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Journal articles on the topic 'WTO principles of non-discrimination'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Karpinska, Nataliia. "Principles of application sanitary and phytosanitary measures: WTO and EU requirements." Law and innovative society, no. 2 (15) (January 4, 2020): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2309-9275-2020-2(15)-20.

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Problem setting. The study highlights the basic principles that reflect the basic principles of regulating the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures under WTO law through the prism of EU requirements: the principles of independence, non-discrimination, scientific validity, national treatment, most-favored-nation treatment, transparency, harmonization. Target of research. The main target of this research is to analyze the principles that reflect the basic principles of regulating the application of SPS under WTO law: the principles of independence, non-discrimination, scientific va

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Purwanti, Ni Luh Putu Wulan. "Investment Limitation Between ASEAN and Non-ASEAN Countries in Presidential Regulation: Dimension of Non-Discrimination Principles." Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 9, no. 2 (2020): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2020.v09.i02.p02.

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Indonesia is bound by TRIMs agreements in terms of investment policies regarding goods trade and GATS regarding services trade. TRIMs and GATS as annexes of WTO agreements adhere to the non-discrimination principle namely MFN and NT. The difference in the percentage of the amount of capital that allowed to be owned in several business fields for a foreign investor to the investor from ASEAN and Non-ASEAN member countries is found in President Regulation No. 44/2016. Different treatment of non-ASEAN countries in the said Presidential Regulation whether it is a breach of the non-discrimination p

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3

Nantawaroprai, Dolnapa. "Principles of Non-Discrimination against Trading State Party of Powerful Country on the basis of World Trade Organization “Case Study Banning Thai Coconut Products”." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (2021): 1364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.913.

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The principle of Non-discrimination of the World Trade Organization (WT0) aims to provide fairness to all member countries by means of the Most Favored Nations Treatment and National Treatment under the General Agreement of Trade and Tariffs (GATT). Accordingly, the free trade has been promoted in all regions of the world. However, many WTO members resort to take advantage of general exceptions to the non-discriminatory practice by invoking Article XX of WTO in disguise, thus affecting the free trade principle of WTO.

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4

Tongzon, Jose L. "Free Trade Agreements: WTO and ASEAN Implications." Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 20 (April 10, 2004): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v20i0.35.

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) (formerly GATT) was established primarily to achieve free trade across the globe based on the principle of non-discrimination and the process of multilateral trade negotiations. The fact that most countries are members of WTO reflects the worldwide belief in the benefits of a global free trade. Despite its achievements since the first round of multilateral trade negotiations was held, the effectiveness of the process has been called into question. Most WTO members are now proposing new regional trading arrangements (RTAs), such as free trade agreements (FTAs)

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Yu, Yang. "Non-Discrimination Prong of FRAND: Methodologically in Contrast to WTO Non-Discrimination Principle and with Special Reference to China's Related Judicial Practice." IEEE Communications Standards Magazine 3, no. 2 (2019): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.2019.1900013.

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6

Diebold, Nicolas F. "STANDARDS OF NON-DISCRIMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 60, no. 4 (2011): 831–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589311000418.

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AbstractThe principle of non-discrimination constitutes a corner-stone in different fields of international economic law, notably international trade in goods and services as well as intellectual property and investment protection. While its basic rationale appears to be straightforward, the application of the different legal elements which constitute a non-discrimination obligation has proven to be most challenging. Adjudicating bodies have been applying different interpretations and standards with regard to the legal elements of ‘less favourable treatment’, ‘likeness’ and ‘regulatory purpose

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Jegede, Ademola, and Pumzile Shikwambane. "Water ‘Apartheid’ and the Significance of Human Rights Principles of Affirmative Action in South Africa." Water 13, no. 8 (2021): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081104.

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Water is an essential necessity for human beings; however, South Africa has a long history of inequalities dating back to apartheid politics and legislation which denied access to water to disadvantaged black populations mostly residing in rural areas. Although apartheid has officially ended, whether the lack of access to water by such populations who still cannot afford it exists and aligns with international human rights principles of equality and non-discrimination merits an examination. To redress the injustices of the apartheid regime, the right to have access to sufficient water is entre

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KRUSTIYATI, Atik, Sylvia JANISRIWATI, Novela CHRISTINE, and Mokhamad Khoirul HUDA. "Observing European Union Rejection of Indonesia's Crude Palm Oil Exports from the Most Favored Nation and Quantitative Restriction Principles." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 3 (2020): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v11.3(49).25.

