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1
WANJAU MURIU, DANIEL. "PAYING LIP-SERVICE TO THE PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION: A COMPARATIVE CRITIQUE OF KENYA'S TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW." Journal of African Law 46, no. 1 (April 2002): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0221855302001761.
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The last decade of the twentieht century was a period that saw a worldwide shift from state command economies and welfare states to market-driven economies. In many countries the telecommunications industry has always been seen as as strategic one and thus wwas in most cases completely in the hands of state-owned corporations. It is there fore inevitable that telecommuncations industries the world over have undergone or are undergoing dramatic transformations as governments give up, wholly or in part, ownership and control of the industry.
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Huda, Ummul, Edwin Musdi, and Nola Nari. "ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN REPRESENTASI MATEMATIS SISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIKA." Ta'dib 22, no. 1 (June 29, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31958/jt.v22i1.1226.
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This research is motivated by the low mathematical representation ability of students in solving mathematical problem solving questions based on TIMSS data and facts in the field. The study aims to analyze the mathematical representation ability of MTsN Batusangkar students visually, verbally and symbolically in solving mathematical problem solving problems. This field research uses descriptive method. The instrument used is a description question and interview guide. Quantitative data based on test results were analyzed to determine the predicate of mathematical representation ability, while Miles and Huberman model wwas used to analyze qualitative data from interviews. The results show that students' mathematical visual and symbolic abilities are satisfactory, while verbal mathematical representations are less satisfactory.
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SinganoSeguni, Zuberi, and Oscar Mfugale. "BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CITRUS WOOLLY WHITE FLY ALEUROTHRIXUS FLOCCOSUS MASK (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) BY CALES NOACKI HOW (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE) IN SOME TANZANIAN SMALL-SCALE CITRUS ORCHARDS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 6 (June 30, 2016): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i6.2016.2641.
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Calesnoacki How (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) wwas released in citrus groves in Muheza (05°10' 0S, 38°46' 0E) and Morogoro (06° 49' 0" S, 37° 40' 0 E) Townships to control Aleurothrixusfloccosus Mask (Homoptera: Alleyrodidae). Sleeve cage and “free release” methods were used to introduce the parasitoid onto selected citrus trees. C. noacki adults and mummies were released at selected sites between 08:00 and 09:30 am on 14th September 1999.
Adults were first observed 90 days after introduction. They were also recovered from 2nd and 3rd CWWF instars. At Morogoro, CWWF infestations by adults, eggs and nymphs were reduced by between 6 and 12 fold 90 days after release and between 30 and 300 fold 60 months after. At Muheza decreases were between 140 and 700 and 12 and 17 fold, respectively compared. Parasitoid recovery indicated its establishment. Recoveries were also on trees up to two kilometres away from release sites. Parasitoid release was also accompanied by vigour improvement of previously heavily infested citrus trees. This is the first report of successful use of C. noacki for control of A. floccosus in Tanzania, which was prevented from spreading from the original small infestation foci.
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Rosmalia, Dewi. "DAYA HAMBAT BERKUMUR EKSTRAK DAUN SALAM (SYZYGIUM POLYANTHUM) TERHADAP PEMBENTUKAN PLAK PADA MAHASISWA JURUSAN KEPERAWATAN GIGI DI BUKITTINGGI." Jurnal Sehat Mandiri 16, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33761/jsm.v16i1.235.
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Bay leaves (Syzgium Polyanthum) contain flavonoids, tannins and essential oils which act as antibacterial. Plaque contains bacteria that stick closely to the surface of the teeth which can cause disease in the hard tissues of the teeth and the supporting tissues of the teeth. Plaque control is carried out mechanically and chemically, on of which is gargling bay leaf extract. Plaque measurement using the plaque index. The research objective was to determine the inhibition of gargling of bay leaf extract against plaque formation. This study used a quasi experimental method wth a post test control group design. The sampling technique was simple random sampling, the number of sample was determined Fredere’s formula, the sample devided into 3 groups, each group conssiting of 9 respondents.Group 1 rinsed with bay leaf extract, group 2 rinsed with antiseptic mouthwash and group 3 rinsed with aquadest. Data were tested by using Annova test. The result showed that the average plaque index after rinsing the bay leaf extract was 1.056, the average plaque indexgargling antiseptic mouthwash was 2.478, and the average plaque index after gargling with aquadest was 2167.The significance value is 0.178 and f count > f table (6.238> 3.403). The conclusion was garglingbay leaf extract wwas more effective in inhibiting plaque formation. It is recommended to use bay leaf extract as a mouthwash to maintain oral health.
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Pereira, André, Liliana Silva, Célia Laranjeiro, Celeste Lino, and Angelina Pena. "Selected Pharmaceuticals in Different Aquatic Compartments: Part I—Source, Fate and Occurrence." Molecules 25, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051026.
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Potential risks associated with releases of human pharmaceuticals into the environment have become an increasingly important issue in environmental health. This concern has been driven by the widespread detection of pharmaceuticals in all aquatic compartments. Therefore, 22 pharmaceuticals, 6 metabolites and transformation products, belonging to 7 therapeutic groups, were selected to perform a systematic review on their source, fate and occurrence in different aquatic compartments, important issues to tackle the Water Framework Directive (WFD). The results obtained evidence that concentrations of pharmaceuticals are present, in decreasing order, in wastewater influents (WWIs), wastewater effluents (WWEs) and surface waters, with values up to 14 mg L−1 for ibuprofen in WWIs. The therapeutic groups which presented higher detection frequencies and concentrations were anti-inflammatories, antiepileptics, antibiotics and lipid regulators. These results present a broad and specialized background, enabling a complete overview on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic compartments.
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Kang, Min Jeong, Seo-Jin Chung, and Sang Sook Kim. "The Effects of Transglutaminase and Refrigerated Storage on the Physicochemical Properties of Whole Wheat Dough and Noodles." Foods 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 1675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10071675.
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This study investigated the effects of transglutaminase (TG) concentrations (0, 0.1% and 1%) on the physicochemical properties of whole wheat dough (WWD) and noodles (WWN) during refrigerated storage (0, 1, 2, and 3 days). The yield, ferulic acid (FA) content, molecular weight (Mw), and apparent viscosity (AV) of water extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) from refrigerated WWDs were analysed. The WEAX yield and FA tended to increase with refrigerated storage, while the Mw decreased. WEAX FA of from WWD with TG tended to be smaller than the control during refrigeration. The AV for all WEAXs gradually decreased during refrigeration. The TG concentration effects on WWD resistance to extension and extensibility and the WWN cooking properties and texture profile analysis (TPA) were studied. The water absorption and swelling index tended to decrease in WWNs with TG depending on refrigeration time compared to the control samples. The TPA results showed that WWNs with TG were significantly harder than the control after two days of refrigeration. This study demonstrated that TG affected not only WWD composition but also WWN physical properties during refrigerated storage.
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Cevikcan, Emre, and Mehmet Bulent Durmusoglu. "A novel optimization approach for segmented rabbit chase oriented U-type assembly line design: an application from lighting industry." Assembly Automation 40, no. 3 (May 2, 2020): 483–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-02-2019-0020.
