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Sardjono, Agus. "Asas Kekeluargaan dalam UU P.T." Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 28, no. 1-3 (June 19, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol28.no1-3.534.
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Penetapan berlakunya UU 1/1995 tentang Perseroan Terbatas merupakan suatu tonggak yang penting, karena negara RI kemudian memiliki kaidah-kaidah baru tentang Perseroan Terbalas, sebagai pengganti norma-norma yang terdapat dalm Wetboek van Koophandel/WVK). Karena melihat adanya perbedaan dasar falsafah antara UU Perseroan Terbatas dan Wetboek van Koophandel, penulis kemudian melakukan penelusuran terhadap dokumen-dokumen dalamsidang-sidang Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan (BPUPKI) dan Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) untuk meninjau latar belakang historis asas kekeluargaan dalam UU Perseroan Terbatas.
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Magiera, Janusz. "Can Satellite Remote Sensing be Applied in Geological Mapping in Tropics?" E3S Web of Conferences 35 (2018): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183502004.
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Remote sensing (RS) techniques are based on spectral data registered by RS scanners as energy reflected from the Earth’s surface or emitted by it. In “geological” RS the reflectance (or emittence) should come from rock or sediment. The problem in tropical and subtropical areas is a dense vegetation. Spectral response from the rocks and sediments is gathered only from the gaps among the trees and shrubs. Images of high resolution are appreciated here, therefore. New generation of satellites and scanners (Digital Globe WV2, WV3 and WV4) yield imagery of spatial resolution of 2 m and up to 16 spectral bands (WV3). Images acquired by Landsat (TM, ETM+, OLI) and Sentinel 2 have good spectral resolution too (6–12 bands in visible and infrared) and, despite lower spatial resolution (10–60 m of pixel size) are useful in extracting lithological information too. Lithological RS map may reveal good precision (down to a single rock or outcrop of a meter size). Supplemented with the analysis of Digital Elevation Model and high resolution ortophotomaps (Google Maps, Bing etc.) allows for quick and cheap mapping of unsurveyed areas.
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Hamid Safri, Hasan. "Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Syekh Yusuf Tangerang 52 BAHASA INDONESIA HUKUM SERAPAN DARI BAHASA ASING Bagian II." SUPREMASI HUKUM 15, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33592/jsh.v15i2.442.
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Pemahaman bahasa Indonesia hukum merupakan hal penting untuk pengembangan dan pemaharuan ilmu hukum di Indonesia sehingga bagi seseorang yang ingin belajar ilmu hukum dapat memahami teori-teori hukum yang berasal dari bahasa asing agar mampu memahami dan mengerti sehingga dapat berkontribusi. Bagi mahasiswa ilmu hukum yang mendapatkan Bahasa Indonesia, bahasa Belanda Hukum, Bahasa Inggris Hukum maka tulisan kajian ini sangat membantu mengingat bangsa Indonesia bekas jajahan Belanda sejak tahun 1596 dan Belanda adalah bekas jajahan Prancis dan Indonesia yang mayoritas Muslim menjadikan bahasa hukum itu berasal dari bahasa Belanda, bahasa Inggris, bahasa Latin, bahasa Yunani, bahasa Arab. Tiga fungsi bahasa yaitu : pertama bahasa berfungsi sebagai ekspresif yaitu bersifat untuk mengungkapkan bahasa verbal yang disampaikan, kedua bahasa berfungsi sebagai informatif yaitu bersifat informasi atau pemberitahuan, dan ketiga bahasa berfungsi sebagai direktif yaitu bahasa digunakan untuk menyebabkan atau mencegah terjadinya suatu tindakan. Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUHPerd) yang berasal dari Burgerlijk Wetboek (BW) Belanda, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) yang berasal dari Wetboek van Sreafercht (WvS) Belanda, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Dagang (KUHD) yang berasal dari Wetboek van Kophandel (WvK) Belanda, dan sumber hukum acara perdata yang bersumber dari Het Herzeine Indoneshis Reglement (HIR) Belanda. Hukum Perdata di Indonesia bersifat pluralis yaitu berlakunya hukum perdata barat (Eropa), hukum perdata Islam (Muamalah), dan hukum perdata Adat sehingga bahasa hukum perdata Islam diserat dari bahasa Arab.
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Zhang, Pengbin, Yinghai Ke, Zhenxin Zhang, Mingli Wang, Peng Li, and Shuangyue Zhang. "Urban Land Use and Land Cover Classification Using Novel Deep Learning Models Based on High Spatial Resolution Satellite Imagery." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 3717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113717.
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Urban land cover and land use mapping plays an important role in urban planning and management. In this paper, novel multi-scale deep learning models, namely ASPP-Unet and ResASPP-Unet are proposed for urban land cover classification based on very high resolution (VHR) satellite imagery. The proposed ASPP-Unet model consists of a contracting path which extracts the high-level features, and an expansive path, which up-samples the features to create a high-resolution output. The atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) technique is utilized in the bottom layer in order to incorporate multi-scale deep features into a discriminative feature. The ResASPP-Unet model further improves the architecture by replacing each layer with residual unit. The models were trained and tested based on WorldView-2 (WV2) and WorldView-3 (WV3) imageries over the city of Beijing. Model parameters including layer depth and the number of initial feature maps (IFMs) as well as the input image bands were evaluated in terms of their impact on the model performances. It is shown that the ResASPP-Unet model with 11 layers and 64 IFMs based on 8-band WV2 imagery produced the highest classification accuracy (87.1% for WV2 imagery and 84.0% for WV3 imagery). The ASPP-Unet model with the same parameter setting produced slightly lower accuracy, with overall accuracy of 85.2% for WV2 imagery and 83.2% for WV3 imagery. Overall, the proposed models outperformed the state-of-the-art models, e.g., U-Net, convolutional neural network (CNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) model over both WV2 and WV3 images, and yielded robust and efficient urban land cover classification results.
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Groenewegen, M. A. T. "The Cepheid period–luminosity–metallicity relation based on Gaia DR2 data." Astronomy & Astrophysics 619 (November 2018): A8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833478.
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Aims. We use parallax data from the Gaia second data release (GDR2), combined with parallax data based on HIPPARCOS and HST data, to derive the period–luminosity–metallicity (PLZ) relation for Galactic classical cepheids (CCs) in the V, K, and Wesenheit WVK bands. Methods. An initial sample of 452 CCs are extracted from the literature with spectroscopically derived iron abundances. Reddening values, classifications, pulsation periods, and mean V- and K-band magnitudes are taken from the literature. Based on nine CCs with a goodness-of-fit (GOF) statistic smaller than 8 and with an accurate non-Gaia parallax (σπ comparable to that in GDR2), a parallax zero-point offset of −0.049 ± 0.018 mas is derived. Selecting a GOF statistic smaller than 8 removes about 40% of the sample most likely related due to binarity. Excluding first overtone and multi-mode cepheids and applying some other criteria reduces the sample to about 200 stars. Results. The derived PL(Z) relations depend strongly on the parallax zero-point offset. The slope of the PL relation is found to be different from the relations in the LMC at the 3σ level. Fixing the slope to the value found in the LMC leads to a distance modulus (DM) to the LMC of order 18.7 mag, larger than the canonical distance. The canonical DM of around 18.5 mag would require a parallax zero-point offset of order −0.1 mas. Given the strong correlation between zero point, period and metallicity dependence of the PL relation, and the parallax zero-point offset there is no evidence for a metallicity term in the PLZ relation. Conclusions. The GDR2 release does not allow us to improve on the current distance scale based on CCs. The value of and the uncertainty on the parallax zero-point offset leads to uncertainties of order 0.15 mag on the distance scale. The parallax zero-point offset will need to be known at a level of 3 μas or better to have a 0.01 mag or smaller effect on the zero point of the PL relation and the DM to the LMC.
