Journal articles on the topic 'Www-references'

In September 2020, this Journal published a Special Issue (SI) entitled “Parent-Child Interactions: Paths of Intergenerational Transmission of Psychopathological Risk” that included fourteen interesting articles (see here for all of the published manuscripts’ references: https://www [...]

One of the problems that we experience with today's most widespread Internet Information Systems (like WWW or Gopher) is the lack of support for maintaining referential integrity. Whenever a resource is (re)moved, dangling references from other resources may occur.This paper presents a scalable architecture for automatic maintenance of referential integrity in large (thousands of servers) distributed information systems. A central feature of the proposed architecture is the p-flood algorithm, which is a scalable, robust, prioritizable, probabilistic server-server protocol for efficient distribution of update information to a large collection of servers.The p-flood algorithm is now implemented in the Hyper-G system, but may in principle also be implemented as an add-on for existing WWW and Gopher servers.Keywords: Hypertext, Link Consistency, Distributed Information System, Internet, Gopher, WWW, Hyper-G, Scalability, p-flood.

This report lists some of the major conferences that took place or were published during the current period in the areas of interest to Commission 33. It then presents in summary form some of the scientific highlights in these areas. An expanded version of this report, including more related conferences, full references and a report of activities from the former Soviet Union, appears on the mid-2000 WWW page of the Commission: http://msowww.anu.edu.au/~ kcf/kcf_ftp/IAU/comm33report_1999.html.

The Internet respectively the world wide web (WWW) has become an essential resource in the search for current information and references in the practice of medicine. Up-to-date information without any printing- and distribution-costs are other striking features. Furthermore, the WWW provides a new learning environment in addition to traditional resources as books and journals. An online tutorial for the diagnosis of stereotactic biopsy specimens is described. This tutorial provides a set of 12 cases, including a short history, radiological descriptions and imaging scans of the intracerebral lesions, as well as cytological pictures of the stereotactic specimens. The pictures can be zoomed with a mouse click to 736 x 560 pixel images. The next page shows the histology of the lesion, in some cases with additional specimens from a later performed open resection and with immunohistochemical findings. Furthermore the final diagnosis is provided with discussion of the differential diagnoses. A navigation menu includes an index and lets the user jump directly to certain cases or other parts of the tutorial, with the latter including a description of the smear preparation technique and data concerning the diagnostic accuracy of stereotactic biopsies. A valuable list of the pertinent literature is also available. The tutorial can be visited and used at no charge and will be regularly updated. It can be found at the internet address http://www.med-rz.uni-saarland.de/med_fak/neuropatho/sbdil/ . The use of the WWW informational resources allows to acquire, as well as to provide, access to medically related remote database structures and to obtain continuing medical education in a fast and easy way.

A person&rsquo;s name serves as their identity in the world, just as the name of a website, known as a <strong>domain name</strong>, signifies it&rsquo;s presence on the<strong> World Wide Web (WWW)</strong>. While multiple individuals may share the same name, a website&rsquo;s complete name, or <strong>URL (uniform resource locator)</strong> remains unique in the vast digital landscape. When establishing a website, one critical concern is what the domain name or address should be. In this article, we shall explore how to select this name, where to register it, its functionality, how does the&nbsp;<strong>Domain Naming System (DNS)</strong> works and the relevant references. It will give us an Internet Infrastructure overview.

A compilation of all supra- and (infra-) specific taxa of extant and fossil Valvatidae, a group of freshwater operculate snails, is provided, including taxa initially described in this family and subsequently classified in other families, as well as names containing errors or misspellings. The extensive reference list is directly linked to the available electronic source (digital view or pdf-download) of the respective papers.

The World Wide Web (WWW) becomes an important source for collecting, storing, and sharing the information. Based on the users query the traditional web page search approximately retrieves the related link and some of the search engines are Alta, Vista, Google, etc. The process of web mining defines to determine the unknown and useful information from web data. Web mining contains the two approaches such as data-based approach and process-based approach. Now a day the data-based approach is the widely used approach. It is used to extract the knowledge from web data in the form of hyper link, and web log data. In this study, the modern technique is presented for mining web access utility-based tree construction under Modified Genetic Algorithm (MGA). MGA tree are newly created to deploy the tree construction. In the web access sequences tree construction for the most part relies upon internal and external utility values. The performance of the proposed technique provides an efficient Web access sequences for both static and incremental data. Furthermore, this research work is helpful for both forward references and backward references of web access sequences.

This nomenclator provides details on all published names in the family-, genus-, and species-group, as well as for a few infrasubspecific names introduced for, or attributed to, the family Melanopsidae. It includes nomenclaturally valid names, as well as junior homonyms, junior objective synonyms, nomina nuda, common incorrect subsequent spellings, and as far as possible discussion on the current status in taxonomy. The catalogue encompasses three family-group names, 79 genus-group names, and 1381 species-group names. All of them are given in their original combination and spelling (except mandatory corrections requested by the Code), along with their original source. For each family- and genus-group name, the original classification and the type genus and type species, respectively, are given. Data provided for species-group taxa are type locality, type horizon (for fossil taxa), and type specimens, as far as available.

This paper presents the results of a study that demonstrates an effective use of the Web as a tool to increase motivation and thus promote reading and writing skills in Spanish as well as a deeper sense of the culture of the Spanish speaking world. In the study, thirty students of second year Spanish at the University of New South Wales were required to prepare an itinerary for a trip to a Spanish speaking country of their choice using the WWW as the only resource. In general our findings regarding improved language skills were consistent with the literature: an increase of vocabulary, more use of references, more student initiated interactions and greater interactivity in the classroom amongst students were observed. There was, however, one aspect, linguistic accuracy, in which improvement was not greatly noted. The data collected confirms that a task-oriented Web based course can increase the motivation of students, improve the scope of their reading, and enhance their perception of the target culture, all with a great effect on range of language explored, learned and re-processed, but a much lesser effect on the accuracy of written language produced.

We are approaching an era where research materials will be stored more and more as digital resources on the World Wide Web. This of course will enable easier access to online publications. As the number of electronic publications expands, it will, however, become a challenge for individuals to find related or relevant papers. Related papers could be papers written by the same team of authors or by one of the authors, or even papers that deal with the same topic but were written by other authors. This, of course, raises the issue of linking to papers forward in time, or as we call it "links into the future". To be concrete, while reading a paper written in the year 1980, it would be nice to know if the same author has written another related paper in 1990's or if the same author has written a paper earlier, all this without making an explicit search. Based on the ascertained interest of a person reading a particular paper from a digital repository, an auto-suggestion facility could be useful to indicate papers in the same area, category and subject that might potentially be of interest to the reader. One is typically interested in finding related papers by the same author or by one of the authors of a paper. This feature can be implemented in two ways. The first is by creating links from this paper to all the relevant papers and updating it periodically for new papers appearing on the World Wide Web. Another way is by going through the references of all papers appearing on the WWW. Based on the references, one can create mutual links to the papers that are referred to.

Customers and users post their opinions or reviews on social networking sites and it has increased the amount of data WWW. With this users from all over world try to share their opinions and sentiments on the blogging sites every day. Internet is being used in form of web pages, social media, and sometimes blogs which increases online portals sentiments, reviews, opinions, references, scores, and feedbacks are also generated by people. Twitter is the most famous micro-blogging site where users express their opinions in the form of tweets. The user can express their sentiments about various aspects e.g., books, celebrities, restaurants, various products, research, events, etc. All these opinions plays vital roles and they are quite important for various businesses, for government schemes, and for individual human being as well. Still, there are many curbs in mining reviews or opinions and process to calculate them. These limitations have turned into highland in investigating the actual gist of opinions and measuring its polarity. Hence, we recommend an inventive way to compute the sentiments for given reviews or opinions. This recommendation is centered on the social networking sites’ information of various Tweets, a word-emotion-association-network is put up in association to represent opinions and semantics that decides the base for the emotions (sentiment) analysis of opinion or reviews.

The purpose of this study was to construct the Taiwan Adolescent Digital Reading Assessment (TADRA) and further to examine its validity. Researchers took the structure of the PISA 2009 electronic reading assessment (ERA) and Leus (2004) online reading literacy as references to develop this tool which included three aspects: access and retrieve, integrate and interpret, and reflect and evaluate. Assessment material taken was from digital archive resources which possess high academic and educational value. The assessment system was developed on Internet/www platform, and runs and scors through ASP.NET. A pilot study was carried out in a junior high and high school in Taiwan. A total of 415 students, 216 8th graders and 199 10th graders, participated in the pilot study. Academic achievement of subjects was collected for preliminary testing TDARAs validity. After adapting classical testing theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT), the results shown that P value is between 0.36-0.05, item difficulty parameter b is between 0.06-0.79, item discrimination is good (D=0.33-0.34); correlation coefficients between TADRA and Chinese is between 0.45-0.50, which is highest among all schools grades. This pattern demonstrates sensible supporting evidence for convergent and discriminant validity. Thease finding also indicate that basic searching ability is a requirement for online reading, hence differentiating online and offline reading.

The aetiology of foetal presentation in cattle is still unresolved. The hind legs are the main source of propulsive movement in cattle, which provides changes in foetal presentation. The assumption is that in the absence of hind leg movements of the foetus, as in the case of the congenital malformation, Perosomus elumbis, the incidence of the anterior and posterior presentation will be the same. The Scopus database, the world wide web (www), and the list of article references were searched using the keyword, Perosomus elumbis. Manuscripts with data about the foetal presentation were included and 21 cases in 16 articles were identified. There were 11 cases of anterior presentation and 10 of posterior presentation. The Chi-square test didn't show a statistically significant difference between the incidence of anterior and posterior presentation. This finding supports the assumption that the posterior presentation is the result of the random occupying of the intrauterine space with the same probability of anterior and posterior presentation. To confirm or exclude at random the occupant of the intrauterine space with the same probability for anterior and posterior presentation as a general mechanism for posterior presentation in cattle foetuses, it is necessary to determine the incidence of foetal presentation at birth in various veterinary entities accompanied by an increased incidence of posterior presentation. The aim of the paper was to investigate the incidence of posterior and anterior presentation in Perosomus elumbis.

Abstract Current needs of nuclear science and technology include complete, well-documented, and easily verifiable nuclear data. The complete data records require supporting nuclear bibliography, presently stored in dedicated libraries, in addition, to actual data. Experimental nuclear reaction data (EXFOR) and Nuclear Science References (NSR) databases contain compilations based on primary (journals) and secondary (conference proceedings, theses, preprints, etc.) publications, and data received from authors via private communications. The secondary library materials and private communications often represent a bottleneck for nuclear data verification, compilation, evaluation, and dissemination activities. To address this issue, bibliographic materials were scanned into PDF (Portable Document Format) files and uploaded in a relational database. The traditional scope of nuclear databases that includes meta-data and numbers derived from data in specialized formats was broadened to accommodate the large volumes of original nuclear data publications. The complete PDF publication files were stored in a relational database as Binary Large OBjects (BLOB). This unique collection of nuclear data compilations and supporting publications generate many opportunities for machine learning applications. The Web interfaces for authorized and public access to the EXFOR-NSR nuclear publications database were implemented at the U.S. National Nuclear Data Center, https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/ and IAEA Nuclear Data Section, https://www-nds.iaea.org/. The current system is complementary to major nuclear libraries and narrowly focused on nuclear data compilation and evaluation procedures. The contents of the PDF database, details of implementation, and Web interface are described. New capabilities for data curation, knowledge preservation, worldwide dissemination, and natural language processing (NLP) applications are given.

Much medical research is observational. The reporting of observational studies is often of insufficient quality. Poor reporting hampers the assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a study and the generalisability of its results. Taking into account empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, a group of methodologists, researchers, and editors developed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations to improve the quality of reporting of observational studies. The STROBE Statement consists of a checklist of 22 items, which relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results and discussion sections of articles. Eighteen items are common to cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies and four are specific to each of the three study designs. The STROBE Statement provides guidance to authors about how to improve the reporting of observational studies and facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of studies by reviewers, journal editors and readers. This explanatory and elaboration document is intended to enhance the use, understanding, and dissemination of the STROBE Statement. The meaning and rationale for each checklist item are presented. For each item, one or several published examples and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature are provided. Examples of useful flow diagrams are also included. The STROBE Statement, this document, and the associated Web site (http://www. strobe-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of observational research.&#x0D; This article is the reprint with Russian translation of the original that can be observed here: Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Mulrow CD, et al. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration. PLoS Med. 2007;4(10):e297. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297.

This study aims to find and describe the types and processes of forming abbreviations contained in the headlines of the Singgalang newspaper for the period July-December 2023. This study is a type of qualitative research with a descriptive method. The data for this study were randomly selected that met the requirements as abbreviations in the uploads from June 2023 to December 2023. The source of this research data is from the uploads of the Singgalang newspaper on the website www. Harian Singgalang.co.id. The methods and techniques for collecting data in this study are to carry out several stages, first, a literature study is used to obtain references to support the research. Second, data search or observation on the uploads of the Harian Singgalang newspaper. Third, collect all data in table form. The data validation technique for this study is the triangulation technique. Based on the research data found, the results of this study are as follows. First, the data obtained based on the research conducted in the headlines of the Singgalang daily newspaper contains data in the form of types of abbreviations and the process of forming abbreviations. In total, there are 95 data in the Singgalang newspaper which are abbreviations. Based on the type, the abbreviations consist of 59 abbreviation data in the form of abbreviations, 7 abbreviation data in the form of excerpts, 8 abbreviation data in the form of acronyms, 17 abbreviation data in the form of contractions, and 4 data in the form of letter symbols. Furthermore, the process of forming the abbreviations found in the headlines of the Singgalang newspaper for the period July-December 2023 is 95 data. with details, 61 data in the form of letter preservation, 8 data in the form of word preservation, 8 data in the form of letter and number preservation, 14 data in the form of letter and syllable preservation, and 2 data in the form of syllable and word preservation.

This nomenclator provides bibliographic details on all names in the family-, genus-, and species-group of the the family Paludomidae. All nomenclaturally available names are discussed including junior homonyms and objective junior synonyms as well as unavailable names such as nomina nuda, infrasubspecific names and, to some extent, also incorrect subsequent spellings. In the family-group a total of 28 names are included in the nomenclator, of which 21 are available and seven unavailable names. Of the available names in the family-group, six are invalid for nomenclatural reasons. In the genus-group a total of 57 names are included in the catalogue. Of the available names in the genus-group, 11 are invalid for nomenclatural reasons. In the species-group a total of 499 names are included, of which 463 are available, but 21 are invalid for nomenclatural reasons. All names are given in their original combination and spelling (mandatory changes are discussed and corrected spellings are provided), along with the reference to the original publication. For each family- and genus-group name, the original classification and the type genus or type species, respectively, are given. For species-group taxa the type locality and type horizon (for fossil taxa) are provided, usually as given in the original publication. A new name, Cleopatra adami nom. nov., is proposed for the fossil Cleopatra cylindrica (Adam, 1957), which is a homonym of Cleopatra cridlandi cylindrica Mandahl-Barth, 1954, and a lectotype for Cleopatra dubia Adam, 1959 is designated. A new replacement name Leloupiella nom. nov. is proposed for Stormsia Leloup, 1953 which is a homonym of Stormsia Bourguignat, 1891.

<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> This paper aims at showing that the traditional cost calculation methods no longer match the current principles of global economic competition, which bears now on the structure of costs, period of recognition, information structure and value. The Activity-based Costing (ABC) method, the most mediatized of management methods, presents the advantage of identifying the areas where waste originates. These areas are often activities with low added value, where unused capacities are considered in the constitution of costs. Then, this paper proposes to integrate this method with the EVA method and casts a new perspective on how financial performance of companies is measured. &nbsp; <strong>REFERENCES</strong> Berliner, C. and Brimson, J.A., (1988), &ldquo;Cost management for today&#39;s advanced manufacturing&rdquo; (Le cout du management pour la production avanc&eacute; d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui) &ndash; in CAM-I Conceptual design (Mod&egrave;le conceptuel), Harvard Business School Press, Boston Cooper, R., (1990), &ldquo;Elements of Activity-Based Costing&rdquo;, Emerging Practices in Cost Management. (El&eacute;ments d&rsquo;activit&eacute; bas&eacute;s sur le co&ucirc;t &ndash; pratiques d&rsquo;urgence dans le co&ucirc;t du management) Boston : Warran Gorham &amp; Lamont Cooper. R. and Kaplan, R.S., (1991), The design of cost management systems&rdquo;, (Le mod&egrave;le des syst&egrave;mes management des couts) Text, cases and Readings, Enlewood Cliffs, PrenticeHall Iacob, C., &ldquo;Contabilitate analitica ş die gestiune&rdquo;(1998), (Comptabilite analytique et de gestion) Edition Tribuna Economica, Bucuresti, 1998, pp.180-190 Iacob, C., (2006), Modeling of Cost Behavior by ABC/ABM Method, The 10th World Congress of Accounting Educators &amp; The 3rd Annual International Accounting Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, nov. Iacob, C.,(2006), The measurement and the Evaluation of the Enterprise &#39;s Performances form the perspective of the Accounting Nominalization in Romania. Brno International Conference on Applied Business Research, BICABR 2006, Czech republic Johnson, H.T., (1991), &ldquo;Activity Based management: Past, Present, and Future&rdquo;, (Activit&eacute; base sur le management &ndash; pass&eacute;, present et future) The Engineering Economist, Vol.36, No.2, (Spring 1991), pp.219-238 Kaplan, R.S., (1999), &ldquo;Activity-Based Costing. (Activit&eacute; bas&eacute; sur le management) A4 of Cost management for service Industries&rdquo;, (Le management du co&ucirc;t pour les services d&rsquo;industrie) Ed.James B. Edwards. Boston : Warran Gorham &amp; Lamont Mevellec, P., (1990), &ldquo;Outils de gestion &ndash; La pertinence retrouv&eacute;e&rdquo;, Editions Malesherbes,pp.107 Roztocki, N and Needy, K.(1998),&ldquo;An Integrated Activity-Based Costing and Economic Value Added System as an Engineering Management tool for Manufactures&rdquo;, (Une activit&eacute; int&eacute;gr&eacute;e bas&eacute;e sur le cout et le syst&egrave;me ajout&eacute; de valeur &eacute;conomique comme une instrument management d&rsquo;ing&eacute;nierie pour les producteurs) ASEM National Conference Proceedings, Virginia Beach, October 1-3, pp.77-84 Roztocki, N, Valenzuela, J.F., Porter, J.D., Monk, R.M. and Needy, K.(1999), &ldquo;A Procedure for Smooth Implemenation of Activity Based Costing in Small Companies&rdquo;, (Une proc&eacute;dure pour l&rsquo;impl&eacute;mentation simple de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; bas&eacute; sur le cout dans les petites compagnies) ASEM National Conference Proceedings, Virginia Beach, October 21-23, pp.279- 288 Roztocki, N.,(2000), &ldquo;The Integrated Activity-Based Costing and Economic Value Added information system&rdquo;, (L&rsquo;activit&eacute; int&eacute;gr&eacute;e bas&eacute;e sur le cout et le syst&egrave;me d&rsquo;informations de la valeur &eacute;conomique) Proceedings of the Society for Advancement of Management 2000, International Management Conference, St.Augustine, Florida, March 30 &ndash; April 1, 2000 www. alphacen.fr

Проведено исследование фазовых равновесий в тройной системе Sn–As–P в области высокой концентрации летучих компонентов. Методами рентгенофазового и дифференциального термического анализа изучены сплавы политермического разреза SnAs–P. Показано, что растворимость фосфора в моноарсениде олова в направлении этого разреза менее 0.05 мол.д. фосфора. Построена Т-х диаграмма политермического сечения SnAs–Р. Наличие на Т-х диаграмме горизонтали при температуре 827±2 К соответствует реализации в системе Sn–As–P нонвариантного перитектического равновесия L + (d) ↔ b + g , где (d), b и g – трехкомпонентные твердые растворы на основе As1-xPx, SnAs и SnP3 соответственно&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; REFERENCES&#x0D; &#x0D; Zhang W., Mao J., Li S., Chen Z., Guo Z. Phosphorus-Based Alloy Materials for Advanced Potassium-Ion Battery Anode // Am. Chem. Soc., 2017, v. 139(9), pp. 3316–3319. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b12185&#x0D; Liu S., Zhang H., Xu L., Ma L., Chen X. Solvothermal preparation of tin phosphide as a long-life anode for advanced lithium and sodium ion batteries // of Power Sources, 2016, v. 304, pp. 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.11.056&#x0D; Zhang W., Pang W., Sencadas V., Guo Z. Understanding High-Energy-Density Sn4P3 Anodes for Potassium-Ion Batteries // Joule, 2018, v. 2(8), pp. 1534–1547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.04022&#x0D; Lan D., Wang W., Shi L., Huang Y., Hu L., Li Q. Phase pure Sn4P3 nanotops by solution-liquid-solid growth for anode application in sodium ion batteries // Mater. Chem. A, 2017, v. 5, pp. 5791–5796. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA10685D&#x0D; Mogensen R., Maibach J., Naylor A. J., Younesi R. Capacity fading mechanism of tin phosphide anodes in sodium-ion batteries // Dalton Trans., 2018, v. 47, pp. 10752–10758. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8dt01068d&#x0D; Kamali A. R., Fray D. J. Tin-based materials as advanced anode materials for lithium ion batteries: a review // Adv. Mater. Sci., 2011, v. 27, pp. 14–24. URL: http://194.226.210.10/e-journals/RAMS/no12711/kamali.pdf&#x0D; Kovnir K. A., Kolen’ko Y. V., Baranov A. I., Neira I. S., Sobolev A. V., Yoshimura M., Presniakov I. A., Shevelkov A. V. Sn4As3 revisited: Solvothermal synthesis and crystal and electronic structure // Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 2009, v. 182(5), pp. 630–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2008.12.007&#x0D; Semenova G. V., Kononova E. Yu., Sushkova T. P. Polythermal section Sn4P3 – Sn4As3 // Russian J. of Inorganic Chemistry, 2013, v. 58 (9), pp. 1242–1245. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0044457X13090201&#x0D; Sushkova T. P, Semenova G. V., Naumov A. V., Proskurina E. Yu. Solid solutions in the system Sn-As-P // Bulletin of VSU. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Pharmacy, 2017, v. 3, pp. 30–36. URL: http://www. vestnik.vsu.ru/pdf/chembio/2017/03/2017-03-05.pdf&#x0D; Semenova G. V., Sushkova T. P, Tarasova L. A., Proskurina E. Yu. Phase equilibria in a Sn-As-P system with a tin concentration less than 50 mol. % // Condensed Matter and Interphases, 2017, v. 19(3), pp. 408–416. https://doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2017.19/218&#x0D; Semenova G. V., Sushkova T. P., Zinchenko E. N., Yakunin S. V. Solubility of phosphorus in tin monoarsenide // Condensed Matter and Interphases, 2018, v. 20(4), pp. 644-649. https://doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2018.20/639&#x0D; Semenova G. V., Goncharov E. G. Solid Solutions Involving Elements of the Fifth Group. – Мoscow, MFTI Publ., 2000, 160 p. (in Russ.)&#x0D; Okamoto H. Phase diagrams for binary alloys, Second Edition. Materials Park, OH.: ASM International, 2010, 810 р. URL: https://www.asminternational. org/...pdf/c36eeb4e-d6ec-4804-b319-e5b0600ea65d&#x0D; Shirotani , Shiba S., Takemura K., Shimomura О., Yagi Т. Pressure-induced phase transitions of phosphorus-arsenic alloys // Physica B: Condensed Matter, 1993, v. 190, pp. 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(93)90462-F&#x0D; Arita M., Kamo K. Measurement of vapor pressure of phosphorus over Sn-P alloys by dew point method // Jpn. Inst. Met., 1985, v. 26(4), pp. 242–250. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1960.26.242&#x0D; Zavrazhnov A. Yu., Semenova G. V., Proskurina E. Yu., Sushkova T. P. Phase diagram of the Sn–P system // Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2018, v. 134(1), pp. 475–481. https://doi.orgh/10.1007/s10973-018-7123-0&#x0D; Gokcen N. A. The As-Sn (Arsenic-Tin) system // Bulletin of alloy phase diagrams, 1990, v. 11(3), pp. 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03029298&#x0D;