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Purpose Rabbit chase (RC) is used as one of the most effective techniques in manufacturing systems, as such systems have high level of adaptability and increased productivity in addition to providing uniform workload balancing and skill improving environment. In assembly systems, RC inspires the development of walking worker assembly line (WWAL). On the other hand, U-type assembly lines (UALs) may provide higher worker utilization, lower space requirement and more convenient internal logistics when compared to straight assembly lines. In this context, this study aims to improve assembly line performance by generating RC cycles on WWAL with respect to task assignment characteristics of UAL within reasonable walking distance and space requirement. Therefore, a novel line configuration, namely, segmented rabbit chase-oriented U-type assembly line (SRCUAL), emerges. Design/methodology/approach The mathematical programming approach treats SRCUAL balancing problem in a hierarchical manner to decrease computational burden. Firstly, segments are generated via the first linear programming model in the solution approach for balancing SRCUALs to minimize total number of workers. Then, stations are determined within each segment for forward and backward sections separately using two different pre-emptive goal programming models. Moreover, three heuristics are developed to provide solution quality with computational efficiency. Findings The proposed mathematical programming approach is applied to the light-emitting diode (LED) luminaire assembly section of a manufacturing company. The adaptation of SRCUAL decreased the number of workers by 15.4% and the space requirement by 17.7% for LED luminaire assembly system when compared to UAL. Moreover, satisfactory results for the proposed heuristics were obtained in terms of deviation from lower bound, especially for SRCUAL heuristics I and II. Moreover, the results indicate that the integration of RC not only decreased the number of workers in 40.28% (29 instances) of test problems in U-lines, but also yielded less number of buffer points (48.48%) with lower workload deviation (75%) among workers in terms of coefficient of variation. Practical implications This study provides convenience for capacity management (assessing capacity and adjusting capacity by changing the number of workers) for industrial SRCUAL applications. Meanwhile, SRCUAL applications give the opportunity to increase the capacity for a product or transfer the saved capacity to the assembly of other products. As it is possible to provide one-piece flow with equal workloads via walking workers, SRCUAL has the potential for quick realization of defects and better lead time performance. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, forward–backward task assignments in U-type lines have not been adapted to WWALs. Moreover, as workers travel overall the line in WWALs, walking time increases drastically. Addressing this research gap and limitation, the main innovative aspect of this study can be considered as the proposal of a new line design (i.e. SRCUAL) which is sourced from the hybridization of UALs and WWAL as well as the segmentation of the line with RC cycles. The superiority of SRCUAL over WWAL and UAL was also discussed. Moreover, operating systematic for SRCUAL was devised. As for methodical aspect, this study is the first attempt to solve the balancing problem for SRCUAL design.
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Tan, Xiaoxiao, Youmin Tang, Tao Lian, Zhixiong Yao, Xiaojing Li, and Dake Chen. "A study of the effects of westerly wind bursts on ENSO based on CESM." Climate Dynamics 54, no. 1-2 (November 30, 2019): 885–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05034-2.
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AbstractNumerous works have indicated that westerly wind bursts (WWBs) have a significant contribution to the development of El Niño events. However, the simulation of WWBs commonly suffers from large biases in the current generation of coupled general circulation models (CGCMs), limiting our ability to predict El Niño events. In this study, we introduce a WWBs parameterization scheme into the global coupled Community Earth System Model (CESM) to improve the representation of WWBs and to study the impacts of WWBs on El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) characteristics. It is found that CESM with the WWBs parameterization scheme can generate more realistic characteristics of WWBs, in particular their location and seasonal variation of occurrence. With the parameterized WWBs, the skewness of the Niño 3 index is increased, in better agreement with observation. Eastern Pacific El Niño and central Pacific El Niño events could be successfully reproduced in the model run with WWBs parameterization. Further diagnoses show that the enhanced horizontal advection in the central Pacific and vertical advection in the eastern Pacific, both of which are triggered by WWBs, are crucial factors responsible for the improvements in ENSO simulation. Clearly, WWBs have important effects on ENSO asymmetry and ENSO diversity.
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Feng, Jie, and Tao Lian. "Assessing the Relationship between MJO and Equatorial Pacific WWBs in Observations and CMIP5 Models." Journal of Climate 31, no. 16 (August 2018): 6393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0526.1.
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This study evaluates the relationship between the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and the occurrence of equatorial Pacific westerly wind bursts (WWBs). During the convective MJO phase, anomalous surface westerlies prevail in and west of the convective MJO center, providing favorable conditions for WWBs. Compared with the probability of WWBs expected under a null hypothesis that WWBs occur randomly, the convective MJO phase almost doubles the probability of a WWB occurring. Nevertheless, only 34.46% of WWBs co-occur with the convective MJO, which is much less than that reported in previous studies. We show that when the MJO and WWBs are defined using the same field with overlapping frequencies, the percentage of WWBs co-occurring with the convective MJO shows a significant increase. However, the higher percentage is simply caused by the fact that the strong WWBs during a convective MJO are more likely to be identified than those during the suppressed and neutral MJO phases. A total of 45.80% of WWBs are found to occur in the full MJO phase (both the convective and suppressed MJO phases), which is slightly higher than that expected based on randomness. Although the full MJO has statistically significant impact on the likelihood of WWBs, the influence from the full MJO on the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly is much weaker as compared to that from the WWBs. The relationships between the MJO and WWBs simulated in CMIP5 models are also assessed, and the percentage of WWBs that co-occur with the MJO simulated in models is in general less than that in observations.
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Eisenman, Ian, Lisan Yu, and Eli Tziperman. "Westerly Wind Bursts: ENSO’s Tail Rather than the Dog?" Journal of Climate 18, no. 24 (December 15, 2005): 5224–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3588.1.
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Abstract Westerly wind bursts (WWBs) in the equatorial Pacific occur during the development of most El Niño events and are believed to be a major factor in ENSO’s dynamics. Because of their short time scale, WWBs are normally considered part of a stochastic forcing of ENSO, completely external to the interannual ENSO variability. Recent observational studies, however, suggest that the occurrence and characteristics of WWBs may depend to some extent on the state of ENSO components, implying that WWBs, which force ENSO, are modulated by ENSO itself. Satellite and in situ observations are used here to show that WWBs are significantly more likely to occur when the warm pool is extended eastward. Based on these observations, WWBs are added to an intermediate complexity coupled ocean–atmosphere ENSO model. The representation of WWBs is idealized such that their occurrence is modulated by the warm pool extent. The resulting model run is compared with a run in which the WWBs are stochastically applied. The modulation of WWBs by ENSO results in an enhancement of the slow frequency component of the WWBs. This causes the amplitude of ENSO events forced by modulated WWBs to be twice as large as the amplitude of ENSO events forced by stochastic WWBs with the same amplitude and average frequency. Based on this result, it is suggested that the modulation of WWBs by the equatorial Pacific SST is a critical element of ENSO’s dynamics, and that WWBs should not be regarded as purely stochastic forcing. In the paradigm proposed here, WWBs are still an important aspect of ENSO’s dynamics, but they are treated as being partially stochastic and partially affected by the large-scale ENSO dynamics, rather than being completely external to ENSO. It is further shown that WWB modulation by the large-scale equatorial SST field is roughly equivalent to an increase in the ocean–atmosphere coupling strength, making the coupled equatorial Pacific effectively self-sustained.
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Bose, Prasanta, and Xiaoqing Zhou. "WWAC." ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 24, no. 2 (March 1999): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/295666.295680.
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Fu, Minmin, and Eli Tziperman. "Essential Ingredients to the Dynamics of Westerly Wind Bursts." Journal of Climate 32, no. 17 (July 31, 2019): 5549–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0584.1.
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Abstract Westerly wind bursts (WWBs) are brief, anomalously westerly winds in the tropical Pacific that play a role in the dynamics of ENSO through their forcing of ocean Kelvin waves. They have been associated with atmospheric phenomena such as tropical cyclones, the MJO, and convectively coupled Rossby waves, yet their basic mechanism is not yet well understood. We study WWBs using an aquaplanet general circulation model, and find that eastward-propagating convective heating plays a key role in the generation of model WWBs, consistent with previous studies. Furthermore, wind-induced surface heat exchange (WISHE) acts on a short time scale of about two days to dramatically amplify the model WWB winds near the peak of the event. On the other hand, it is found that radiation feedbacks (i.e., changes in the net radiative anomalies accompanying westerly wind bursts) are not essential for the development of WWBs, and act as a weak negative feedback on WWBs and their associated convection. Similarly, sensible surface heat flux anomalies are not found to have an effect on the development of model WWBs.
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Gebbie, Geoffrey, Ian Eisenman, Andrew Wittenberg, and Eli Tziperman. "Modulation of Westerly Wind Bursts by Sea Surface Temperature: A Semistochastic Feedback for ENSO." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 3281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas4029.1.
