have witnessed significant amount of improvement in research across various areas like Routing, Security, Localization, Deployment and above all Energy Efficiency. Congestion is a problem of importance in resource constrained Wireless Sensor Networks, especially for large networks, where the traffic loads exceed the available capacity of the resources . Sensor nodes are prone to failure and the misbehaviour of these faulty nodes creates further congestion. The resulting effect is a degradation in network performance, additional computation and increased energy consumption, which in turn decreases network lifetime. Hence, the data packet routing algorithm should consider congestion as one of the parameters, in addition to the role of the faulty nodes and not merely energy efficient protocols .Nowadays, the main central point of attraction is the concept of Swarm Intelligence based techniques integration in WSN. Swarm Intelligence based Computational Swarm Intelligence Techniques have improvised WSN in terms of efficiency, Performance, robustness and scalability. The main objective of this research paper is to propose congestion aware , energy efficient, routing approach that utilizes Ant Colony Optimization, in which faulty nodes are isolated by means of the concept of trust further we compare the performance of various existing routing protocols like AODV, DSDV and DSR routing protocols, ACO Based Routing Protocol with Trust Based Congestion aware ACO Based Routing in terms of End to End Delay, Packet Delivery Rate, Routing Overhead, Throughput and Energy Efficiency. Simulation based results and data analysis shows that overall TBC-ACO is 150% more efficient in terms of overall performance as compared to other existing routing protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks.

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Daanoune, Ikram, Abdennaceur Baghdad та Abdelhakim Ballouk. "An enhanced energy-efﬁcient routing protocol for wireless sensor network". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, № 5 (2020): 5462. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i5.pp5462-5469.

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Recent few years, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been an increasingly important technology that has been applied in almost all domains, even in complex environments where human activity is impossible. In WSN, various factors are impacted energy consumption, such as communication protocols, packet data transmission, and limited battery. So, the lifespan of the WSNs is limited. In this context, energy efficiency is the factor most attracted by many researchers. In this paper, we proposed a new improved LEACH routing protocol. This proposed protocol based on the current energy to select cluster-heads, and it uses a root cluster-head with more current energy and low distance to the sink to gather all data, then sends it to the sink. The simulation results in MATLAB confirmed that the proposed algorithm performed better than the conventional LEACH protocol, and increased the network lifetime in WSN.

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Shaqiri, Irfan, and Aristotel Tentov. "Some aspects of Routing Protocols at Wireless Sensor Networks." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 15, no. 4 (2016): 6654–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v15i4.6906.

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In this paper we give an overview of some routing protocols which can improve the efficiency and scalability of wireless sensor networks. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a network consisting of ten to thousand small nodes with sensing, computing and wireless communication capabilities. WSN are generally used to monitor activities and report events, such as pollution parameters, healthcare issues, fire info etc. in a specific area or environment. It routs data back to the Base Station (BS). Data transmission is usually a multi-hop from node to node towards the BS. This type of networks is limited in power, computational and communication bandwidth. The main goal of all researchers is to find out the energy efficient routing protocol which will improve considerably networks resources in term of prolonging lifetime of sensor nodes. Also we highlight the various routing protocol with advantages and limitations as well.

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Li, Ping, and Lin Ning. "Clustering Routing Protocol Based on Base Station Authentication with TLEACH in WSN." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 3107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.3107.

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This paper introduced a new safety and energy saved routing protocol BSATLEACH, it is focus on existing issues of protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) what just considered energy saving only without security concern or designed for security only ignored large overheads and complex algorithm, so on. This protocol is built up based on TLEACH protocol, utilized Base Station to authenticate the identity of nodes, combined the identity trust and the behavior trust, and considered the factor of residual energy in nodes. It balanced above existing issues of protocols in WSNs. The results come from analysis and simulation in MATLAB shown that this new protocol can provide excellent security in WSNs and can extend the lifetime of network efficiently.

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Moussa, Sherif, Ghada Abdel Halim, and Salah Ramadan. "Study on the Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 850 (August 2016): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.850.43.

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Routing the sensed data is considered a main challenge in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) because the routing characteristics may vary depending on the network application and/or the network architecture. Since most sensor network applications work in clusters, hierarchical routing protocols have been developed to fit this network topology. This paper introduces the performance differentials for most common hierarchical routing protocols such as Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network protocol (TEEN). The design parameters of sensor networks are analyzed to present a classification and comparison of LEACH, TEEN routing protocols. The two protocols are analyzed using different mobility models using NS2 simulation tool. This comparison reveals the important features that need to be taken into consideration while designing and evaluating new routing protocols for sensor networks.

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Hussien, Anas Ali, and Safa Ihsan Matloob. "The Comparative Study Some of Reactive and Proactive Routing Protocols in the Wireless Sensor Network." Journal of University of Babylon for Engineering Sciences 26, no. 4 (2018): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.29196/jub.v26i4.798.

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The wireless sensor network (WSN) consists mostly of a large number of nodes in a large area where not all nodes are directly connected. The applications of comprise a wide variety of scenarios.The mobile nodes are free to move because this network has selfــstructured topology. Routing protocols are responsible for detecting and maintaining paths in the network, and it classified into reactive (OnـــDemand), proactive (Table driven), and hybrid. In this paper represents a performance study of some WSN routing protocols: the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV). The comparison made according to important metrics like packet delivery ratio (PDR), total packets dropped, Average end-to-end delay (Avg EED), and normalized routing load under the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) traffic connection and with varying number of nodes, pause time; and varying speed. In this work used (NSــ2.35) that installed on (Ubuntu 14.04) operating system to implementing the scenario. Conclude that the DSR has better performance in TCP connection; while the DSDV has better performance in UDP protocol.