<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> The drive of this report stood toward donate toward the existing conversation on digitization in firms&rsquo; advertising afterward a client relationship management (CRM) perception through inspecting the character then aims of CRM and the utilization of community means to assist the purposes of CRM in modern business-to-business (B2B) firms. Indication/methodology/approach &ndash; The statistics are gathered complete semi-structured themed conferences by main advertising/marketing managers after their B2B organizations. Results &ndash; CRM appears to remain affecting faster to the firm&#39;s essential action and attractive everyone&rsquo;s expert near a better level than always earlier, then the situation chief objective, toward improve customer associations, resolve not essentially transformation. Considerate the client is active and needs dissimilar purposes toward collaborate carefully toward guarantee the fixed consumes the finest likely empathetic of the situation clienteles. Community public media tools played nearly negative share in CRM,however impassable communal media techniques strength take possible in the future. Study restrictions/implications &ndash; The select investigation method restrictions the simplification of the consequences. Applied suggestions &ndash; It appears possible that organizations determination assistance after a combined employed class completed the established storage tower methods. On behalf of B2B companies, community social media prepares not appears toward exist the maximum apposite foundation to assist CRM then self-contained social media networks influence must possible in the upcoming. Innovation/value &ndash; The absence of experiential inspection of the modification after firm network to consumer ecology from a CRM viewpoint, and the absence of study on social media for CRM in the B2B background, regulates the determination of this analysis. Furthermore, digitization is a slightly latest then formless incidence and several firms are static contemplating in what way to reunite towards the situation. &nbsp; <strong>REFERENCES</strong> Boulding, W., Staelin, R., Ehret, M., Johnston, W. J. (2005), &lsquo;A customer relationship management roadmap: What is known, potential pitfalls, and where to go&rsquo;, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 69 No. 4, pp. 155&ndash;166. Brasel, S. (2012), &lsquo;How focused identities can help brands navigate a changing media landscape&rsquo;, Business Horizons, Vol. 55 No.3, pp. 283&ndash;291. Brodie, R. J., Hollebeek, L. D., Juric, B. Ilic, A. (2011), &lsquo;Customer engagement: Conceptual domain, fundamental propositions, and implications for research&rsquo;, Journal of Service Research, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp.252&ndash;271. Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) (2007), beyond loyalty: meeting the challenge of customer engagement. Part 1, available at: www.adobe.com/engagement/pdfs/partI.pdf (accessed November 2014). Ernst, H., Hoyer, W.D., Kraft, M. Krieger, K. (2011), &lsquo;Customer relationship management and company performance &ndash; the mediating role of new product&rsquo;, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 39 No. 2, pp. 290&ndash;306. Fan, Y.W. Ku, E. (2010), &lsquo;Customer focus, service process fit and customer relationship management profitability: the effect of knowledge sharing&rsquo;, The Service Industries Journal, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp. 203&ndash;223. Greenberg, P. (2010), &lsquo;The impact of CRM 2.0 on customer insight&rsquo;, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, Vol. 25 No. 6, pp. 410&ndash;419. Hennig-Thurau, T., Malthouse, E.C., Friege, C., Gensler, S., Lobschat, L., Rangaswamy, A. Skiera, B. (2010), &lsquo;The impact on new media on customer relationships&rsquo;, Journal of ServiseReseach, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 311&ndash;330. IBM (2010), Capitalizing on complexity: insights from the global chief executive officers study, IBM Institute for Business Value, available at: http://www-935.ibm.com/services/us/ceo/ ceostudy2010/index.html (accessed November 2014). Muntinga, D.G., Moorman, M. Smit, E.G. (2011), &lsquo;Introducing COBRAs:Exploring motivations for brand-related social media use&rsquo;, International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 30 No. 1, pp.13&ndash;46. Rodriguez, M., Peterson, R.M., Krishnan, V. (2012), &lsquo;Social media&rsquo;s influence on business- to- business sales performance&rsquo;, Journal of Personal Selling &amp; Sales Management, Vol. 32 No. 3, pp. 365&ndash;378. Saarij&auml;rvi, H., Karjaluoto, H., Kuusela, H. (2013), &lsquo;Extending customer relationship management: from empowering firms to empowering customers&rsquo;, Journal of Systems and Information Technology, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 140&ndash;158 Mangold, W.G. Faulds, D.J. (2009), &lsquo;Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix&rsquo;, Business Horizons, Vol. 52 No. 4, pp. 357&ndash;365. Verhoef, P. C., Reinartz, W. J., Krafft, M. (2010), &lsquo;Customer engagement as a new perspective in customer management&rsquo;, Journal of Service Research, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 247&ndash;252. Pagani, M., Mirabello, A. (2011), &lsquo;The influence of personal and social-interactive engagement in social TV web sites&rsquo; International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 41&ndash;67. &nbsp;

CMOS scaling has been the backbone of the overall logic roadmap for decades, but it is reaching its physical limits while also imposing ever more constraining design restrictions. This has triggered a critical need for new device architectures and integration concepts to be able to continue delivering profitable node-to-node scaling gains and to help preserve the industry’s power-performance-area-cost metrics. From the transistor’s perspective, vertically stacked lateral nanosheet (NS) FETs, with a gate-all-around (GAA) configuration, are widely regarded as the most promising and mature option to replace finFETs. Reduced gate lengths should be feasible thanks to their improved electrostatics, thus allowing further scaling of the contacted-gate-pitch and of the cell height via a reduced number of metal tracks. Other key characteristics include high design flexibility, with various NS widths possible on a given wafer, and larger drivability per layout footprint by increasing the number of vertically stacked NS per device and/or using wider NS [1,2] (Fig.1). An extension of this technology could in principle be envisioned by strongly reducing the p-n separation in the so-called forksheet configuration [3]. Beyond that, the concept of stacking devices with different polarity on top of each other is also being looked at [4,5]. Other future technology candidates include FETs with vertical transport [6] and non-silicon channels [7]. Each new architecture will have its own specific challenges such as the internal routeability for stacked structures in functional logic blocks (e.g., standard cell or SRAM) but, in general, many elements can be shared by the various branches of the NS family of devices. Overall, a careful balance between drive strength and capacitance is required in NS FETs engineering. In particular, the presence of dielectric inner spacers in-between vertically stacked nanosheets is a critical element, also as it leads to a different growth regime for the source/drain (S/D) epi as compared to the situation in finFETs [8]. This is an important differentiator as channel strain induced by S/D has been traditionally used to boost device performance. The feasibility of continuing using process-induced stress techniques for mobility enhancement is in fact a key challenge for several new architectures, namely for the top device in stacked structures or when S/D are placed in different vertical levels. Moreover, faced with power scaling stagnation, cold computing is also becoming an attractive option to consider for enabling high performance boosting in an energy efficient way. Our results confirm improved DC properties for NS FETs (e.g., subthreshold swing (SS), mobility), with similar mechanisms responsible for their noise behavior at room and low temperatures (300K (RT), 78K) [9]. In addition to the need for the introduction of new transistor technologies, given the increased complexity and cost in back-end-of-line processing, it has also become ever more pressing to address both wiring and power delivery network (PDN) bottlenecks to take full advantage of the scaling performance benefits at transistor level. The concept of moving the PDN to the wafer’s backside (BS) such that it can alleviate routing congestion on its frontside (FS) has been recently gaining traction [10,11]. This is illustrated in Fig.2 wherein, by combining logic and 3D technologies, both wafer sides are used. In our work, after frontside processing, device and carrier wafers are bonded at RT, including a 523K post-bond anneal. Extreme wafer thinning is then implemented prior to nano-through-silicon-vias (n-TSV) definition (landing on the metal-1 level (M1) in the frontside) and backside metallization. Evaluating the impact on scaled transistors from BS processing, our results show similar p/n threshold voltages (VTs) can be obtained with an extra sinter at the end of fabrication. Inclusion of an additional high-pressure H2-anneal prior to the final sinter is also seen to help lower the SS values for pmos without significant IOFF effect. Reliability-wise, constant ramped voltage stress measurements also show no BTI degradation for p/nmos, with additional indication of potential benefits by the final anneal(s) treatment selection. These findings are further corroborated by LF-noise analysis. References [1] N. Loubet et al., VLSI Tech. Dig., 2017, p.230. [2] A. Veloso et al., SSDM Tech. Dig., 2019, p.559. [3] P. Weckx et al., IEDM Tech. Dig., 2019, p.871. [4] W. Rachmady et al., IEDM Tech. Dig., 2019, p.697. [5] C.-Y. Huang et al., IEDM Tech. Dig., 2020, p.425. [6] A. Veloso et al., IEDM Tech. Dig., 2019, p.230. [7] P.-C. Shen et al., Nature, 2021, Vol.593, p.211. [8] G. Eneman et al., ECS Trans., 2020, Vol.98(5), p.253. [9] B. Cretu et al., EuroSOI-ULIS Tech. Dig., 2021. [10] A. Veloso et al., VLSI Tech. Dig., 2021, TFS2-6. [11] https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/events/accelerated.html. Figure 1

The purpose of research to determine and contribute in more efficient services to geoinformation stakeholders, as well as to give positive impact on increasing income in geo business sector, voluntary based web system for online usage of geoinformation in Kosovo has been developed. The method used was puting in to one place many sourcec via WMS and WFS services, by creating thematic SDI, in order to have online system with dynamic data comming from official databases with update from last day on 5 pm. System is open for usage by all interested parts, however official registration is required. It contains geoinformation from many databases such as cadastral, orthophoto, municipal, and basemaps from open layers. The results show that the system is extendable and it is permanently including new datasets based on the user requirements. All available data is linked via web services, which gives an opportunity to users to use the updated version of datasets as they are published by responsible institution via www (world wide web).&#x0D; Keywords: web map, geoportal, geoinformation, web services, Kosovo&#x0D; References&#x0D; Alameh. N, (2010). Service chaining of interoperable Geographic Information Web Services. Global Science and Technology. Greenbelt, USA.&#x0D; Brimicombe, A.J. (2002). GIS-where are the frontiers now. GIS 2002. Bahrain.&#x0D; Bryukhanova, E. A., Krupochkin, Y. P., &amp; Rygalova, M. V. (2018). Geoinformation technologies in the reconstruction of the social space of siberian cities at the turn of the 19–20th centuries (case study of the city of tobolsk). Journal of Siberian Federal University - Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(8), 1229-1242. doi:10.17516/1997-1370-0303&#x0D; Chaudhuri, S. (2015). Application of Web Based Geographical Information Systems in e-business. Maldives.&#x0D; Davis, C.A. and Alves L.L. (2007). Geospatial web services, Vicosa, Brazil.&#x0D; ESRI. (2003). Spatial Data Standards and GIS interoperability. White paper. ESRI. CA. USA.&#x0D; Ferdousi, . and Al-Faisal, A. (2018). Urban and regional planning. Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology. Rajshahi. Bangladesh.&#x0D; Gitis, V., Derendyaev, A., &amp; Weinstock, A. (2016). Web-based GIS technologies for monitoring and analysis of spatio-temporal processes. International Journal of Web Information Systems, 12(1), 102-124. doi:10.1108/IJWIS-10-2015-0032&#x0D; Glasze, G., &amp; Perkins, C. (2015). Social and political dimensions of the OpenStreetMap project: Towards a critical geographical research agenda doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14280-7_8&#x0D; Henzen, C. (2018). Building a framework of usability patterns for web applications in spatial data infrastructures. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(11) doi:10.3390/ijgi7110446&#x0D; Idrizi, B. (2009). Developing of National Spatial Data Infrastructure of Macedonia according to global standardization (GSDI and INSPIRE) and local status. Conference of Nikodinovski. Skopje. Macedonia.&#x0D; Idrizi, B. (2018). General Conditions of Spatial Data Infrastructure. International Journal on Natural and Engineering Sciences. Turkey.&#x0D; Idrizi, B. Sulejmani, V. Zimeri, Z. (2018). Multi-scale map for three levels of spatial planning data sets for the municipality of Vitia in Kosova. 7th ICC&amp;GIS conference. Sozopol. Bulgaria.&#x0D; Mwange, C., Mulaku, G. C., &amp; Siriba, D. N. (2018). Reviewing the status of national spatial data infrastructures in africa. Survey Review, 50(360), 191-200. doi:10.1080/00396265.2016.1259720&#x0D; Nikolov, B. P., Zharkikh, J. I., Soloviev, A. A., Krasnoperov, R. I., &amp; Agayan, S. M. (2015). Integration of data mining methods for earth science data analysis in GIS environment. Russian Journal of Earth Sciences, 15(4) doi:10.2205/2015ES000559&#x0D; Sahin, K. and Gumusay, M.U. (2008). Service oriented architecture based web services for geographic information systems. The international archives of the remote sensing, photogrammetry and spatial information sciences. Vol XXXVII. Beijing. China.&#x0D; Sayar, A. (2008). GIS service oriented architecture. Community grids laboratory. IN, USA.&#x0D; Shi, S. (2015). Design and development of an online geoinformation service delivery of geospatial models in the united kingdom. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74(10), 7069-7080. doi:10.1007/s12665-015-4243-8&#x0D; Siles, G., Charland, A., Voirin, Y., &amp; Bénié, G. B. (2019). Integration of landscape and structure indicators into a web-based geoinformation system for assessing wetlands status. Ecological Informatics, 52, 166-176. doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2019.05.011&#x0D; Ummadi, P. (2008). Standards and Interoperability in GIS, Michigan State University. MI, USA.&#x0D; Vorobev, A. V., &amp; Shakirova, G. R. (2016). Web-based geoinformation system for exploring geomagnetic field, its variations and anomalies doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29589-3_2&#x0D; Walter, V., &amp; Sörgel, U. (2018). Implementation, results, and problems of paid crowd-based geospatial data collection. PFG - Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science, 86(3-4), 187-197. doi:10.1007/s41064-018-0058-z&#x0D; &#x0D; Copyright (c) 2019 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember&#x0D; This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

Abstract Introduction: To reduce mortality, all guidelines advice women with very high breast cancer (BC) risk, due to a pathogenic variant (PV) in genes like BRA1/2 or chest wall irradiation between age 10-30 yrs., annual screening with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and 2 or 3D mammography (Mm).1-6 For MRI, starting age for this group is usually 25 years. However for Mm some guidelines advise annual from age 30 yrs.1,2, others 10 yr. younger than the youngest family member 4,5, or for BRCA1 biennial from age 40 yrs.7 USA and Canadian but not European guidelines advice MRI screening also for women with a ≥ 20% lifetime breast cancer (BC) risk, while the European Eusobi guideline, unlike the US and Canadian, now advises to screen women with extremely dense breasts with MRI although not yearly.8 Considerations and evidence: We need to balance the possible benefit with the disadvantages of screening, like false positive rate, possible overdiagnosis and cost. We therefore have to use the optimal frequency of screening, depending on the expected tumor growth rate, which varies with a woman’s age and the cause of the increased risk.9 Two recent randomized trials one in women with familial risk the other for extremely dense breasts showed how much MRI advances BC detection compared to mammography, at which side effects.10,11 Observational and modelling studies show varying additional value of Mm to MRI-screening for different risk – and age groups.12-17 Conclusion: Screening for women at high risk can be better tailored to the age and risk-group. References: 1. American College of Radiology (ACR) Appropriateness Criteria. Breast Cancer Screening: High risk women. www. cancer.org. Assessed 2022-9-17 2. American Cancer Society Guideline High risk. Last Revised Jan. 2022. www.cancer.org 3. Mulder RL, Hudson MM, Bathia S et al. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Dec 10;38(35):4194-4207.Updated Breast Cancer Surveillance Recommendations for Female Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer From the International Guideline Harmonization Group. 4. Cancer Care Ontario’s (CCO) “Magnetic Resonance Imaging Screening of Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer“, practice guideline; https://www.easternhealth.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/06/Breast-Magnetic-Resonance-MRI-and-High-Risk-Guideline_2017.pdf. and www.cancercare.on.ca 5. William J, Benjamin OA et al. Breast cancer screening and Diagnosis Version 1 2019.2. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl. ComprCaNetwork 2020;18(4):452-78. www.nccn.org. version 1 2022 6. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Familial breast cancer: Classification and care of people at risk of familial breast cancer and management of breast cancer and related risks in people with a family history of breast cancer. www.guidance.nice.org.uk/CG80/Guidance. 7.The Dutch guideline breast screening outside the National screening scheme: https://richtlijnendatabase.nl/richtlijn/borstkanker/screening/screening_buiten_het_bob/screening_buiten_het_bevolkingsonderzoek.html. Assessed 19 September 2022. 8. Mann EM, Athanasiou A, Baltzer PAT et al. Breast cancer screening in women with extremely dense breasts recommendations of the European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI). European Radiology 2022;32: 4036-45. 9. Tilanus-Linthorst MMA, Obdeijn AIM, Hop WCJ et al. Age and a BRCA1 or-2 mutation predict breast cancer growth rates in the UK, Dutch and Canadian MRI-screening studies. Clin Ca Res 2007. 10. Saadatmand S, Geuzinge HA, Rutgers EJT, et al. MRI versus mammography for breast cancer screening in women with familial risk (FaMRIsc): a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(8):1136-1147. 11. Bakker MF, de Lange SV, Pijnappel RM et al. Supplemental MRI screening for women with extremely dense breast tissue. N Engl.J Med 2019; 381;22:2091-2102. 12. Geuzinge HA, Obdeijn IM, Rutgers EJT et al. Cost-effectiveness of breast cancer screening with magnetic resonance imaging for women at familial risk. JAMA Oncology 2020;6(9):13-81-1389. 13. Geuzinge HA, BakkerMF, Heijnsdijk EAM et al. Cost-Effectiveness of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Screening for Women With Extremely Dense Breast Tissue. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021 Nov 2;113(11):1476-1483. 14. Chiarelli AM, Blackmore et al. Performance measures of MagneticResonanceImaging plus Mammography in the high risk Ontaria breast screening program. JNCI 2020;112(2):136-144. 15. Obdeijn IM, Heijnsdijk EA, Hunink MG et al. Mammographic screening in BRCA1 mutation carriers postponed until age 40: Evaluation of benefits, costs and radiation risks using models. Eur J Ca 2016; 63:135-42. 16. Obdeijn et al. The supplemental value of mammographic screening over MRI alone in BRCA2 screening. Br Ca Res Treat 2020 ; 181 :581-88. 17. Vreemann S, v Zelst JC, Mann RM et al. Breast Cancer Res 2018;20(1):84 The added value of mammography in different age-groups of women with and without BRCA mutation screened with MRI. Citation Format: Madeleine M.A. Tilanus-Linthorst. Screening for high risk patients: Does everyone need annual MRI with mammogram? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr ED2-2.