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Hejtmánková, A., V. Horák, J. Dolejšková, F. Louda, and H. Dragounová. "Influence of yogurt cultures on benzoic acid content in yoghurt." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 18, No. 2 (January 1, 2000): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8309-cjfs.
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Benzoic acid is not the natural metabolite in ruminants, therefore it is blocked in their gastrointestinal system in the form of benzoylglycine (hippuric acid). Change of hippuric acid into benzoic acid is realized by yoghurt cultures during yoghurt preparation. The influence of yoghurt cultures most frequented species J22, WV2, JK, T767 + T, J2, RX, JOB, WV3 and two strains MILCOM a. s. Laktoflora (used for preparation of yoghurt cultures) on benzoic acid level was tested on model yoghurts, produced from cow milk. One model of yoghurt was produced from goat milk, inoculated with yoghurt culture WV2. The levels of benzoic acid were determined by HPLC with SOP (standard operation procedure) used by the Czech Agricultural and Food Inspection. All experimental samples were prepared by the same technology and the same starting raw material and inoculated by the above 8 most frequently used yoghurt cultures. Differences between the used yoghurt cultures were found and statistically confirmed.
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Wang, Xuan, Romain Husson, Haoyu Jiang, Ge Chen, and Guoping Gao. "Evaluation on the Capability of Revealing Ocean Swells from Sentinel-1A Wave Spectra Measurements." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 1289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-19-0060.1.
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AbstractWave measurements retrieved by Sentinel-1A level-2 ocean (OCN) products are sensitive to swells other than wind seas, and are considered to provide a finer resolution of ocean swells. To assess the capability of swell retrieval globally, OCN products are validated against WAVEWATCH III (WW3) wave spectra for two available incidence angles [“wave mode” (WV); WV1: 23°; WV2: 36°], focused on the integral wave parameters and most energetic wave system of Sentinel-1A. The wave parameter difference between Sentinel-1A and WW3 along antenna look angles for WV1 demonstrates the obvious impact of the nonlinearity influence in the azimuth direction, resulting in an unrealistically high wave height at the low wave frequency, and the spurious split of wave systems in the range direction, due to the vanishing of velocity bunching modulation. WV2 is less pronounced in these two aspects, but tends to shift wave energy to a higher wave frequency in the range direction. The inside discrepancy of wave energy has two noticeable features: the difference in peak wavelengths in the wave spectrum is positively clustered in the azimuth direction and negatively clustered in the range direction; some of the most energetic partitions derived from Sentinel-1A are difficult to assign to any wave systems in WW3. This phenomenon could be related to wind-wave coupling as the azimuth cutoff/WW3 peak wavelength is confined to a ratio below 0.5 for the negative difference between Sentinel-1A and WW3 peak wavelengths and the spectral distance of most energetic wave system in Sentinel-1A highly resembles “swell pools.”
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Deimannn, Pia, and Ursula Kastner-Koller. "WVT." Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie 50, no. 4 (October 2018): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000200.
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Martin, Samuel E. "Wmk." Korean Linguistics 9 (January 1, 1998): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/kl.9.10sem.
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young, grace. "Wok Hay: The Breath of a Wok." Gastronomica 4, no. 3 (2004): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2004.4.3.26.
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KOVÁCS, PETER, BIRGER VOIGT, SABINE BERG, LUTZ VOGT, and INGRID KLÖTING. "WOK.1W." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 827, no. 1 Lipids and Sy (September 1997): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51824.x.
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McGilvray, Garth. "wva news." Australian Veterinary Journal 78, no. 9 (September 2000): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb11925.x.
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McGilvray, Garth. "WVA COUNCIL." Australian Veterinary Journal 79, no. 7 (July 2001): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb13008.x.
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Cao-Pham, Anh H., Daisuke Urano, Timothy J. Ross-Elliott, and Alan M. Jones. "Nudge-nudge, WNK-WNK (kinases), say no more?" New Phytologist 220, no. 1 (June 27, 2018): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15276.
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Schumacher, Frances-Rose, Fiona J. Sorrell, Dario R. Alessi, Alex N. Bullock, and Thimo Kurz. "Structural and biochemical characterization of the KLHL3–WNK kinase interaction important in blood pressure regulation." Biochemical Journal 460, no. 2 (May 13, 2014): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20140153.
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WNK kinases regulate mammalian blood pressure. The level of WNK protein in a cell is regulated by the KLHL3–CUL3 ubiquitin ligase. We define the interaction between KLHL3 and WNK, identifying the WNK degron, and present the crystal structure of the KLHL3–WNK degron complex.
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Wu, Swei-Pi, Chien-Chung Jen, Chien-Hsin Yang, Te-Hong Chien, and Chia-Hui Lin. "The Ergonomic Design of Bent-Handled Wok for Female Cooks’ Wok Flipping Task." Journal of Food Research 5, no. 1 (December 27, 2015): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v5n1p58.
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Conventional straight-handled woks and the ergonomic bent-handled woks under different wok sizes were evaluated using the psychophysical approach. Twelve female subjects were tested using 15 different woks in a random order. The independent variables were the wok handle angle (with two angles of 25˚, 10˚ for traditional wok, and three angles of -5˚, -20˚ and -35˚ for bent-handled wok) and the wok size (with three diameters of 33 cm, 36 cm and 39 cm). The criterion measures included maximum acceptable weight of flipping (MAWF), wrist angle and subjective rating. The results showed both the handle angle and wok size significantly affected the maximum acceptable weight of flipping, wrist angle and subjective rating. The bent-handled wok is superior to the straight-handled wok, and the size-weight illusion effect is significant. In general, a small wok (33 cm diameter) with an ergonomic bent handle (-35˚) is ideal for females to decrease the risk of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders when performing the flipping task.
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Adhikary, Poulami, Ujjwal Malik, and Anandamay Barik. "Effects of four varieties of Lathyrus sativus (Fabaceae) seeds on the bionomics of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." Canadian Entomologist 148, no. 1 (May 8, 2015): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.22.