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Abstract Westerly wind bursts (WWBs) in the equatorial Pacific are known to play a significant role in the development of El Niño events. They have typically been treated as a purely stochastic external forcing of ENSO. Recent observations, however, show that WWB characteristics depend upon the large-scale SST field. The consequences of such a WWB modulation by SST are examined using an ocean general circulation model coupled to a statistical atmosphere model (i.e., a hybrid coupled model). An explicit WWB component is added to the model with guidance from a 23-yr observational record. The WWB parameterization scheme is constructed such that the likelihood of WWB occurrence increases as the western Pacific warm pool extends: a “semistochastic” formulation, which has both deterministic and stochastic elements. The location of the WWBs is parameterized to migrate with the edge of the warm pool. It is found that modulation of WWBs by SST strongly affects the characteristics of ENSO. In particular, coupled feedbacks between SST and WWBs may be sufficient to transfer the system from a damped regime to one with self-sustained oscillations. Modulated WWBs also play a role in the irregular timing of warm episodes and the asymmetry in the size of warm and cold events in this ENSO model. Parameterizing the modulation of WWBs by an increase of the linear air–sea coupling coefficient seems to miss important dynamical processes, and a purely stochastic representation of WWBs elicits only a weak ocean response. Based upon this evidence, it is proposed that WWBs may need to be treated as an internal part of the coupled ENSO system, and that the detailed knowledge of wind burst dynamics may be necessary to explain the characteristics of ENSO.
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Tziperman, Eli, and Lisan Yu. "Quantifying the Dependence of Westerly Wind Bursts on the Large-Scale Tropical Pacific SST." Journal of Climate 20, no. 12 (June 15, 2007): 2760–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4138a.1.
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Abstract The correlation between parameters characterizing observed westerly wind bursts (WWBs) in the equatorial Pacific and the large-scale SST is analyzed using singular value decomposition. The WWB parameters include the amplitude, location, scale, and probability of occurrence for a given SST distribution rather than the wind stress itself. This approach therefore allows for a nonlinear relationship between the SST and the wind signal of the WWBs. It is found that about half of the variance of the WWB parameters is explained by only two large-scale SST modes. The first mode represents a developed El Niño event, while the second mode represents the seasonal cycle. More specifically, the central longitude of WWBs, their longitudinal extent, and their probability seem to be determined to a significant degree by the ENSO-driven signal. The amplitude of the WWBs is found to be strongly influenced by the phase of the seasonal cycle. It is concluded that the WWBs, while partially stochastic, seem an inherent part of the large-scale deterministic ENSO dynamics. Implications for ENSO predictability and prediction are discussed.
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Gand, Georges, Georges Demathieu, Max Grancier, and Jacques Sciau. "Dinosauroid footprints of French Upper Triassic. Discrimination, interpretation and comparison." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 176, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/176.1.69.
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Abstract Dinosauroid tracks are common in France. They are mainly tridactyl II–IV feet tracks, sometimes with those of hands. A lot of these latter Coelurosaurichnus grancieri Courel & Demathieu, 2000 was discovered by MG near the village of Payzac (Ardèche department) in beds belonging to the “Ensemble gréso-dolomitique gris” (= EGDG) (fig. 1. 2). They are dated Carnian from palynological data [Fauconnier et al., 1996]. C. grancieri are tracks of feet and hands respectively 10 cm and 2.5 cm long (fig. 1. 3–5, 7–21; tabl. I-1, tabl. II). From the trackways characters, it was inferred that trackmakers were long legged, bipedal-quadrupedal reptiles, 1–2 m long. New discoveries made by MG in Payzac site showed the existence of a new ichnopopulation Grallator sp. (fig. 1. 25–33 ; tabl. I. II) They are only feet tracks whose trackmakers were also long-legged but only bipedal animals, a little larger that the preceding ones. Statistical comparisons with the use of Student and Snédecor tests, discriminant analysis between C. grancieri and Grallator sp. show that these two ichnopopulations are different (CG, GP, fig. 3). Also they are well distinguished with other Carnian ichnospecies of Coelurosaurichnus of Franconie = Grallator or Atreipus (Haubold & Klein, 2000) (Aal, fig. 3) and Hettangian G. variabilis of Causses (Gv, fig. 4). Coelurosaurichnus grancieri and Grallator sp. trackmakers were carnivorous reptiles and probably belonging to different taxa. Maybe they were only Dinosauromorpha or already theropod Dinosauria. Anyway, their presence in the lower-medium Carnian means a biodiversity for these bipedal reptiles which wwas also underlined by palichnological data from South Africa [Ellenberger, 1972] and osteological discoveries in Argentina [Bonaparte, 1993; Cuny, 1993]. Other beds bearing dinosauroid footprints were found in Ucel Formation dated Norian [Razin et al., 1996] well exposed near Corbès [Ellenberger, 1965] and the town of la Grand-Combe [Gand et al., 2000]. All these traces are Grallator, therefore II–IV feet, about 20 cm long, probably made by Ceratosauria. The ichnopopulation G. andeolensis are clearly discriminative of Carnian Coelurosaurichnus grancieri/ Grallator sp. and Rhaetian Eubrontes (fig. 4). It was found with large Sauropoda and Prosauropoda footprints. Then, in France, frequent dinosauroid footprints have been found in Grès d’Olemps F. (Causse de Rodez) in which are Eubrontes giganteus, Grallator cf. minusculus and Dilophosauripus sp. The first two are probably due to Theropods and the latter to Ornithopodia. French palichnological data and those coming from West USA [Lockley and Hunt, 1995] suggest that the carnivorous bipedal reptiles size increases slowly but surely during Upper Triassic with a speeding up at the end of Rhaetian. But the presence of large Eubrontes, 43 cm long in Carnian beds of Australia means this is not true [Lucas, 2003]. Of course, it would be very interesting to find outside of Australia such large early Eubrontes. In France, also we have not met Brachychirotherium and Chirotherium : ichnites of Thécodonts which are still present in the Carnian-Norian of Germany and America [Haubold, 1984, 1986].
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Thompson, Sharon E. "Worksite Wellness Programs on the USA-Mexico Border." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 1, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v1i4.548.
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Worksite wellness programs (WWPs) have the potential to reduce absenteeism, increase productivity, and improve employee attitudes and job performance with distinct economic benefits. The purpose of this study was to collect data about WWPs in the manufacturing industry in El Paso, Texas and formulate recommendations to increase the use of WWPs to protect, promote and improve the health of this workforce. RESULTS: The results of this study indicate a lack of worksite wellness programs in small to medium-sized manufacturers. Worksite size was a strong indicator of the number of worksite wellness program activities that were offered. Large worksites were more likely to offer more activities than small or medium sized worksites. This difference is perhaps due to a greater availability of resources (such as money, facilities, staff, etc.). Administrators perception of worksite wellness programs is of particular interest. The main benefit reported by respondents with existing WWPs was improved health and decreased health problems (83%) and decreased health care costs (70%). Conversely, the main barrier perceived by administrators at sites lacking WWPs was that implementation was too costly (38%). Cost may be perceived as the major barrier because companies without wellness programs may only consider the start-up costs. Information on the long-term economic benefits of WWPs could alter this perception. Future efforts to initiate worksite wellness programs must be tailored to meet the needs of small and medium sized companies in this border community.
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Gebbie, Geoffrey, and Eli Tziperman. "Predictability of SST-Modulated Westerly Wind Bursts." Journal of Climate 22, no. 14 (July 15, 2009): 3894–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2516.1.
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Abstract Westerly wind bursts (WWBs), a significant player in ENSO dynamics, are modeled using an observationally motivated statistical approach that relates the characteristics of WWBs to the large-scale sea surface temperature. Although the WWB wind stress at a given location may be a nonlinear function of SST, the characteristics of WWBs are well described as a linear function of SST. Over 50% of the interannual variance in the WWB likelihood, zonal location, duration, and fetch is explained by changes in SST. The model captures what is seen in a 17-yr record of satellite-derived winds: the eastward migration and increased occurrence of wind bursts as the western Pacific warm pool extends. The WWB model shows significant skill in predicting the interannual variability of the characteristics of WWBs, while the prediction skill of the WWB seasonal cycle is limited by the record length of available data. The novel formulation of the WWB model can be implemented in a stochastic or deterministic mode, where the deterministic mode predicts the ensemble-mean WWB characteristics. Therefore, the WWB model is especially appropriate for ensemble prediction experiments with existing ENSO models that are not capable of simulating realistic WWBs on their own. Should only the slowly varying component of WWBs be important for ENSO prediction, this WWB model allows a shortcut to directly compute the slowly varying ensemble-mean wind field without performing many realizations.
