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Kornai, András, Geoffrey K. Pullum, and Andras Kornai. "The X-Bar Theory of Phrase Structure." Language 66, no. 1 (March 1990): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415278.
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Kornai, András, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. "The X-bar theory of phrase structure." Language 66, no. 1 (1990): 24–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.1990.0015.
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Fitriyani, Dian Zelina, and Dian Zelina Fitriyani. "INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE IN MINANGKABAU LANGUAGE: X-BAR THEORY." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 3, no. 1 (September 27, 2017): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.3.1.229.188-200.
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This study discusses the grammatical function of the question words and the internal structure of interrogative sentence in Minangkabau language. The study of this interrogative sentence structure applies X-bar theory as one of the generative syntax subtheories. The data is gained from the interview of Minangkabau language native speaker and analysed by using the distributional method. The result of the analysis shows that the question words for wh-question has two grammatical functions, specifier and complement. For yes-no question, the question word “iyonyo” has one grammatical function, that is complement. The internal structure of interrogative sentence in Minangkabau language is constructed by specifier, complement, and adverb.
Key words: interrogative sentence, question word, Minangkabau language
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Leko, Nedzad. "X-bar theory and internal structure of NPs." Lingua 75, no. 2-3 (July 1988): 135–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(88)90030-7.
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Nunes, Jairo. "Bare X-Bar Theory and Structures Formed by Movement." Linguistic Inquiry 29, no. 1 (January 1998): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438998553707.
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LIU, XIAO-HAI, and QIANG ZHAO. "TETRAQUARK $X(ud\bar s\bar s)$ PRODUCTION IN pn → ΛΛX." International Journal of Modern Physics E 18, no. 02 (February 2009): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301309012331.
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We propose to search for a tetraquark candidate [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] or ΛΛKK*. The existence of tetraquark state [Formula: see text] was predicted in the literature due to specific diquark effective degrees of freedom inside hadrons. In order to understand the underlying dynamics for exotic hadrons, a search for the tetraquark [Formula: see text] is strongly recommended. We make an estimate of the production rate of [Formula: see text] in an effective lagrangian theory. The proposed reaction involves two Λ production, of which the narrow widths make it a great advantage in the analysis of the final state missing mass spectrum.
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Ginanti, Indira, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "Kalimat koordinatif dalam bahasa melayu serdang: Analisis x-bar." LingTera 5, no. 2 (October 23, 2018): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/lt.v5i2.21515.
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Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan hasil dan data untuk mencari dan membedah kalimat koordinatif dalam bahasa Melayu Serdang (BMS) yang menggunakan teori X-bar. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa struktur dalam BMS dan bahasa Indonesia itu tidak berbeda. Baik berdasarkan pola kalimat maupun kontruksinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode padan yang memadankan antara bahasa Indonesia dan BMS. Jadi, dalam membedah struktur batin yang terdapat dalam BMS yang menggunakan teori X-bar itu disepadankan dengan bahasa Indonesia. Adapun objek kajian yang ditelaah adalah kalimat koordinatif. Kalimat koordinatif ini tentu memiliki konjungsi koordinatif di dalamnya. Konjungsi koordinatif itu ada bermacam-macam. Ada yang menggunakan kata “bahwa”, “sekiranya”, “tetapi, “dan”, dan konjungsi koordinatif lainnya. Konjungsi koordinatif dalam bahasa Indonesia tersebut disepadankan dengan konjungsi koordinatif dalam BMS. Adapun alat pembedah kalimat-kalimat tersebut dalam BMS adalah teori X-bar. Teori X-bar ini pertama kali ditemukan oleh Chomsky. Dalam teori X-bar, kategori leksikal sebuah kata itu menjadi inti dari frasa, klausa, ataupun kalimat. Kategori leksikal verba itu adalah inti dari frasa verba, nomina adalah inti dari frasa nomina, adjektiva adalah inti dari frasa adjektiva, infleksi adalah inti dari frasa infleksional. AbstractThis research was conducted to get the results and data to find and dissect the coordinative sentence in Serdang Malay Language (SML) by using the X-bar theory. This research also aims to prove that the structure in SML and Indonesian have no different. Both based on sentence patterns and their construction. This research uses a matching method that combines Indonesian language and SML. So, to prove the inner structure contained in SML that uses the X-bar theory, it is compared to Indonesian. The object of the research that was examined by the coordinative sentence. This coordinative sentence certainly has coordinative conjunctions in it. There are various coordinative conjunctions. Some use the words "that", "if", "but", "and", and other coordinative conjunctions. Coordinative conjunction in Indonesian is compared to coordinative conjunction in SML. The dissecting tool for these sentences in SML is the X-bar theory. This X-bar theory was first done by Chomsky. In X-bar theory, the lexical category of a word becomes the core of phrases, clauses, or sentences. The lexical category of verbs is the core of verb phrases, nouns are the core of noun phrases, the adjective is the core of the adjective phrase, inflection is the core of the inflectional phrase.