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AbstractThe effect of four varieties of Lathyrus sativus Linnaeus (Fabaceae) seeds (Bio L 212 Ratan, Nirmal B-1, WBK-14-7, and WBK-13-1) on the bionomics of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) was studied under laboratory conditions. Total larval developmental time was longer on WBK-13-1 than Bio L 212 Ratan. Adult emergence was highest on Bio L 212 Ratan followed by Nirmal B-1, WBK-14-7, and WBK-13-1. The development and fecundity were related with nutrient and antinutritional factors of khesari seeds. Total carbohydrates and proteins were highest in Bio L 212 Ratan and Nirmal B-1 while lipids and nitrogen were highest in Bio L 212 Ratan and least in WBK-13-1. Amino acids were higher in Nirmal B-1 and WBK-13-1. Phenols were greatest in Nirmal B-1 and least in Bio L 212 Ratan and WBK-14-7. β-ODAP was higher in Bio L 212 Ratan and Nirmal B-1. The lower levels of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nitrogen, water content, and higher trypsin inhibitor activity of WBK-14-7 and WBK-13-1 may explain the higher developmental time and lower fecundity of C. maculatus on these varieties. These results suggest that infestations of C. maculatus may be easier to manage on WBK-14-7 and WBK-13-1 than on the other varieties of khesari seeds.
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Morris, Nigel, and Tom Keen. "Tilting the wok." Nursing Standard 3, no. 28 (April 8, 1989): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.3.28.20.s41.
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Armignacco, Paolo, Francesco Garzotto, Mauro Neri, Anna Lorenzin, and Claudio Ronco. "Wak Engineering Evolution." Blood Purification 39, no. 1-3 (2015): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000368955.
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The wearable artificial kidney (WAK) is a device that allows prolonged and frequent dialysis treatments for patients with end stage renal disease. It potentially provides a practical and feasible solution to satisfy the need for an optimal delivered dialysis. Until now, the WAK has already been presented in several models, proposing different therapeutic modalities and engineering approaches. The ideal solution of a WAK may come from a combination of all the prototypes developed and/or those currently in development. Consequently, it is important to have a complete overview and a deep knowledge of the possible engineering solutions in order to achieve the incremental steps necessary to solve the remaining issues of wearable extracorporeal blood purification devices. Since technical advances are continuously evolving and it is important to focus on clinical requirements and needs, a multidisciplinary collaboration has to be coordinated to achieve the final objective of the practical realization of a wearable artificial kidney. In such a context, the main aim of this article was to analyze more in detail the WAK Engineeristic Development.
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Mouton, FA. "At van Wyk." Kleio 24, no. 1 (January 1992): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00232089285310031.
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Benatar, S. "Cató van Wyk." South African Medical Journal 111, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.2021.v111i3.15545.
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Boyd-Shiwarski, Cary R., Daniel J. Shiwarski, Ankita Roy, Hima N. Namboodiri, Lubika J. Nkashama, Jian Xie, Kara L. McClain, et al. "Potassium-regulated distal tubule WNK bodies are kidney-specific WNK1 dependent." Molecular Biology of the Cell 29, no. 4 (February 15, 2018): 499–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e17-08-0529.
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With-no-lysine (WNK) kinases coordinate volume and potassium homeostasis by regulating renal tubular electrolyte transport. In the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), potassium imbalance causes WNK signaling complexes to concentrate into large discrete foci, which we call “WNK bodies.” Although these structures have been reported previously, the mechanisms that drive their assembly remain obscure. Here, we show that kidney-specific WNK1 (KS-WNK1), a truncated kinase-defective WNK1 isoform that is highly expressed in the DCT, is critical for WNK body formation. While morphologically distinct WNK bodies were evident in the distal tubules of mice subjected to dietary potassium loading and restriction, KS-WNK1 knockout mice were deficient in these structures under identical conditions. Combining in vivo observations in kidney with reconstitution studies in cell culture, we found that WNK bodies are dynamic membraneless foci that are distinct from conventional organelles, colocalize with the ribosomal protein L22, and cluster the WNK signaling pathway. The formation of WNK bodies requires an evolutionarily conserved cysteine-rich hydrophobic motif harbored within a unique N-terminal exon of KS-WNK1. We propose that WNK bodies are not pathological aggregates, but rather are KS-WNK1–dependent microdomains of the DCT cytosol that modulate WNK signaling during physiological shifts in potassium balance.
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Sun, Qifei, Yipin Wu, Sima Jonusaite, John M. Pleinis, John M. Humphreys, Haixia He, Jeffrey N. Schellinger, et al. "Intracellular Chloride and Scaffold Protein Mo25 Cooperatively Regulate Transepithelial Ion Transport through WNK Signaling in the Malpighian Tubule." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 29, no. 5 (March 30, 2018): 1449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2017101091.
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Background With No Lysine kinase (WNK) signaling regulates mammalian renal epithelial ion transport to maintain electrolyte and BP homeostasis. Our previous studies showed a conserved role for WNK in the regulation of transepithelial ion transport in the Drosophila Malpighian tubule.Methods Using in vitro assays and transgenic Drosophila lines, we examined two potential WNK regulators, chloride ion and the scaffold protein mouse protein 25 (Mo25), in the stimulation of transepithelial ion flux.ResultsIn vitro, autophosphorylation of purified Drosophila WNK decreased as chloride concentration increased. In conditions in which tubule intracellular chloride concentration decreased from 30 to 15 mM as measured using a transgenic sensor, Drosophila WNK activity acutely increased. Drosophila WNK activity in tubules also increased or decreased when bath potassium concentration decreased or increased, respectively. However, a mutation that reduces chloride sensitivity of Drosophila WNK failed to alter transepithelial ion transport in 30 mM chloride. We, therefore, examined a role for Mo25. In in vitro kinase assays, Drosophila Mo25 enhanced the activity of the Drosophila WNK downstream kinase Fray, the fly homolog of mammalian Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), and oxidative stress-responsive 1 protein (OSR1). Knockdown of Drosophila Mo25 in the Malpighian tubule decreased transepithelial ion flux under stimulated but not basal conditions. Finally, whereas overexpression of wild-type Drosophila WNK, with or without Drosophila Mo25, did not affect transepithelial ion transport, Drosophila Mo25 overexpressed with chloride-insensitive Drosophila WNK increased ion flux.Conclusions Cooperative interactions between chloride and Mo25 regulate WNK signaling in a transporting renal epithelium.
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du Piesanie, A., A. J. M. Piters, I. Aben, H. Schrijver, P. Wang, and S. Noël. "Validation of two independent retrievals of SCIAMACHY water vapour columns using radiosonde data." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 10 (October 31, 2013): 2925–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2925-2013.