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Behera, T. M., S. K. Mohapatra, and O. P. Acharya. "Performance Analysis of Heterogenous WSN for application in IoT." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 10, no. 04 (2017): 730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst/10.04.05.

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Extending the Internet to connect any physical device with smart technology can be called as the Internet of Things (IoT).It is a proposed development of the Internet in which everything can be connected to the internet enabling them to send and receive data. Selection of energy efficient routing protocols has become an essential step in designing any IoT network. Moreover, the protocol should also be selected to enhance the lifetime of the network. In this article, we evaluate the performance analysis of DEEC (Distributed Energy Efﬁcient Clustering), DDEEC (Developed DEEC), EDEEC (Enhanced DEEC) and TDEEC (Threshold DEEC) for the application in IoT. From MATLAB simulation, it was observed that TDEEC outperforms other routing protocols and is well suited for IoT application.

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Bhatia, Varsha, Sunita Kumawat, and Vivek Jaglan. "Comparative study of cluster based routing protocols in WSN." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.2 (2017): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.2.9045.

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Wireless Sensors network is a type of wireless network, used in diverse applications and has its own set of challenges. Apart from organizing and managing WSN, the main challenges include limited resources, dynamic topology and low scalability. Wireless Sensor nodes are battery operated, so energy scarceness is a major concern. The energy consumption is maximal at the time of data transmission between network devices or nodes. Various energy conservation schemes are applied in WSN; Energy Efficient Routing is one of the possible solutions. Energy Efficient Routing is used to minimize the maintenance cost of the network and maximize the performance of the node. In this paper different hierarchical cluster based routing protocols are discussed.

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Kumar, Amit, and Vishnu Sharma. "A RELATIVE SURVEY OF VARIOUS ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WSN." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 4 (2017): 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/3886.

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B, Suseela. "ANALYSES OF DIFFERENT PROTOCOLS FOR MULTIPATH ROUTING IN WSN." International Journal of Advances in Signal and Image Sciences 4, no. 2 (2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29284/ijasis.4.2.2018.23-30.

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Bhuiyan, Kaysar Ahmed, Md Whaiduzzaman, and Mostofa Kamal Nasir. "Efficiency and Performance analysis of routing protocols in WSN." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 4 (2017): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.4.4.15.

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Kaur, Puneet, and Navpreet Kaur. "A Survey on Wireless Sensor Network: Comparative Review." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 7, no. 7 (2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v7i7.110.

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Due to advanced features of wireless sensor devices, the usage of these devices are rises tremendously all over the world. Many researchers work on wireless devices for new enhancement in ad hoc network. WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) included small, low-cost and resource constrained nodes. In order to provide the unique communication protocols many researches have been done in the existing algorithms by introducing new methods and algorithms. In this study, some approaches to eliminate the Sinkhole Attack are introduced that happened in WSN. Apart from this, various routing protocols that can be used to improve the performance of network during transmission of data are discussed in this paper. The performance prediction of routing protocol is very tough task due to varying network scenarios. The performance of WSN is measured using various parameters like throughput, end to end delay are also discussed in this paper.

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Anish Soni and Rajneesh Randhawa. "Simulating and Analysing the Impact of Routing Protocols on Different Parameters of WSNs." Journal of Technology Management for Growing Economies 6, no. 1 (2015): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jtmge.2015.61003.

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Energy efficiency of Wireless Sensor Networks has become an essential requirement and is the main issue for researchers. Various routing, data dissemination and energy efficient protocols have been designed for Wireless Sensor Networks where energy issue has been given more stress. Sensors in wireless sensor networks work on battery and have limited energy. Hence, network has limited lifetime. Routing protocol plays a major role in deciding for how much time a network will survive. All routing algorithms tend to increase the lifetime of WSN while maintaining factors like successful and real-time delivery of a message. This paper aims towards studying different categories of routing protocols and finally four hierarchical routing protocols LEACH, EHRP, SEP and FAIR have been simulated. The performance of each routing protocol has been measured on some performance metrics like network lifetime, packets transferred to BS, number of dead nodes etc and finally concluded that how a routing protocol can impact the network lifetime.

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Khan, Muhammad K., Muhammad Shiraz, Qaisar Shaheen, et al. "Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: Functional and Performance Analysis." Journal of Sensors 2021 (May 7, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7459368.

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Wireless sensor network (WSN) comprises of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, and pressure, and to cooperatively forward the collected information to the destination through the network infrastructure. As sensor nodes are energy constraint devices, therefore, the importance of energy efficient routing protocols has been increased. In order to minimize energy consumption, recently, a number of hierarchical routing protocols are proposed. For instance, LEACH is an elementary hierarchical routing protocol that employs clustering technique to achieve energy efficiency. A lot of research work has been performed to remove shortcomings and to improve the performance of hierarchical routing protocols. Therefore, a comprehensive review is required which can review state-of-the-art technologies, analyze functional and performance aspects, and highlight hierarchical routing protocol issues and challenges in WSNs. This paper proposes a taxonomy for the classification of existing hierarchical routing protocols for WSNs and analyzes the functionality and performance of existing hierarchical routing protocols. Moreover, it compares existing routing protocols to highlight key technological differences and provides performance comparison for the selected LEACH based routing protocols. Finally, the paper spotlights issues and challenges in existing routing protocols of WSNs, which can assist in future research for the selection of appropriate research domain and provide guidance in selection of energy efficient techniques in the design of energy efficient of routing protocols for WSNs.

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Journal articles on the topic 'WSN routing protocols'

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