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Harrison, D. E., and A. M. Chiodi. "Pre- and Post-1997/98 Westerly Wind Events and Equatorial Pacific Cold Tongue Warming*." Journal of Climate 22, no. 3 (February 1, 2009): 568–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2270.1.
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Abstract Westerly wind events (WWEs) in the western equatorial Pacific have previously been shown to cause significant warming of sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Observational statistics compiled during and prior to the large El Niño event of 1997/98 link WWEs to substantial (up to 3°C) warming in the eastern Pacific cold tongue region. Since 1998, however, relatively little WWE-related cold tongue warming has been observed, and warm equatorial Pacific SST anomalies (SSTAs) have tended to be trapped near the date line rather than extending to the American coast as in a classical El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) composite. Here, the relationship between WWEs and cold tongue warming is revisited using in situ and operational forecast winds and in situ and satellite-based SST. Significant differences are found in the basin-scale zonal wind anomalies associated with WWEs that occurred before and after 1997/98. Although the post-1997/98 composite WWE westerly anomalies are very similar to their predecessors within the WWE regions, conditions east of the WWE regions are different; there are enhanced equatorial easterlies in the post-1997/98 cases. General ocean circulation model experiments are conducted to explore the extent to which the observed changes in the character of post-1997/98 WWEs can explain the recent behavior of cold tongue SSTAs. It is found that the wind differences can account for the changes in the average cold tongue warming associated with pre- and post-1997/98 WWEs.
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Oh, Ji-Hyun, Xianan Jiang, Duane E. Waliser, Mitchell W. Moncrieff, Richard H. Johnson, and Paul Ciesielski. "A Momentum Budget Analysis of Westerly Wind Events Associated with the Madden–Julian Oscillation during DYNAMO." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 72, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 3780–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0044.1.
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Abstract The Dynamics of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) field campaign was conducted over the Indian Ocean (IO) from October 2011 to February 2012 to investigate the initiation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Three MJOs accompanying westerly wind events (WWEs) occurred in late October, late November, and late December 2011. Momentum budget analysis is conducted to understand the contributions of the dynamical processes involved in the wind evolution associated with the MJO over the IO during DYNAMO using European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analysis. This analysis shows that westerly acceleration at lower levels associated with the MJO active phase generally appears to be maintained by the pressure gradient force (PGF), which could be partly canceled by meridional advection of the zonal wind. Westerly acceleration in the midtroposphere tends to be mostly attributable to vertical advection. The results herein imply that there is no simple linear dynamic model that can capture the WWEs associated with the MJO and that nonlinear processes have to be considered. In addition, the MJO in November (MJO2), accompanied by two WWEs (WWE1 and WWE2) spaced a few days apart, is diagnosed. Unlike other WWEs during DYNAMO, horizontal advection is more responsible for the westerly acceleration in the lower troposphere for WWE2 than the PGF. Interactions between the MJO2 envelope and convectively coupled waves (CCWs) are analyzed to illuminate the dynamical contribution of these synoptic-scale equatorial waves to the WWEs. The authors suggest that different developing processes among WWEs can be attributed to different types of CCWs.
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Chiodi, Andrew M., and D. E. Harrison. "Observed El Niño SSTA Development and the Effects of Easterly and Westerly Wind Events in 2014/15." Journal of Climate 30, no. 4 (February 8, 2017): 1505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0385.1.
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Abstract The unexpected halt of warm sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) growth in 2014 and development of a major El Niño in 2015 has drawn attention to our ability to understand and predict El Niño development. Wind stress–forced ocean model studies have satisfactorily reproduced observed equatorial Pacific SSTAs during periods when data return from the TAO/TRITON buoy network was high. Unfortunately, TAO/TRITON data return in 2014 was poor. To study 2014 SSTA development, the observed wind gaps must be filled. The hypothesis that subseasonal wind events provided the dominant driver of observed waveguide SSTA development in 2014 and 2015 is used along with the available buoy winds to construct an oceanic waveguide-wide surface stress field of westerly wind events (WWEs) and easterly wind surges (EWSs). It is found that the observed Niño-3.4 SSTA development in 2014 and 2015 can thereby be reproduced satisfactorily. Previous 2014 studies used other wind fields and reached differing conclusions about the importance of WWEs and EWSs. Experiment results herein help explain these inconsistencies, and clarify the relative importance of WWEs and EWSs. It is found that the springtime surplus of WWEs and summertime balance between WWEs and EWSs (yielding small net wind stress anomaly) accounts for the early development and midyear reversal of El Niño–like SSTA development in 2014. A strong abundance of WWEs in 2015 accounts for the rapid SSTA warming observed then. Accurately forecasting equatorial Pacific SSTA in years like 2014 and 2015 may require learning to predict WWE and EWS occurrence characteristics.
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Walt, Anneke Van der, Jeremy Yuvaraj, Jim Stankovich, Nicola McGuinn, Louise Rath, Olga Skibina, Cassie Nesbitt, et al. "020 Increased risk of an abnormal cervical screening test in women with MS exposed to high-efficacy disease-modifying treatments." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 90, e7 (July 2019): A7.3—A7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-anzan.19.
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IntroductionLong-term exposure of women with Multiple sclerosis (MS, wwMS) to immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatments may increase the risk of cervical dysplasia. However, little is known about cervical dysplasia risk and Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-vaccine coverage in wwMS.MethodsAdult wwMS were recruited from two tertiary MS clinics. To explore the association between MS treatments (DMTs) and abnormal cervical screening tests (CSTs), we linked individual data from MSBase, the Victorian Cervical Screening Registry, and National HPV vaccination program registry (NHPVPR).ResultsTo date, we have recruited 208 wwMS of whom 102 had complete data (vaccination status, cervical screening tests, MSBase data) and no previous history of abnormal CST at MS onset for this interim analysis. The average age was 33.8 (18 to 59 yrs) and most (n=58, 88%) were unvaccinated. 19 wwMS (19%) had an abnormal CST after MS onset (incidence rate 20.6 cases/1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 12.4–32.1) over average 9.0 years of follow-up. 57 wwMS were treated with lower-efficacy therapies (56%), 73 with a high-efficacy therapy (72%), and 44 were exposed to both. Eight abnormal CSTs were detected before starting high-efficacy therapy (rate 12.6, 95% CI (5.4–24.8)) and 11 were detected after starting high-efficacy therapy (rate 38.6, 95% CI (19.3–69.0), p=0.022.ConclusionWe provide preliminary data that high efficacy DMTs may increase the risk of abnormal CSTs over time. A larger cohort and inclusion of additional cervical dysplasia risk factors are required to fully elucidate risk in wwMS.
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Brence, Ieva, and Ināra Kantāne. "Work places with stipend programme and its impact on poverty risk decrease: Case of Latvia." Ekonomski anali 57, no. 192 (2012): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1292099b.
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The aim of the paper is to analyze theoretical concepts of poverty risk and to estimate the impact of the Workplaces with Stipend Programme (hereinafter WWS) on poverty risk decrease in Latvia. In order to assess the effects of the WWS three different surveys were carried out: of households with WWS participants, of experts in Latvian labour market issues, and of municipality representatives. The results were analyzed, together with analysis of statistical data. The paper concludes that in general the WWS has a very positive impact on WWS participants? household budgets (more than 95% of the WWS participants in all Latvian regions noted a significant impact of the WWS on their household budgets). In cases where the WWS participant is the single representative of the household, he/ she escapes the status of a deprived person. At the same time participation in the WWS does not allow for exceeding the poverty threshold set in Latvia.
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Alonso, Ricardo, Liliana Patrucco, Berenice Silva, Cecilia Quarracino, María Barbara Eizaguirre, Carlos Vrech, Pablo López, et al. "Family planning in Argentinian women with multiple sclerosis: An important yet seldom approached issue." Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical 7, no. 2 (April 2021): 205521732110253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552173211025312.