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Crude palm oil is one of the main commodities exported by Indonesia to several countries, including European Union. The European Union has pushed through several laws regarding climate change, including the Renewable Energy Directive II. The regulation supplementing the Renewable Energy Directive II has also been adopted by the European Commission, making the criteria for determining the high indirect land-use change-risk feedstock in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/807. The objective of this paper is to observe if the measure taken by European Union on determining the indirect land-

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9

Huang, Chieh. "Non-Market Economies' Accessions to the WTO: Evolution of the Approach and Implications for the Organization." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 4, no. 1 (2009): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187119109x394322.

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AbstractThe General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the Word Trade Organization (WTO), have been the main forum of international trade since the end of the Second World War. The regime is unquestionably based on free-market rules and principles. Yet in the last two decades, formerly planned economies — including Eastern European countries, former Soviet countries and China — have attempted to join the GATT/WTO. To encourage their transition under the influence of free-market principles, and to be a truly global trade organization, the GATT/WTO has accepted applicants w

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10

Papaconstantinou, George A. "The GATS and Financial Regulation: Time to Clear-House?" World Trade Review 19, no. 3 (2019): 379–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745619000181.

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AbstractIn the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis, European Union regulators introduced the mechanism of ‘third-country equivalence’ for non-European financial institutions to access the EU internal market. This article evaluates for the first time the GATS-consistency of the European rules on third-country clearinghouses. Through this exercise, the article sheds light on the tension between financial regulation and WTO law, exploring how these two different disciplines can be reconciled. Building on the international economic law principles of non-discrimination and transparency, t

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11

Einhorn, Talia. "Reconciling Israeli Antidumping Law With WTO/GATT International Trade Law Rules." Israel Law Review 32, no. 1 (1998): 81–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700015600.

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Dumping is defined, basically, as the sale of goods to an export market at a price below that charged for comparable goods in the exporter's home market. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) does not forbid such action, not even when injurious to the competing domestic industry. However, it has taken the view that dumping constitutes an unfair trade practice. Under GATT, Article VI Contracting Parties (or Members, as they are now termed in the GATT 1994 Agreements) are authorized, as an exception to other GATT obligations, to unilaterally impose antidumping (hereinafter: AD) dutie

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12

Siswanto, Ari. "Health Issues in The WTO Dispute Concerning Importation of Chicken Meat and Products between Indonesia and Brazil." Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 9, no. 2 (2020): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2020.v09.i02.p01.

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Article XX(b) of GATT justifies countries to adopt and apply trade measures to protect human health. It means that as long as the elements specified in Article XX(b) are satisfied, certain trade measures which infringe GATT rules and principles are permitted. Unfortunately, the rise of new protectionism and the unclear meaning of elements contained in Article XX(b) has likely attracted countries to use Article XX(b) as a pretext for enforcing protectionist trade measures. This research aims to address the meaning of elements of "necessary to protect human life or health" and "arbitrary or unju

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13

Roessler, F. "Should principles of competition policy be incorporated into WTO law through non-violation complaints?" Journal of International Economic Law 2, no. 3 (1999): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/2.3.413.

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14

WINHAM, GILBERT R. "International regime conflict in trade and environment: the Biosafety Protocol and the WTO." World Trade Review 2, no. 2 (2003): 131–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474560300140x.

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Trade and environment constitute regimes in international relations: they are vehicles for cooperation between nation states that permit governments to address various subjects such as commercial non-discrimination, reduction of pollution, reciprocity and sustainable development. The issues of food safety and agricultural biotechnology (i.e., genetically modified organisms or GMOs) have been raised in both regimes, and have been managed in different and arguably inconsistent manners. In the trade regime, food safety and ag-biotech are mainly subject to the US-backed principle of ‘scientific ri

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15

Denkers, Jeroen, and Nicola Jägers. "The world trade organisation and Human Rights: The role of principles of Good Governance." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 11, no. 2 (2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2008/v11i2a2778.

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The present article attempts to determine the role of principles of good governance in the discussion regarding the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and its human rights accountability. It shows that the WTO as an organisation cannot be compared to other international organisations that are more autonomous such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the World Bank. This does not mean, however, that the WTO has no autonomous powers at all. This contribution attempts to make clear what these activities are and how they may affect the protection of human rights. The implementation of good gove

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16

MASTROMATTEO, ANDREA. "WTO and SOEs: Article XVII and Related Provisions of the GATT 1994." World Trade Review 16, no. 4 (2017): 601–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745617000222.