The goal of this project is to create a functional solar energy prototype that can automatically adjust the solar panel's orientation towards the highest intensity of light using sensors. The researchers also want to evaluate the system's effectiveness and the financial implications of its cost. The researchers developed a tilted single axis solar tracker (TSAT) that ensures the conversion of solar energy into electricity is improved by aligning the solar panel with the sun's actual position. A microcontroller controls a DC stepper motor, which moves a mini PV panel based on signals from two basic but efficient light sensors, in order to make the experimental model of the device work. The performance of the solar tracker was assessed and analyzed experimentally. The financial impact of a TSAT was also calculated. The researchers discovered that the tracked panel's financial impact was 7.5% lower than the tilted fixed panel's. They came to the conclusion that tracked panels are more financially advantageous and efficient than tilted fixed panels. The findings of this study show that TSATs are a promising technology for enhancing the efficiency of solar panels and lowering the cost of solar energy. Further research is required to enhance the TSAT design and make it more cost-effective. References Afzal, J., Afzal, M. A., &amp; Nishtar, Z. (2023). Completion of the Ten Years of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and Its Economical Goals. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 2(4), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1022/ijss.v2i4.58 Aggarwal, V., (2019). What are the environmental benefits of solar energy–and what are its impacts? https://www.energysage.com/solar/health-environmental-benefits-of-solar-energy/ [Data accessed] Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sonnenenergie. (2008). Planning and installing photovoltaic systems: a guide for installers, architects and engineers. Earthscan. DAYIOĞLU, M. A., &amp; Turker, U. (2021). Digital transformation for sustainable future-agriculture 4.0: a review. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 27(4), 373-399. Electric Motors (2023), online available: http://engineeronadisk.com/book_plcs/plc_acta3.html [Data accessed] Hill, R., &amp; Archer, M. D. (2001). Clean electricity from photovoltaics. Imperial College Press. History of solar energy (2022), online available: http://exploringgreentechnology.com/solar-energy/history-of-solar-energy/ [Data accessed] International Energy Agency (2009), online available: http://www.iea.org/Textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key_stats_2009.pdf [Data accessed] Khalid, B., Zia urRehman, M., &amp; Asghar, R. J. (2016). How To Augment Task And Contextual Performance Through Employee Engagement. IBT Journal of Business Studies (JBS), 2(2). Khan, M. F., &amp; Ali, R. L. (2005). Automatic sun tracking system. In All Pakistan Engineering Conference, Islamabad, Pakistan. Khan, M. T. A., Tanzil, S. S., Rahman, R., &amp; Alam, S. S. (2010, December). Design and construction of an automatic solar tracking system. In International Conference on Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering (ICECE 2010) (pp. 326-329). IEEE. Koyuncu, B., &amp; Balasubramanian, K. (1991). A microprocessor controlled automatic sun tracker. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 37(4), 913-917. Lane, B. (2008), “Design and construction of a microcontroller-based solar panel tracking system”, MSc. Project report, online available: http://www.8051projects.net/e107_files/public/1242614085_16317_FT0_using_pic_complete_tracker.pdf [Data accessed] Motor (2023), online available: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/motor [Data accessed] Mumtaz, A., Munir, N., Mumtaz, R., Farooq, M., &amp; Asif, M. (2023). Impact of Psychological &amp; Economic Factors On Investment Decision-Making In Pakistan Stock Exchange. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 130-135. Murtaza, M. B. (2012), Fragment of auto-tracking information, online available: http://singledualaxis.blogspot.com/2012/02/1-definition-of-solar-tracker-what-is.html [Data accessed] Panait, M. A., &amp; Tudorache, T. (2008, March). A simple neural network solar tracker for optimizing conversion efficiency in off-grid solar generators. In International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (pp. 256-260). Piao, Z. G., Park, J. M., Kim, J. H., Cho, G. B., &amp; Baek, H. L. (2005, September). A study on the tracking photovoltaic system by program type. In 2005 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (Vol. 2, pp. 971-973). IEEE. Rahman, R., Ahmed, D. I., Fahmi, M. A., Tasnuva, T., &amp; Khan, M. F. (2009, December). Performance enhancement of PV solar system by diffused reflection. In 2009 1st International Conference on the Developements in Renewable Energy Technology (ICDRET) (pp. 1-4). IEEE. Rehman, A., Rauf, A., Ahmad, M., Chandio, A. A., &amp; Deyuan, Z. (2019). The effect of carbon dioxide emission and the consumption of electrical energy, fossil fuel energy, and renewable energy, on economic performance: evidence from Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 21760-21773. Saxena, A. K. and Dutta, V. (1990), “A versatile microprocessor based controller for solar tracking,’’ Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, vol. 2, pp. 1105-1109 Shahsavari, A., &amp; Akbari, M. (2018). Potential of solar energy in developing countries for reducing energy-related emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 90, 275-291. Stepper Motor (2023), online available: http://www.applied-motion.com/support/what-is-a-step-motor [Data accessed] Stepper Motors (2023), online available: http://www.robotiksistem.com/stepper_motor_types_properties.html [Data accessed] Stepper Motor Guide, (2023) online available: http://www.anaheimautomation.com/manuals/forms/stepper-motor-guide.php [Data accessed] Stepper Motor – Types (2023), Advantages, Applications and Operation, online available: http://www.elprocus.com/stepper-motor/ [Data accessed] Stepper motor Basics (2023), online available: www.solarbotics.net/library/pdflib/pdf/motorbas.pdf [Data accessed] Sensor (2023), online available: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sensor [Data accessed] Solar Trackers (2023), online available: http://www.solarchoice.net.au/blog/solar-trackers/ [Data accessed] The History of Solar Energy (2023), online available: http://www.homesolarinfo.com/the-history-of-solar-power.html [Data accessed] Van Wijk, A. J. M., van der Roest, E., &amp; Boere, J. (2018). Solar power to the people. Ios Press. Wattsuntm Solar Tracker Retail Price and Data Sheet (2023), online available: http://www.wattsun.com/prices.html [Data Accessed]

<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> In the present investigation, the fresh water fish C. carpio and Cadmium were used.&nbsp; Bio assays were conducted to find LC50 96hr value of the metal to the fishes and it was found to be 1.5%.&nbsp; Then groups of fishes were reared in various sublethal concentrations of Cadmium for 30days.&nbsp; The liver from the control and Cadmium &ndash;treated fishes was dissected out for the estimation of Superoxide Dimutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), and Gulutathione-S-Transferrase (GST).&nbsp; In treated fishes, the liver antioxidant enzymes increased under metal toxicity suggesting the initiation of the production of these enzymes to suppress the action of ROS.&nbsp; The liver might have severely affected by Cadmium as it is the site of multiple oxidative reactions. <strong>Key words:</strong> Cyprinus carpio, Superoxide Dimutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), and Gulutathione-S-Transferrase (GST). &nbsp; <strong>REFERENCES</strong> &nbsp; APHA, 1980.Standard methods for examination of water and waste water 15th ed. N.Y.USA. Atli, G., Canli.M.2007, Enzymatic responses to metal exposures in a freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus, Comparative biochemistry and physiology, 145C: 282 &ndash; 287. De Lu Zhang, Chanxiang Hu, Dun Hai Li and Yong Ding Liu (2013). Lipid Peroxidation and antioxidant responses in Zebra fish brain induced by Aphanizomenon flos &ndash; aquae. Dc-1. Aphantoxins. Aquatic toxicology.144. 250 &ndash; 256. El &ndash; Sayed, Mohamed Younis, Abdel &ndash; Wahap, Abdel &ndash; Moez, Abdel &ndash; Warith, Nasser Abdulla Al &ndash; Asgah, Hossam Ebaid and Mohamed Mubarak (2013). Histological changes in the liver and intestine of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus, exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium. Pakistan&rsquo;s. 2001., Vol.45 ((3). 833 &ndash; 841. E Mamidala, V Lunavath, 2012. A study on human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) protease inhibition by extracts of fresh water mussel. International Journal of Medical and Pharma Research (IJMPR) 2 (1), 38-42 Habig, W. H., Pabst, M. J., and Jakoby, W. B. (1974). Glutathione S-transferases: The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J. Biol. Chem. 249, 7130&ndash;7139. Hog, T. Haque N.2014, Effects of sublethalcomentrations of Zinc (II) sulphateheptahydrate (Znso 4.7 H2O) on blood glucose level of freshwater fish heteropreustesfossilis.&nbsp; Intonations journal of slien. Tech. Research (3):5. Kabilan, N. Chezhian, A. Suresh Kumar, T. D. Senthamilselvan, R. Ezhilmalty, K.Rajalakshmi, E.Suresh and Varadhajan. Tha combined effects of mercury chloride and cadmium chloride metals on plasma electrolytes of a fish LatesCalearifer International journal of analytical and bioanalytical chemistry Available on :http.//www. Urpjournals.com. Kim, J. H.&nbsp; Lee J. S. and Kang J.C.&nbsp; 2012, Effect of inorganic mercury on hematological and antioxidant parameters on olive flounder paralichtysolivacers, fish and aquatic science 15(3), 215 &ndash; 220. Li.Z.H. Lip., Randak T. 2010: Ecotoxicological effects of short term exposure to a human pharmaceutical verapamil in juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus nykiss), comparative biochemistry and physiolosy e, 152, 385 &ndash; 391. Marklund, S. and Marklund, G. (1974) Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur. J. Biochem. 47, 469-474. Modesto, K.A., Martinez, C.B.R. 2010.&nbsp; Roundup causes oxidative stress in liver and inhibits acetyl cholinesterase in muscle and brain of the fish prochiloduslineatus.Chemosphre 78, 294 &ndash; 299. Obasohen, E.E., Oronsaye, J.A.O. and Eguavoen, O.L. 2008.&nbsp; A comparative assessment of the heavy metal louds in the tissues of common cat fish (clariasgarie pinus) from Lhpoba and Ogba rivers in Benin City, Nigeria. S.N. Atr. Sci. 9(1):&nbsp; 13 &ndash; 23. Prasath.P.M.D. and Arivoli S. 2008, Biochemical study of freshwater fish catla catla with reference to mercury chloride, jranin journal of environmental health, science and engineering. 5(2): 109 &ndash; 116. Rathnamma, V.V.&nbsp; Nagaraju .B 2014. Oxidative stress induced by chlorantraniliprole in various tissues of fresh water fish cteropharyngodonidella, journal of medical sciences and public health 2(1): 21- 27. Richardson. N. Gordon.A. K. Muller. W. J. Pletschke. B. L and Whitfield. A. K (2010). The use of liver histopathology, lipid reoxidation and acetyl choline esterase assays as biomarkers of contaminant &ndash; induced stress in the cape Stumpnuse, Rhabdosargus holubi (Teleostei sparidae) from selected South African estuaries. WWW.wrc.org.Za.36 (4). Rotruck, J. T., Pope, A. L Ganther, H. E. Swanson, A. B. Hafeman D. G and Hoekstra. W. G. 1973. Selenium: Biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxides. Science 179:588. Saroja. D. Meenakshi. V and Indra. V (2013). Effects of raw alcohol distillery effluent on the behavioral and biochemical aspects of a fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio (Linn). International Journal of Novel Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences.ISSN.2277 &ndash; 2782. Shaheen, T. Akthar T. 2011 Assessment of chromium toxicity in cyprinus carpio through hematological and biochemical blood markers Turk. J zool, 36(5): 682 &ndash; 690. Shwetha, A., Hosetti, B.B and Dube P.N.2012, Toxic effects of zinc cyanide on some protein metabolies in fresh water fish cirrhinus mrigala (ltamiliton) Int. J. Environ. Res., 6(3): 769 &ndash; 778. Sinha AK. Anal Biochem., 1972, 47,389.&nbsp; Soorya, S.R. Aruna Devia, Binitha.R.N. Apirtha.B.V. Jayalakshmi. G and Francis Sunny (2013). Quantitative changes in antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione content and malondialdehyde in a freshwater fish Anabus Testudialdehyde (Bloch). Exposed to sewage. Journal of Aqua. Biology and fisheries.1 (1&amp;2): 68 &ndash; 76. Sudha Summarwar and Deepali lall (2013). 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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> Healthcare decision-making is mostly reliant on evidence–based medicine. Building and upgrading skills in scientific reasoning and thinking amongst medical students has now became an important part of medical education. But due to unforeseen reasons, medical students in developing countries have no or very little opportunities to develop research skills and become evidence based physician-scientist. Moreover, there is also an alarming decline in the current number of physician-scientists, which also threatens the progress of translational medicine in the upcoming era. The compulsion of research work in residency, has no doubt, increased the quantity, but the quality has subsided. The only way, to improve the quality of research and medical evidence based health care, is by inculcating various research programs in school and motivating the professors and subsequently, the medical students. Many schools around the world have started various research training programs and the results are astonishing. Hence we suggest, instead of making research compulsory, there should be a location and school based research program which can help in developing interest. <strong>KEYWORDS:</strong> Research, Medical Students, Medical School, Benefits. <strong>INTRODUCTION</strong> Health research plays a very important role in improving health care. Advances in disease surveillance, management and prevention, all rely heavily on quality research. Moreover, research influences health care policy [1]. With research, critical thinking skills of individuals are also greatly enhanced. In addition, research projects not only fosters analytical thinking and self-directed learning skills among students, but also improves their oral and written communication skills. Clinicians often incorporate the information from the clinical research trials into their own practices, which improves patient management and disease outcome [2]. For a long time, most of the developing world relied on western countries for their research findings and interpretation. However, this did not always help to curb the problems what the developing countries faced. Slow advances however, have been made in medical research in developing countries. Now, more funding, is also available [3]. Nevertheless, the quality of research is affected by lack of expertise in research skills. Problems are also seen in sharing and dissemination of results locally and incorporation of research findings in policy making either because of a lack of research findings understanding or its clinical implications by the health policy makers [4,5]. Moreover, medical students are also burn out with academic pressure, it becomes really difficult to work on research. <strong>RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES</strong> Currently, Indian medical students have very limited opportunities to participate in research. Though short-term scholarships (STS) by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana (KVPY) provide research opportunities, there is no formal path for medical students in India to become physicians, scientists or academicians [6]. In the US, a special report was published in 2010, by The Commission on Education of Health Professionals for the 21st century, suggesting an urgent need of a new medical curriculum in order to raise its standards [7]. The outstanding American students generally apply at NIH funded Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) [8]. This program offers students with an opportunity to get a good feel for what a physician-scientist career entails through a funded MD/PhD. Also, different universities have different courses regarding to research activities in the United States [9-11]. In the U.K., students generally take a year course of Intercalated B. Sc. before entering into Medicine. This give them an experience of learning research [12-14]. The teaching fraternity in the western world is quite pro-active and understands the need of research. They further nurture the students and motivate them to work on researches. Hence, it is appropriate to say that western medical education system is more research oriented than that of developing countries. So should Research be made as a compulsory subject in Undergraduate level as well? Well, compulsion will surely increase the numbers of publications, but the quality would be hampered. Hence, I suggest that instead of making the research work as a compulsory subject, there should be ground level programs at Government, MCI, State University and Institutional level which includes offering funds for the research projects, encouraging the students by giving certificates and awards etc. Moreover, professors should take keen interest in teaching the students who really want to learn. Furthermore, the academic journals should encourage the medical students to publish their articles without any article processing or publication fees. These steps will definitely be helpful in developing keen interest towards research among medical students. <strong>REFERENCES</strong> J. N. Lavis, A. D. Oxman, R. Moynihan, and E. J. Paulsen, "Evidence-informed health policy 1–Synthesis of findings from a multi-method study of organizations that support the use of research evidence," Implementation Science, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 1, 2008. K. Fairhurst and G. Huby, "From trial data to practical knowledge: qualitative study of how general practitioners have accessed and used evidence about statin drugs in their management of hypercholesterolaemia," BMJ, vol. 317, no. 7166, pp. 1130–1134, 1998. R. Sadana, C. D'Souza, A. A. Hyder, and Chowdhury, "Importance of health research insouth asia," Bmj, vol. 328, no. 7443, pp. 826–830, 2004. M. Hennink and R. Stephenson, "Using research to inform health policy: barriers and strategies in developing countries," Journal of health communication, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 163–180, 2005. N. Rehan, "Medical research in pakistan.," Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons–Pakistan: JCPSP, vol. 13, no. 11, p. 617, 2003. N. S. Dangayach, U. P. Kulkarni, T. S. Panchabhai, and Others, "Mentoring medical student research through studentships and fellowships: reflections from india," Journal of postgraduate medicine, vol. 55, no. 2, p. 152, 2009. J. Frenk, L. Chen, Z. A. Bhutta, J. Cohen, N. Crisp,T. Evans, H. Fineberg, P. Garcia, Y. Ke, P. Kelley, and Others, "Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world," The lancet, vol. 376, no. 9756, pp. 1923–1958, 2010. N. I. of General Medical Sciences, "Medical scientist training program." Available from: "https://www. nigms.nih.gov/Training/InstPredoc/ Pages/PredocOverview-MSTP.aspx", July 2015. D. T. Laskowitz, R. P. Drucker, J. Parsonnet, P. C. Cross, and N. Gesundheit, "Engaging students in dedicated research and scholarship during medical school: the long-term experiences at duke and stanford," Academic Medicine, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 419–428, 2010. M. Boninger, P. Troen, E. Green, J. Borkan, C. LanceJones, A. Humphrey, P. Gruppuso, P. Kant, J. McGee, M. Willochell, and Others, "Implementation of a longitudinal mentored scholarly project: an approach at two medical schools," Academic Medicine, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 429–437, 2010. J. Parsonnet, P. A. Gruppuso, S. L. Kanter, and M. Boninger, "Required vs. elective research and in-depth scholarship programs in the medical student curriculum," Academic Medicine, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 405–408, 2010. D. G. Eaton and Y. H. Thong, "The bachelor of medical science research degree as a start for clinician-scientists," Medical education, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 445–451, 1985. C. McManus, P. Richards, and B. C. Winder, "Intercalated degrees, learning styles, and career preferences: prospective longitudinal study of UK medical students," BMJ, vol. 319, no. 7209, pp. 542–546, 1999. S. J. K. Park, M. M. S. Liang, T. Sherwin, and C. N. J. McGhee, "Completing an intercalated research degree during medical undergraduate training: barriers, benefits and postgraduate career profiles," The New Zealand Medical Journal (Online), vol. 123, no. 1323, 2010.