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Background The purpose of this study was to assess family planning (FP) among women with multiple sclerosis (WwMS). Methods We invited 604 WwMS to answer a survey focused on FP: a) Temporal relationship between pregnancy and the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis; b) History of FP; c) Childbearing desire; d) Information on family planning. Comparisons between pregnancy and not pregnancy after MS, as well as, planned and unplanned pregnancy were analyzed. Multivariate and univariate analyses were used to assess the impact of independent variables and FP Result 428 (71.7%) WwMS completed the survey. A 19.1% got pregnant after MS diagnosis and we evaluated FP in the last pregnancy, 56.1% patients had a planned pregnancy. Professional addressing FP (OR = 0.27, 95%-CI 0.08-0.92, p = 0.03) and non-injection drug treatment before pregnancy (OR = 2.88, 95%-CI 1.01-8.21, p = 0.047) were independent predictors of unplanned pregnancy in our multivariate model. Among WwMS ≤ 40 years, 48.7% had future childbearing desire. Young age (p < 0.001), PDDS <3 (p = 0.018), disease duration <5 years (p = 0.02), not childbearing before MS diagnosis (p < 0.001) and neurologist addressing family planning (p = 0.01) were significantly associated with childbearing desire. Conclusions This research highlights that pregnancy remains an important concern among WwMS.
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Lee, Mingyung, and Seongwon Seo. "Wearable Wireless Biosensor Technology for Monitoring Cattle: A Review." Animals 11, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 2779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102779.
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The review aimed to collect information about the wearable wireless sensor system (WWSS) for cattle and to conduct a systematic literature review on the accuracy of predicting the physiological parameters of these systems. The WWSS was categorized as an ear tag, halter, neck collar, rumen bolus, leg tag, tail-mounted, and vaginal mounted types. Information was collected from a web-based search on Google, then manually curated. We found about 60 WWSSs available in the market; most sensors included an accelerometer. The literature evaluating the WWSS performance was collected through a keyword search in Scopus. Among the 1875 articles identified, 46 documents that met our criteria were selected for further meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was conducted on the performance values (e.g., correlation, sensitivity, and specificity) for physiological parameters (e.g., feeding, activity, and rumen conditions). The WWSS showed high performance in most parameters, although some parameters (e.g., drinking time) need to be improved, and considerable heterogeneity of performance levels was observed under various conditions (average I2 = 76%). Nevertheless, some of the literature provided insufficient information on evaluation criteria, including experimental conditions and gold standards, to confirm the reliability of the reported performance. Therefore, guidelines for the evaluation criteria for studies evaluating WWSS performance should be drawn up.
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Lu, Jui-Han, and Ying-Sheng Fang. "Small-size LTE/WWAN monopole antenna with octa-band operation for 4 G mobile phone." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 3 (March 28, 2016): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078716000301.
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By introducing a modified F-shaped feeding strip and dual parasitic shorted strips, a small-size wireless wide area network/long-term evolution (WWAN/LTE) printed antenna is proposed and embedded in the 4 G mobile phone with octa-band operation. The operating impedance bandwidths (RL ≥ 6 dB) of 263/1093 MHz can be obtained across the LTE/WWAN bands, respectively. The overall antenna size of the proposed printed monopole antenna (MA) is only 35 × 10 × 0.8 mm3. Meanwhile, this small-size MA provides the measured peak gains and antenna efficiencies of 2.0/3.6 dBi and 80/75% for the LTE/WWAN bands, respectively.
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Sharma, Manish. "Design of multiband circularly/linearly polarized antenna for multiple wireless (WWAN/Bluetooth/WiMAX/WLAN/Downlink Satellite System)." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11, no. 9 (June 24, 2019): 967–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719000692.
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AbstractIn this article, a multiband antenna for various wireless communications is proposed for WWAN, Bluetooth, WiMAX, WLAN, and Downlink satellite system. The antenna consists of a radiating patch and a rectangular ground plane with four L-shaped stubs which are embedded as side arms to obtain a resonating band for WWAN (1.9GHz), Bluetooth (2.4 GHz), WiMAX (2.5, 3.5, and 5.5 GHz), and WLAN (5.5 GHz) wireless systems and a C-shaped stub is etched on the radiating patch to obtain a higher WLAN band (2.4, 5.2, and 5.8 GHz) and a satellite downlink system (7.5 GHz). The proposed antenna exhibits circular polarization at WWAN band and linear polarization for remaining applications. Also, the proposed antenna exhibits an omnidirectional radiation pattern.
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Chiodi, Andrew M., D. E. Harrison, and Gabriel A. Vecchi. "Subseasonal Atmospheric Variability and El Niño Waveguide Warming: Observed Effects of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and Westerly Wind Events*." Journal of Climate 27, no. 10 (May 9, 2014): 3619–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00547.1.
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Abstract Westerly wind events (WWEs) have previously been shown to initiate equatorial Pacific waveguide warming. The relationship between WWEs and Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) activity, as well as the role of MJO events in initiating waveguide warming, is reconsidered here over the 1986–2010 period. WWEs are identified in observations of near-surface zonal winds using an objective scheme. MJO events are defined using a widely used index, and 64 are identified that occur when the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is in its neutral state. Of these MJO events, 43 have one or more embedded WWEs and 21 do not. The evolution of sea surface temperature anomaly over the equatorial Pacific waveguide following the westerly surface wind phase of the MJO over the western equatorial Pacific is examined. Waveguide warming is found for the MJO with WWE events in similar magnitudes as following the WWEs not embedded in an MJO. There is very little statistically significant waveguide warming following MJO events that do not contain an embedded WWE. The observed SST anomaly changes are well reproduced in an ocean general circulation model forced with the respective composite wind stress anomalies. Further, it is found that the occurrence of an MJO event does not significantly affect the likelihood that a WWE will occur. These results extend and confirm the earlier results of Vecchi with a near doubling of the period of study. It is suggested that understanding the sources and predictability of tropical Pacific westerly wind events remains essential to improving predictions of the onset of El Niño events.
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Seiki, Ayako, Yukari N. Takayabu, Takuya Hasegawa, and Kunio Yoneyama. "Lack of Westerly Wind Bursts in Unmaterialized El Niño Years." Journal of Climate 31, no. 2 (January 2018): 593–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0291.1.
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The lack of westerly wind bursts (WWBs) when atmospheric intraseasonal variability (ISV) events occur from boreal spring to autumn is investigated by comparing two types of El Niño years with unmaterialized El Niño (UEN) years. Although high ocean heat content buildup and several ISV events propagating eastward are observed in all three types of years, few WWBs accompany these in the UEN years. The eddy kinetic energy budget analysis based on ISV shows that mean westerly winds in the lower troposphere facilitate the development of eddy disturbances, including WWBs, through convergence and meridional shear of zonal winds. In the UEN years, these westerly winds are retracted westward and do not reach the equatorial central Pacific mainly as a result of interannual components. In addition, positive sea surface temperature anomalies in the western Pacific, which are conducive to active convection, spread widely in a meridional direction centered on 15°N. Both westward-retracted mean westerlies and off-equatorial warming enhance off-equatorial eddies, which result in a reduction in equatorial eddies such as WWBs. The characteristics of the UEN years are significantly different from those observed during the eastern Pacific El Niño (EP-EN) years, which are characterized by anomalous cooling (warming) and suppressed (enhanced) convective eddies in the off-equatorial (equatorial) western Pacific. The central Pacific El Niño years show mixed features during both EP-EN and UEN years. Different background states not only in the equatorial region but also in the off-equatorial region can be a reason for the lack of WWBs in the UEN years.
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Espinosa, G., and R. Otterpohl. "Assessing material flows in urban systems: an approach to maximize the use of incomplete data sets." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 6 (August 13, 2014): 1135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.352.
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Data scarcity and uncertainty are the main limiting factors for an integral evaluation of the urban water and wastewater management system (WWMS) in developing countries. The present research shows an approach to use incomplete data sets to analyse the flows of water and nitrogen and to make an integral evaluation of the WWMS at a case study city. By means of data validation and model adaptations the use of literature values is kept at the minimum possible and so the current trends for water consumption and pollution in the city are identified. The material flows were calculated as central values with a certain confidence range and met the selected plausibility criteria. Thus, the first essential step needed to identify the challenges and opportunities of future improvement strategies at the WWMS of the city was possible.
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Ozturk, O., E. Ozturk, and S. Elagoz. "Dependence on well widths of total optical absorption coefficient of asymmetric triple GaAlAs/GaAs and GaInAs/GaAs quantum wells." International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, no. 17 (July 10, 2019): 1950175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979219501753.