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AbstractBy acting as a trader, a government may influence the direction of international trade through its purchases and sales decisions without resort to other more direct means of trade regulation. The GATT recognizes that governments may choose to participate in international commerce in competition with private firms, but it does not leave them with a free hand when it comes to carrying out trading operations. The core rules regulating a State's trading activities are found in Article XVII and related provisions of the GATT. In the 70 years since their adoption, developments in both the GA

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17

Zang, Michelle Q. "THE WTO CONTINGENT TRADE INSTRUMENTS AGAINST CHINA: WHAT DOES ACCESSION BRING?" International and Comparative Law Quarterly 58, no. 2 (2009): 321–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589309001018.

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AbstractAs part of the conditions for WTO accession, China is committed to a number of additional obligations stipulated in the accession documents. This article will mainly focus on the contingent trade instruments in this context, which WTO Members are entitled to take against products of Chinese origin. In this regard, the WTO rules to be examined include the buffering mechanism under Sections 15 and 16 of the Accession Protocol and the textile-specific safeguard mechanism under paragraph 242 of the Working Party Report. The discriminatory and non-beneficial nature of the latter makes it th

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18

Torres Rodríguez, Pamela. "Analysis of de Subsection 3.2.7 of the Annex to Regulation (EU) No. 488-2014 concerning the maximum cadmium content in chocolate and derived products under the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary rules." Revista Internacional de Derecho 2, no. 1 (2021): 54–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37768/unw.rid.02.01.004.

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The requirement for maximum levels of cadmium in cocoa and derived products established in subsection 3.2.7 of the Annex to the European Union (EU) Regulation No. 488/2014 shall be in accordance with the World Trade Organization (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) rules. Thus, through the dogmatic method it is analysed whether it is a SPS measure that affects international trade and if it complies with the basic principles of the SPS Agreement as if the measure: was issued under the sovereign right of the European Union (EU) Member States (MS) to adopt SPS measures, was adopted to protect h

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19

강지혜. "A study on Genetic Resources Patent and WTO TRIPs Non - discrimination principle; Focusing on the Nagoya Protocol Article 11 Section 1 Transboundary Cooperation." Environmental Law and Policy 16, no. ll (2016): 133–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18215/envlp.16..201602.133.

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20

MABBETT, DEBORAH. "Some are More Equal Than Others: Definitions of Disability in Social Policy and Discrimination Law in Europe." Journal of Social Policy 34, no. 2 (2005): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279404008554.

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This article explores the relationship between anti-discrimination policy and existing social policies directed towards disabled people. It proposes a conception of ‘spheres’ of social policy, in which different spheres advance different dimensions of equality. Within each sphere, definitions of disability are based on relevant comparisons which determine who should be recognised as disabled for the purposes of the policy. Examples of definitions are given using material from a cross-national European project. Examples are also given where social policies provide for disabled people without de

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21

Cantore, Carlo Maria. "“How Does it Feel to Be on Your Own?” - Mutual Recognition Agreements and Non-Discrimination in the GATS: A Third Party's Perspective." German Law Journal 11, no. 7-8 (2010): 705–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200018812.

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The aim of this working paper is to analyze the compatibility between two relevant provisions of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) under the World Trade Organization (WTO). The first is art. VII, Recognition, which seems to allow a Member to recognize standards of one or more Members—and not of others—without violating its GATS obligations, although this freedom should not be abused. The second is the general Non-Discrimination provision as of GATS art. II, since the aim of the GATS, at least as it reads in its preamble, is to provide a multilateral framework to trade liberaliz

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22

Ladd, Rosalind, Lynn Pasquerella, and Sheri Smith. "Liability-Driven Ethics: The Impact on Hiring Practices." Business Ethics Quarterly 4, no. 3 (1994): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857450.

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Abstract:This paper examines economic arguments employers sometimes use to justify restricting or excluding from employment those workers who are likely to incur high costs in health care insurance. We argue that, although profit-making is a legitimate goal for businesses, hiring practices based on non-job-related criteria violate principles of self determination, autonomy, discrimination, justice, and privacy. We conclude that hiring practices based on liability-driven ethics are not morally justified, but that as long as health care insurance and employment are linked, businesses will contin

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23

van Waas, Laura. "Fighting Statelessness and Discriminatory Nationality Laws in Europe." European Journal of Migration and Law 14, no. 3 (2012): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12342006.