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Abstract. Two independently derived SCIAMACHY total water vapour column (WVC) products are compared with integrated water vapour data calculated from radiosonde measurements, and with each other. The two SCIAMACHY WVC products are retrieved with two different retrieval algorithms applied in the visible and short-wave infrared wavelength regions respectively. The first SCIAMACHY WVC product used in the comparison is ESA's level 2 version 5.01 WVC product derived with the Air Mass Corrected Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (AMC-DOAS) retrieval algorithm applied in the visible wavelength range (SCIAMACHY-ESA). The second SCIAMACHY WVC product is derived using the iterative maximum likelihood method (IMLM) in the short-wave infrared wavelength range and developed by Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SCIAMACHY-IMLM). Both SCIAMACHY WVC products are compared with collocated water vapour amounts determined from daily relative humidity radiosonde measurements obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) radiosonde network. The SCIAMACHY-ESA WVC product is compared with radiosonde-derived WVC amounts for an 18-month period from February 2010 to mid-August 2011, and the SCIAMACHY-IMLM WVC amounts are compared with radiosonde WVC amounts for the two individual years of 2004 and 2009. In addition the WVC amounts from SCIAMACHY-ESA and SCIAMACHY-IMLM are also compared with each other for a 1-month period for June 2009. The AMC-DOAS method used to retrieve SCIAMACHY-ESA WVC is able to correct for water vapour present below the clouds and can be used during cloudy conditions over both land and ocean surfaces. Results indicate a good agreement between the WVC amounts of SCIAMACHY-ESA and that of radiosondes, with a mean difference of −0.32 g cm−2 for all collocated cases. Overall the SCIAMACHY-ESA WVC amounts are smaller than the radiosonde WVC amounts, especially over oceans. For cloudy conditions the WVC bias has a clear dependence on the cloud top height and increases with increasing cloud top heights larger than approximately 2 km. A likely cause for this could be the different vertical profile shapes of water vapour and O2 leading to different relative changes in their optical thickness, which makes the air mass factor (AMF) correction method used in the algorithm less suitable for high clouds. The SCIAMACHY-IMLM product's water vapour measurements are best used over land surfaces during cloud-free conditions, and in these cases a good agreement is found when compared to radiosonde WVC amounts, with a mean difference of 0.08 g cm−2. It is shown that over ocean surfaces during cloudy conditions the partial SCIAMACHY-IMLM water vapour column above the cloud can be well estimated by using the simultaneously retrieved methane column to calculate the cloud top height. Comparing the two satellite WVC products with each other indicates that SCIAMACHY-ESA consistently measures higher WVC amounts than those of SCIAMACHY-IMLM. Furthermore, the importance of the choice of cloud product is highlighted, as intercomparisons between the two SCIAMACHY WVC products indicate that using different cloud products to screen water vapour data for cloud-free conditions influences the data selection and may ultimately lead to a variation in results. In the last section of the paper, various options for filtering the two SCIAMACHY WVC data sets are discussed and best selection criteria suggested.
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du Piesanie, A., A. J. M. Piters, I. Aben, H. Schrijver, P. Wang, and S. Noël. "Validation of two independent retrievals of SCIAMACHY water vapour columns using radiosonde data." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 1 (January 21, 2013): 665–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-665-2013.
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Abstract. Two independently derived SCIAMACHY total water vapour column (WVC) products are compared with integrated water vapour data calculated from radiosonde measurements, and with each other. The two SCIAMACHY WVC products are retrieved with two different retrieval algorithms applied in the visible and short wave infrared wavelength regions respectively. The first SCIAMACHY WVC product used in the comparison is ESA's level 2 version 5.01 WVC product derived with the Air Mass Corrected Differential Absorption Spectroscopy (AMC-DOAS) retrieval algorithm (SCIAMACHY-ESA). The second SCIAMACHY WVC product is derived using the Iterative Maximum Likelihood Method (IMLM) developed by Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SCIAMACHY-IMLM). Both SCIAMACHY WVC products are compared with collocated water vapour amounts determined from daily relative humidity radiosonde measurements obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) radiosonde network, over an 18 month and 2 yr period respectively. Results indicate a good agreement between the WVC amounts of SCIAMACHY-ESA and the radiosonde, and a mean difference of 0.03 g cm−2 is found for cloud free conditions. Overall the SCIAMACHY-ESA WVC amounts are smaller than the radiosonde WVC amounts, especially over oceans. For cloudy conditions the WVC bias has a clear dependence on the cloud top height and increases with increasing cloud top heights larger than approximately 2 km. A likely cause for this could be the different vertical profile shapes of water vapour and O2 leading to different relative changes in their optical thickness, which makes the AMF correction method used in the algorithm less suitable for high clouds. The SCIAMACHY-IMLM WVC amounts compare well to the radiosonde WVC amounts during cloud free conditions over land. A mean difference of 0.08 g cm−2 is found which is consistent with previous results when comparing daily averaged SCIAMACHY-IMLM WVC amounts with ECMWF model data globally. Furthermore, we show that the measurements for cloudy conditions (cloud fraction ≥ 0.5) with low clouds (cloud pressure ≥ 930 hPa) above the ocean and land compare quite well with radiosonde data.
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Thastrup, Jacob O., Fatema H. Rafiqi, Alberto C. Vitari, Eulalia Pozo-Guisado, Maria Deak, Youcef Mehellou, and Dario R. Alessi. "SPAK/OSR1 regulate NKCC1 and WNK activity: analysis of WNK isoform interactions and activation by T-loop trans-autophosphorylation." Biochemical Journal 441, no. 1 (December 14, 2011): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20111879.
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Mutations in the WNK [with no lysine (K) kinase] family instigate hypertension and pain perception disorders. Of the four WNK isoforms, much of the focus has been on WNK1, which is activated in response to osmotic stress by phosphorylation of its T-loop residue (Ser382). WNK isoforms phosphorylate and activate the related SPAK (SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1) protein kinases. In the present study, we first describe the generation of double-knockin ES (embryonic stem) cells, where SPAK and OSR1 cannot be activated by WNK1. We establish that NKCC1 (Na+/K+/2Cl− co-transporter 1), a proposed target of the WNK pathway, is not phosphorylated or activated in a knockin that is deficient in SPAK/OSR1 activity. We also observe that activity of WNK1 and WNK3 are markedly elevated in the knockin cells, demonstrating that SPAK/OSR1 significantly influences WNK activity. Phosphorylation of another regulatory serine residue, Ser1261, in WNK1 is unaffected in knockin cells, indicating that this is not phosphorylated by SPAK/OSR1. We show that WNK isoforms interact via a C-terminal CCD (coiled-coil domain) and identify point mutations of conserved residues within this domain that ablate the ability of WNK isoforms to interact. Employing these mutants, we demonstrate that interaction of WNK isoforms is not essential for their T-loop phosphorylation and activation, at least for overexpressed WNK isoforms. Moreover, we finally establish that full-length WNK1, WNK2 and WNK3, but not WNK4, are capable of directly phosphorylating Ser382 of WNK1 in vitro. This supports the notion that T-loop phosphorylation of WNK isoforms is controlled by trans-autophosphorylation. These results provide novel insights into the WNK signal transduction pathway and provide genetic evidence confirming the essential role that SPAK/OSR1 play in controlling NKCC1 function. They also reveal a role in which the downstream SPAK/OSR1 enzymes markedly influence the activity of the upstream WNK activators. The knockin ES cells lacking SPAK/OSR1 activity will be useful in validating new targets of the WNK signalling pathway.
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Thomson, Martin N., Catherina A. Cuevas, Tim M. Bewarder, Carsten Dittmayer, Lauren N. Miller, Jinge Si, Ryan J. Cornelius, et al. "WNK bodies cluster WNK4 and SPAK/OSR1 to promote NCC activation in hypokalemia." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 318, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): F216—F228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00232.2019.