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Herein, the total optical absorption coefficient (TOAC) and the electronic characteristics of asymmetric triple Ga[Formula: see text]Al[Formula: see text]As/GaAs (A model) and Ga[Formula: see text]In[Formula: see text]As/GaAs (B model) quantum wells (QWs) have been examined related to the well widths (WWs). For TOAC, we first varied all WWs equally, and then we kept a WW constant and changed the other two WWs. The wavefunctions (WFs), the subband energies and the probability densities of asymmetric triple quantum wells (ATQW) with different QW shapes under effective mass approach were determined by the solution of Schrödinger equation. According to the results obtained, the major diversities of A and B models are the effective mass and the energy gap. The potential depth and the energy levels (ELs) of A model are continuously smaller than of B model. We see that WWs have a great influence on TOAC and the electronic features of ATQW. The inter-subband absorption spectrum designates blue/red shifts, when the energy spacing varies with WWs. These characteristics draw a convenient attention for the purpose of adjustable semiconductor devices. Hence, the alteration of this absorption spectrum, which could be fit for many optical modulators and infra-red optical device applications, may be efficiently realized by changing WWs. Highlights Energy spacing varies by increasing WWs. Due to the shape of the wells, the influence of each WW is quite different from the others. TOAC varies with rising WWs. The absorption spectrum illustrates red or blue shifts depending on WWs.
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Seiki, Ayako, and Yukari N. Takayabu. "Westerly Wind Bursts and Their Relationship with Intraseasonal Variations and ENSO. Part I: Statistics." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 3325–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3477.1.
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Abstract Statistical features of the relationship among westerly wind bursts (WWBs), the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and intraseasonal variations (ISVs) were examined using 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis data (ERA-40) for the period of January 1979–August 2002. WWBs were detected over the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, but not over the Atlantic Ocean. WWB frequencies for each region were lag correlated with a sea surface temperature anomaly over the Niño-3 region. WWBs tended to occur in sequence, from the western to eastern Pacific, leading the El Niño peak by 9 months to 1 month, respectively, and after around 11 months, over the Indian Ocean. These results suggest that WWB occurrences are not random, but interactive with ENSO. Composite analysis revealed that most WWBs were associated with slowdowns of eastward-propagating convective regions like the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), with the intensified Rossby wave response. However, seasonal and interannual variations in MJO amplitude were not correlated with WWB frequency, while a strong MJO event tended to bear WWBs. It is suggested that the strong MJO amplitude promotes favorable conditions, but it is not the only factor influencing WWB frequency. An environment common to WWB generation in all regions was the existence of background westerlies around the WWB center near the equator. It is inferred that ENSO prepares a favorable environment for the structural transformation of an MJO, that is, the intensified Rossby wave response, that results in WWB generations. The role of the background wind fields on WWB generations will be discussed in a companion paper from the perspective of energetics.
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Coelho, Daniela da Costa Leite, Antonio Osmar Medeiros Júnior, Ketson Bruno da Silva, Nildo da Silva Dias, and Rafael Oliveira Batista. "FERTIGATION OF SUNFLOWER CROPS USING LANDFILL LEACHATE." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 4 (December 2018): 944–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n417rc.
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ABSTRACT The use of landfill leachate (LL) to produce biomass for energy and biofuel purposes is an alternative that minimizes environmental degradation. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of using different rates of LL in the fertigation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crops. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications-20 experimental plots. The treatments consisted of control with 100% water from the water supply (WWS) (T1); 80% WWS + 20% LL (T2); 60% WWS + 40% LL (T3); 40% WWS + 60% LL (T4); and 20% WWS + 80% LL (T5). The sunflower crops were grown in a eutrophic Red-Yellow Argisol for 81 days, in Mossoró RN, Brazil. The plant characteristics evaluated-plant height, number of leaves, steam diameter and capitulum diameter-was determined. All variables evaluated presented statistical differences between treatments. In general, plants in the treatment 60% WWS + 40% LL presented better performance regarding the characteristics evaluated.
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Straub, Jürg Oliver, Christoph Acklin, Jürgen Klemmer, Marco Aurélio Kurlbaum, Bin Li, Martin studer, Roland Zurbrügg, and Andreas Häner. "Assessment, Pretreatment and Treatment of Pharmaceutical Production Wastewaters in the Roche Group." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 74, no. 3 (March 25, 2020): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2020.161.
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The manufacturing of pharmaceuticals also produces wastes, mainly wastewaters (WWs). These WWs must be responsibly managed. Sometimes, the organic contents of these WWs are not easily removable in standard WW treatment, hence technical options must be investigated to pretreat such WWs in order to remove or destroy the recalcitrant compounds, mostly the active pharmaceutical ingredients themselves. This contribution from a pharmaceuticals company describes WW assessment and management principles, the search for pretreatment options and several case studies on WW (pre)treatment at some pharma production sites of the Roche Group.
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Engelhardt, Michael, Eva Spech, Hermann Diener, Hermann Faller, Matthias Augustin, and Eike S. Debus. "Validation of the disease-specific quality of life Wuerzburg Wound Score in patients with chronic leg ulcer." Vasa 43, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000378.
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Background: Aim of the study was to validate a newly developed disease-specific quality of life questionnaire (Wuerzburg Wound Score, WWS) in patients with chronic arterial or venous leg ulcers. Patients and methods: In this prospective study 115 patients with vascular disease associated leg ulcer (54 arterial ulcer, 61 venous ulcer) were studied (mean age 66 ± 11 years, 51 % male). All patients completed the WWS at baseline, and after four and 12 weeks. To assess construct validity additionally all patients completed the generic QoL-questionnaires Short Form-36 (SF-36) and Nottingham Health Profile (NHP). Construct validity and responsiveness of the WWS were tested. Results: WWS showed acceptable construct validity versus SF-36 (r = 0.5 - 0.78; P < 0.001) and NHP (r = 0.36 - 0.68; P < 0.001). Responsiveness of the WWS was superior to SF-36 (P < 0.05) and NHP (P = 0.01). Generic as well as disease-specific QoL were more impaired in patients with arterial ulcer. Conclusions: The WWS is a valid measure of disease-specific QoL in patients with leg ulcers and it is more sensitive than the generic instruments in detecting changes of wound healing over time. Further assessment of the psychometric properties of the WWS with larger patient samples is required before the test can be recommended for use in clinical practice.
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Zhao, Chun Xia, Chun Hui Zhang, Tan Meng, Shan Shan Han, Jia Yu Jiang, Qing Xin Yin, Mei Tong Guo, Bo Quan Shao, and Gui Juan Rong. "Preparation of Zeolite from Waterworks Sludge for Ammonium Ion Removal in Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 1095 (March 2015): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.355.
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An appropriate disposal technology should be developed for a mass of waterworks sludge (WWS) as the solid waste. While, it can be used to produce zeolite, containing a lot of aluminum and silicate elements. In addition, the synthetic zeolite was widely used because of smaller particle size and higher purity than clinoptilolite. Therefore, the WWS and sodium hydroxide were adopted as raw material; the synthetic zeolite was used as seed crystals to obtain WWS zeolite by induce crystallization, under normal pressure at 125 ºC. The adsorption and exchange capacity of WWS zeolite was 18.3 mg/g when the initial concentration of ammonium ion was 100 mg/L in wastewater.
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Tavares, Márcio, Inês Neves, Sérgio Chacim, Fernando Coelho, Ofélia Afonso, Anabela Martins, J. Mário Mariz, and Filomena Faria. "Withdrawing and Withholding Life Support in Patients With Cancer in an ICU Setting: A 5-Year Experience at a European Cancer Center." Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 33, no. 7 (August 10, 2016): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885066616664321.
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Objective: This was an observational retrospective study aimed to examine the frequency and associated factors of withdrawing or withholding life support (WWLS) in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a comprehensive cancer center. Methods: Medical records of adult patients with cancer admitted to the ICU between January 2010 and December 2014 were reviewed. Patients who died during that period were classified into 2 groups: full life support and withdrawing and withholding life support. The relative impact of demographic and clinical factors was assessed using logistic regression. Results: A total of 247 patients died in our unit (mortality rate of 16.3%). Their median age was 62 (interquartile range [IQR] 51-73) years, there were 142 (57.5%) male patients, and they had predominantly solid malignancies (62.3%). The median Simplified Acute Physiology Score II and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation scores were 67 (IQR 54-80) and 29 (IQR 23-55), respectively. Ninety-six (38.9%) patients died after WWLS with no statistically significant differences in decisions to limit therapy during the study period. Patients with advanced age, solid malignancies, nonneutropenic, and longer duration of mechanical ventilation were more likely to die after WWLS. In multivariate analysis, presenting with neutropenia was independently associated with a lower likelihood of dying after WWLS (odds ratio: 0.34, 95% confidence interval: 0.15-0.80). Conclusion: Limitation of therapy has been a common practice in oncologic ICUs over recent years. Neutropenia is an independent predictor of limitation of therapy.