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Abstract The European Convention on Nationality opens with an articulation of the general principles upon which the instrument rests. These can be summarised as follows: (i) states are free to determine who are their nationals, within the limits set by international law; (ii) statelessness shall be avoided; and (iii) rules relating to nationality may not be discriminatory. Here, the second and third statements give content to the first. Thus, the most significant limits imposed by international law with regard to the regulation of nationality are standards relating to the avoidance of stateles

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Popovic-Petrovic, Ivana. "World Trade Organization: Establishment, functions, objectives." Medjunarodni problemi 56, no. 1 (2004): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0401093p.

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The establishment of the International Trade Organisation was aimed at completing the process of institutionalisation of the international economic relations. The process began at Bretton Woods in 1944 with the establishment of The International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. This integration entity was planned to become a foundation of the post-war order, and was going to have a broader influence and importance than the economic one. A third pillar of the International Trade Organization has never been established, but that is why the General Agre

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25

Black, Robert, and Irina Kireeva. "Sanitary and Phytosanitary Legislation in the Russian Federation: A General Overview in Light of the WTO SPS Agreement and EU Principles of Food Safety." Review of Central and East European Law 35, no. 3 (2010): 225–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157303510x12650378240313.

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AbstractThis article introduces the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and the European Union's policies and legislation that exemplify these rules. This forms the basis for examining primary Russian SPS legislation governing border controls and its relationship with legislative provisions on human, animal, and plant health and food safety. Specific Russsian primary federal laws (federal'nye zakony) covering veterinary medicine, plant health, food quality/safety, pesticides and agrochemicals, and technical regulations are compared with correspondi

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Wahlström, Mattias, Abby Peterson, and Magnus Wennerhag. "“CONSCIENCE ADHERENTS” REVISITED: NON-LGBT PRIDE PARADE PARTICIPANTS*." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 23, no. 1 (2018): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/1086-671x-23-1-83.

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Foundation stones in the resource mobilization theory of social movements are the notions of “conscience adherents” and “conscience constituents,” first introduced by McCarthy and Zald in 1977. In this article, we revisit the concept of conscience adherent, by applying it to individuals and groups that are direct supporters of an LGBT movement, but who do not stand to directly benefit from the success should the movement accomplish its goals. Using quantitative data collected during Pride parades in Stockholm, Haarlem, London, and Warsaw, we analyze the group of participants who reported that

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27

Akhmedov, Shokhrukh B., and Vladimir M. Kutovoi. "ON THE ISSUE OF IMPROVING THE MECHANISM FOR REGULATING FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Economics. Management. Law, no. 3 (2020): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6304-2020-3-62-71.

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The article analyzed the foreign trade policy of foreign countries and the implementation of the customs policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The analysis of methods of non-tariff and tariff regulation of foreign economic activity was carried out, as well as projects of active influence on foreign trade of the country in order to adapt it to the requirements of the world economy. During the WTO accession, the main principles were defined and proposals were made for measures to improve the customs and tariff regulation of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

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28

Sun, Laixiang. "Integrating China into the Global Economy. By Nicholas Lardy [Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press, 2002. x+244 pp. Hard cover $48.95, ISBN 0-8157-5136-2; paperback $19.95, ISBN 0-8157-51235-4.]." China Quarterly 176 (December 2003): 1084–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741003210638.

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This book assesses the extent of China's increasing integration into the global economy during the reform era and explores the likely global impact of China's membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO). The five chapters of the book cover China's pre-WTO trade reforms; the terms of China's final WTO accession package; and the implications of China's WTO membership for foreign companies, world trade, the international trading system, and US-China relations. It presents sober and reasoned analyses of these issues and represents a solid attempt to take stock of China's economic progress to

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29

Fullani, Ariana. "Legal Position of Family Members in the Context of Family Reunion: Albania Case." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 3 (2017): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n3p243.

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Abstract Albania has today transposed all directives relating to immigration and asylum presented by the EU and participates in the negotiations about new migration and asylum measures at the regional level. As it is well known, the right to family reunification is a key component of the core principles for respecting family life of migrants. In treating aliens, Albanian legislation does respect the principles of non-discrimination and equality before the law. The aim of this study is to show that Albanian legislation does guarantee the integration and family reunification of foreigners like o

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Lundberg, Tove, Ingrid Dønåsen, Peter Hegarty, and Katrina Roen. "Moving intersex/DSD rights and care forward: Lay understandings of common dilemmas." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 7, no. 1 (2019): 354–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v7i1.1012.