Reading has always been highly valued as an activity that is essential to total achievement in a variety of spheres of life, including non-academic ones. It is an essential skill that promotes learning and improves each person individually. Because reading habits and attitudes can play a major role in successful learning, there is a lot of interest in this topic. The purpose of this study is to examine how people who live in Pakistan's largest cities read Chinese literature and how they feel about it. In order to conduct a survey study, the research design uses a quantitative research approach. A straightforward random sample technique was used to collect data, and 300 respondents provided information via a standardized questionnaire. In this study, a pre-tested questionnaire that passed validity and reliability tests was employed. Smith's (1991) Adult Survey of Reading Attitude (ASRA) was somewhat changed. With a computed Cronbach's alpha of 0.79, adequate reliability was established. According to the findings, the participants distributed their free time as follows: 52% spent on the internet, 30% on reading, 7% on games, 0% on sports, and 11% on watching television. The majority read for roughly 1-2 hours (45%), 2-3 hours (41%), 3-4 hours (9%), and 4-5 hours (5%), each day. Preferences for reading materials revealed a shift towards online content, with 50% selecting for newspapers, 20% for online e-books and journals, 11% for textbooks, 11% for comics, and 8% for magazines. The majority of users preferred reading in Urdu (52%) over other languages (3%), English (45%), and other languages. Of the participants, 33% did not affirm reading books or novels, although a sizable portion (67%) did. According to the study, 90% of participants thought that reading books had a significant impact on their learning habits, with only 10% disagreeing. Usage trends showed that 54% of readers were utilizing print media and 45% were reading online. The reading activity (mean = 3.31), enjoyment of reading (mean = 3.79), and anxiety and difficulty (mean = 2.94) were the three areas where reading attitudes were found to be quantitatively analysed. To sum up, the survey offers insightful information on people' reading preferences and perceptions of Chinese novels. The implementation of courses aimed at improving users' reading and communication abilities as well as their comprehension of Chinese culture and language is one of the recommendations. References Abdullah, M. R. T. L., &amp; Siraj, S. (2010, October). Prospect and implementation of M-learning for future curriculum. In 2010 4th International Conference on Distance Learning and Education (pp. 226-229). IEEE. Abidin, M. J. Z., Pour-Mohammadi, M., &amp; Lean, O. C. (2011). The reading habits of Malaysian Chinese university students. Journal of Studies in Education, 1(1), 1-13. 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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> Scientists worldwide are continuing to discover unique properties of every day materials at the submicrometer scale. This size domain is better known as nanometer domain and technology concerned with this is known as nanotechnology that involves working with particles at nano level. One of the most important emerging fields of science in this century is Nanotechnology. It deals with designing, construction, investigation and utilization of systems at the nanoscale. The interface between nanotechnology and biotechnology is nanobiotechnology, which exploits nanotechnology and biotechnology to analyse and create nanobiosystems to meet a wide variety of challenges and develops a wide range of applications. Biotechnology gives us a way to understand biological system and to utilize our knowledge for industrial manufacturing. Nanotechnology has great potential and by the help of its application it can enhance the quality of life through in various fields like agriculture and the food system. Around the world, it has become the future of any nation. Important tools used in nanotechnology and application of nanobiotechnology in agriculture sector will be discussed in this review. <strong>Key Words:</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nanobiotechnology, submicrometer scale and science. <strong>REFERENCES</strong> Adleman, L. M. 1998. Computing with DNA. Sci Am. Mag<em>. </em>2:54-61. Amin, R., Hwang, S. and Park, S. H. 2011. Nanobiotechnology: An interface between nanotechnology and biotechnology. Nano: Brief Rep Re<em>.</em> 6:101-11. Arora, A. and Padua, G. W. 2010. Review: Nanocomposites in Food Packaging. J Food Sci<em>.</em> 75:R43-R49. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01456.x. Benbow, T. 2004. The Magic Bullet? Understanding the Revolution in Military Affairs, London: Brassey&rsquo;s&nbsp; p. 9. 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This paper examines how social media is providing a new digital public sphere and shaping the democratic process in Ghana. It draws on Habermas's public sphere theory to explore how social media has occupied a digital public sphere that creates spaces for democratic participation and public discourse. The paper reviews relevant literature on social media use as a tool of political communication, the new digital public sphere, and the democratic process in Ghana and globally. Since Ghana's return to democratic rule in 1992, the media landscape was initially dominated by traditional state and private media outlets. However, the rise of digital and social media over the past two decades has transformed the public sphere, creating online spaces for citizens to engage in political deliberations and share diverse viewpoints. The paper examines how social media played a crucial role in Ghana's 2020 elections, facilitating citizen political participation, public opinion formation, and activism despite COVID-19 restrictions on physical gatherings. Social media enabled political parties to campaign online, citizens to voice concerns, and interest groups to mobilize protests and demand accountability. While acknowledging the digital divide and attempts by political elites to control narratives, the paper argues that social media's interactive and connective structure has enhanced the public sphere by dismantling dominant discourses and amplifying alternative perspectives. The paper concludes by recommending robust fact-checking mechanisms and collaborative efforts from government, civil society, media, and interest groups to strengthen the digital public sphere's role in consolidating Ghana's democracy. 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N.K., Li, P., Nyame, G., &amp; Hossin, M. A. (2022). The impact of social media political activists on voting patterns. Political Behavior, 1-54. Gadjanova, E., Lynch, G., Reifler, J., &amp; Saibu, G. (2019). Social media, cyber battalions, and political mobilisation in Ghana. Exeter: University of Exeter.https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24383.25766 Gadjanova, E., Lynch, G., &amp; Saibu, G. (2022). Misinformation across digital divides: theory and evidence from northern Ghana. African Affairs, 121(483), 161-195. Gupta, M. (2011). The Radia Tapes, WikiLeaks and Insurgent Media. Economic and Political Weekly, 46(4), 10-12. Gyampo, R. E. V. (2017a). Social media, traditional media, and party politics in Ghana. Africa Review, 9(2), 125-139. Gyampo, R. E.V. (2017b). Political parties and social media in Ghana. Africology: The Journal of Pan African Stu, 10. Habermas, J. (1989). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a cat-egory of bourgeois society (T. 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1) Congreso/Congress: University of Rome "Roma Tre" (Department of Foreign Languages, Literatures and Cultures). International Conference: Terms and Terminology in the European Context, 23-24 October 2014 (Department of Foreign Languages, Literatures and Cultures, Via del Valco San Paolo, 19, Rome – ITALY). For queries regarding the congress please contact: ttec.roma3@gmail.com 2) Congreso/Congress: “XI Congreso Traducción, Texto e Interferencias” (UNIA, Baeza) Call for papers until 30 June 2014: http://www.uco.es/congresotraduccion/index.php?sec=home 3) Taller/Workshop: 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology, CompuTerm 2014, COLING 2014 Workshop, 23rd or 24th August 2014, Dublin, Ireland, http://perso.limsi.fr/hamon/Computerm2014/ Submissions should follow the COLING 2014 instruction for authors (http://www.coling-2014.org/call-for-papers.php) and be formatted using the COLING 2014 stylefiles for latex, MS Word or LibreOffice (http://www.coling-2014.org/doc/coling2014.zip), with blind review and not exceeding 8 pages plus two extra pages for references. The PDF files will be submitted electronically at https://www.softconf.com/coling2014/WS-9/ 4) Congreso/Congress: 34th TRANSLATOR’S WEEK, 1st INTERNATIONAL TRANSLATION SYMPOSIUM (SIT), São Paulo State University (Unesp), September 22-26, 2014, São José do Rio Preto (Brazil). The official languages of the event are Portuguese, Spanish, English, Italian and French. Contact: Angélica (Comisión Organizadora), angelica@ibilce.unesp.br 5) Congreso/Congress: Cardiff University Postgraduate Conference, 27 May 14: “The Translator: Competence, Credentials, Creativity”. Keynote speaker: Professor Theo Hermans (UCL).The event is kindly supported by the University Graduate College and the European School of Languages, Politics and Translation. For queries, please contact the.translator.pg.conference@gmail.com. 6) Congreso/Congress: International Conference, 3rd T&amp;R (Theories &amp; Realities in Translation &amp; wRiting) Forum. Organized by the University of Western Brittany, Brest (FRANCE), in collaboration with KU Leuven/Thomas More (Campus Antwerpen, BELGIUM), with the support of AFFUMT (Association française des formations universitaires aux métiers de la traduction) and the participation of Università Suor Orsola Benincasa (Naples, ITALY): “Traduire/écrire la science aujourd’hui - Translating/Writing Science Today” Please submit an abstract of approximately 300 words by 15 June 2014 to Jean-Yves Le Disez (jean-yves.ledisez@univ-brest.fr, Joanna Thornborrow joanna.thornborrow@univ-brest.fr and Winibert Segers (Winibert.Segers@kuleuven.be). For more information on previous events and the forthcoming conference : http://www.univ-brest.fr/TR, http://www.lessius.eu/TNR 7) Congreso/Congress: “The International Conference of Journals and Translation”, Jinan University, Guangzhou, CHINA, on 28-29 June 2014. The conference is hosted by the School of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, CHINA. The official languages of the conference are English and Chinese. Contact information: Yan, Fangming（颜方明86-13751750040; Li, Zhiyu（李知宇86-13824451625. 8) Congreso/Conference: PACTE Group is organising two events on the subject of the didactics of translation. These events will be held at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (SPAIN) in July 2014. SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH INTO THE DIDACTICS OF TRANSLATION (8-9 July 2014). SECOND SPECIALIST SEMINAR ON THE DIDACTICS OF TRANSLATION (7 July 2014). Further information about the conference and the seminar: http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/content/didtrad-2014 9) Simposio/Symposium: “Translation in Music” Symposium, held on 25-26 May 2014, and co-organized by the European School of Languages, Politics and Translation (Cardiff University). Please see the following website for details: www.cardiff.ac.uk/music/translationinmusic 10) Revistas/Journals: “The Journal of Intercultural Communication and Mediation”, “CULTUS Journal” www.cultusjournal.com Next Issue: Cultus7 : “Transcreation and the Professions” Call for papers (Issue 7, 2014): 9th June. Submission info at: www.cultusjournal.com Contact: David Katan, Interlinguistic Mediation/Translation and Interpretation Department of Humanities, University of the Salento (Lecce), via Taranto 35 - 73100 Lecce (ITALY), tel.+39 0832/294111. 11) Revistas/Journals: Invitation for Submissions (Vol. 3, 2014): Translation Spaces: A multidisciplinary, multimedia, and multilingual journal of translation, published annually by John Benjamins Publishing Company. Please consult our guidelines, and submit all manuscripts through the online submission and manuscript tracking site, indicating for which track and Board member the manuscript is to be addressed: (1) Translation, Globalization, and Communication Technology (Frank Austermühl); (2) Translation, Information, Culture, and Society (Gregory M. Shreve); (3) Translation, Government, Law and Policy (Michael Geist); (4) Translation, Computation, and Information (Sharon O’Brien); (5) Translation and Entertainment (Minako O’Hagan); (6) Translation, Commerce, and Economy (Keiran J. Dunne); and (7) Translation as an Object of Study (Ricardo Muñoz Martín). 12) Revistas/Journals: PR for Linguistica The editorial board of the peer reviewed journal Linguistica Antverpiensia NS-Themes in Translation Studies is happy to announce the launch of its new Open Journal format. LANS-TTS published 11 annual issues devoted to current themes in Translation Studies between 2002 and 2012, and will continue to publish annually on selected TS themes, but in open access, and can be downloaded from: ‪https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be Its first digital issue is entitled “Research models and methods in legal translation”. It has been guest edited by Łucja Biel (University of Warsaw, POLAND) &amp; Jan Engberg (Aarhus University, DENMARK). 13) Revistas/Journals: CALL FOR PAPERS The Yearbook of Phraseology would like to invite you to submit papers on the relationship between phraseology and translation. The Yearbook of Phraseology is published by Mouton de Gruyter (Berlin, Boston) and has already been indexed by many scientific databases. It has recently been added to the MLA International Bibliography. Our editorial board includes reknown linguists such as Dmitrij Dobrovol’kij (Moscow), Christiane Fellbaum (Princeton), Sylviane Granger (Louvain), Wolfgang Mieder (Vermont), Alison Wray (Cardiff) and others. We have also been able to rely on international experts for reviewing our submissions: Igor Mel’cuk, Doug Biber, Uli Heid, Barbara Wotjak, etc. The web page of the journal is: http://www.degruyter.com/view/serial/42771 For more information, please contact: Dr. Jean-Pierre Colson (Institut Marie Haps / Université catholique de Louvain), Yearbook of Phraseology / Editor. 14) Libros/Books: Peter Lang Oxford invites proposals for the book series: New Trends in Translation Studies (www.peterlang.com?newtrans). Series Editor: Jorge Díaz-Cintas (Director), Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), University College London (UK). Advisory Board: Susan Bassnett, University of Warwick, UK Lynne Bowker, University of Ottawa, Canada Frederic Chaume, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain Aline Remael, Artesis University College Antwerp, Belgium This series is based at the Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), University College London (www.ucl.ac.uk/centras). For more information, please contact Dr. Laurel Plapp, Commissioning Editor, Peter Lang Oxford, 52 St Giles, Oxford OX1 3LU (UK). Email: l.plapp@peterlang.com. Tel: 01865 514160. 15) Libros/Books: New book: Transfiction. Research into the realities of translation fiction, edited by Klaus Kaindl &amp; Karlhienz Spitzl, Series: Benjamins Translation Library (BTL 110), ISSN: 0929-7316 16) Libros/Books: New book on classical Chinese literature and translation: CHAN, KELLY K.Y.: Ambivalence in poetry: Zhu Shuzhen, a classical Chinese poetess? http://www.amazon.com/Ambivalence-poetry-Shuzhen-classical-Chinese/dp/3639700791 17) Libros/Books: Nueva publicación de TRAMA: MARTÍ FERRIOL, JOSÉ LUIS: El método de traducción: doblaje y subtitulación frente a frente www.tenda.uji.es/pls/www/!GCPPA00.GCPPR0002?lg=CA&amp;isbn=978-84-8021-940-2 18) Libros/Books: Piotr de Bończa Bukowski &amp; Magda Heydel (Eds.), Anthology of Polish Translation Studies, published in Kraków (POLAND). For further details : http://www.wuj.pl/page,produkt,prodid,2184,strona,Polska_mysl_przekladoznawcza,katid,126.html. 19) Libros/Books: Nuevo libro: Nicolas Froeliger: Les noces de l’analogique et du numérique, París: Les Belles Lettres, 2014. 20) Libros/Books: New book on the reception of Italian Literature in Spain: CAMPS, Assumpta (2014). Traducción y recepción de la literatura italiana en España. Barcelona: Edicions UB. 21) Libros/Books: New book on the reception of Italian Literature in Spain: CAMPS, Assumpta (2014). Italia en la prensa periódica durante el franquismo. Barcelona: Edicions UB. 22) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: EMUNI Ibn Tibbon Translation Studies Summer School, June 2014. Application is now open for the Ibn Tibbon Translation Studies Doctoral and Teacher Training Summer School, organized by University of Ljubljana (Slovenia), Boğaziçi University (Turkey), University of Turku and University of East Finland (Finland), University of Granada (Spain), and to be held at the University of Granada (Spain) in June 2014. The School is open to doctoral students, teachers of translation at the MA level, and other academics and professionals who are involved in research in Translation Studies. For more information, please visit: http://www.prevajalstvo.net/emuni-doctoral-summer-school http://tradinter.ugr.es/pages/emuni Or contact: emuni_summerschool@ugr.es 23) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: Intensive Summer Course in Translation Technology, held by the Centre for Translation Studies at UCL, London (UK), in August 2014. This is open to professionals and teachers as well as students. Application deadline: 23rd May 2014 For more information, visit : www.ucl.ac.uk/centras/prof-courses/summer-translation/translation-tech-intensive To apply for a place, email Lindsay Bywood: lindsay.bywood.13@ucl.ac.uk 24) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: The Nida School of Translation Studies 2014 Call for participants: The Nida School of Translation Studies ,2014 May 26 – June 6, 2014 San Pellegrino University Foundation Campus Misano Adriatico (Rimini), Italy “Translation as Interpretation” This year marks the Nida School’s eighth year of advancing research and providing specialized training in translation studies through a transdisciplinary approach that incorporates a focus on religious discourse. NSTS is seeking engaged scholars and qualified professionals looking to expand their skills, engage with peers, and explore the interface of practice and cutting edge theory. The NSTS 2014 Associate Application form may be found here: https://secure.jotform.us/mhemenway/nsts2014app. For more information on the 2014 session or to apply, go to http://nsts.fusp.it/nida-schools/nsts-2014, or contact Dr. Roy E. Ciampa at roy.ciampa@fusp.it. 25) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: POSTCOLONIAL TRANSLATION STUDIES AND BEYOND: RESEARCHING TRANSLATION IN AFRICA - SUMMER SCHOOL FOR TRANSLATION STUDIES IN AFRICA The Departments of Linguistics and Language Practice at the University of the Free State, Afrikaans and Dutch at the University of Stellenbosch and Literature and Language at the University of Zambia, in cooperation with IATIS, are presenting the Third Summer School for Translation Studies (SSTSA) in Africa from 18 to 22 August 2014. The hosts are the University of Zambia in Lusaka. SSTSA 2014 will be followed by a regional conference hosted by IATIS at the same venue on 23 and 24 August 2014. For participants to SSTSA 2014, entry to the conference is free, provided they read a paper. For detailed information and registration forms, visit the website of the Summer School at: http://www.ufs.ac.za/SSTSA.

e4912046This scoping exploratory review was aimed at analyzing the challenges that the so-called post-truth world represents for teaching in Ibero-Latin American higher education. With the increased access to online information media and social networks, netizens are increasingly exposed and may be more vulnerable to false or misleading information that seeks to generate action from emotions rather than reason (GOSWAMI, 2017, Chronicle of Higher Education). The reference search was carried out in the databases of SciELO and La Referencia, from which 26 titles out of 196 were selected. Combinations of terms such as social media, post-truth, fake news, fact-checking, education, higher education, university, teaching, critical thinking, and freedom of expression were used, with the Boolean “Y” connector. The analysis of the references resulted in six thematic categories: main concepts; realms of fake news; news verification initiatives and methods; theoretical analysis and its relationship with education; studies on the factors, perception and credibility of fake news; and addressing misinformation in higher education. The discussion presents the draft of a proposed pedagogical model to be used in higher education and to address misinformation. Includes: critical thinking habits, democratic dialogue, intellectual skepticism, research skills, use of reliable sources of information, and analysis from multiple perspectives.ResumoEsta revisão exploratória de escopo teve como objetivo analisar os desafios que o chamado mundo pós-verdade representa para o ensino na educação superior ibero-americana. Com o aumento do acesso às mídias de informação online e redes sociais, os internautas estão cada vez mais expostos e podem ficar mais vulneráveis a informações falsas ou enganosas que buscam gerar ações a partir de emoções ao invés da razão (GOSWAMI, 2017, Chronicle of Higher Education). A busca das referências foi realizada nas bases de dados SciELO e La Referencia, das quais foram selecionados 26 títulos em 196. Combinações de termos como mídia social, pós-verdade, notícias falsas, checagem de fatos, educação, ensino superior, universidade, ensino, pensamento crítico e liberdade de expressão foram usadas, com o conector booleano “Y”. A análise das referências resultou em seis categorias temáticas: conceitos principais; escopos de notícias falsas; iniciativas e métodos de verificação de notícias; análise teórica e sua relação com a educação; estudos sobre os fatores, percepção e credibilidade das notícias falsas; e aproximação a desinformação no ensino superior. A discussão apresenta o esboço de uma proposta de modelo pedagógico para ser usado no ensino superior e para lidar com a desinformação. Inclui: hábitos de pensamento crítico, diálogo democrático, ceticismo intelectual, habilidades de pesquisa, uso de fontes confiáveis de informação e análise de múltiplas perspectivas.ResumenEsta revisión exploratoria de alcance tuvo como fin analizar los desafíos que para la enseñanza en la educación superior iberoamericana representa lo que se denomina el mundo posfactual (post-truth). Con el incrementado acceso a medios de información en línea y las redes sociales, los cibernautas están cada vez más expuestos y pueden ser más vulnerables a información falsa o engañosa que busca generar acción a partir de las emociones antes que la razón (GOSWAMI, 2017, Chronicle of Higher Education). La búsqueda de referencias se efectuó en las bases de datos de SciELO y La Referencia, de la cual se seleccionaron 26 títulos de 196. Se usaron combinaciones de términos como redes sociales, posverdad, noticias falsas, verificación de hechos, educación, educación superior, universidad, enseñanza, pensamiento crítico y libertad de expresión, con el conector booleano “Y”. El análisis de las referencias dio como resultado seis categorías temáticas: conceptos principales; ámbitos de las noticias falsas; iniciativas y métodos de verificación de noticias; análisis teóricos y su relación con la educación; estudios sobre factores, percepción y credibilidad de las noticias falsas; y abordaje de la desinformación en la educación superior. En la discusión se presenta el borrador de un modelo pedagógico propuesto para ser utilizado en la educación superior y abordar la desinformación. 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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> The Barbary Macaque (Macaca sylvanus) lives in the forest biotopes of Algeria and Morocco. It is found mostly in the cedar forests of the Middle Atlas Mountains, where it lives in structured groups. In the Eastern Middle Atlas, in addition to cedar forests, it also lives on rocky outcrops. In these places, the groups are not isolated by habitat degradation and caves are used as dormitories. In the Eastern Middle Atlas, we counted the existing monkeys by a simple scan. The study showed that the remaining populations of monkeys have a large turnover of individuals. We summarize that the high proportion of young individuals and good preservation in the Eastern Middle Atlas. that there is neither strong anthropization of the groups nor poaching of the young macaques. <strong>Key words:</strong>Anthropization, Barbary macaque, Conservation in situ, demography, Morocco, Eastern Middle Atlas. <strong>REFERENCES</strong> Abegg and Thierry (2002). 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Biological Conservation 144, 2188-2193. http://www doi.10.1016/j.biocon.2011.05.010 Published: SEP 2011 Mehlman, P.T.(1989).Comparative density, demography and ranging behaviour of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) in marginal and prime conifer habitats. Int J of Primat10&nbsp;:pp. 269-292. M&eacute;nard, N., VALLET, D. et GAUTIER-HION, A.(1985)a. D&eacute;mographie et reproduction de Macaca sylvanus dans diff&eacute;rents habitats en Alg&eacute;rie. Fol Primat 44&nbsp;:65-8 1. M&eacute;nard, N.(1985)b. Le r&eacute;gime alimentaire de Macaca sylvanus dans diff&eacute;rents habitats d&#39;Alg&eacute;rie : 1. - R&eacute;gime en ch&ecirc;naie d&eacute;cidue. Rev. Eco/. (Terre Vie) 40(45):1 -466. M&eacute;nard N, Vallet D.( 1986).Le r&eacute;gime alimentaire de Macaca sylvanus dans diff&eacute;rents habitats d&rsquo;Alg&eacute;rie&nbsp;: II‐r&eacute;gime en for&ecirc;t sempervirente et sur les sommets rocheux (in French with English summary). 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M&eacute;nard,&nbsp; N.,&nbsp; Vallet,&nbsp; D.,&nbsp; (1997)&nbsp; Behavioral&nbsp; responses&nbsp; of&nbsp; Barbary&nbsp; macaques&nbsp; (Macaca sylvanus) to variations in environmental conditions in Algeria. Am. J. Primatol. 43, 285&ndash;304 M&eacute;nard N. (2002). Ecological plasticity of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus).&nbsp;Evo Anthro&nbsp;1, 95-100. Swapna Gurrapu and Estari Mamidala. In vitro HIV-Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition of Andrographolide Isolatedfrom Andrographis Paniculata. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017. Volume 4, Issue 12. 516-522. M&eacute;nard N., Rantier Y., Foulquier A., Quarro M.(2009).Impact of human pressure and forest fragmentation on the Endangered Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) in the Middle Atlas of Morocco, Evo&nbsp;eco&nbsp;&nbsp;maca&nbsp;societies 48(02):276-284. Milton K.,&nbsp;May&nbsp;M.L.(1976).&nbsp;Body weight, diet and&nbsp;home range&nbsp;area in primates, Nature, Lond. 259: 459-462. Mouna, M., Arahou, M., Camperio Ciani, A., (1999). A propos des population du singe magot (Macaca sylvanus) dans le Moyen Atlas.In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Biodiversity and Natural Resources Preservation. Ifrane, pp. 105&ndash;109. Mouna M., CAMPERIO CIANI A. (2006). Distribution, and demography of the Barbary macaque in the wild. In JK Hodges, J. Cortes (Eds), The Barbary macaque, biology, management, and conservation. Nottingham,Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, 199&ndash;210&nbsp; National Research Council. (1981). Techniques for the study of primate population ecology. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.Lara&nbsp;Modolo, Walter&nbsp;Salzburger&nbsp;et Robert D.&nbsp;Martin.2005.&nbsp;Phylogeography of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) and the origin of the Gibraltar colony. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences o the United States of America 102(20):7392&ndash;7397. Oates, J.F.(1996). Habitat alteration, hunting and the conservation of folivorous primates in African forests. Australian Journal of Ecology 21: 000-000. Om the London clay. Geogr. Mag 2: 339-341. Owen, R.(1865).On the marsupial pouches, mammary glands, and mammary foetus of the Echidna hystrix. London.Phil Trans R Soc 155: 671-686. Paul A, Kuster J. (1987). Dominance, Kinship and reproductive value in female Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) at Affenberg Salem.&nbsp;Behav Eco Sociobio 21, 323-331. Pinto, L. P. S., C. M. R. Costa, K. B. Strier, and G. A. B. Da Fonseca. (1993). Habitat, density and group size of primates in a Brazilian tropical forest. Fol Prim, 61:135&ndash;143. Rahou A.(1996).Aper&ccedil;u sur le climat et la v&eacute;g&eacute;tation de Bou Nacer (Moyen-Atlas oriental, Maroc). Rabat.Bull, lnst. Sei.20&nbsp;:113-122. Scheffrahn, W., M&eacute;nard, N., Vallet, D. &amp;Gac&cedil;i, B. (1993). Ecology, demography, and population genetics of barbary macaques in Algeria,Prim 34 (3):381&ndash;394. Waters S., El Harrad A., Chetuan M. and Amhaouch Z. (2015). Barbary Macaque Group Size and Composition in Bouhachem Forest, North Morocco, Afr Prim 10: 53-56. Simons, E.L.(1972).Primate evolution, Macmillan, , New York. Sindhu Radhakrishna, Michael A. Huffman, Anindya Sinha.(2013).The Macaque Connection: Cooperation and Conflict between Humans and Macaques 257 edition number 1. Southwick, C.H., Richie, T., Taylor, H., Teas, J., Siddiqi, M.H.(1980). Rhesus monkey populations in India and Nepal: patterns of growth, decline, and natural regulation. In: Cohen, M.N., Malpass, R.S., Klein, H.G. (Eds.), Biosocial Mechanisms of Population Regulation. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 151&ndash;170. Southwick C.H.,&nbsp; Siddiqi M.F., Oppenheimer J.R. (1983). Twenty-years changes in rhesus monkey populations in agricultural areas of northern India.&nbsp;Eco&nbsp;64, 434-439. 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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penyerapan tenaga kerja sektor industri provinsi-provinsi di Pulau Sumatera. Variabel yang diuji adalah PDRB sektor industri, Upah minumum provinsi (UMP), penanaman modal asing (PMA) dan penanaman modal dalam negeri (PMDN) sektor industri. Data yang digunakan adalah data panel provinsi-provinsi di Pulau Sumatera selama periode Tahun 2010-2015 yang diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional (SAKERNAS) dan Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal (BKPM). Analisis menggunakan analisis regresi data panel. Dari hasil analisis diketahui bahwa variabel UMP dan PMA berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penyerapan tenaga kerja sektor industri provinsi-provinsi di Pulau Sumatera, sedangkan PDRB sektor industri dan PMDN tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan.. Kata kunci : Sektor Industri, PDRB sektor industri, UMP, PMA, PMDN REFERENCES Amir,Amri.2007.Perekonomian Indonesia (Dalam Perspektif Makro).Biografika. Bogor. Ariani, Andi Neno. 2013. Pengaruh Jumlah Usaha,Nilai Investasi, dan Upah minimum terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja pada Industri UMKM di Kabupaten Pinrang tahun 2001-2011. Journal. www. google.com. Badan Pusat Statistik. 2016. Ekonomi dan Ketenagakerjaan Indonesia 2010-2015. BPS. Jakarta. Badan Pusat Statistik. Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Propinsi-Propinsi Di Indonesia Menurut Lapangan Usaha : 2010-2015. Badan Pusat Statistik.Jakarta. Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal. 2010-2015. Realisasi Investasi Penanaman Modal Dalam Negeri dan Penanaman Modal Asing Sektor Industri Menurut Provinsi. BKPM.Jakarta. Depnakertrans. 2006. Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan No.13 Tahun 2003. Pustaka Media. Yogyakarta. Junaidi, J. (2014). Analisis Hubungan Deret Waktu untuk Peramalan. Jambi. Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas JambiKuncoro, Mudrajad.2003.Metode Riset untuk Bisnis dan Ekonomi. Erlangga. Jakarta. Mankiw,N.Gregory. 2000. Teori Makro Ekonomi. Edisi Keempat. Erlangga. Jakarta. Mankiw,N.Gregory, Peter Wilson.2013.Pengantar Ekonomi Mikro. Salemba Empat. Jakarta. Mulyadi, Subari. 2002. Ekonomi Sumber Daya Manusia. PT Raja Grafindo Persada. Jakarta. Purnami, Izatun. 2013.Pengaruh Tingkat Pendidikan dan Upah Minimum Kabupaten/Kota terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja di Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun 2010-2013. Journal. www. google.com. Ruli, Debi. 2013.Pengaruh Tingkat Pendidikan dan PDRB terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja pada usaha Sektor Pertanian di Kabupaten Jombang. Journal. www. google.com. Subekti, Mohamad A. 2007. Pengaruh Upah, Nilai Produksi, Nilai Investasi Terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja pada Industri Kecil Genteng di Kabupaten Banjarnegara [skripsi]. Fakultas Ekonomi, Universitas Negeri Semarang. Sukirno, Sadono. 2002. Teori Mikro Ekonomi. Cetakan Keempat Belas. Rajawali Perss. Jakarta. Sukirno, Sadono. 2010. Mikro Ekonomi Teori Pengantar (Edisi Ketiga). PT.Raja Grafindo Persada. Jakarta. Undang-Undang RI Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan. Widarjono, Agus. 2007. Ekonometrika Teori dan Aplikasi. Ekonisia FE UII. Yogyakarta. Winarno, Wing Wahyu. 2007. Analisis Ekonometrika dan Statistik dengan Eviews. UPP STIM YKPN. Yogyakarta.