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Timofeeva, E., V. Kochetkova, A. Klimanov, and S. Turabdzhanov. "THE INFLUENCE OF WASTE WATER SEDIMENT AS A COMPONENT OF ASPHALT CONTAINING HEAVY METALS AND DETECTING ITS EFFECT ON SOILS UNDER MODEL EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS." Technical science and innovation 2021, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-01.21.1-77-0102.
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Waste water sediment (WWS) is an ecological hazard to the environment and the search for its effective disposal is an urgent task. The main limitation of the WWS use is associated with the presence of the different ingredients - heavy metals, which can have a negative impact on the environment. There is asphalt production technolologies using WWS. This work considers the possibility of using asphalts with the WWS additives from car washes. This technology will reduce the negative influence on the environment due to the WWS recycling, as well as due to the possibility of using WWS instead of pure sand by replacing it in the standard asphalt production technology. In this work, a heavy metal content was determined by the ICP-OES method using an Agilent 5110 spectrometer; in the course of a model experiment, the effect on the soil of three model objects was studied: WWS from car washes in Moscow; the standard technology for asphalt production; asphalt fused with car wash WWS. We studied the change in the content of various forms of heavy metals penetrating the soil from wash-offs of these objects, and by comparing the results and assessing their absolute content, we assessed the possibility of using fused asphalt. The studies have shown that during the model experiment, the total content of heavy metals increased up to 7-10 times for Zn, Ni and Cr. In all variants of the experiment, the content of mobile forms of all Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn significantly decreased by the third stage of the experiment to 50--95%, which indicates the transition of mobile forms of heavy metals to the total content due to the processes of sorption and precipitation.
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Mano, Natsuko, Tatsuma Mitsutsuji, Yamato Yoshikawa, Makiko Miyamoto, Hiroko Watanabe, Kazuhiro Shimizu, Michiko Miki, Masashi Mimura, Mari Ueki, and Tsunehiko Ikeda. "Optical Coherence Tomography in an Infant with Walker-Warburg Syndrome." Case Reports in Ophthalmology 6, no. 2 (June 26, 2015): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000435771.
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Purpose: Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) is a type of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) characterised by severe brain malformation, lissencephaly, and congenital eye abnormalities. Despite the coexistence of various eye abnormalities, results from optical coherence tomography (OCT) in WWS have not previously been reported. We herein report specific OCT findings in an infant with WWS. Patients and Methods: The patient was a 14-day-old boy delivered by caesarean section at 38 weeks and 4 days of gestation and with a birth weight of 2,543 g. A cranial MRI showed lissencephaly, hydrocephalus, an encephalocele, and cerebellar hypoplasia, consistent with the diagnosis of WWS. Results: A bilateral ocular examination showed no abnormalities of the anterior eye segment. A fundus examination showed a persistent hyaloid artery in the vitreous cavity, a widespread loss of fundus pigmentation, transparent choroidal vessels (some choroidal vessel sections were visible), and the absence of a distinct macular reflex. OCT showed no foveal pit and an indistinct laminar structure of the retina. The infant subsequently developed congenital glaucoma and he then died of respiratory failure at the age of 8 months. Conclusions: WWS is associated with a high incidence of congenital eye abnormalities, and this infant showed findings consistent with WWS. OCT revealed a marked retinal dysplasia.
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Lenat, Douglas B. "WWTS (What Would Turing Say?)." AI Magazine 37, no. 1 (April 13, 2016): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v37i1.2644.
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Turing’s Imitation Game was a brilliant early proposed test of machine intelligence — one that is still compelling, today, despite the fact that in the hindsight of all that we’ve learned in the intervening 65 years we can see the flaws in his original test. And our field needs a good “Is it AI yet?” test more than ever, today, with so many of us spending our research time looking under the “shallow processing of big data” lamppost. If Turing were alive today, what sort of test might he propose?
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Schopf, Kerstin, Johannes Judex, Bernhard Schmid, and Thomas Kienberger. "Modelling the bioenergy potential of municipal wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 11 (May 14, 2018): 2613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.222.
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Abstract A municipal wastewater treatment plant accounts for a large portion of the total energy consumption of a municipality. Besides their high energy demand, the plants also display a significant bioenergy potential. This is due to the utilisation of the energy content of digester gas and sewage sludge if there exist suitable units. To maximise the energy recovery efficiency of wastewater treatment systems (WWTS), it is important to analyse the amount of digester gas and sludge produced in different types of plants. Therefore, the present paper deals with designing a tool to answer the following research questions: Which bioenergy potentials occur in different plant types? Which mass and energy flows are related to the specific potentials? Which utilisation processes for the potentials can lead to a high energy recovery efficiency of WWTS? Preliminary analyses with the designed tool were focused on estimating the level of electric and thermal energy self-sufficiency of different plant configuration scenarios including or excluding digester gas and/or sludge utilisation units. First results based on the level of self-sufficiency and associated energy and disposal costs show that a digester gas and sewage sludge utilisation should be considered when designing future WWTS.
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Bryndina, L. V., A. D. Platonov, and O. V. Baklanova. "Biofertilizers Based on Sewage Sludge as Catalysts for Soil Transformation Processes." Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-1-42-45.
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The possibility of using sewage sludge (WWS) as an organic fertilizer has been studied. The Sludge is formed after the wastewater treatment of the meat industry production with actinomycetes Str. chromogenes s.g. 0832. This microorganism is adapted to specific protein contamination of wastewater. The sludge is characterized by a high content of organic matter (57.3-62.5%). Free amino acids make up 70% of the total protein. The share of essential amino acids in WWS accounts for 41.44%. Of the heavy metals, only Zn and Cu were detected in it. At the same time, Zn content is 7.9 times lower than permissible, Cu - 3.8 times. WWS is not toxic in doses applied to the soil. Marked a significant increase in the biomass of spring rapeseed on all experimental samples. The highest yield increase of 187.6% is observed at the dose of WWS 10t/ha. Evaluation of rapeseed seed products showed a high increase of seeds on soils with addition.
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Bryndina, L. V., O. V. Baklanova, and N. M. Il’ina. "Biopreparats for Soil Cleaning from Pollution Based on Organic Waste." Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-10-20-23.
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Studies have been carried out to obtain combined biopreparats obtained on the basis of sewage sludge (WWS) and activated carbon (AC) from plant materials for cleaning soils from contaminants with herbicides. The content of organic matter in the settled sludge is 57.3 %. The organic matter of sewage sludge activates its enzymatic activity. Catalase activity in samples treated with combined sorbents, 2.5 to 2.9 times higher than in control soil samples. The combined use of WWS and activated carbons from plant residues significantly accelerates the decomposition of the herbicide. The presence of WWS increases the efficiency of detoxification of the herbicide (active substance metsulfuron-methyl) with active carbons by 1.7 times.
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Tanaka, Tomoko, Catharine J. Harris, Sarah S. Barnett, and N. Scott Litofsky. "A Successful Treatment of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy with Choroid Plexus Cauterization for Hydrocephalus in Walker-Warburg Syndrome." Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7627289.
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Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS) is a rare autosomal recessive congenital muscular dystrophy with brain malformations and ocular abnormalities that falls under the wider phenotypic spectrum of the dystroglycanopathies. Mutations in a number of genes including POMT1, POMT2, POMGNT1, POMGNT2, FKTN, FKRP, LARGE, and ISPD are known to cause alpha dystroglycan-related muscular dystrophy. Mutations in these genes result in a broad phenotypic spectrum ranging from the severe WWS to a mild congenital muscular dystrophy with no brain involvement. WWS is fatal to most patients early in life with mean survival of 9 months. The most common brain finding is cobblestone lissencephaly with the vast majority of patients (97%) also having ventricular dilation with or without hydrocephalus. Surgical treatment has not been frequently detailed. This report describes our successful treatment of a patient with WWS and hydrocephalus with Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV) with choroid plexus cauterization (CPC). Fourteen months following treatment, a follow-up MRI CSF flow study demonstrated robust CSF flow through floor of third ventricle from interpeduncular cistern to lateral ventricle.