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When sex characteristics develop in ways that do not conform to binary models, dilemmas arise regarding how to understand the situation and what terminology to use to describe it. While current medical nomenclature suggests that it should be understood as a disorder of sex development (DSD) prompting medical responses, many describe intersex as a human variation in sexed embodiment that should be protected under discrimination laws. These opposing perspectives suggest different principles to employ in responding to dilemmas about gender assignment, early genital surgery and full disclosure of

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Li, Ni, Xiong Wu, and Chun Ming Pei. "Discussion on Precautionary Policy for EMF by Power Transmission and Transformation Project." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.657.

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Though the suggestions on health risk assessment of extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields (EMF) by WHO has gradually begun to spread relative effectively among the administrative departments of environmental protection in China, there are still individual media or experts calling for reducing exposure limits to the arbitrary low level in the name of precaution, and endeavoring to affect the government to make decisions or management policies on EMF, with the purpose for their own interest. It has been leading to the increasing anxiety and fear towards EMF of general public

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Obolenskiy, V. "“Road Map” of International Trading System Reforming." World Economy and International Relations, no. 8 (2010): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-8-10-18.

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The world financial and economic crisis has clearly demonstrated that the current principles and rules of the international trade were able to hold governments of most states off the impetuous protectionism, which allowed to insure the world economy against a deeper recession. However, the crisis has also depicted the importance of further international trade system improvement. In the article, the directions of working out of new agreements on future tariff and non-tariff barriers in international trade and actions encouraging its development are considered. At the same time, as accentuated i

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Sukerti, Ni Nyoman. "The application of the principles of the convention on women in awig-awig pakraman village." Indonesia Prime 2, no. 1 (2018): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29209/id.v2i1.20.

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This research aims to study the task of the village in Bali related pakraman by the ratification of the women's Convention into law Number 7 in 1984 about the passage of the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of discrimination against women. The community's customary law in Pakraman Village Bali is called based on the applicable local Bali province number: 3 years Pakraman Village of 2003. One of the tasks of the village Pakraman is making the rule of law (awig-awig). The enactment of related laws, the legal issues that arise: what are the principles of the Convention established the w

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Antonova, Daria, and Aleksandr Igorevich Kontorin. "Analysis of the fundamental principles of international law impacting oil and fat products trade." Сельское хозяйство, no. 2 (February 2020): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2453-8809.2020.2.33399.

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There are principles and restrictions of the international trade influencing not only the export potential of the country, but also its internal market and food security. The object of research is foreign economic activity connected with the export of raw materials and processed products of the oil and fat industry. The research subject is the fundamental trade principles of the WTO which can have an impact on the volumes of export of the oil and fat industry established by the Federal project &ldquo;Agricultural products export&rdquo;. The authors consider trade regimes and principles

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Rokhmadi, Rokhmadi. "HUKUMAN PEMBUNUHAN DALAM HUKUM PIDANA ISLAM DI ERA MODERN." At-Taqaddum 8, no. 2 (2017): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/at.v8i2.1169.

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<em>Murder in the Islamic criminal law including jarimah qishas-diyat, namely jarimah punishable by qishas (punishment commensurate/proportional) or punishment diyat (fines/restitution), the specified limits his sentence, but is categorized as a right adami (human/individual), in which the victim or his family can forgive the perpetrators, so that the penalty (qishas-diyat) can remove altogether, because in qishas no entitlements for victims' families to act as "institutions forgiving", they can ask for their right to forgive or not forgive the criminal act. According to scholars' Salaf

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Heinisch, Elinor Lynn. "West Africa versus the United States on cotton subsidies: how, why and what next?" Journal of Modern African Studies 44, no. 2 (2006): 251–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x06001625.