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are essential to summarize evidence relating to efficacy and safetyof health care interventions accurately and reliably. The clarity and transparency of these reports, however,is not optimal. Poor reporting of systematic reviews diminishes their value to clinicians, policy makers, andother users. Since the development of the QUOROM (QUality Of Reporting Of Meta-analysis) Statement—areporting guideline published in 1999—there have been several conceptual, methodological, and practicaladvances regarding the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Also, reviews ofpublished systematic reviews have found that key information about these studies is often poorly reported.Realizing these issues, an international group that included experienced authors and methodologistsdeveloped PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) as an evolution ofthe original QUOROM guideline for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of evaluations of health careinterventions. The PRISMA Statement consists of a 27-item checklist and a four-phase flow diagram. Thechecklist includes items deemed essential for transparent reporting of a systematic review. In thisExplanation and Elaboration document, we explain the meaning and rationale for each checklist item. Foreach item, we include an example of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empiricalstudies and methodological literature. The PRISMA Statement, this document, and the associated Web site(http://www. prisma-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of systematicreviews and meta-analyses.

Purpose The growth of web emerging technology and data visual demand from the World Wide Web (WWW) makes the need for information repositories become vital. Proper database development will assure the repository managing web content effectively aligns with web archive metadata standards. This paper aims to present the database design process for web archive content repository specifically to maintain social and cultural heritage values upon Malaysians as Mfigures. Design/methodology/approach The empirical process start with literature review and validation from expert on the elements and scopes of research. Then, structured database design guideline which part of database life cycle (DBLC) was applied and combined with the step of comparative and mapping the conceptual model with metadata standard that is relevant with web archive content. The paper focuses on the first three stages: Database Initial Study, web archiving and Metadata standard mapping; and conceptual design to focus on data modelling. Another two stages of database design are logical design and physical design will be exposed later. Findings The empirical process has produced initial conceptual data model, database structure that can be a basis of web archiving repository. The data model had also been verified with metadata data standards to assure the database structure implementation cater the need of web archiving repository features especially web information discovery. Research limitations/implications Nevertheless, database design is the most effective way to develop good information architecture on the Net, but the absence of some important fields on related tables have been identified such as subject, language, coverage, right, publisher and contributor. The MFigures’ database schema will continuously improve for better scope and coverage of web archive content suite with future information demands on the WWW. Practical implications The conceptual data model act as a communication tool by the technical team in web application development. It can be revisited to suite with other different database management system or to suite with other similar scope of information repository requirements. Social implications Mfigures was uniquely designed for collecting Malaysian social and cultural heritage, which are rarely design before, and it can be beneficial as Malaysia society future references for excellent motivations roles and successful stories. Originality/value The Mfigure conceptual data model was empirically design and gone through a proper validation process by the industrial and academic experts.

Much medical research is observational. The reporting of observational studies is often of insufficient quality. Poor reporting hampers the assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a study and the generalisability of its results. Taking into account empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, a group of methodologists, researchers, and editors developed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations to improve the quality of reporting of observational studies. The STROBE Statement consists of a checklist of 22 items, which relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results and discussion sections of articles. Eighteen items are common to cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies and four are specific to each of the three study designs. The STROBE Statement provides guidance to authors about how to improve the reporting of observational studies and facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of studies by reviewers, journal editors and readers. This explanatory and elaboration document is intended to enhance the use, understanding, and dissemination of the STROBE Statement. The meaning and rationale for each checklist item are presented. For each item, one or several published examples and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature are provided. Examples of useful flow diagrams are also included. The STROBE Statement, this document, and the associated Web site (http://www. strobe-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of observational research.Present article is Russian-language translation of the original manuscript edited by Doctor of Medicine R.T. Saygitov. Present translation was first published in Digital Diagnostics. doi: 10.17816/DD70821. It is published with minor changes related to the literary editing of the translation itself.

Rib Fractures are a common injury in trauma patients and affect 10% of all injured patients who require admission to the hospital. Currently, there is no consensus on the most efficacious treatment for rib fractures with the debate comparing non-surgical versus surgical management. Medical management of rib fractures often requires admission to the intensive care unit with a focus on pain control to allow good pulmonary hygiene. Pain control involved a multimodal approach with current techniques including epidural anesthesia and paravertebral blocks. Although many patients recover with medical management alone, some patients may benefit from surgical stabilization of rib fractures as a means of augmenting pain control. Flail chest is the most evidence-based indication for surgical stabilization of rib fractures SSRF with many studies showing decreased days on mechanical ventilation, risk of pneumonia, intensive care unit length of stay, and hospital length of stay. Additionally, in patients with non-flail chest and ventilator dependent respiratory failure, surgical stabilization of rib fractures may provide an advantage over medical management for pain control. There are relatively few contraindications and complications associated with surgical stabilization of rib fractures. Therefore, with proper patient selection, surgical stabilization of rib fractures can improve outcomes in patients with rib fractures. Medical management with or without surgical intervention requires a multidisciplinary approach to prevent adverse clinical outcomes. Keywords: Surgical stabilization of rib fractures, rib plating, rib fracture, flail chest, non-flail chest Article Details How to Cite RAFFA, Taylor et al. Surgical Stabilization of Rib Fractures: A Review of the Indications, Technique, and Outcomes. Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 11, nov. 2023. ISSN 2375-1924. Available at: &lt;https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/4694&gt;. 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JBJS Case Connector. 2019;9(4):e0202. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31770114. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.CC.19.00202. 69. Ju T, Rivas L, Sarani B. Successful surgical stabilization of rib fractures despite candida colonization of the mediastinum. The Annals of thoracic surgery. 2018;106(3):e121-e123. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.03.009. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.03.009. 70. Pieracci FM, Majercik S, Ali-Osman F, et al. Consensus statement: Surgical stabilization of rib fractures rib fracture colloquium clinical practice guidelines. Injury. 2016;48(2):307-321. https://www-clinicalkey-es.proxygw.wrlc.org/playcontent/1-s2.0-S0020138316307665. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2016.11.026. 71. Prins JTH, Van Lieshout EMM, Ali-Osman F, et al. Surgical stabilization versus nonoperative treatment for flail and non-flail rib fracture patterns in patients with traumatic brain injury. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2022;48(4):3327-3338. https://www.narcis.nl/publication/RecordID/oai:pure.eur.nl:publications%2Fde85bc10-e977-47be-b11e-c1a500d6f16b. doi: 10.1007/s00068-022-01906-1. 72. Wu T, Lin H, Chou Y, Huang F, Huang W, Tarng Y. Facilitating ventilator weaning through rib fixation combined with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in severe blunt chest injury with acute respiratory failure. Critical Care. 2020;24(1):49. https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxygw.wrlc.org/pubmed/32050985. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-2755-4.

This research paper is based on the researcher’s assumption that a bilingual child acquires languages simultaneously as influenced by some factors such as the child’s social environment. This includes the family, the media (particularly the television), and significant others (like relatives and friends). With the factors mentioned, this would result to the development of language and cognition. This paper attempts to (1) present the profile of the simultaneous bilingual child; (2) Identify the factors affecting the bilingual child’s acquisition of languages; and (3) Determine the implication of simultaneous bilingualism to the development of language and cognition.&#x0D; References&#x0D; Baker, C. Bilingual Education in Wales: Multilingual Matters. UK: Longdunn Press, 1993.&#x0D; Chipongian, L. The Cognitive Advantages of Balanced Bilingualism. Retrievedfrom: http://www.branconnection.com/topics, 2000.&#x0D; De Houwer, A. Two or More Languages in Early Childhood: Some General Pointsand Practical Recommendations. Avaialble: [On-line] http:// www.CALdigest.com, 1999.&#x0D; Genesee, F. Early Bilingual Development. Journals of Child Language. Vol.18, Issue1, pp.161-179. Cambridge University Press, 1989.&#x0D; Hakuta, K. Language and Cognition in Bilingual Children. Available: [On-line]http://faculty.ucmerced.edu/khakuta/research/publications.pdf, 1990.&#x0D; Harms, W. Research shows teacher and parent conversation important in childlanguage development. Available: [On-line] http://www-news.uchicago.edu, 2002.&#x0D; Mc Cartney. K. Effect of Quality Day Care Environment on Children’s Language Development.Developmental Psychology. Retrieved from: psychnet.apa.org,1984.&#x0D; Oller, D.K. &amp; Eilers, R.E. Speech Identification in Spanish- and English Learning2-years-old. Journal of Speech, Langauge, &amp; Hearing Research, 1983.&#x0D; Owens, R.E. Language Development An Introduction 4th Edition. New York: MacmillanPublishing Company, 1996.&#x0D; Saunders, G. Bilingual Children: From Birth to Teens. Philadelphia:ERIC, 1988.&#x0D; Romaine, S. Bilingualism (2nd ed.) London: Blackwell, 1995.&#x0D; Rosenberg, M. Raising Bilingual Children. Available: [Online] http://iteslj.org/Articles/Rosenberg-Bilingual.html, 1996.&#x0D; Rozycki, E. G &amp; Goldfarb, M.F. The Educational Theory of Lev Semenovich Vygotsky(1896-1934) Retrieved from: http://www.newfoundations.com, 2000.&#x0D; Volterra, V. &amp; Taeschner, T. The Acquisition and Development of Language by BilingualChildren. Journal of Child Language, 1978.

Air pollution has been a growing concern for decades, which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment. It has a number of different emission sources, but motor vehicles and industrial processes contribute the major part of air pollution. According to the World Health Organization, six major air pollutants include particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. Air pollution is considered as the major environmental risk factor in the incidence and progression of some diseases such as asthma, lung cancer, ventricular hypertrophy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, psychological complications, autism, retinopathy, fetal growth, and low birth weight. This article aims to discuss toxicology of major air pollutants, sources of emission, and their impact on human health. We have also proposed practical measures to reduce air pollution in VietNam.&#x0D; Keywords: Air pollution, cardiovascular diseases, environment, human health, Vietnam.&#x0D; References:&#x0D; [1] http://www.healthdata.org/infograp hic/global-burden-air-pollution.[2] http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/781521473177013155/pdf/108141-REVISED-Cost-of-PollutionWebCORRECTEDfile.pdf.[3] https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/epi-topline.[4] https://thanhnien.vn/thoi-su/khong-khi-ha-noi-lai-vuon-len-muc-o-nhiem-nhat-the-gioi-1185769.html.[5] Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (adopted 13 November 1979, entered into force 16 March 1983).[6] United States Environmental Protection Agency (2007), “Terms of Environment: Glossary, Abbreviations and Acronyms.[7] Trường Đại học Luật Hà Nội, Giáo trình luật môi trường, NXB. Công an Nhân dân, Hà Nội, 2014, tr.165.[8] WHO, ‘A Global Assessment of Exposure and Burden of Disease: FAQs’ http://www. who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/global-exposure-assessment-faq/en.[9] https://www.worldenvironmentday.global/what-causes-air-pollution#agriculture.[10] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health.[11] WHO, “Household Air Pollution and Health” (February 2016).http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs292/en/.[12] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health.[13] M. Sand et al, “Response of Arctic Temperature to Changes in Emissions of Short-Lived Climate Forcers” (2016) 6 Nature Climate Change 286.[14] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6862654/#B2-ijerph-16-04296.[15] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749114000062.[16] Kết luận số 56-KL/TW, ngày 23/8/2019 của Bộ Chính trị về tiếp tục thực hiện Nghị quyết Trung ương 7 khoá XI về chủ động ứng phó với biến đổi khí hậu, tăng cường quản lí tài nguyên và bảo vệ môi trường.[17] Quyết định số 79/QĐ-BTNMT, ngày 09/01/2020 của Bộ trưởng Bộ Tài nguyên và Môi trường về việc công bố 10 sự kiện ngành tài nguyên và môi trường năm 2019.[18] https://www.thiennhien.net/2020/02/25/chat-luong-khong-khi-do-thi-dien-bien-xau-trong-2-thang-dau-nam/.[19] https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/moi-truong/khong-khi-ha-noi-o-nguong-rat-co-hai-ngay-thu-7-lien-tiep-599095.html.[20] https://thanhnien.vn/thoi-su/khong-khi-ha-noi-lai-vuon-len-muc-o-nhiem-nhat-the-gioi-1185769.html.[21] Shannon N. Koplitz và cộng sự, Burden of Disease from Rising Coal-Fired Power Plant Emissions in Southeast Asia (2017), https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.6b03731. [22] Nguyễn Quang Dy, Câu chuyện đầu năm: Nguy cơ khủng hoảng môi trường, http://www.viet-studies.net/kinhte/NQuangDy_KhungHoangMoiTruong.html.&#x0D; &#x0D;

The ratification of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) is a chance for the economic development of Vietnam. Also, this Agreement creates demand on legal amendment, including legal regulations on labour. This article shall focus on analyzing commitments of state members on the labour issue in this Agreement, then comparing them with national regulations for estimating the compatibility between them and providing some proposals for improving such compatibility.&#x0D; Keywords: TPP, labour regulations.&#x0D; References:&#x0D; [1] Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Nhật Bản, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore và Việt Nam.[2] Hiệp định TPP-CPTPP, http://www.trungtamwto.vn/chuyen-de/tpp.[3] 08 công ước cơ bản của ILO gồm: Công ước số 87 (năm 1948) về tự ho hiệp hội và bảo vệ quyền tổ chức; Công ước số 98 (năm 1949) về quyền tổ chức và thương lượng tập thể; Công ước số 29 (năm 1930) về xóa bỏ lao động cưỡng bức; Công ước số 105 (năm 1957) về xóa bỏ lao động cưỡng bức; Công ước số 100 (năm 1951) về trả công bình đẳng giữa lao động nam và lao động nữ; Công ước số 111 (năm 1958) về chống phân biệt đối xử trong công việc; Công ước số 138 (năm 1973) về độ tuổi tối thiểu trong lao động; Công ước số 192 (năm 1999) về xóa bỏ các hình thức lao động trẻ em tồi tệ nhất. Việt Nam đã phê chuẩn Công ước số 100 và Công ước số 111 vào năm 1997, Công ước số 182 vào năm 2000, Công ước số 138 vào năm 2003, Công ước số 29 vào năm 2007, Công ước số 98 năm 2019.[4] Nghị định số 45/2010/NĐ-CP ngày 21/4/2010 quy định về tổ chức, hoạt động và quản lý hội; Nghị định số 33/2012/NĐ-CP ngày 13/4/2012 sửa đổi, bổ sung một số điều của Nghị định số 45/2010/NĐ-CP; Thông tư số 13/2013/TT-BNV ngày 16/4/2013 của Bộ Nội vụ quy định chi tiết thi hành Nghị định số 45/2010/NĐ-CP và Nghị định số 33/2012/NĐ-CP.[5] Công ước số 87 (năm 1948) của ILO.[6] Điều lệ Công đoàn Việt Nam năm 2013; Văn bản số 238/HD-TLĐ ngày 04/3/2014 của Tổng liên đoàn lao động Việt nam hướng dẫn thi hành Điều lệ Công đoàn Việt Nam.[7] Natsu Nogami, Báo cáo rà soát pháp luật Việt Nam với các tiểu chuẩn lao động quốc tế, Tài liệu kỹ thuật của Văn phòng ILO Hà Nội, 2014. [8] Bộ luật lao động năm 2012.[9] Luật công đoàn; Nghị định 95/2013/NĐ-CP ngày 22/8/2013 Quy định xử phạt vi phạm hành chính trong lĩnh vực lao động, bảo hiểm xã hội, đưa người lao động việt nam đi làm việc ở nước ngoài theo hợp đồng (được sửa đổi bởi Nghị định số 88/2015/NĐ-CP).[10] Nghị định số 88/2015/NĐ-CP ngày 07/10/2015 về sửa đổi, bổ sung một số điều của nghị định số 95/2013/NĐ-CP ngày 22 tháng 8 năm 2013 của chính phủ Quy định xử phạt vi phạm hành chính trong lĩnh vực lao động, bảo hiểm xã hội, đưa người lao động việt nam đi làm việc ở nước ngoài theo hợp đồng.[11] Nhóm phóng viên, Hoạt động Công đoàn đóng góp vào thành tựu chung của đất nước, www:// nld.com.vn/cong-doan/phien-trong-the-dai-hoi-cong-doan-viet-nam-lan-thu-xii-20180925081249731.htm (đăng tải: 25/09/2018 08:13).[12] Nghị quyết Đại hội Công đoàn Việt Nam lần thứ XII (Nhiệm kỳ 2018 - 2023).[13] Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2013, published 103rd ILC session (2014) C029 - Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) - Viet Nam, tại http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en, Mục VII.

In Feminist theory: from margin to center, bell hooks puts into question the works by reformist feminists who happens to be mostly white, privileged women. She insists that these reformists do not address the plight of other oppressed women who were subjugated not only by their sex alone but by other factors such as race and class. Consequently, she proposes a cultural criticism that investigates the systems of domination in place through a disruption and deconstruction of cultural productions. This paper aims to critically evaluate hooks’ radical feminism and cultural criticism, and show its philosophical heritage through an engagement with the key ideas of critical theory and postmodernism.&#x0D; References&#x0D; Ackerly, Brooke A. Political theory and feminist social criticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.&#x0D; Adorno, Theodor W., and Anson G. Rabinbach. “Culture industry reconsidered.” New German Critique 6 (1975): 12-19.&#x0D; Ahmed, Sara. Differences that matter: Feminist theory and postmodernism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.&#x0D; Anderson, Pamela Sue. “Feminism and philosophy.” In Gamble, Sarah, ed. The Routledge companion to feminism and postfeminism. London: Routledge, 2006, 117-124.&#x0D; Berger, Arthur Asa. Cultural criticism: a primer of key concepts. California: Sage Publications, 1995.&#x0D; Brezina, Corona. Sojourner Truth’s “ain't I a woman?” speech: A primary source investigation. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2005.&#x0D; Bronner, Stephen Eric, and Douglas Kellner, eds. Critical theory and society: A reader. New York: Psychology Press, 1989.&#x0D; Brooks, Ann. Postfeminisms: feminism, cultural theory and cultural forms. London: Routledge, 1997.&#x0D; Cavallaro, Dani. Critical and cultural theory. London: The Athlone Press, 2001.&#x0D; Cott, Nancy F. The grounding of modern feminism. Boston, Mass.: Yale University Press, 1987.&#x0D; del Guadalupe Davidson, Maria, and George Yancy, eds. Critical perspectives on bell hooks. London: Routledge, 2009.&#x0D; Devereux, Cecily. “New woman, new world: maternal feminism and the new imperialism in the white settler colonies.” In Women's studies international forum, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 175-184. Pergamon, 1999.&#x0D; Dicker, Rory, and Alison Piepmeier, eds. Catching a wave: Reclaiming feminism for the 21st century. Northeastern University Press, 2016.&#x0D; Foucault, Michel. The history of sexuality: An introduction. Vintage, 1990.&#x0D; Friedan, Betty. The feminine mystique. New York: WW Norton &amp; Company, 2010.&#x0D; Gamble, Sarah, ed. The Routledge companion to feminism and postfeminism. London: Routledge, 2006.&#x0D; Genz, Stéphanie and Benjamin Brabon. Postfeminism: cultural texts and theories. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009.&#x0D; Geuss, Raymond. The idea of a critical theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.&#x0D; hooks, bell. Outlaw culture: resisting representations. London: Routledge, 2006.&#x0D; __________. Salvation: Black people and love. New York: Harper Perennial, 2001.&#x0D; __________. Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics. Boston, Mass.: South and Press, 1990.&#x0D; __________. Feminist theory: from margin to center. Boston, Mass.: South End Press, 1984.&#x0D; __________. Ain't I a woman: Black women and feminism. Boston, Mass.: South End Press, 1981.&#x0D; Horkheimer, Max. Between philosophy and social science: selected early writings. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995.&#x0D; Leitch, Vincent B., and William E. Cain, eds. The Norton anthology of theory and criticism. New York: WW Norton &amp; Company, 2010.&#x0D; McLaren, Peter, and Nathalia E. Jaramillo. “Borderlines: bell hooks and the Pedagogy of Revolutionary Change.” In Critical Perspectives on bell hooks, pp. 31-47. Routledge, 2009.&#x0D; Kellner, Douglas. Baudrillard: A critical reader. Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell Inc., 1995.&#x0D; May, Tim, and Jason Powell. Situating social theory. London: McGraw-Hill Education, 2008.&#x0D; Nussbaum, Martha C. “Human Functioning and Social Justice: In Defense of Aristotelian Essentialism.” Political Theory 20, no. 2 (1992): 202-46.&#x0D; Rush, Fred, ed. The Cambridge companion to critical theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.&#x0D; Guy-Sheftall, Beverly. "Forty Years of Women’s Studies." Ms. Magazine online. Spring Issue. http://www. msmagazine. com/womensstudies/FourtyYears.asp (2009).&#x0D; Walters, Suzanna Danuta. Material girls: Making sense of feminist cultural theory. California: University of California Press, 1995.&#x0D; Watkins, S. Craig, and Rana A. Emerson. “Feminist media criticism and feminist media practices.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 571, no. 1 (2000): 151-166.&#x0D; Wolf, Naomi. The beauty myth: How images of beauty are used against women. New York: Random House, 1991.