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Kanat Anuarbekov, Ainura Aldiyarova, Yerbolat Kaipbayev, Algirdas Radzevicius, and Gulnaz Mengdibayeva. "EXPLOITATION OF WASTEWATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM (WWIS)." NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 6, no. 432 (December 15, 2018): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2018.2518-170x.43.
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Chuang, Kai‐Jen, Wei‐Ming Syu, Shu‐Chuan Chen, and Ching‐Cheng Wang. "Switchable non‐physical LTE/WWAN antenna." Electronics Letters 53, no. 17 (August 2017): 1169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2017.1340.
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Tarko, Anna, Anna Suchojad, Julia Kordyś, Svetlana Simonova, and Iwona Maruniak-Chudek. "Serum concentration of copeptin in newborns with congenital heart defect." Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis 75 (May 26, 2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18794/aams/132080.
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WstępNoworodki z wrodzoną wadą serca (WWS) wymagają ostrożnej terapii płynami z uwagi na ryzyko wystąpienia niewydolności krążenia. Rutynowe badania laboratoryjne nie są optymalnym narzędziem w identyfikacji stanu przewodnienia i dlatego konieczne są poszukiwania nowych markerów. Kopeptyna (CTproAVP) może być jednym z nich. Celem pracy była analiza wpływu aktualnie obowiązującego protokołu nawadniania noworodków z WWS na homeostazę wolemii z wykorzystaniem CTproAVP.Materiał i metodyDo badania włączono 10 noworodków z WWS hospitalizowanych na oddziale intensywnej terapii noworodka przed zabiegiem kardiochirurgicznym. Cztery z nich prezentowały objawy niewydolności oddechowej, a wszystkie z wyjątkiem dwóch otrzymywały alprostadil. Postępowanie kliniczne było rutynowe, z wyjątkiem pomiaru CTproAVP w pierwszych pięciu dniach życia wraz z oceną osmolalności surowicy i moczu. Podaż płynów mieściła się w zakresach normy dla wieku. Grupę kontrolną stanowiło 200 zdrowych donoszonych noworodków.WynikiAktualny protokół nawadniania nie powodował, w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną, wzrostu stężenia osmolalności surowicy i moczu. Efektywna osmolalność analizowanych płynów ustrojowych była nawet niższa u noworodków z WWS. Również stężenie CTproAVP było niższe w grupie badanej, lecz różnica nie była istotna statystycznie. Nie obserwowano klinicznych objawów niewydolności krążenia lub przewodnienia. Nie zidentyfikowano czynników, które wyjaśniałyby zmienność w stężeniu CTproAVP.WnioskiWstępne wyniki sugerują, że aktualny protokół nawadniania nie powoduje odwodnienia ani nie stymuluje uwalniania CTproAVP. Wydaje się, że u noworodków z WWS i ryzykiem przeciążenia krążenia płucnego można za-stosować nawet bardziej restrykcyjny protokół nawadniania. Konieczna jest dłuższa obserwacja, z włączeniem okresu pooperacyjnego, aby otrzymać bardziej miarodajne dane na temat optymalnego nawodnienia i roli kopeptyny w monitorowaniu wolemii.
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Kern, Stefan, Burcu Ozsoy-Cicek, Sascha Willmes, Marcel Nicolaus, Christian Haas, and Stephen Ackley. "An intercomparison between AMSR-E snow-depth and satellite C- and Ku-band radar backscatter data for Antarctic sea ice." Annals of Glaciology 52, no. 57 (2011): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756411795931750.
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AbstractAdvanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) snow-depth data for Antarctic sea ice are compared with ship-based visual observations of snow depth, ice type and ridged-ice fraction, and with satellite C-band and Ku-band radar backscatter observations for two ship cruises into the Weddell Sea (ISPOL 2004–05,WWOS 2006) and one cruise into the Bellingshausen Sea (SIMBA 2007) during late winter/spring. Most (>75%) AMSR-E and ship-based snow-depth observations agree within 0.2 m during WWOS and SIMBA. Remaining observations indicate substantial underestimations of snow depths by AMSR-E data. These underestimations tend to increase with the ridged-ice fraction for WWOS and SIMBA. In areas with large snow depths, a combination of relatively stable low C-band radar backscatter and variable Ku-band radar backscatter is associated with undeformed first-year ice and may indicate snow metamorphism at this time of year during SIMBA. In areas with small snow depths, a combination of relatively stable low Ku-band radar backscatter, high C-band radar backscatter and low C-band radar backscatter standard deviations is associated with rough first-year ice during SIMBA. This information can help to better understand causes of the observed AMSR-E snow-depth bias during late-winter/spring conditions with decreasing average snow depth and to delineate areas where this bias occurs.
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Chen, Shu-Chuan, Yun-Tsan Lee, and Po-Wei Wu. "Small embedded LTE/WWAN antenna integrated with keyboard ground plane in a laptop computer." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 4 (August 30, 2016): 959–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175907871600091x.
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A novel small embedded long-term evolution/wireless wide area network (LTE/WWAN) antenna integrated with the keyboard ground plane in a laptop computer is presented. The antenna is installed on a notched region (40 × 8 mm2) of the keyboard ground plane at a distance of 10 mm from the laptop computer hinge. A coupled-fed loop antenna was used because of its suitability for integration with the ground plane and achieving wide operating bands. This antenna can not only be configured to have a compact configuration but also be designed to excite several resonant modes of the hinge slot between the display ground plane and the keyboard ground plane. The proposed antenna comprises a hook-shaped strip and a shorted strip, which together form a coupled-fed loop that not only has a compact size when printed on a 0.8-mm-thick FR4 substrate 40 × 8 mm2in size but also provides eight-band LTE/WWAN operation. The proposed antenna can cover LTE/WWAN operation in the 698–960 and 1710–2690 MHz bands. Details of the antenna structure are provided here. The proposed antenna was fabricated and tested, and measurement and simulation results are presented. The measured antenna efficiency was approximately 45–80% in the lower band and approximately 52–75% in the upper band.
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VASCONCELOS, MARCIO M., CÁSSIA R. GUEDES, ROMEU C. DOMINGUES, RAUL N. G. VIANNA, MARCIO SOTERO, and MÔNICA M. VIEIRA. "Walker-Warburg syndrome: report of two cases." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 57, no. 3A (September 1999): 672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x1999000400022.
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The purpose of this study is to describe two infants that were diagnosed with Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), a rare form of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD).They were studied in their clinical, laboratory, and neuroradiologic features. The index case had a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the second patient had a head computerized tomography (CT). In addition, a literature review was performed to describe the main forms of CMD. The index case fulfilled all criteria for WWS. A brain MRI performed at age 4 months served to corroborate the clinical diagnosis, showing severe hydrocephalus, type II lissencephaly, cerebellar vermian aplasia, and a hypoplastic brain stem. The authors were able to establish a retrospective diagnosis of WWS in the index case's older sister, based upon her clinical picture and head CT report.
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Carling, Philip C. "Wastewater drains: epidemiology and interventions in 23 carbapenem-resistant organism outbreaks." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 39, no. 8 (June 28, 2018): 972–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2018.138.
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AbstractFor many years, patient-area wastewater drains (ie, sink and shower drains) have been considered a potential source of bacterial pathogens that can be transmitted to patients. Recently, evolving genomic epidemiology tools combined with new insights into the ecology of wastewater drain (WWD) biofilm have provided new perspectives on the clinical relevance and hospital-associated infection (HAI) transmission risks related to these fixtures. To further clarify the clinical relevance of WWD-associated pathogen transmission, reports of outbreaks attributed to WWDs were selected for review that (1) investigated the outbreak epidemiology of WWD-associated transmission of bacterial pathogens, (2) utilized advanced microbiologic methods to establish clonality of outbreak pathogens and/or resistance genes, or (3) described interventions implemented to mitigate transmission of the outbreak pathogens from WWDs. These reports were collated, compared, and analyzed, and the results are presented here.