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K+ deficiency stimulates renal salt reuptake via the Na+-Cl− cotransporter (NCC) of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), thereby reducing K+ losses in downstream nephron segments while increasing NaCl retention and blood pressure. NCC activation is mediated by a kinase cascade involving with no lysine (WNK) kinases upstream of Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress-responsive kinase-1 (OSR1). In K+ deficiency, WNKs and SPAK/OSR1 concentrate in spherical cytoplasmic domains in the DCT termed “WNK bodies,” the significance of which is undetermined. By feeding diets of varying salt and K+ content to mice and using genetically engineered mouse lines, we aimed to clarify whether WNK bodies contribute to WNK-SPAK/OSR1-NCC signaling. Phosphorylated SPAK/OSR1 was present both at the apical membrane and in WNK bodies within 12 h of dietary K+ deprivation, and it was promptly suppressed by K+ loading. In WNK4-deficient mice, however, larger WNK bodies formed, containing unphosphorylated WNK1, SPAK, and OSR1. This suggests that WNK4 is the primary active WNK isoform in WNK bodies and catalyzes SPAK/OSR1 phosphorylation therein. We further examined mice carrying a kidney-specific deletion of the basolateral K+ channel-forming protein Kir4.1, which is required for the DCT to sense plasma K+ concentration. These mice displayed remnant mosaic expression of Kir4.1 in the DCT, and upon K+ deprivation, WNK bodies developed only in Kir4.1-expressing cells. We postulate a model of DCT function in which NCC activity is modulated by plasma K+ concentration via WNK4-SPAK/OSR1 interactions within WNK bodies.
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Bhagwat, Sachin S., Lakshmi A. Mundkur, Shrikant V. Gupte, Mahesh V. Patel, and Habil F. Khorakiwala. "The Anti-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Quinolone WCK 771 Has Potent Activity against Sequentially Selected Mutants, Has a Narrow Mutant Selection Window against Quinolone-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Preferentially Targets DNA Gyrase." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 11 (August 28, 2006): 3568–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00641-06.
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ABSTRACT WCK 771 is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone with enhanced activity against quinolone-resistant staphylococci. To understand the impact of the target-level interactions of WCK 771 on its antistaphylococcal pharmacodynamic properties, we determined the MICs for genetically defined mutants and studied the mutant prevention concentrations (MPCs), the frequency of mutation, and the cidality against the wild type and double mutants. There was a twofold increase in the MICs of WCK 771 for single gyrA mutants, indicating that DNA gyrase is its primary target. All first- and second-step mutants selected by WCK 771 revealed gyrA and grlA mutations, respectively. The MICs of WCK 771 and clinafloxacin were found to be superior to those of other quinolones against strains with double and triple mutations. WCK 771 was also cidal for high-density double mutants at low concentrations. WCK 771 and clinafloxacin showed narrow mutant selection windows compared to those of the other quinolones. Against a panel of 50 high-level quinolone-resistant clinical isolates of staphylococci (ciprofloxacin MIC ≥ 16 μg/ml), the WCK 771 MPCs were ≤2 μg/ml for 68% of the strains and ≤4 μg/ml for 28% of the strains. Our results demonstrate that gyrA is the primary target of WCK 771 and that it has pharmacodynamic properties remarkably different from those of quinolones with dual targets (garenoxacin and moxifloxacin) and topoisomerase IV-specific quinolones (trovafloxacin). WCK 771 displayed an activity profile comparable to that of clinafloxacin, a dual-acting quinolone with a high affinity to DNA gyrase. Overall, the findings signify the key role of DNA gyrase in determining the optimal antistaphylococcal features of quinolones.
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Song, Zengting, Xiaofang Dong, Jianming Tong, and Zhihong Wang. "In sacco evaluation of ruminal degradability of waste vinegar residue as a feedstuff for ruminants." Animal Production Science 53, no. 4 (2013): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12116.
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Waste vinegar residue (WVR) is a by-product of vinegar processing by solid-state fermentation. In this study, two experiments were conducted to determine chemical composition and ruminal degradability of WVR and whether WVR can be used as a feedstuff for ruminants. In Experiment 1, 14 WVR samples were incubated in the rumen of three Inner Mongolia White Cashmere Goats to determine the in sacco ruminal degradability parameters for DM, crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). The NDF, CP and ether extract (EE) contents of the WVR samples were 796.6, 125.2 and 93.3 g/kg, respectively. The greatest variation was observed for lactic acid, which ranged from 150.39 to 4391.12 mg/kg with an average of 1023.84 mg/kg. The average A, B and C fractions of DM for the 14 samples of WVR were 122, 350, and 528 g/kg, respectively. The effective degradability of DM, CP and NDF were 275, 550 and 211 g/kg, respectively. In Experiment 2, the in sacco degradation parameters for DM, CP and NDF of Chinese leymus, corn stalk and WVR were evaluated in a 3 × 3 Latin-square design. The rapidly degradable fraction of the DM and NDF for WVR was significantly (P < 0.01) greater than that of Chinese leymus and corn stalk. No difference in rumen-degraded DM, rumen-degraded CP and rumen-degraded NDF was found between Chinese leymus and WVR (P > 0.05). It is concluded that, WVR is not well digested ruminally but is a good source of protein for ruminants giving it value as an ingredient in ruminant diets.
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Alderete, N., Y. A. Villagrán Zaccardi, A. A. Di Maio, and N. De Belie. "Isothermal water vapour permeability of concrete with different supplementary cementitious materials." Materiales de Construcción 68, no. 330 (April 18, 2018): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2018.02517.
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Water vapour permeability (WVP) is a key parameter for the sustainable thermal conditioning of buildings. The study of the WVP in concrete with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) allows for the design of structures with improved durability and sustainability. To our knowledge, there is insufficient experimental data in the literature regarding the WVP of concrete with SCMs. WVP tests were made on concrete mixes containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) and limestone powder (LP) as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement, and of concrete mixes containing pozzolanic cement (NP). Results from three moisture gradients show that GGBFS induces the greatest reduction in WVP, followed by the NP. LP shows a diluting effect of the binder, which could be compensated by GGBFS in the ternary blend. From the comparison between the WVP and the capillary sorption rate, the influence of the SCMs on the connectivity of the smallest pores is assessed.
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Lu, Wan-An, and Cheng-Deng Kuo. "Comparison of the Effects of Tai Chi Chuan and Wai Tan Kung Exercises on Autonomic Nervous System Modulation and on Hemodynamics in Elder Adults." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 34, no. 06 (January 2006): 959–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x06004430.
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The health of the middle-aged and elderly people is a major concern given the rapid aging population and rising costs of medical care. Low-impact exercise on a regular basis is ideal for maintaining the well-being of an aging population. Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) is the most well-known and most widely practiced form of low-impact martial arts therapy and has been shown to have positive health effects. A lesser-known form of martial arts therapy is Wai Tan Kung (WTK), which our previous study found to have positive health effects as well. The present study compares the effects of TCC and WTK on autonomic nervous system modulation and on hemodynamics in adults among non-exercising control (30), TCC practitioners (30) and WTK practitioners (30). Our study found that in a short-term, WTK and TCC exercises enhanced the vagal modulation, lowered the sympathetic modulation and lowered arterial blood pressures in the practitioners. It was also observed that the forced vital capacity of TCC practitioners was significantly higher than that of WTK practitioners before exercise. There were no significant differences in the percentage changes in HRV measures and hemodynamics between WTK and TCC practitioners 30 and 60 min after exercise, indicating that the effects of WTK and TCC were similar in magnitude. In conclusion, TCC and WTK are comparable to each other in terms of their effects on autonomic nervous system modulation and hemodynamics, thus suggesting that WTK can be just as beneficial as TCC as a form of low-impact exercise for elderly adults.