There are several problems that continue to plague the Philippine health care system. The cost of branded drugs in the Philippines is 22 times more than international reference prices while generic drugs are 4 times more.1 Despite price reductions due to legislations such as the Cheaper Medicines Act of 2008, as well as the Generics Act of 1988, those in the lower-income brackets still cannot afford maintenance medicines for hypertension and diabetes as well as antibiotics.2 Access to medicines and care from physicians and other healthcare professionals is especially challenging for geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas wherein the people are physically or economically inaccessible. Filipino traditional medicine, of which herbal medicine plays a large role has been around for centuries and is wellaccepted in the rural areas. Validating the use of these traditional medicinal plants through research is essential in order to have an evidence-based practice of herbal medicine. The main areas of research can be defined as (1) herbal medicine quality and standardization, (2) preclinical pharmacological assessments and action mechanisms, and (3) clinical efficacy and safety assessments.3 These types of researches aimed at developing safe and efficacious, as well as low-cost Philippine herbal medicines, may well be a long-term solution to the obstacles to a healthy population cited above. Our Philippine medicinal plants are a valuable but often underappreciated resource with innumerable applications for non-communicable and communicable disease indications. Limited research in this field had long been ongoing in the Philippines. Support for this movement came with the passage of the Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of 1997 which affirmed the commitment of the government towards the support and development of traditional medicine including herbal medicine.4 Another boost was the endorsement of the Department of Health of the Sampung Halamang Gamot in the 1990s.5 The World Health Organization has advocated the integration of Traditional Medicine within national health care systems and has urged governments to develop and implement national traditional medicine policies and programs especially with Universal Health Coverage.6 It was the National Integrated Research Program of the Philippines (NIRPROMP) who was at the forefront of this field and conducted the initial studies of these Ten Medicinal Plants.7 Many of them have been developed into modern formulations. These include Lagundi (Vitex negundo) tablet and syrup for cough and asthma, Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) tablet as a diuretic and treatment of urolithiasis, Tsaang gubat (Ehretia microphylla) tablet for gastrointestinal and biliary colic, Akapulco (Senna alata) lotion for cutaneous fungal infections, Yerba Buena (Mentha villosa) tablet as an analgesic, Ulasimang bato (Peperomia pellucida) tablet for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. Ampalaya (Momordica charantia) tablet was also developed as a glucose-lowering agent, but it is presently undergoing researches on the reformulated tablet.8 Several of the articles in this issue present evidence for the use of some of the mentioned medicinal plants. The NIRPROMP was the forerunner and is still an integral part of the Institute of Herbal Medicine. Lagundi and Sambong have been integrated into the clinical practice of physicians in the Philippines, even by specialists. They have both been scientific and commercial successes.9 Their production has contributed to the revenue and growth of the Philippine Pharmaceutical Industry, as well as improved the economic status of farmers cultivating these crops. Developing more herbal medicines needed for primary health care would decrease our dependence on the importation of medicines, and increase the accessibility of drugs even in geographically isolated areas. Bringing back the herbal medicine gardens to the barangays in the rural communities will also assist in empowering the population. The integration of herbal medicines into mainstream clinical practice will only be possible if the researches performed, both non-clinical and clinical, are as robust as those for synthetic medicine.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Cecilia C. Maramba-Lazarte, MD Director Institute of Herbal Medicine National Institutes of Health University of the Philippines Manila&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; REFERENCES &#x0D; 1. Paris J. Pharma Companies Offer to Cut Drug Prices [Internet] Rappler. 2019 25 October [cited 2020 Jan 15]. Available from https://www. rappler.com/nation/243372-pharmaceutical-companies-offer-cut-drug-prices. &#x0D; 2. Clarete RL, Llanto GM. 2017. Access to medicines in the Philippines: Overcoming the barriers [Internet]. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. 2017 [cited 2020 Jan 14]. Available from http://hdl.handle.net/11540/7967. &#x0D; 3. Zhang AL, Xue CC, Fong HH. Integration of Herbal Medicine into Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Current Status and Issues. In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, eds. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects, 2nd ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor &amp; Francis; 2011. &#x0D; 4. Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA) of 1997, Republic Act No. 8423, Approved: December 9, 1997. &#x0D; 5. World Health Organization. Report of the Working Group on Herbal Medicines Meeting, March 1997. &#x0D; 6. World Health Organization. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy: 2014-2023. &#x0D; 7. Eusebio JE, Umali BE. Inventory, documentation and status of medicinal plants research in Philippines. In: Batugal PA, Kanniah J, Young LS, Oliver JT, editors. Medicinal plants research in Asia, Volume 1: The framework and project workplans. Selangor DE, Malaysia: International Plant Genetic Resource Institute-Regional office for Asia, the Pacific and Oceania (IPGRI-APO), Serdang; 2004. &#x0D; 8. Purificacion J, Maramba N. Research Proposal Phase 1 Clinical Trial: Safety and Efficacy of Lyophilized Momordica charantia (Ampalaya) leaf tablet among Normal Volunteer Subjects (2018 version). &#x0D; 9. From Herbal Folklore to Modern Medicine [Internet]. World Intellectual Property Organization. 2013 [cited 2020 Jan 14]. Available from https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/details.jsp?id=3661.

In the 16th century Philippines, the marriage of the Church and the State was the dominant set-up by virtue of Spain’s quest for colonization and evangelization. Civil administrators and church missionaries were called to cooperate the will of the king. Inmost cases, their point of contact was also the area of friction because of their opposing intentions.&#x0D; The early Spanish missionaries in the 16th century Philippines were influenced by the teachings of Bartolome de Las Casas and Vitoria that ignited them to confront their civil counterparts who were after getting the wealth and resources of the natives at the expense of their dignity and rights.&#x0D; Since the King showed interest in protecting the rights of the Indians, Churchmen used legal procedures, reports and personaltestimonies in the Royal Court to create changes in the systems employed in the islands. The relationship between the Spaniards and the natives cannot be reduced to a monolithic relationship between the two races. The power dynamics should be viewed within the plethora of groups who were engaged in the discourse including the bishop of Manila, governor-general, encomenderos, adelantados, soldiers, religious orders, native leaders and even the common indios. Given the canvas of conflicting motives, the proponents of conquests and missionary undertakings grappled to persuade the Spanish Royal Court to take their respective stand on the disputed human rights and justice issues on the legitimacy of the conquest, tributes, slavery and forced labor.&#x0D; References&#x0D; Primary Documentary Sources&#x0D; Anales Ecclesiasticos de Philipinas: 1574-1682. Volume 1. Manila: Archdioceseof Manila Archives, 1994.&#x0D; Arancel. Quezon City: Archivo de la Provincia del Santo Rosario (APSR), MSTomo 3, Doc.3.&#x0D; Blair, Emma Helen and Robertson Alexander, eds. at annots. The Philippine Islands,1493-1898: Explorations by Early Navigators, Descriptions ofthe Islands and Their Peoples, their History and Records of the CatholicMissions, as related in Contemporaneous Books and ManuscriptsShowing the Political, Economic, Commercial and Religious Conditionsof Those Islands from Their Earliest Conditions with European Nationsto the Close of the Nineteenth Century. 55 Volumes. Cleveland: ArthurH Clark, 1903-1909. Hereinafter referred to as B and R. The followingprimary documents were used in this dissertation: Colin-Pastells. LaborEvangelica I. Historical Conservation Society. The Christianizationof the Philippines. Manila: Historical Conservation Society, 1965.&#x0D; Keen, Benjamin, Editor. Latin American Civilization: History and Society, 1492to the Present. London: Westview Press, 1986.&#x0D; Las Casas, Bartolome. Historia de las Indias. Mexico, 1951.&#x0D; __________________. The Spanish Colonie. University Microfilms Inc., 1996.Licuanan, Virginia Benitez and Mira Jose Llavador, eds and annots. PhilippinesUnder Spain. 6 Volumes.&#x0D; Manila: National Trust for Historical and Cultural Preservation of the Philippines, 1996.&#x0D; Munoz Text of Alcina’s History of the Bisayan Islands (1668). Translated byPaul S. Lietz. Chicago: Philippine Studies Program, 1960.&#x0D; National Historical Commission, Coleccion de Documentos Ineditos de Ultramar,Madrid, 1887.&#x0D; Navarette, Martin Fernandez D. Colleccion de los Viajes y descubrimientos queHicieron por mar los espanoles desde fines del siglo XV. Madrid: 1825-1837.&#x0D; Pastells, Pablo. Historia General de Filipinas in Catalogo de los DocumentosRelativos a las Islas Filipinas. Barcelona, 1925.&#x0D; Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias. Tomo I. Madrid, 1943.San Agustin, Gaspar de. Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas: 1565-1615. Translatedby Luis Antonio Maneru. Bilingual Edition. Manila: San Agustin Museum, 1998.&#x0D; Zaide, Gregorio, eds. at annots. Documentary Sources of Philippine History. 14Volumes. Manila: National Bookstore, 1990.&#x0D; Secondary Sources&#x0D; Books&#x0D; Chan, Manuel T. The Audiencia and the Legal System in the Philippines (1583-1900). Manila: Progressive Printing Palace, Inc., 1998.&#x0D; Cunningham, Charles Henry. The Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies: AsIllustrated by the Audiencia of Manila 1583-1800. Berkeley: Universityof California Press, 1919.&#x0D; Cushner, Nicolas P. The Isles of the West: Early Spanish Voyages to thePhilippines, 1521-1564. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Press, 1966.&#x0D; _________________. Spain in the Philippines: From Conquest to the Revolution. Aberdeen:Cathay Press Ltd., 1971.&#x0D; De la Costa, Horacio. Jesuits in the Philippines. Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress, 1961.&#x0D; De la Rosa, Rolando V. Beginnings of the Filipino Dominicans. Manila: USTPress, 1990.&#x0D; Fernandez, Pablo. History of the Church in the Philippines. Manila: NationalBookstore, 1979.&#x0D; Gutierrez, Lucio, O.P. Domingo Salazar, OP First Bishop of the Philippines: 1512-1594. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Press, 2001.&#x0D; Haring, C.H. The Spanish Empire in America. New York: Harcourt, Brace andWorld Inc., 1963.&#x0D; Keen, Banjamin. A History of Latin America, 5th Edition. Vol.1. Boston: HoughtonMifflin Company, 1996.&#x0D; Keller, Albert Galloway. Colonization. Boston: 1908.&#x0D; Luengo, Josemaria. A History of Manila-Acapulco Slave Trade (1565-1815). Bohol:Mater Dei Publications, 1996.&#x0D; Munoz, Honorio. Vitoria and the Conquest of America: A Study on the FirstReading on the Indians. Manila: UST Press, 1938.&#x0D; _____________. Vitoria and War: A Study on the Second Reading on the Indians oron the Right of War. Manila: UST Press, 1937.&#x0D; Noone, Martin. The Islands Saw It.1521-1581. Ireland: Helicon Press, 1982.&#x0D; Pitrie, Sir Charles. Philip II of Spain. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1963.&#x0D; Porras, Jose Luis. The Synod of Manila of 1582. Translated by Barranco, Carballo,Echevarra, Felix, Powell and Syquia. Manila: Historical Conservation Society, 1990.&#x0D; Rafael. Vicente. Contracting Colonialism. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Press, 1998.&#x0D; Santiago, Luciano P.R. To Love and To Suffer: The Development of theReligious Congregations for Women in the Spanish Philippines, 1565-1898. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Press, 2005.&#x0D; Scott, J.B. Francisco de Vitoria and His Law of Nations. Oxford, 1934.Scott, William Henry. Slavery in the Spanish Philippines. Manila: De la Salle UniversityPress, 1991.&#x0D; Shumway, David. Michel Foucault. Virginia: G. K. Hall and Co., 1989.&#x0D; Simpson, Lesley Byrd. The Encomienda in New Spain: The Beginning ofSpanish Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966.&#x0D; Sitoy, Valentino Jr. The Initial Encounter: a History of Christianity in the Philippines,Vol. 1. Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1985.&#x0D; Zafra, Nicolas. Readings in Philippine History. Manila. University of the Philippines, 1947.&#x0D; Zaide, Gregorio F. The Pageant of Philippine History Vol. 1. Manila: 1979.&#x0D; Articles&#x0D; Arcilla, Jose S. S.J., The Spanish Conquest. Kasaysayan: The Story of theFilipino People Vol. 3. Hongkong: C &amp; C Offset Printing Co., Ltd, 1998.&#x0D; Bernal, Rafael. “Introduction.” The Colonization and Conquest of the Philippinesby Spain: Some Contemporary Source Documents. Manila: FilipinianaBook Guild, 1965.&#x0D; Burkholder, Mark A. “Sepulveda, Juan Gines de.” Encyclopedia of Latin AmericanHistory and Culture Vol.5. Edited by Barbara A. Tenenbaum. NewYork: Macmillan Library Reference, 1996.&#x0D; Burkholder, Susanne Hiles. “Vitoria, Francisco de.” Encyclopedia of Latin AmericanHistory and Culture Vol.5 Edited by Barbara A. Tenenbaum.New York: Macmillan Library Reference, 1996.&#x0D; De Jesus, Edilberto. “Christianity and Conquest: The Basis of Spanish SovereigntyOver the Philippines.” The Beginnings of Christianity in the Philippines.Manila: Philippine Historical Institute, 1965.&#x0D; Donovan, William. “Las Casas, Bartolome.” Encyclopedia of Latin American Historyand Culture Vol.3. Edited by Barbara A. Tenenbaum. New York:Macmillan Library Reference, 1996.&#x0D; Gutierrez, Lucio. “Domingo de Salazar’s Struggle for Justice and Humanizationin the Conquest of the Philippines.” Philippiniana Sacra 14, 1975.&#x0D; ____________. “Domingo de Salazar, OP, First Bishop of the Philippines (1512-1594): Defender of the Rights of the Filipinos at the Spanish Contact”Philippiniana Sacra XX, 1979.&#x0D; ____________. “Domingo de Salazar’s Memorial of 1582 on the Status of the Philippines:A Manifesto for Freedom and Humanization.” Philippiniana SacraVol. 21, No. 63, 1986.&#x0D; ___________. “Opinion of Fr. Domingo de Salazar, O.P. First Bishop of the Philippinesand the Major Religious Superiors Regarding Slaves.” PhilippinianaSacra Vol. 22, No. 64, 1986.&#x0D; ___________. “The Synod of Manila: 1581-1586.” Philippiniana Sacra Vol. XXV, No.74, 1990.&#x0D; Keith, Robert G. “Encomienda,Hacienda and Corregimiento in Spanish America:A Structural Analysis.” Hispanic American Historical Review 51:pp.110-116.&#x0D; Kirkpatrick, F. A. “Repartimiento-Encomienda.” Hispanic American HistoricalReview XIX: pp.373-379.&#x0D; Pastrana, Apolinar. “The Franciscans and the Evangelization of the Philippines(1578-1900).” Boletin Eclesiastico de Filipinas, 29, Jan-Feb 1965:pp.83-85.&#x0D; Quirk, Robert E. “Some Notes on a Controversial Controversy: Juan Gines deSepulveda and Natural Servitude.” Hispanic American Historical ReviewVol.XXXIV No.3 August 1954: 358.&#x0D; Ramirez, Susan S. “Encomienda.” Encyclopedia of Latin American History andCulture, Vol.2 Edited by Barbara A. Tenenbaum. New York: MacmillanLibrary Reference, 1996.&#x0D; Schwaller, John F. “Patronato Real”. Encyclopedia in Latin American History andCulture, Vol.4. Edited by Barbara a. Tenenbaum. New York: MacmillanLibrary Reference, 1996.&#x0D; Scott. William Henry. “Why did Tupas betray Dagami?” Philippine Quarterly ofCulture and Society 14 (1986): p.24.&#x0D; Villaroel, Fidel. “The Church and the Philippine Referendum of 1599.” PhilippinianaSacra Vol.XXXV 2000: pp.89-128.&#x0D; Internet Source&#x0D; Hyperdictionary. http://www. hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/politics, accessedon 18 December 2004.&#x0D; Human Rights Watch World Report for Philippines, 2017 https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/philippines.&#x0D; General References&#x0D; Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, Volume 1-5. Edited byBarbara A. Tenebaum. New York: Macmillan Library Reference, 1996.&#x0D; Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People ,Vol. 3 The Spanish Conquest.Hongkong: Asia Publishing Company Limited, 1998.&#x0D; Unpublished Materials&#x0D; Cabezon, Antonio. An Introduction to Church and State Relations According toFrancisco Vitoria. Unpublished Thesis: University of Sto. Tomas, 1964.&#x0D; De la Costa, Horacio. Jurisdictional Conflicts in the Philippines During the XVIand the XVII Centuries. Harvard: Unpublished Dissertation, 1951.

<em>Florian Thiery, R&ouml;misch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Department of Scientific IT, Mainz, Germany</em> <em>Brigit Danthine, Universit&auml;t Innsbruck, Department of Archaeologies, Innsbruck, Austria</em> <em>Mag. Nicole High-Steskal, University for Continuing Education Krems&nbsp;Department for Arts and Cultural Studies</em> <em>Dr. Valeria Vitale, The Alan Turing Institute</em> <em>Dr. Allard W. Mees FSA, R&ouml;misch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Department of Scientific IT, Mainz, Germany</em> <em>Dr. Karsten Tolle, Frankfurt Big Data Lab, Institute of Computer Science, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</em> <em>Dr. David G. Wigg-Wolf FSA, R&ouml;misch-Germanische Kommission (RGK) des Deutschen Arch&auml;ologischen Institut (DAI), Frankfurt am Main, Germany, david.wigg-wolf@dainst.de</em> In historical maps, the phrase &ldquo;Hic sunt dracones&rdquo; (engl. here be dragons) is used to describe areas which were unknown to the map creator. Today the WWW offers researchers the possibility of sharing their research (data) and enables the community to participate in the scientific discourse and create new knowledge. But much of this shared data is not findable or accessible, thus resulting in modern &lsquo;unknown data dragons&rsquo;. Often these &lsquo;data dragons&rsquo; lack connections to other datasets, i. e. they are not interoperable, and in some cases also lack usability. To overcome these shortcomings, Linked Open Data (LOD) techniques can be used [4]. In 2006 Berners-Lee [2] introduced the concept of LOD, in 2018 Sanderson instigated the &ldquo;Usable&rdquo; aspect at EuropeanaTech [5]. Additionally, in 2016 the FAIR principles [1] were introduced: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable. The Semantic Web offers a variety of vocabularies, ontologies and reference models that can be used for archaeology-related LOD modelling: CIDOC-CRM, SKOS, PROV-O, FOAF, GeoSPARQL, Wikidata, etc. The Linked Data Cloud already provides FAIR and LOUD research data repositories, data hubs and domain-specific ontologies for specific archaeological and humanities domains such as: Nomisma, Kerameikos, Pelagios, OpenContext, Portable Antiquities Scheme, ARIADNE, Linked Open Samian Ware, Linked Open ARS, Linked Open Ogham, and the Ceramic Typologies Ontology. Beyond them, many other networks for graph modelling in the digital humanities, such as the Pelagios Network, Linked Pasts, Graph Technologies / Graphs and Networks in the Humanities offer methods and resources that could be used and further developed for digital archaeological research. The development of ever more repositories poses challenges in handling the complex facets of data quality and completeness. This is especially true for archaeological data, which are based on complex networks of concepts from different domains and linguistic backgrounds. Moreover, it is necessary to include means of assessing uncertainty in the data models to produce and publish transparent FAIR and LOUD data that can also describe specific stratigraphies or the (archaeological) context of objects. To enable non-experts to engage with FAIR and LOUD data, research tools &ndash; little minions &ndash; were created for different purposes, such as modelling relative chronologies in RDF (e.g. Alligator), modelling and reasoning on vague edges in graph data (e.g. Academic Meta Tool), creating annotated texts and images (e.g. Recogito, Annotorius), and sparql, as well as enhancing Geo-Datasets using the SPARQLing Unicorn QGIS Plugin. In addition, community-driven knowledge bases like Wikidata not only offer data, but also provide a number of tools for using and interacting. The positive feedback on the LOD sessions on data quality, FAIR and LOUD at CAA 2017-2021 encourages the pursuit of the debate. The goal of our online session is to bring together both experts and colleagues interested in learning about FAIR and LOUD data-driven publishing and applications, as well as to collect research application scenarios to jointly promote research domain specific solutions. We would like to discuss application-oriented and data-driven investigations into how to improve technologies for FAIR and LOUD data models as a basis for reproducible and CAREful research and exchange in the Semantic Web, as well as solutions related to one or more of the issues listed below. <strong>Issues</strong> application of semantic web technologies, such as ontologies (e.g. CIDOC-CRM) or RDF, to the archaeological domain modelling of archaeological artefacts, archaeological context, including the specificity of stratigraphy, uncertainty, and vagueness development of research tools producing or using FAIR and LOUD data identifying sources and dangers of incorrect or ambiguous LOD, e. g. duplicates across different LOD sources keeping track of the provenance of data as a means of solving errors and identifying their source setting up research-question based methodologies and tools in order to label or assess datasets based on their quality dealing with ambiguities resulting from multiple links in the LOD cloud computer vision or machine learning applications built upon controlled, semantic data modelling comprehensible / reproducible workflows and data flows as &ldquo;Linked Pipes&rdquo; [3] using RDF for documentation and reproducible research use of Linked Open Data related tools in archaeological research, their implementation and/or enhancement possibilities, challenges, benefits and risks of the Wikimedia Universe in archaeological research implementation of reference models such as CIDOC-CRM in real-world datasets and ways to achieve LOD graphs of facts, beliefs, and/or assertions as a digital archaeological method reasoning with heterogeneous and real world archaeological data in graphs granularity in LOD/graphs/networks graph and RDF representation of specific networks of persons, objects and information relating to research questions interacting with graphs and graph interaction design LOUD techniques as a solution for information and data annotation on objects / artefacts in 2D and 3D (e.g. cuneiform tablets, ogham stones, samian ware, books, texts, &hellip;) semantically modelling geospatial data FAIR and LOUD implementation of GeoSPARQL as a geospatial standard in archaeological data things as a concept, such as places (e.g. Pleiades Place/Location), persons (e.g. &ldquo;potters&rdquo; as Actors) and events in archaeological LOD overcoming linguistic barriers and increasing accessibility through LOD implementing the CARE-principles through thoughtful LOD application development of educational or Open Educational resources (OERs) to increase use of LOD We encourage presenters to derive the problems addressed from real-world datasets and to formulate proposals for solutions, preferably demonstrating (prototypes of) realised data-driven (web-) applications. Due to the thematic relevance, we target a broad and diverse audience and the challenges described should also be integrated into an archaeological context (excavation, museum, archive, etc.). Only those papers will be taken into consideration which offer the data and tools involved as FAIR data and Open Source tools in Open Science repositories (e.g. Zenodo, OSF, GitHub, GiRetLab). Exceptions to this principle (e.g. dissertation in course) should be explained. This session is organised by the CAA SIG on Semantics and LOUD in Archaeology (SIG Data-Dragon). The core aim of this SIG is to use the SIG format to raise awareness for Linked Data in archaeology by creating a friendly and open platform to discuss and further develop semantics, and LOUD and FAIR data in archaeology. <strong>References</strong> [1] Wilkinson, M., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I. et al. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Sci Data 3, 160018. DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2016.18. [2] Berners-Lee, T. (2006). Linked Data. URL: https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html. [3] Thiery, F., Homburg, T. (2021). Linked Pipes @ Linked Pasts 7: Introduction. Linked Pasts VII, Ghent, Belgium. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5781275. [4] Hyland, B., Atemezing, G., Pendleton, M., Srivastava, B. (2013). Linked Data Glossary, W3C Working Group Note 27 June 2013. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/ld-glossary/. [5] Sanderson, R. (2018). Shout it Out: LOUD by Rob Sanderson, EuropeanaTech Conference 2018. URL: https://de.slideshare.net/Europeana/shout-it-out-loud-by-rob-sanderson-europeanatech-conference-2018-98225909