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Developing countries face considerable disadvantages in trade disputes with their more powerful and wealthier counterparts. Nonetheless, Benin, Burkina Faso and Mali successfully challenged US cotton subsidies, a watershed event in international trade relations. This article explores how the West African governments and cotton farmers confronted US policy, why they succeeded, and the campaign's likely implications. Drawing on interviews with representatives in West Africa and Geneva, public statements, documents filed with the World Trade Organisation (WTO), media coverage, and materials from

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Rehfuess, Eva A., Jan M. Stratil, Inger B. Scheel, Anayda Portela, Susan L. Norris, and Rob Baltussen. "The WHO-INTEGRATE evidence to decision framework version 1.0: integrating WHO norms and values and a complexity perspective." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 1 (2019): e000844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000844.

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IntroductionEvidence-to-decision (EtD) frameworks intend to ensure that all criteria of relevance to a health decision are systematically considered. This paper, part of a series commissioned by the WHO, reports on the development of an EtD framework that is rooted in WHO norms and values, reflective of the changing global health landscape, and suitable for a range of interventions and complexity features. We also sought to assess the value of this framework to decision-makers at global and national levels, and to facilitate uptake through suggestions on how to prioritise criteria and methods

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Khalaf, Assist Prof Dr Hisham Mohammed. "Moral philosophy of improving the educational system when structural Spencer Oriented to understand the moral upgrading of the educational system, mental." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 221, no. 2 (2017): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v221i2.457.

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Moral construction is to build a whole society through the education system if it is in the family, school and all the official beginning of the individual as he is responsible for himself and his family, including that of morality on the whole is the gain of the father or mother or family or community, or from everyone. If ( all the same, including earned hostage) that ensures for individuals to know what is the moral they construct, so this acquisition is of sound architecture basic principle here that the morality of the individual's behavior in itself and society, and the two could not hav

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Czarnota, Katarzyna. "SITUATION OF ROMANIAN ROMA LIVING IN ENCAMPMENTS IN POLAND AND OPPORTUNITIES OF PARTICIPATION IN SPORTING ACTIVITIES THE CASE OF POZNAŃ." Society Register 2, no. 1 (2018): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sr.2018.2.1.05.

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The phenomenon of migration and the challenges in the new hosting country have been often analysed in relation to the newcomers arriving from states outside of the European Union. However, in Poland these are the citizens of the EU who face discrimination. At the same time, despite the principles of the EU programs concerning different spheres and operations of integrative and inclusive character aimed at foreign nationals, including sport initiatives, Roma have been systematically omitted and excluded since the 1990s. This situation caused this group to be deprived of the right to work, healt

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Endyana, Cipta, FX Ari Agung Prastowo, Anwar Sani, Gemilang Lara Utama, and Prita Amalia. "GOVERNMENT POLICY AND REGULATION TO SUPPORT THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF MALUKU HIGH-GRADE NUTMEG COMMODITY IN SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE OVERVIEW." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 4 (2020): 1147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.84109.

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Purpose: Based on World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement, Indonesia had an obligation to conduct international trade based on the liberalization principle. The International Trade should conduct non-discrimination among member states, except there is a condition fulfilled under the general exception. One of the exceptions is about international standards related to Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. This article will elaborate on what extend Government policy and regulation should support international trade by complying with the international framework. Methodology: The method used

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Shrestha, Mani, Adrian G. Dyer, Jair E. Garcia, and Martin Burd. "Floral colour structure in two Australian herbaceous communities: it depends on who is looking." Annals of Botany 124, no. 2 (2019): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz043.

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Abstract Background and Aims Pollinator-mediated interactions between plant species may affect the composition of angiosperm communities. Floral colour signals should play a role in these interactions, but the role will arise from the visual perceptions and behavioural responses of multiple pollinators. Recent advances in the visual sciences can be used to inform our understanding of these perceptions and responses. We outline the application of appropriate visual principles to the analysis of the annual cycle of floral colour structure in two Australian herbaceous communities. Methods We used

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Alieva, T. D. K. "Medical and Social Justification of the Implementation of the Optimized Model of Prevention of Genetically Determined Reproductive Losses." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 1 (2021): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.01.213.

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Among the objects of organizational influence of the health care system on reproductive losses, miscarriages and congenital malformations (birth defects) are the most important. Diagnosis of most genetic, chromosomal diseases and malformations of the embryo and fetus is performed using biochemical, cytogenetic, molecular genetic tests and ultrasound diagnostic. Many clinical geneticists focus on birth defects and miscarriages associated with folate cycle disorders related with the greatest number of reproductive losses. We studied levels of homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 in pregnant

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Tereposky, Greg. "USA Pork and Beef? Dolphin Safe? Low Carbon? Labeling Regulation and the International Trade Rules of the WTO." International Journal of Legal Information 41, no. 1 (2013): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500011641.