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Zou, Yajie, Xinzhi Zhong, Jinjun Tang, Xin Ye, Lingtao Wu, Muhammad Ijaz, and Yinhai Wang. "A Copula-Based Approach for Accommodating the Underreporting Effect in Wildlife‒Vehicle Crash Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020418.
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Wildlife‒vehicle collision (WVC) data usually contain two types: the reported WVC data and carcass removal data. Previous studies often found a discrepancy between the number of reported WVC and carcass removal data, and the quality of both datasets is affected by underreporting. Underreporting means the number of WVCs is not fully recorded in the database; neglecting the underreporting in WVC data may result in biased parameter estimation results. In this study, a copula regression model linking wildlife‒vehicle collisions and the underreporting outcome was proposed to consider the underreporting in WVC data. The WVC data collected from 10 highways in Washington State were analyzed using the copula regression model and the Negative Binomial (NB) model. The main findings from this study are as follows: (1) the Gaussian copula model can provide different modeling results when compared with the conventional modeling approach; (2) the hotspot identification results indicate that the Gaussian copula-based Empirical Bayes (EB) method can more accurately identify hotspots than the NB-based EB method. Thus, the proposed copula model may be a better alternative to the conventional NB model for modeling underreported WVC data.
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Gidik, Hayriye, Oly Vololonirina, Rita Maria Ghantous, and Andreas Ankou. "Impact of test parameters on the water vapor permeability of textiles." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 31, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 350–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-02-2018-0018.
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PurposeUnlike other materials, textiles associate with aesthetic and mechanical properties such as flexibility and removability that allow them to be deployed or folded as required and which make them good candidates for clothing and furnishing but also, eventually, for other applications such as building. Actually, the clothing should ensure appropriate heat and mass transfers between the human body and its environment in order to maintain the thermo-physiological comfort. For that, it is important to determine water vapor permeability (WVP) of textile. Several normalized procedures with variants depending on the nature of the tested material exist to measure the WVP. One of the methods used is the “dish method” described by the British Standard (BS 7209). The purpose of this paper is to determine the influence of the test parameters on the WVP measurements.Design/methodology/approachConsequently, WVP of different textiles was measured while varying several parameters like: nature of fabrics, air layer thickness, vapor pressure gradient and air velocity.FindingsA decrease in the WVP values was observed with an increase in the air layer thickness and the number of textile layers. On the other side, an increase in the water pressure gradient induces an increase in the WVP value. Finally, it was also observed that air velocity has an impact on the WVP measurements.Originality/valueIn addition to intrinsic properties of fabrics, i.e., nature of fiber, woven structure, the influence of the several extrinsic properties, i.e., the influence of the air layer thickness, the number of textile layers, the vapor pressure gradient and the air velocity, on the WVP were investigated. Some researchers have already investigated the impact of these parameters on the WVP measurement separately. However, this study presents a difference from other studies that it takes into account the influence of the both intrinsic and extrinsic properties on WVP. In addition to these, this work combine several extrinsic properties which are presented separately during other studies. The first time, in this study the influence of the air velocity on WVP was investigated. Results on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic fabrics showed a great variation in the results when varying the location of the cups inside the climatic chamber. This is the reason why future studies look at studying more deeply the effect of air velocity on the WVP properties on different types of fabrics by connecting WVP values with air velocity values. It is also planned to make tests with the rotation device and by fixing the value of the temperature and RH. The objective will be to obtain reliable values that do not take into account the effect of air velocity.
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Bin, G. F., C. J. Liao, and Xue Jun Li. "The Method of Fault Feature Extraction from Acoustic Emission Signals Using Wigner-Ville Distribution." Advanced Materials Research 216 (March 2011): 732–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.216.732.
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Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) has the characteristics of very high-energy accumulation and excellent time-frequency resolution. It is a good way to extract fault feature of acoustic emission (AE) signals due to mechanical component broken. The characteristics of typical AE signals initiated by damages are analyzed. Based on the extracting principle of AE signals from damaged components, the WVD analysis method of AE signal is developed. WVD method is employed to the fault diagnosis of rolling bearings with AE technique. The fault features reading from experimental data analysis are clear, accurate and intuitionistic, meantime, the validity and accuracy of WVD method proposed are nice from the experimental results. Therefore, WVD method is useful for condition monitoring and fault diagnosis in conjunction with AE technique.
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Niethard, Fritz. "Aus MuP wird WIK." Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie - Mitteilungen und Nachrichten 03, no. 02 (April 11, 2014): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1374570.
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Van Rensburg, F. I. J. "Van Wyk Louw Simbolis?" Literator 11, no. 1 (May 6, 1990): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v11i1.792.
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In this article the question is posed whether one is justified in associating N.P. van Wyk Louw’s work with Symbolism as seen in terms of its being a historical art movement. At first sight some of the main characteristics of his work seem incompatible with the overall spirit of Symbolism. A close look is taken at these characteristics. They are weighed against typical characteristics of Symbolism. A number of common traits are discovered. Following this, a study of Van Wyk Louw’s utterances in his prose works is undertaken to establish the extent of his knowledge of the works of Symbolists and of Symbolism as such, The unfolding history of his contact with their work and with Symbolism is traced. Some revealing relations are uncovered. Having established a number of definite Symbolist traits in his work, his poetical oeuvre is projected against the set of fundamental characteristics of Symbolism as a phenomenon identified by S. Dresden in his book Symbolisme (1980). Seen at against this background, the range of symbolist features in his work shows up clearly. The conclusion reached is that Van Wyk Louw so thoroughly absorbed those characteristics of Symbolism that corresponded with his own creative personality that they have blended almost imperceptibly with the rest of his oeuvre, thereby creating the impression that they are fully native to his work.
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Toerien, Barend J., and Pieter Fourie. "Ek, Anna van Wyk." World Literature Today 62, no. 1 (1988): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40144230.
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Barrett, John. "W.K. Hancock: A memoir." Journal of Australian Studies 12, no. 23 (November 1988): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443058809386985.
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&NA;. "Response of W.K. Jacyk." American Journal of Dermatopathology 16, no. 4 (August 1994): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000372-199408000-00008.
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Akella, Radha, John M. Humphreys, Kamil Sekulski, Haixia He, Mateusz Durbacz, Srinivas Chakravarthy, Joanna Liwocha, Zuhair J. Mohammed, Chad A. Brautigam, and Elizabeth J. Goldsmith. "Osmosensing by WNK Kinases." Molecular Biology of the Cell 32, no. 18 (August 19, 2021): 1614–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0089.
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WNKs (With No Lysine [K])are soluble intracellular protein kinases that directly respond to osmotic stress through dedimerization-induced auto-phosphorylation. Assays demonstrate direct effects of osmotic pressure on autophosphorylation. SAXS (small angle x-ray scattering), SLS (static light scattering), and crystallography demonstrate a dimer to monomer transition and atomic level changes in hydration.
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Huen Lim, P. Pui. "Mak Wok, Spice Mistress." Southeast Asian Review of English 57, no. 2 (December 16, 2020): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sare.vol57no2.10.