Computer and video games are one of the primary uses of personal computer technologies, and yet despite an increasing interest in cultural practices that are organised around computer and information technologies cultural studies has paid very little attention to this phenomenon. In the War of Desire and Technology Allucquére Roseanne Stone comments "that there seems no question that a significant proportion of young people will spend a significant and increasing proportion of their waking hours playing computer-based games in one form or another, and so far the implications of this trend have yet to be fully addressed in academic forums" (26). This Christmas will undoubtedly follow the trend of the last few years, with video game consoles and software being the biggest toy sellers. In the lead-up to this Christmas Nintendo shipped 5,000,000 units of the much-anticipated Shigeru Miyamoto-designed game, The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time. The Zelda series of adventure games made its first appearance in 1987 on the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) with The Legend of Zelda (which sold 6.5 million units worldwide). It is increasingly evident that whether it is in games arcades, on console systems such as the Nintendo 64, or on personal computers, the playing of computer games is a crucial component of the popular cultural terrain. In The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, the fifth installment in the series, the player controls a young boy, Link, through his adventures in the 3D-rendered fantasy world of Hyrule. By defeating various monsters, solving puzzles, and discovering magical items the player progresses through the game with the aim of saving Hyrule and rescuing Princess Zelda by defeating the evil Ganondorf. Yup, once you get past all of the 3D polygon graphics enabled by the Nintendo 64 platform this game is your basic rescue-the-princess quest with all of the troubling gender implications that this raises. Cultural theorists such as Stone and Dan Fleming raise the concern that this rapidly expanding industry that is an increasingly significant component of many young people's cultural lives is limited to the problems associated with a narrowly defined masculine identity. Stone asks should things like computer games, which are so terrifically absorbing and which take up so much waking time -- so much precious, irreplaceable waking time -- be expected to possess a modicum of invention, to be able to stretch players' imaginations and skills beyond the ability to hit targets and dodge obstacles? (163-64) Fleming observes that "this remarkable technology could support a much richer play space and with it a position less rigidly tied to a simplistically projected male identity" (57). But the narrative content of The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time does not come even close to explaining what it is about playing the game that hooks the gamer into this 30-50 hour experience, and keeps us coming back for more -- just one more session until I finish that Dungeon. Fleming makes the important point that an analysis of the symbolic content of games tells us very little about what it is actually like to play them. He takes the step of shifting our attention from the meanings of cultural objects to their status as events (11-16). The criticism that computer and video game content is dominated by a constraining masculine identity is important, but is no more than a starting point. Is this all that can be said about games such as Zelda? I would argue that the activity of playing computer games cannot simply be approached through a textual analysis of the symbolic content of games. If we tentatively accept that gaming is not simply a content, but an activity, then, how can we analyse or describe this activity? Does cultural studies provide us with the tools necessary to describe it as a cultural experience? How is this experience organised, and what ramifications does it have for cultural studies' understanding of contemporary cultural technologies? An initial avenue of inquiry is provided by the term gameplay. Gameplay is a term that constantly emerges in my discussions with both gamers and game designers. It is a quite ephemeral and at moments incoherent concept that is used to describe the experience of a player's visceral immersion in and interactive engagement with a particular game's environment. It is an aspect of computer gaming that resists or at least would seem to be excessive to representation or symbolising. The very ephemeral and rather vague ways in which it is used have made it tempting to reject any serious analysis of it as an incoherence which may well function to simply side-step or avoid criticism of games' very obvious problem with representations of gender. However, as a player of computer games I recognise the experience that gamers are attempting to describe with the term gameplay and find it difficult to reject it out of hand simply because my theoretical vocabulary as a cultural analyst has difficulties in accommodating it. Where is the problem -- with the cultural experience or the theoretical vocabulary? In many of my discussions with gamers the term gameplay functions as something of a shared horizon or assumed knowledge. If I ask what gameplay is or does I will often receive a response such as the following: "Gameplay is what makes a game fun. It is the fun factor". If I then query what elements or features in particular make a game fun the response will invariably be, "well good gameplay is what is important. Graphics and stuff can be good, but often are just eye-candy". The discussion will generally end with a comment such as "you've played [Game X], you know what I mean, it has great gameplay". This term seems to function as something of a marker for how the cultural experience of gameplay exceeds our symbolic vocabulary. It opens out onto the event status of playing. (But I think exchanges such as the above are also about the event of a research relation.) In email discussions Cameron Brown, a lead game designer employed by Auran (a Brisbane, Australia based game software company -- Auran and Activision co-developed the real-time strategy game Dark Reign) described gameplay in the following terms: I was made 'lead tester' for 'Radical Rex', a SNES [Super Nintendo Entertainment System] platformer.... It got to the point where I could finish the game (10 levels plus bonus 8 levels) in 27 minutes -- about 40 minutes if I held the controller upside down. I could literally play the first level with my eyes closed, using only muscle memory! Anyway, Mario Kart: sometimes, playing it, I lost all sense of everything except the game. My hands moved without conscious intervention on my part.... I believe the MK 'trance state' short circuits this delay not requiring the brain to be aware of something before the hands have responded." The term gameplay appears throughout gamers' discussions of The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time on newsgroups (rec.games.video.nintendo) and fan WWW sites, for example Nintendojo. The Next-Generation review of Zelda describes a gaming experience "beyond the superficialities of graphics, sound, and controls (which are all excellent) ... that sucks the player into a mystical world that has never been seen or felt before". Eric Enrico Mattei, a reviewer on Nintendojo, asserts that the quality of gameplay in Zelda is such "that you are COMPLETELY IMMERSED in Zelda's world". Writing in anticipation of Zelda's release Mikey Veroni comments that "ease of control is important in Zelda 64 (not to mention any game) because only then can the player feel like Link is acting and responding exactly to the player's actions. Perfect gameplay is so simple yet terribly crucial at the same time". Miyamoto, the designer of Zelda, said in a recent interview that in creating game environments such as Zelda he is concerned with "how players feel when they are touching the controller, so that is the way I'm always making the video game. I'm always thinking of the player's feelings". These various ways of talking about and describing the experience of playing computer and video games are not exactly new or mysterious. They draw on well-established conventions and metaphors for understanding the human interface with technology or equipment in general. When I asked Cameron about his use of the phrase "muscle memory", for example, he responded that it came from a guitar player magazine and was used in the context of explaining exercises to teach your fingers how to play a scale. Other sources for this technological sublime relation include science fiction texts such as William Gibson's descriptions of the experience of jacking into the matrix of cyberspace in Neuromancer. Dan Fleming's careful distinction between the symbolic content of games and the experience of playing them would seem to apply to the above descriptions of gameplay. He asserts that playing a game like Nintendo's platform adventure Mario Brothers is an intriguing experience that involves "the replacement of the gameworld's thematics by its geometry, which is where the fully engaged action really is" (191). Fleming sums up by commenting that "at their best computer games simply operate elsewhere for much of the time" (193). Although I have reservations about the tendency to position gameplay and representation in an almost strict opposition the foregrounding of this elsewhere of playability is useful in that it suggests the status of computer gaming as an event rather than a text or content to be interpreted. In his recent essay, "The Being of Culture, Beyond Representation", Alec McHoul argues, against representationalist understandings of cultural objects, for an approach that takes into account the movements and dynamics of "event-ness or eventality" (2). This shift away from a representational framework towards what McHoul calls "eventalistic experiencing" is where I head in my engagement with gameplay. This spectral dynamic of computer gaming calls us to change our modes of engaging with research objects. The issues of control and controllers appear in many of the gamers' discussions of playing Zelda. Fleming refers to this experience: "the player feels the responsiveness of the controller, the forward momentum, the onset of a relaxed energy, a feeling of competence" (192). Entering into the world of the game is also a skill or competence; it involves the ability to effectively use the game control system or interface to navigate through the play environment. This game control would seem to function within the terms of a traditional controlling masculine subjectivity. It appears to be about enjoying a sense of ease, empowerment and control in a technologically mediated environment. Relations between the human and the technological are from the outset caught up in fantasies of control. But the event of playing, the elsewhere of gameplay, exceeds the limits of our stories about an autonomous self in control of and using technology. When we play games like Zelda we are being positioned in those regions of cultural experience that involve a transformation in the mode of our relation to technological equipment. Our assumptions regarding the relation and separation between the human and the technological -- and perhaps also the gender implications of these relations -- are increasingly transformed, subverted, and questioned. Computer gaming is at least in part about the enjoyment gamers derive from the blurring and confusion of the boundaries between the technological and the self: techno-enjoyment. This element of enjoyment exceeds both the symbolic and the corporeal. But it should not be understood as some kind of more real or immediate bodily experience posited outside of and in opposition to the representational. It invokes another materiality of the technological object that is other than a reduction to technics or the human. It is a spectral interspace: the relation between the human and nonhuman. This relation with technology is not simply or only at the level of representation, nor at the materiality of the technological object or the bodily experience and sensations of the gamer. Gaming opens onto this domain of materialised techno-enjoyment. And in this region of cultural experience it is no longer clearly decidable who or what is in control. This experience of gameplay radically undermines notions of equipmentality grounded in a controlling human subject. Cultural Studies academics -- and I include myself in this group -- should be cautious about rushing to reduce the experience of gameplay to a problem or issue of representation. This is not to argue that representational effects are not operative in the practices of computer gaming. It is to argue the careful consideration of other important effects and processes. References Fleming, Dan. Powerplay: Toys as Popular Culture. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1996. Gamecenter.com. "An Interview with Shigeru Miyamoto." 1998. 10 Dec. 1998 &lt;http://www.gamecenter.com/News/Item/0,3,0-2305,00.html?st.gc.ttn.si.gn&gt;. The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time. Game cartridge. Nintendo. 1998. McHoul, Alec. "The Being of Culture, Beyond Representation." 1998. 15 Oct. 1998 &lt;http://kali.murdoch.edu.au/~mchoul/being.php&gt;. Mattei, Eric Enrico. "Review of Zelda 64." 1998. 12 Dec. 1998 &lt;http://www.nintendojo.com/reviews/staff/zeldaem.htm&gt;. Next Generation. "Review of The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time." 24 Nov. 1998. 13 Dec. 1998 &lt;http://www.next-generation.com/jsmid/reviews/437.php&gt;. Stone, Allucquére Roseanne. The War of Desire and Technology at the Close of the Mechanical Age. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT P, 1995. Veroni, Mikey. "Legendary." 1998. 10 Dec. 1998 &lt;http://www.nintendojo.com/specials/zelda2/index.htm&gt;. Zelda-related WWW sites -- Nintendojo -- Zelda Central -- Zelda 64 Central -- Zelda 64 Headquarters -- Zelda Headquarters -- Zelda's Shrine -- Hyrule: The Land of Zelda Citation reference for this article MLA style: John Banks. "Controlling Gameplay." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 1.5 (1998). [your date of access] &lt;http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9812/game.php&gt;. Chicago style: John Banks, "Controlling Gameplay," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 1, no. 5 (1998), &lt;http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9812/game.php&gt; ([your date of access]). APA style: John Banks. (1998) Controlling gameplay. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 1(5). &lt;http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9812/game.php&gt; ([your date of access]).

“As the old technologies become automatic and invisible, we find ourselves more concerned with fighting or embracing what’s new”—Dennis Baron, From Pencils to Pixels: The Stage of Literacy Technologies Popular music is firmly rooted within realist practice, or what has been called the "culture of authenticity" associated with modernism. As Lawrence Grossberg notes, the accelleration of the rate of change in modern life caused, in post-war youth culture, an identity crisis or "lived contradiction" that gave rock (particularly) and popular music (generally) a peculiar position in regard to notions of authenticity. Grossberg places rock's authenticity within the "difference" it maintains from other cultural forms, and notes that its difference "can be justified aesthetically or ideologically, or in terms of the social position of the audiences, or by the economics of its production, or through the measure of its popularity or the statement of its politics" (205-6). Popular music scholars have not adequately addressed issues of authenticity and individuality. Two of the most important questions to be asked are: How is authenticity communicated in popular music? What is the site of the interpretation of authenticity? It is important to ask about sound, technology, about the attempt to understand the ideal and the image, the natural and artificial. It is these that make clear the strongest connections between popular music and contemporary culture. Popular music is a particularly appropriate site for the study of authenticity as a cultural category, for several reasons. For one thing, other media do not follow us, as aural media do, into malls, elevators, cars, planes. Nor do they wait for us, as a tape player paused and ready to play. What is important is not that music is "everywhere" but, to borrow from Vivian Sobchack, that it creates a "here" that can be transported anywhere. In fact, we are able to walk around enveloped by a personal aural environment, thanks to a Sony Walkman.1 Also, it is more difficult to shut out the aural than the visual. Closing one's ears does not entirely shut out sound. There is, additionally, the sense that sound and music are interpreted from within, that is, that they resonate through and within the body, and as such engage with one's self in a fashion that coincides with Charles Taylor's claim that the "ideal of authenticity" is an inner-directed one. It must be noted that authenticity is not, however, communicated only via music, but via text and image. Grossberg noted the "primacy of sound" in rock music, and the important link between music, visual image, and authenticity: Visual style as conceived in rock culture is usually the stage for an outrageous and self-conscious inauthenticity... . It was here -- in its visual presentation -- that rock often most explicitly manifested both an ironic resistance to the dominant culture and its sympathies with the business of entertainment ... . The demand for live performance has always expressed the desire for the visual mark (and proof) of authenticity. (208) But that relationship can also be reversed: Music and sound serve in some instances to provide the aural mark and proof of authenticity. Consider, for instance, the "tear" in the voice that Jensen identifies in Hank Williams's singing, and in that of Patsy Cline. For the latter, voicing, in this sense, was particularly important, as it meant more than a singing style, it also involved matters of self-identity, as Jensen appropriately associates with the move of country music from "hometown" to "uptown" (101). Cline's move toward a more "uptown" style involved her visual image, too. At a significant turning point in her career, Faron Young noted, Cline "left that country girl look in those western outfits behind and opted for a slicker appearance in dresses and high fashion gowns" (Jensen 101). Popular music has forged a link with visual media, and in some sense music itself has become more visual (though not necessarily less aural) the more it has engaged with industrial processes in the entertainment industry. For example, engagement with music videos and film soundtracks has made music a part of the larger convergence of mass media forms. Alongside that convergence, the use of music in visual media has come to serve as adjunct to visual symbolisation. One only need observe the increasingly commercial uses to which music is put (as in advertising, film soundtracks and music videos) to note ways in which music serves image. In the literature from a variety of disciplines, including communication, art and music, it has been argued that music videos are the visualisation of music. But in many respects the opposite is true. Music videos are the auralisation of the visual. Music serves many of the same purposes as sound does generally in visual media. One can find a strong argument for the use of sound as supplement to visual media in Silverman's and Altman's work. For Silverman, sound in cinema has largely been overlooked (pun intended) in favor of the visual image, but sound is a more effective (and perhaps necessary) element for willful suspension of disbelief. One may see this as well in the development of Dolby Surround Sound, and in increased emphasis on sound engineering among video and computer game makers, as well as the development of sub-woofers and high-fidelity speakers as computer peripherals. Another way that sound has become more closely associated with the visual is through the ongoing evolution of marketing demands within the popular music industry that increasingly rely on visual media and force image to the front. Internet technologies, particularly the WorldWideWeb (WWW), are also evidence of a merging of the visual and aural (see Hayward). The development of low-cost desktop video equipment and WWW publishing, CD-i, CD-ROM, DVD, and other technologies, has meant that visual images continue to form part of the industrial routine of the music business. The decrease in cost of many of these technologies has also led to the adoption of such routines among individual musicians, small/independent labels, and producers seeking to mimic the resources of major labels (a practice that has become considerably easier via the Internet, as it is difficult to determine capital resources solely from a WWW site). Yet there is another facet to the evolution of the link between the aural and visual. Sound has become more visual by way of its representation during its production (a representation, and process, that has largely been ignored in popular music studies). That representation has to do with the digitisation of sound, and the subsequent transformation sound and music can undergo after being digitised and portrayed on a computer screen. Once digitised, sound can be made visual in any number of ways, through traditional methods like music notation, through representation as audio waveform, by way of MIDI notation, bit streams, or through representation as shapes and colors (as in recent software applications particularly for children, like Making Music by Morton Subotnick). The impetus for these representations comes from the desire for increased control over sound (see Jones, Rock Formation) and such control seems most easily accomplished by way of computers and their concomitant visual technologies (monitors, printers). To make computers useful tools for sound recording it is necessary to employ some form of visual representation for the aural, and the flexibility of modern computers allows for new modes of predominately visual representation. Each of these connections between the aural and visual is in turn related to technology, for as audio technology develops within the entertainment industry it makes sense for synergistic development to occur with visual media technologies. Yet popular music scholars routinely analyse aural and visual media in isolation from one another. The challenge for popular music studies and music philosophy posed by visual media technologies, that they must attend to spatiality and context (both visual and aural), has not been taken up. Until such time as it is, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to engage issues of authenticity, because they will remain rootless instead of situated within the experience of music as fully sensual (in some cases even synaesthetic). Most of the traditional judgments of authenticity among music critics and many popular music scholars involve space and time, the former in terms of the movement of music across cultures and the latter in terms of history. None rely on notions of the "situatedness" of the listener or musicmaker in a particular aural, visual and historical space. Part of the reason for the lack of such an understanding arises from the very means by which popular music is created. We have become accustomed to understanding music as manipulation of sound, and so far as most modern music production is concerned such manipulation occurs as much visually as aurally, by cutting, pasting and otherwise altering audio waveforms on a computer screen. Musicians no more record music than they record fingering; they engage in sound recording. And recording engineers and producers rely less and less on sound and more on sight to determine whether a recording conforms to the demands of digital reproduction.2 Sound, particularly when joined with the visual, becomes a means to build and manipulate the environment, virtual and non-virtual (see Jones, "Sound"). Sound &amp; Music As we construct space through sound, both in terms of audio production (e.g., the use of reverberation devices in recording studios) and in terms of everyday life (e.g., perception of aural stimuli, whether by ear or vibration in the body, from points surrounding us), we centre it within experience. Sound combines the psychological and physiological. Audio engineer George Massenburg noted that in film theaters: You couldn't utilise the full 360-degree sound space for music because there was an "exit sign" phenomena [sic]. If you had a lot of audio going on in the back, people would have a natural inclination to turn around and stare at the back of the room. (Massenburg 79-80) However, he went on to say, beyond observations of such reactions to multichannel sound technology, "we don't know very much". Research in psychoacoustics being used to develop virtual audio systems relies on such reactions and on a notion of human hardwiring for stimulus response (see Jones, "Sense"). But a major stumbling block toward the development of those systems is that none are able to account for individual listeners' perceptions. It is therefore important to consider the individual along with the social dimension in discussions of sound and music. For instance, the term "sound" is deployed in popular music to signify several things, all of which have to do with music or musical performance, but none of which is music. So, for instance, musical groups or performers can have a "sound", but it is distinguishable from what notes they play. Entire music scenes can have "sounds", but the music within such scenes is clearly distinct and differentiated. For the study of popular music this is a significant but often overlooked dimension. As Grossberg argues, "the authenticity of rock was measured by its sound" (207). Visually, he says, popular music is suspect and often inauthentic (sometimes purposefully so), and it is grounded in the aural. Similarly in country music Jensen notes that the "Nashville Sound" continually evoked conflicting definitions among fans and musicians, but that: The music itself was the arena in and through which claims about the Nashville Sound's authenticity were played out. A certain sound (steel guitar, with fiddle) was deemed "hard" or "pure" country, in spite of its own commercial history. (84) One should, therefore, attend to the interpretive acts associated with sound and its meaning. But why has not popular music studies engaged in systematic analysis of sound at the level of the individual as well as the social? As John Shepherd put it, "little cultural theoretical work in music is concerned with music's sounds" ("Value" 174). Why should this be a cause for concern? First, because Shepherd claims that sound is not "meaningful" in the traditional sense. Second, because it leads us to re-examine the question long set to the side in popular music studies: What is music? The structural homology, the connection between meaning and social formation, is a foundation upon which the concept of authenticity in popular music stands. Yet the ability to label a particular piece of music "good" shifts from moment to moment, and place to place. Frith understates the problem when he writes that "it is difficult ... to say how musical texts mean or represent something, and it is difficult to isolate structures of musical creation or control" (56). Shepherd attempts to overcome this difficulty by emphasising that: Music is a social medium in sound. What [this] means ... is that the sounds of music provide constantly moving and complex matrices of sounds in which individuals may invest their own meanings ... [however] while the matrices of sounds which seemingly constitute an individual "piece" of music can accommodate a range of meanings, and thereby allow for negotiability of meaning, they cannot accommodate all possible meanings. (Shepherd, "Art") It must be acknowledged that authenticity is constructed, and that in itself is an argument against the most common way to think of authenticity. If authenticity implies something about the "pure" state of an object or symbol then surely such a state is connected to some "objective" rendering, one not possible according to Shepherd's claims. In some sense, then, authenticity is autonomous, its materialisation springs not from any necessary connection to sound, image, text, but from individual acts of interpretation, typically within what in literary criticism has come to be known as "interpretive communities". It is not hard to illustrate the point by generalising and observing that rock's notion of authenticity is captured in terms of songwriting, but that songwriters are typically identified with places (e.g. Tin Pan Alley, the Brill Building, Liverpool, etc.). In this way there is an obvious connection between authenticity and authorship (see Jones, "Popular Music Studies") and geography (as well in terms of musical "scenes", e.g. the "Philly Sound", the "Sun Sound", etc.). The important thing to note is the resultant connection between the symbolic and the physical worlds rooted (pun intended) in geography. As Redhead &amp; Street put it: The idea of "roots" refers to a number of aspects of the musical process. There is the audience in which the musician's career is rooted ... . Another notion of roots refers to music. Here the idea is that the sounds and the style of the music should continue to resemble the source from which it sprang ... . The issue ... can be detected in the argument of those who raise doubts about the use of musical high-technology by African artists. A final version of roots applies to the artist's sociological origins. (180) It is important, consequently, to note that new technologies, particularly ones associated with the distribution of music, are of increasing importance in regulating the tension between alienation and progress mentioned earlier, as they are technologies not simply of musical production and consumption, but of geography. That the tension they mediate is most readily apparent in legal skirmishes during an unsettled era for copyright law (see Brown) should not distract scholars from understanding their cultural significance. These technologies are, on the one hand, "liberating" (see Hayward, Young, and Marsh) insofar as they permit greater geographical "reach" and thus greater marketing opportunities (see Fromartz), but on the other hand they permit less commercial control, insofar as they permit digitised music to freely circulate without restriction or compensation, to the chagrin of copyright enthusiasts. They also create opportunities for musical collaboration (see Hayward) between performers in different zones of time and space, on a scale unmatched since the development of multitracking enabled the layering of sound. Most importantly, these technologies open spaces for the construction of authenticity that have hitherto been unavailable, particularly across distances that have largely separated cultures and fan communities (see Paul). The technologies of Internetworking provide yet another way to make connections between authenticity, music and sound. Community and locality (as Redhead &amp; Street, as well as others like Sara Cohen and Ruth Finnegan, note) are the elements used by audience and artist alike to understand the authenticity of a performer or performance. The lived experience of an artist, in a particular nexus of time and space, is to be somehow communicated via music and interpreted "properly" by an audience. But technologies of Internetworking permit the construction of alternative spaces, times and identities. In no small way that has also been the situation with the mediation of music via most recordings. They are constructed with a sense of space, consumed within particular spaces, at particular times, in individual, most often private, settings. What the network technologies have wrought is a networked audience for music that is linked globally but rooted in the local. To put it another way, the range of possibilities when it comes to interpretive communities has widened, but the experience of music has not significantly shifted, that is, the listener experiences music individually, and locally. Musical activity, whether it is defined as cultural or commercial practice, is neither flat nor autonomous. It is marked by ever-changing tastes (hence not flat) but within an interpretive structure (via "interpretive communities"). Musical activity must be understood within the nexus of the complex relations between technical, commercial and cultural processes. As Jensen put it in her analysis of Patsy Cline's career: Those who write about culture production can treat it as a mechanical process, a strategic construction of material within technical or institutional systems, logical, rational, and calculated. But Patsy Cline's recording career shows, among other things, how this commodity production view must be linked to an understanding of culture as meaning something -- as defining, connecting, expressing, mattering to those who participate with it. (101) To achieve that type of understanding will require that popular music scholars understand authenticity and music in a symbolic realm. Rather than conceiving of authenticity as a limited resource (that is, there is only so much that is "pure" that can go around), it is important to foreground its symbolic and ever-changing character. Put another way, authenticity is not used by musician or audience simply to label something as such, but rather to mean something about music that matters at that moment. Authenticity therefore does not somehow "slip away", nor does a "pure" authentic exist. Authenticity in this regard is, as Baudrillard explains concerning mechanical reproduction, "conceived according to (its) very reproducibility ... there are models from which all forms proceed according to modulated differences" (56). Popular music scholars must carefully assess the affective dimensions of fans, musicians, and also record company executives, recording producers, and so on, to be sensitive to the deeply rooted construction of authenticity and authentic experience throughout musical processes. Only then will there emerge an understanding of the structures of feeling that are central to the experience of music. Footnotes For analyses of the Walkman's role in social settings and popular music consumption see du Gay; Hosokawa; and Chen. It has been thus since the advent of disc recording, when engineers would watch a record's grooves through a microscope lens as it was being cut to ensure grooves would not cross over one into another. References Altman, Rick. "Television/Sound." Studies in Entertainment. Ed. Tania Modleski. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1986. 39-54. Baudrillard, Jean. Symbolic Death and Exchange. London: Sage, 1993. Brown, Ronald. Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1995. Chen, Shing-Ling. "Electronic Narcissism: College Students' Experiences of Walkman Listening." Annual meeting of the International Communication Association. Washington, D.C. 1993. Du Gay, Paul, et al. Doing Cultural Studies. London: Sage, 1997. Frith, Simon. Sound Effects. New York: Pantheon, 1981. Fromartz, Steven. "Starts-ups Sell Garage Bands, Bowie on Web." Reuters newswire, 4 Dec. 1996. Grossberg, Lawrence. We Gotta Get Out of This Place. London: Routledge, 1992. Hayward, Philip. "Enterprise on the New Frontier." Convergence 1.2 (Winter 1995): 29-44. Hosokawa, Shuhei. "The Walkman Effect." Popular Music 4 (1984). Jensen, Joli. The Nashville Sound: Authenticity, Commercialisation and Country Music. Nashville, Vanderbilt UP, 1998. Jones, Steve. Rock Formation: Music, Technology and Mass Communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992. ---. "Popular Music Studies and Critical Legal Studies" Stanford Humanities Review 3.2 (Fall 1993): 77-90. ---. "A Sense of Space: Virtual Reality, Authenticity and the Aural." Critical Studies in Mass Communication 10.3 (Sep. 1993), 238-52. ---. "Sound, Space &amp; Digitisation." Media Information Australia 67 (Feb. 1993): 83-91. Marrsh, Brian. "Musicians Adopt Technology to Market Their Skills." Wall Street Journal 14 Oct. 1994: C2. Massenburg, George. "Recording the Future." EQ (Apr. 1997): 79-80. Paul, Frank. "R&amp;B: Soul Music Fans Make Cyberspace Their Meeting Place." Reuters newswire, 11 July 1996. Redhead, Steve, and John Street. "Have I the Right? Legitimacy, Authenticity and Community in Folk's Politics." Popular Music 8.2 (1989). Shepherd, John. "Art, Culture and Interdisciplinarity." Davidson Dunston Research Lecture. Carleton University, Canada. 3 May 1992. ---. "Value and Power in Music." The Sound of Music: Meaning and Power in Culture. Eds. John Shepherd and Peter Wicke. Cambridge: Polity, 1993. Silverman, Kaja. The Acoustic Mirror. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1988. Sobchack, Vivian. Screening Space. New York: Ungar, 1982. Young, Charles. "Aussie Artists Use Internet and Bootleg CDs to Protect Rights." Pro Sound News July 1995. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Steve Jones. "Seeing Sound, Hearing Image: 'Remixing' Authenticity in Popular Music Studies." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2.4 (1999). [your date of access] &lt;http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9906/remix.php&gt;. Chicago style: Steve Jones, "Seeing Sound, Hearing Image: 'Remixing' Authenticity in Popular Music Studies," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2, no. 4 (1999), &lt;http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9906/remix.php&gt; ([your date of access]). APA style: Steve Jones. (1999) Seeing Sound, Hearing Image: "Remixing" Authenticity in Popular Music Studies. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2(4). &lt;http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9906/remix.php&gt; ([your date of access]).