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In 2012, the WTO Appellate Body issued three reports which clarified the framework governing technical regulations under Articles 2.1 (non-discrimination) and 2.2 (unnecessary obstacles to trade) of the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (“TBT Agreement”): U.S. - Clove Cigarettes; U.S. - Tuna Dolphin II; and U.S. - COOL.

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Sundus, Amara, Sharoon Shahzad, and Ahtisham Younas. "Ethical and culturally competent care of transgender patients: A scoping review." Nursing Ethics 28, no. 6 (2021): 1041–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733020988307.

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Background: Transgender individuals experience discrimination, stigmatization, and unethical and insensitive attitudes in healthcare settings. Therefore, healthcare professionals must be knowledgeable about the ways to deliver ethical and culturally competent care. Ethical considerations: No formal ethical approval was required. Aim: To synthesize the literature and identify gaps about approaches to the provision of ethical and culturally competent care to transgender populations. Design: A Scoping Review Literature Search: Literature was searched within CINAHL, Science Direct, PubMed, Google

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Shevchenko, Zoia. "THE DESTINY OF SUBJECTIVITY IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF POSTFEMINISM." Politology bulletin, no. 85 (2020): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2020.85.55-65.

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The article examines the relationship between the development of feminist ideas in the positioning of the subject in feminist theory (Simone de Beauvoir) and postfeminism (Judith Butler) in a dynamic relationship with social practices of modern society, their impact on public attitudes and on observance of equality between its representatives according to the different identities they could take: not only gender, but also racial, age, economic, political, etc. Philosophy of postmodernism is the theoretical basis of this research. This means the non-logocentric, non-fallocentric and non-textoce

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Kemal, A. R., Musleh-ud Din, and Ejaz Ghani. "Non-agricultural Market Access: A South Asian Perspective." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 4II (2005): 879–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.879-900.

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Despite the fact that the WTO has helped to reduce the overall level of tariffs with increased transparency, a majority of the developing countries with the capacity to increase exports of labour intensive manufactures continue to face significant barriers in accessing foreign markets. Tariff rates applied by the developed countries for textile and clothing and leather for instance are much higher than those on other manufacturing products such as electronics, computers and telecom equipment, thus indicating a clear discrimination against exports of the developing countries. Moreover, tariff p

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MOSOTI, Victor. "Non-Discrimination and its Dimensions in a Possible WTO Framework Agreement on Investment." Journal of World Investment & Trade 4, no. 6 (2003): 1011–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221190003x00057.

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Nowak, Anna. "The rights of children with disabilities in Poland." Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 588, no. 3 (2020): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.9121.

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The article draws attention to the legal situation (regarding legal capacity as well as determining the disability status of a child up to 16 years of age, and the degree of disability in children aged 16–18) as well as the social situation of children with disabilities. The most important international legal acts, from the perspective of the rights of children with disabilities, were overviewed. These acts recognize children with disabilities as a special risk group, persons who encounter many barriers in their functioning, who are marginalized and threatened with exclusion. The most importan

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MAVROIDIS, PETROS C. "Highway XVI re-visited: the road from non-discrimination to market access in GATS." World Trade Review 6, no. 1 (2007): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745606003077.

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The GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) is a highly complicated legal instrument and prone to various interpretations because of the embedded ambiguity. It should not come as a surprise that in the context of all disputes concerning services, WTO panels and the Appellate Body reached diametrically opposite conclusions on the same issues. Un-appealed panel reports, on the other hand, have not been welcome either. One of the major, if not the major, issue is the legal relationship between Arts. XVI and XVII GATS, which regulate market access. The manner in which this relationship has b

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Charro, Pablo, and Marco Bronckers. "REACH Reviewed under WTO Law." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 2, no. 3 (2005): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601005x00273.

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AbstractThis contribution analyses the comprehensive chemicals legislation proposed by the EU Commission, "REACH", from the perspective of WTO law. First, it inquires whether the treatment of foreign substances and foreign articles in REACH can be reconciled with one of WTO's key requirements, i.e., non-discrimination. Second, it tests specific aspects of the registration obligation established by REACH (i.e., the "volumes-driven" approach, the follow-up to the registration process, the underlying foundations of REACH's cost-benefit analysis) against the proportionality rule embodied in the WT

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