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Pleinis, John M., Logan Norrell, Radha Akella, John M. Humphreys, Haixia He, Qifei Sun, Feng Zhang, et al. "WNKs are potassium-sensitive kinases." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 320, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): C703—C721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00456.2020.
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With no lysine (K) (WNK) kinases regulate epithelial ion transport in the kidney to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and blood pressure. Chloride ion directly binds WNK kinases to inhibit autophosphorylation and activation. Changes in extracellular potassium are thought to regulate WNKs through changes in intracellular chloride. Prior studies demonstrate that in some distal nephron epithelial cells, intracellular potassium changes with chronic low- or high-potassium diet. We, therefore, investigated whether potassium regulates WNK activity independent of chloride. We found decreased activity of Drosophila WNK and mammalian WNK3 and WNK4 in fly Malpighian (renal) tubules bathed in high extracellular potassium, even when intracellular chloride was kept constant at either ∼13 mM or 26 mM. High extracellular potassium also inhibited chloride-insensitive mutants of WNK3 and WNK4. High extracellular rubidium was also inhibitory and increased tubule rubidium. The Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, ouabain, which is expected to lower intracellular potassium, increased tubule Drosophila WNK activity. In vitro, potassium increased the melting temperature of Drosophila WNK, WNK1, and WNK3 kinase domains, indicating ion binding to the kinase. Potassium inhibited in vitro autophosphorylation of Drosophila WNK and WNK3, and also inhibited WNK3 and WNK4 phosphorylation of their substrate, Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK). The greatest sensitivity of WNK4 to potassium occurred in the range of 80–180 mM, encompassing physiological intracellular potassium concentrations. Together, these data indicate chloride-independent potassium inhibition of Drosophila and mammalian WNK kinases through direct effects of potassium ion on the kinase.
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SHAN, WEN-RUI, YAN ZHAN, and BO TIAN. "GAUGE TRANSFORMATION AND SOLITON SOLUTIONS FOR THE WHITHAM–BROER–KAUP SYSTEM IN THE SHALLOW WATER." Modern Physics Letters B 26, no. 25 (September 7, 2012): 1250164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984912501643.
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In the shallow-water studies, the Whitham–Broer–Kaup (WBK) system can be used to describe the propagation of the long waves. In this paper, based on the Lax pair of the WBK system, we derive the gauge transformation from the WBK system to the Ablowitz–Kaup–Newell–Segur (AKNS) system with the help of symbolic computation. Applying the Darboux transformation of the AKNS system, we obtain some soliton solutions of the WBK system. Those results might be useful in the investigations on the propagation of solitons in such situation as shallow water.
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Rodan, Aylin R. "WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling: lessons learned from an insect renal epithelium." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 315, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): F903—F907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00176.2018.
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WNK [with no lysine (K)] kinases regulate renal epithelial ion transport to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations, extracellular volume, and blood pressure. The SLC12 cation-chloride cotransporters, including the sodium-potassium-2-chloride (NKCC) and sodium chloride cotransporters (NCC), are targets of WNK regulation via the intermediary kinases SPAK (Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress response). The pathway is activated by low dietary potassium intake, resulting in increased phosphorylation and activity of NCC. Chloride regulates WNK kinases in vitro by binding to the active site and inhibiting autophosphorylation and has been proposed to modulate WNK activity in the distal convoluted tubule in response to low dietary potassium. WNK-SPAK/OSR1 regulation of NKCC-dependent ion transport is evolutionarily ancient, and it occurs in the Drosophila Malpighian (renal) tubule. Here, we review recent studies from the Drosophila tubule demonstrating cooperative roles for chloride and the scaffold protein Mo25 (mouse protein-25, also known as calcium-binding protein-39) in the regulation of WNK-SPAK/OSR1 signaling in a transporting renal epithelium. Insights gained from this genetically manipulable and physiologically accessible epithelium shed light on molecular mechanisms of regulation of the WNK-SPAK/OSR1 pathway, which is important in human health and disease.
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Patel, Mahesh V., Noel J. De Souza, Shrikant V. Gupte, Mohammad A. Jafri, Sachin S. Bhagwat, Yati Chugh, Habil F. Khorakiwala, Michael R. Jacobs, and Peter C. Appelbaum. "Antistaphylococcal Activity of WCK 771, a Tricyclic Fluoroquinolone, in Animal Infection Models." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 12 (December 2004): 4754–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.12.4754-4761.2004.
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ABSTRACT WCK 771, the arginine salt of S-(−)-nadifloxacin, was evaluated in animal models of staphylococcal infection and in vitro. For 302 methicillin-susceptible strains the MIC at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (MIC50) and the MIC90 of WCK 771 were 0.03 and 0.03 μg/ml, respectively, and for 198 methicillin-resistant strains the MIC50 and the MIC90 were 0.5 and 1.0 μg/ml, respectively. All methicillin-susceptible staphylococci were quinolone susceptible, and almost all methicillin-resistant staphylococci were quinolone resistant. WCK 771 was more potent than moxifloxacin, trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin and had potency comparable to that of clinafloxacin. Only WCK 771 and clinafloxacin demonstrated strong potencies against vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus strains (MICs = 1 μg/ml). WCK 771 is not a substrate of the NorA pump, as evident from the lack of an effect of reserpine on the MICs and similar protective doses against infections caused by efflux-positive and -negative staphylococci. WCK 771 was effective by both the oral and the subcutaneous routes in mice infected intraperitoneally with quinolone-susceptible methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains. For infections caused by quinolone-resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, the activity of WCK 771 administered subcutaneously was superior to those of trovafloxacin and sparfloxacin, with a 50% effective dose range of 27.8 to 46.8 mg/kg of body weight. The activity of WCK 771 was superior to those of moxifloxacin, vancomycin, and linezolid in a mouse cellulitis model of infection caused by one MSSA and two MRSA strains, with effective doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg for the MSSA strain and 10-fold higher effective doses for MRSA strains. WCK 771, like vancomycin and linezolid, eradicated MRSA from mouse liver, spleen, kidney, and lung when it was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 50 mg/kg for four doses. These studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of WCK 771, administered orally and parenterally, for the treatment of diverse staphylococcal infections in mice, including those caused by quinolone-resistant strains.
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Gill, Christian M., Kamilia Abdelraouf, and David P. Nicolau. "1244. Assessment of the In Vivo Activity of Human-Simulated Exposure of WCK 4282 (High Dose Cefepime [FEP]-Tazobactam [TZB]) against Enterobacterales (EB) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) in the Neutropenic Murine Thigh Infection Model." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S640—S641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1429.