Picture this: Five academic women are sitting at a round table in an elegant nineteenth century room located in a rural landscape in regional NSW. Sometimes with coffee, sometimes over lunch, the conversation ranges broadly across the spectrum of the personal, policy and university politics. Having traversed the terrain in which they work—workload, juggling the responsibilities that traditionally fall to women—the talk comes round to the business of the day: writing for publication. Here is how a typical meeting unfolds: they provide updates on their research successes, and then proceed to the discussion and critical response to a current piece of writing by one or two members of the group. While the rest of the group may not be familiar with the content or discipline area, they nevertheless are able to provide a meta-analysis of the structure and resultant clarity of the work using an agreed process. When the discussants—“the Divas”—talk about their posters or papers, “the a cappella group” analyses key structural features including the question posed, the main message to be conveyed, how the research was conducted and the scholarly contribution it makes to the field. Overture This “collaboration” theme prompted us to unpack and reflect on our mode of collaboration, something we had discussed informally but not written about in any structured way. We have a successful mode of collaboration that offers individual benefits as well as enhancing the research output of the university. In this paper we reflect on how our collaborative process benefits us individually and seek to make sense of our collaborative practice. Through this reflexive process we have identified six aspects of our interaction and collaboration (motivation to translate our research into publications; training in the template; multidisciplinary feminist consciousness; a negotiated process; commitment to practice on a regular basis; and trust and reciprocity) that have contributed to the success of our practice. Our roundtable discussions provide a space in which the distinct but complementary disciplinary a cappella voices come together. Each of us arrives with an individual piece of research (our solo performance) and then through a group process of questioning and reflection we rehearse and refine our arguments. As a result of this process, each returns to her individual research context better equipped to perform as a Diva. We have come to conceptualise this process as one in which a poststructuralist writing self is created. It is as if, as we sit around the table, we create a discursive space at the centre of the table from which a “voice” emerges with a greater level of clarity and confidence—one attuned to its audience. This writing subject is, as a result of the process, self-reflexive and more responsive to a diverse range of contexts and audiences than we were as individual, isolated writers. This has strengthened our individual research publications. A Cappella Collaboration There is much in the literature about the privileging of individuality in humanities and social sciences research publications (Austin and Baldwin; Sullivan). We work in a university that, like most other universities, largely assumes that writing is an individual process, yet present tertiary sector research policy mandates collaborative research (NCRIS). We have developed a group process that creates a space where we as individuals can share our work. Through our connections, conversations and participation in this “community”, we all gain. We began meeting after a five-day intensive professional development workshop, Writing for Publication, funded by UNE and facilitated by a consultant (Brown). From this workshop we took away a template for interrogating writing based on a group process. Each individual prepared a “poster” which consisted of their answers to a series of specified questions designed to explicate the structure and message of an academic paper. That was almost ten years ago, and our group of five has been meeting regularly since then to read and discuss each others’ work in progress, providing meta-analysis of the writing rather than an analysis of the disciplinary specific content. We had joined the workshop as individuals, seeking to improve our research output, so that in this respect our group that emerged from the workshop is self-selecting. Since then we have become increasingly subject to changes in the Australian higher education system. Academics are now expected to publish more and more in order to comply with a climate of greater scrutiny of research productivity. At the same time academics face an increasing administrative and teaching load. While we work in an institution with a strong research tradition, our geographical isolation makes cross-institution face-to-face networking more difficult. Our writing group has ameliorated these pressures and provided a source of positive supportive, critical feedback. The process we have negotiated reflects our distinctive “take” on Brown’s model. We engage in a collaborative process towards individual products. Rehearsing A key element of the success of our writing group is the commitment that we have all made to our regular meetings. Initially this required our having to prioritise the writing group’s meeting times, and practice the process of making time for them. The regularity, or “habit”, of the writing group’s meetings is now part of our working lives, factored in just as would be any of our other work roles. As a result of the skills we developed through the initial workshop and the adaptations we have negotiated over the years in our regular meetings, we have developed a very strong trust between members. Research has shown that face-to-face interaction is especially crucial in creating knowledge (Nahapiet, Gratton and Rocha), and we believe that the interactions we have had on a regular basis have contributed to a culture of trust, which is present within our group’s interactions. In effect we practice what Delpit has described as a “special kind of listening” that involves not only “open eyes and ears, but open hearts and minds” (297). We are conscious of two dimensions of “trust” (as defined by Abrams, Cross, Lesser and Levin) as instrumental in the sharing of knowledge in our group: “benevolence (‘You care about me and take an interest in my well-being and goals’) and competence (‘You have relevant expertise and can be depended upon to know what you are talking about’)” (65). The benevolence we experience is one that also allows us to recognise the value of “giving”. In sharing our ideas and suggestions on each other’s work, there is no expectation that because one has shared an idea that she has authorship rights. Rather, it is through our collaboration that we bring our writing into focus and progress it to a stage where it is ready for individual publication. While we each benefit individually from our publications, as Wenger has also argued, we are not “blind to the social fabric that makes them possible” (xiii). Indeed, our group process could be regarded as a particularly feminist response to institutional pressures—women supporting women. We recognise we are fortunate in having developed friendship as well as having shared goals. Ours is a process that may not translate to other groups. In the absence of trust and friendship, competitiveness, ownership and lack of commitment to engaging in the work of others may simply produce a cacophony. The template may not always be sufficient as trust is essential. These six factors—motivation to translate our research into publications; training in the template; multidisciplinary feminist consciousness; a negotiated process; commitment to practice on a regular basis; and trust and reciprocity—are integrally related. We function much as an a cappella choir, which allows the sum of our voices to inform the performance of the individual Diva. Rehearsing as an a cappella choir provides us with the confidence and skills to perform solo. We believe the confluence of these factors explains not only the longevity of our group practice but also its success, which is reflected in the number of published outputs (articles and books), prizes for writing and the status of the journals and publishing houses in which our work appears. What we do is collaborative but does not fit the norms. It is not a matter of producing a unified research purpose but we function as collaborators; a group conspiring to bring about individual outcomes building on a collaborative practice that works for the humanities and social sciences. It is dialogic, not hierarchical or hegemonic. Typically, the purpose of collaboration is an acknowledged collaborative outcome (Yancey and Spooner 46), whereas our collaborative practice focuses on enriching individual outcomes. When our voices meet at our round table it is a chorus out of which emerges five quite distinct solo performances. References Abrams, L., R. Cross, E. Lesser, and D. Levin. “Nurturing Interpersonal Trust in Knowledge-Sharing Networks.” Academy of Management Executives 17.4 (2003): 64-77. Austin, A.E., and R.G. Baldwin, eds. Faculty Collaboration, Enhancing the Quality of Scholarship and Teaching. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Reports, No. 7, 1991. Brown, R. “Write Right First Time.” Literati Newsline 1994/1995: 1-8. Delpit , L.D. “The Silenced Dialogue: Power and Pedagogy in Educating Other People’s Children.” Harvard Educational Review 58.3 (1988): 280-298. Nahapiet, J., L. Gratton, and H. Rocha. “Knowledge and Relationships: When Cooperation Is the Norm.” European Management Review 2 (2005): 3-14. National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy. (NCRIS) Advisory Committee. 10 Nov. 2005 http://www/dest.gov.au/sectors/research_sector/policies_issues_reviews/ key_issues/ncris/ncris_background.htm&gt;. Research Quality Framework: Assessing the Quality and Impact of Research in Australia. The Preferred Model. Sep. 2005. 16 Nov. 2005 http://www.dest.gov.au/sectors/research_sector/policies_issues_reviews/ key_issues/research_quality_framework/default.htm&gt;. Sullivan, P.A. “Revising the Myth of the Independent Scholar.” Writing With: New Directions in Collaborative Teaching, Learning and Research. Ed. Reagan S.B., Fox, T and Bleich, D. Albany, N.Y.: State U of New York P. 1994. 11-30. Wenger, E. Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998. Yancey, K.B. and Spooner, M. “A Single Good Mind: Collaboration, Cooperation and the Writing Self.” College Composition and Communication 49.1 (1998): 45-62. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Beck, Wendy, Kerry Dunne, Josie Fisher, Jane O'Sullivan, and Alison Sheridan. "A Cappella and Diva: A Collaborative Process for Individual Academic Writing." M/C Journal 9.2 (2006). echo date('d M. Y'); ?&gt; &lt;http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0605/09-divas.php&gt;. APA Style Beck, W., K. Dunne, J. Fisher, J. O'Sullivan, and A. Sheridan. (May 2006) "A Cappella and Diva: A Collaborative Process for Individual Academic Writing," M/C Journal, 9(2). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?&gt; from &lt;http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0605/09-divas.php&gt;.

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Over the last decade or so, much has been written about the possibilities offered by the internet for creating sites of community based on exchange, collaboration, and reciprocity. Since Howard Rheingold published his polemic, The Virtual Community, in 1993, much has been written on this subject. The notion of just what constitutes ‘virtual reality’ has been extensively debated; however, ‘community’ is almost universally assumed to be good. There are failed communities and successful communities, but the critique of ‘community’ itself as a concept stops there. How, then, do we account for websites that create a sense of community precisely through the promotion of hatred and violence, and on which hatred of others is what the community ‘has in common’?&#x0D; &#x0D; Community as Good: The Origins of Virtual Community&#x0D; &#x0D; The term ‘community’ suggests communication; indeed, the work derives from the Latin communicare, which, as Peter Gould explains, ‘originally meant to share, to join and to unite” (3), and from which is also derived the verb ‘to communicate.’ Hence, accounts of online culture draw on this definition of community, suggesting that computer technology brings people together by allowing them to communicate. Such proximity is, therefore, privileged over geophysical location. In recent debates about cyber-culture, definitions of online community tend to define community through the concept of ‘shared interests’. What is more, some accounts of cyber-culture share a certain view of online community as inherently liberating. &#x0D; &#x0D; The Bad Community: God Hates Fags&#x0D; &#x0D; God Hates Fags is perhaps one of the best-known far-right sites on the Web. It is a non-interactive website, set up and maintained by Benjamin Phelps, pastor of Westboro Baptist Church in Topeka, Kansas, in association with his grandfather Fred Phelps, who originally founded the church in 1964. Phelps first achieved notoriety in 1991 when he organised a picket of the San Francisco Pride Parade, to ‘warn this evil city that they’re going the way of Sodom’. In 1997, the church’s members were ordered by the American Supreme Court to limit their picketing activities after they targeted a local Episcopalian church that they claimed had promoted gay rights. Since the ruling, church members have continued their campaign of homophobic picketing. However, it is as an online promoter of homophobia and other forms of hatred that Phelps has achieved notoriety on an international scale. On paper, Westboro Baptist Church’s Website seems like the perfect example of the Net’s utility as a means of giving voice to small, marginalised community groups, and of bringing together people who share ‘a commonality of interests and goals’. However, this, like other Christian fundamentalist sites, challenges the view of such networks as essentially liberating (though they are certainly utopian in tone), since their shared interests happen to include insisting that creationist dogma be taught in schools, picketing the funerals of those who die of Aids or as a result of homophobic attacks, and promoting violence against lesbians and gay men. &#x0D; &#x0D; God Hates Fags sees itself as both a site of community and as a pressure group fighting a desperately immoral liberal society. It also draws on the idea of a society becoming good through the erasure of certain marginalised subjects, with the erasure to take the form of individuals suppressing their sexual identity in real life, not just online. While God Hates Fags and other sites like it primarily express the fantasy of a post-apocalyptic New Jerusalem. They do so by referring to fantasies of the nation (as a space that must be purified in order for this apocalyptic transformation to take place), of the online community (here imagined as a community of haters), and of the local community producing the site (who, far from being a small, marginal force, are re-presented as a community of ‘knowers’ attempting to promote ‘the truth’ about life in the United States: that is, as a force for good). &#x0D; &#x0D; Fantastic communities are often unaware of their own violence, and the community that hates is no exception, although its claims to peacefulness often stretch credulity to a greater than usual extent. Here is Westboro’s description of its ‘peaceful’ protests:&#x0D; &#x0D; WBC engages in daily peaceful sidewalk demonstrations opposing the homosexual lifestyle of soul-damning, nation-destroying filth. We display large, colourful signs containing Bible words and sentiments, including: GOD HATES FAGS, FAGS HATE GOD, AIDS CURES FAGS, THANK GOD FOR AIDS, FAGS BURN IN HELL, GOD IS NOT MOCKED, FAGS ARE NATURE FREAKS [sic] … FAGS DOOM NATIONS, etc. (God Hates Fags)&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The site’s authors are able to claim such sentiments as ‘non-violent’ precisely because of the way that violence is imagined purely in terms of the physical act; that is, as embodied. Discursive violence, the violence of the text, is not recognised as such. Reading the passages above, I find it hard to maintain any sense of critical distance at the notion of picketing a funeral, and then going online to publicise the activity and exhort others to do the same. The site is frustrating precisely because it assumes the reader’s sympathy. For Phelps, a community of ‘fag haters’ already exists within the wider, corrupt national community of the United States; the site merely serves to unite this community and to provide it with resources. Nevertheless, the statement is itself part of the process by which the site attempts to construct a community through a process of rehabilitation, which aims to re-position hatred of homosexuals both as a political position and as an identity position. The site assumes that the experience of hatred, like that of other extreme emotions, has been wrongly constructed as essentially private, even impossible to articulate. Phelps assures us that it is not, that our hatred (and the reader is always assumed to be on side; the site is never defensive in tone, and never attempts to address its critics) is shared by others. The community exists in the bodies of individuals; by making hatred public and visible, the community can finally become visible in the public domain. &#x0D; &#x0D; This site, and others like it, provide a chilling new perspective on the notion of ‘shared interests’ as a basis for community, as well as giving an insight into the ways in which inequalities might not only translate from geophysical into online communities but actually be heightened, not least by the liberal rhetoric of free speech in which the intended victims of such assaults are urged simply to ignore them, even as they are imposed an ever-increasing number of victims (Porter 234-5). In order to justify their attacks on outsiders, hate sites reproduce discourses of virtual community alongside fundamentalist dogma. So, for example, Westboro Baptist Church claims that it is necessary to draw together a community based on a shared homophobic response in order to protect the larger community of the nation from destruction. In order to construct the virtual community then, it is necessary to mobilise fantasies of the nation as it might be in an ideal world. The community does not simply represent the wider community of the United States; that is, it is not a ‘virtual America.’ Rather, it draws upon a fantasy of the nation as perfectible, and this fantasy assumes a desire to purify the nation by destroying or expelling strangers. &#x0D; &#x0D; Despite the dystopian violence of Phelps’s vision, however, I do not think it is enough to argue that such manifestations are simply an example of a medium with great potential for spiritual growth falling into the wrong hands. Margaret Wertheim seems to predict the use of the Internet to promote hatred when she writes that ‘[t]here is every potential, if we are not careful, for cyberspace to be less like Heaven, and more like Hell’ (298). This reading of virtual culture tends to normalise the idea of a utopian internet community, from which deviations occur only as the result of insufficient vigilance. What is more, the invocation of a group of right-thinking cyber-citizens—the ‘we’ who must be ‘careful’—reproduces the very liberal rhetoric which, as I have argued, tends to perpetuate, or at least obscure, power structures within online communities. Indeed, the notion of ‘the online community’ invoked here seems, ironically, to reproduce the notion of a single unlimited community which, if it is not conterminous with all mankind exactly, is certainly conterminous with all (responsible) users of the internet. &#x0D; &#x0D; As I have shown, it is by drawing on the notions of universality and redemption that underpin utopian theories of cyber-culture that Phelps is able to present his site as a site of community. I would suggest, then, that the notion of a community that has the potential to be good but is constantly under threat from deviant outsiders, is inadequate. Rather, it is necessary to pay attention to the ways in which utopian rhetoric might in itself play a role in reproducing inequalities that exist in society more generally, both online and off. &#x0D; &#x0D; References&#x0D; &#x0D; Gould, P. “Dynamic Structures of Geographic Space.” Collapsing Space and Time: Geographic Aspects of Communications and Information. Eds. S.D. Brunn and T.R. Leinbach. London: HarperCollins, 1991. 3-30. Porter, J.E. “Liberal Individualism and Internet Policy: A Communitarian Critique.” Passions, Pedagogies, and 21st-Century Technologies. Eds. G.E. Hawisher and C.L. Selfe. Logan: Utah State UP, 1999. Rheingold, H. The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. HarperPerennial, 1993. 16 Oct. 2002 http://www.well.com/www/hlr/vcbook/index.html&gt;. Wertheim, M. The Pearly Gates of Cyberspace: A History of Space from Dante to the Internet. London: Virago Press, 1999.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Citation reference for this article&#x0D; &#x0D; MLA Style&#x0D; Ferreday, Debra. "Bad Communities: Virtual Community and Hate Speech." M/C Journal 8.1 (2005). echo date('d M. Y'); ?&gt; &lt;http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0502/07-ferreday.php&gt;. APA Style&#x0D; Ferreday, D. (Feb. 2005) "Bad Communities: Virtual Community and Hate Speech," M/C Journal, 8(1). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?&gt; from &lt;http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0502/07-ferreday.php&gt;. &#x0D;