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Abstract Background Carbapenems are often used for infections due to extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) and cephalosporinase (CSase)-producers. As increased carbapenem utilization is associated with the development of carbapenem resistance, antimicrobial stewardship has targeted non-carbapenem options. WCK 4282 (FEP 2 g-TZB 2 g) offers pharmacodynamically optimized TZB exposure and demonstrated potent activity in vitro against ESBL-phenotype isolates. We describe the pharmacodynamics of a WCK 4282 human-simulated regimen (HSR) in the neutropenic murine thigh model. Methods 19 clinical strains harboring ESBLs or CSase (EB; n=8 and PA; n=4) or serine-carbapenemases (EB; KPC n=4 or OXA-48-like n=3) were tested in vivo. Per CLSI, 19, 18, and 17 isolates were cefepime, ceftolozane/tazobactam, and piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP) non-susceptible, respectively. Thighs of neutropenic, female, CD-1 mice (3 per group) were inoculated with ~107 CFU/mL of bacterial suspension 2 h prior to dosing. Mice received WCK 4282 HSR, FEP HSR, or saline (controls) for 24 h. WCK 4282 HSR and FEP HSR provided plasma exposures in mice that were similar in f%T > MIC and fAUC to FEP-TZB 2 g-2 g and FEP 2 g, respectively, as IV infusions over 1.5 h q8h in humans. Bacterial densities and their changes at 24 h relative to 0 h controls were determined to assess efficacy and reported as mean±SD log10 CFU/thigh. Results Bacterial burdens were 5.81±0.36 at 0 h and 9.29±0.88 at 24 h in untreated controls. WCK 4282 produced potent activity against ESBL/CSase producing EB and PA with WCK 4282 MIC ≤ 16 mg/L; mean change in log10 CFU from 0 h was -1.70±0.77, while growth was observed with FEP alone. WCK 4282 produced variable activity against OXA-48-like harboring EB. Against KPC-harboring EB, WCK 4282 produced stasis to growth. Mean Log10 CFU changes are reported in Table 1 and Figure 1. Table 1. Comparative efficacy of FEP HSR and WCK 4282 HSR by genotypic β-lactamase Figure 1. Mean Change in log10CFU/thigh for 24 h controls, FEP HSR, and WCK 4282 HSR across the tested MIC distribution. Conclusion WCK 4282, a novel TZB containing regimen, resulted in enhance in vitro potency against ESBL/CSase and OXA-48-like producers. Humanized exposures of WCK 4282 produced substantial kill in vivo against ESBL/CSase producers with MICs ≤ 16 mg/L including FEP resistant/TZP non-susceptible PA. These data support further evaluations of WCK 4282 as a carbapenem-sparing regimen for ESBL/cephalosporinase harboring strains. Disclosures David P. Nicolau, PharmD, Cepheid (Other Financial or Material Support, Consultant, speaker bureau member or has received research support.)Merck & Co., Inc. (Consultant, Grant/Research Support, Speaker’s Bureau)Wockhardt (Grant/Research Support)
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NAUTA, JEROEN, MIRIAM A. GOEDBLOED, HARRY VAN HERCK, DENNIS A. HESSELINK, PIM VISSER, ROB WILLEMSEN, RICHARD P. E. VAN DOKKUM, CHRISTOPHER J. WRIGHT, and LISA M. GUAY-WOODFORD. "New Rat Model that Phenotypically Resembles Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 11, no. 12 (December 2000): 2272–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v11122272.
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Abstract. Numerous murine models of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) have been described. While mouse models are particularly well suited for investigating the molecular pathogenesis of PKD, rats are well established as an experimental model of renal physiologic processes. Han:SPRD-Cy rats have been proposed as a model for human autosomal dominant PKD. A new spontaneous rat mutation, designated wpk, has now been identified. In the mutants, the renal cystic phenotype resembles human autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD). This study was designed to characterize the clinical and histopathologic features of wpk/wpk mutants and to map the wpk locus. Homozygous mutants developed nephromegaly, hypertension, proteinuria, impaired urine-concentrating capacity, and uremia, resulting in death at 4 wk of age. Early cysts were present in the nephrogenic zone at embryonic day 19. These were localized, by specific staining and electron microscopy, to differentiated proximal tubules, thick limbs, distal tubules, and collecting ducts. In later stages, the cysts were largely confined to collecting ducts. Although the renal histopathologic features are strikingly similar to those of human ARPKD, wpk/wpk mutants exhibited no evidence of biliary tract abnormalities. The wpk locus maps just proximal to the Cy locus on rat chromosome 5, and complementation studies demonstrated that these loci are not allelic. It is concluded that the clinical and renal histopathologic features of this new rat model strongly resemble those of human ARPKD. Although homology mapping indicates that rat wpk and human ARPKD involve distinct genes, this new rat mutation provides an excellent experimental model to study the molecular pathogenesis and renal pathophysiologic features of recessive PKD.
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Yuan, Zhong Hu, Man Yang Xu, and Xiao Xuan Qi. "The Certification for Inevitability of Cross-Term in WVD." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 1930–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.1930.
Full textAbstract:
WVD has become an important method for time-frequency analysis because of its mathematical properties. In fact, however, cross-term disturbs its application seriously when the multicomponent signal existed. Now increasing people is going to find pure mathematical method to deal with the cross-term in WVD. But this paper will prove the inevitability of cross-term in WVD.
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Wang, Xin Jun, Yan Ping Cai, and Xu Ze Lin. "ICE Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Mutual Information and WVD Time-Frequency Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 525 (February 2014): 741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.525.741.
Full textAbstract:
A new time-frequency analysis method based on mutual information and EMD-WVD time-frequency analysis is proposed. The method uses EMD to decompose signals into independent intrinsic mode functions (IMF), uses the mutual information of EMD intrinsic mode components and original signal as basis to determine EMD false modal component, and uses WVD of EMD true Intrinsic Mode to reconstruct the WVD of original signal for feature information extraction. ICE fault signal time-frequency analysis results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy of WVD time-frequency analysis, and correctly analyze characteristics of the signal.
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Choe, Keith P., and Kevin Strange. "Evolutionarily conserved WNK and Ste20 kinases are essential for acute volume recovery and survival after hypertonic shrinkage in Caenorhabditis elegans." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 293, no. 3 (September 2007): C915—C927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00126.2007.
Full textAbstract:
Members of the germinal center kinase (GCK)-VI subfamily of Ste20 kinases regulate a Caenorhabditis elegans ClC anion channel and vertebrate SLC12 cation-Cl− cotransporters. With no lysine (K) (WNK) protein kinases interact with and activate the mammalian GCK-VI kinases proline-alanine-rich Ste20-related kinase (PASK) and oxidative stress-responsive 1 (OSR1). We demonstrate here for the first time that GCK-VI kinases play an essential role in whole animal osmoregulation. RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of the single C. elegans GCK-VI kinase, GCK-3, dramatically inhibits systemic volume recovery and survival after hypertonic shrinkage. Tissue-specific RNAi suggests that GCK-3 functions primarily in the hypodermis and intestine to mediate volume recovery. The single C. elegans WNK kinase, WNK-1, binds to GCK-3, and wnk-1 knockdown gives rise to a phenotype qualitatively similar to that of gck-3(RNAi) worms. Knockdown of the two kinases together has no additive effect, suggesting that WNK-1 and GCK-3 function in a common pathway. We postulate that WNK-1 functions upstream of GCK-3 in a manner similar to that postulated for its mammalian homologs. Phylogenetic analysis of kinase functional domains suggests that the interaction between GCK-VI and WNK kinases first occurred in an early metazoan and therefore likely coincided with the need of multicellular animals to tightly regulate transepithelial transport processes that mediate systemic osmotic homeostasis.