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Zahra, Soraya Tsamara, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "KALIMAT TANYA DALAM BAHASA MANDAILING: TEORI X-BAR." RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 12, no. 2 (August 15, 2019): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/retorika.v12i2.9315.
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Interrogative Sentence in Mandailing Language: X-bar Theory. This study aims to analyze grammatical and lexical structure in interrogative sentence in Mandailing language. The study of this interrogative sentence structure applies X-bar theory as one of the generative syntax subtheories. This type of research includes qualitative research using distributional method. The data were collected through interview and observation. The result of the study showed that the wh-question in Mandailing language had grammatical function as spesifier and komplement, while the total question sentence had a function as a komplement. Interrogative sentence in Mandailing language formed by spesifiers, komplements, and adverb.
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Banakh, Taras, Serhii Bardyla, and Oleg Gutik. "The Lawson number of a semitopological semilattice." Semigroup Forum 103, no. 1 (May 13, 2021): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00233-021-10184-z.
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AbstractFor a Hausdorff topologized semilattice X its Lawson number$$\bar{\Lambda }(X)$$ Λ ¯ ( X ) is the smallest cardinal $$\kappa $$ κ such that for any distinct points $$x,y\in X$$ x , y ∈ X there exists a family $$\mathcal U$$ U of closed neighborhoods of x in X such that $$|\mathcal U|\le \kappa $$ | U | ≤ κ and $$\bigcap \mathcal U$$ ⋂ U is a subsemilattice of X that does not contain y. It follows that $$\bar{\Lambda }(X)\le \bar{\psi }(X)$$ Λ ¯ ( X ) ≤ ψ ¯ ( X ) , where $$\bar{\psi }(X)$$ ψ ¯ ( X ) is the smallest cardinal $$\kappa $$ κ such that for any point $$x\in X$$ x ∈ X there exists a family $$\mathcal U$$ U of closed neighborhoods of x in X such that $$|\mathcal U|\le \kappa $$ | U | ≤ κ and $$\bigcap \mathcal U=\{x\}$$ ⋂ U = { x } . We prove that a compact Hausdorff semitopological semilattice X is Lawson (i.e., has a base of the topology consisting of subsemilattices) if and only if $$\bar{\Lambda }(X)=1$$ Λ ¯ ( X ) = 1 . Each Hausdorff topological semilattice X has Lawson number $$\bar{\Lambda }(X)\le \omega $$ Λ ¯ ( X ) ≤ ω . On the other hand, for any infinite cardinal $$\lambda $$ λ we construct a Hausdorff zero-dimensional semitopological semilattice X such that $$|X|=\lambda $$ | X | = λ and $$\bar{\Lambda }(X)=\bar{\psi }(X)=\mathrm {cf}(\lambda )$$ Λ ¯ ( X ) = ψ ¯ ( X ) = cf ( λ ) . A topologized semilattice X is called (i) $$\omega $$ ω -Lawson if $$\bar{\Lambda }(X)\le \omega $$ Λ ¯ ( X ) ≤ ω ; (ii) complete if each non-empty chain $$C\subseteq X$$ C ⊆ X has $$\inf C\in {\overline{C}}$$ inf C ∈ C ¯ and $$\sup C\in {\overline{C}}$$ sup C ∈ C ¯ . We prove that for any complete subsemilattice X of an $$\omega $$ ω -Lawson semitopological semilattice Y, the partial order $$\le _X=\{(x,y)\in X\times X:xy=x\}$$ ≤ X = { ( x , y ) ∈ X × X : x y = x } of X is closed in $$Y\times Y$$ Y × Y and hence X is closed in Y. This implies that for any continuous homomorphism $$h:X\rightarrow Y$$ h : X → Y from a complete topologized semilattice X to an $$\omega $$ ω -Lawson semitopological semilattice Y the image h(X) is closed in Y.
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Budiman, Jaka, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "Konstruksi Interogatif Bahasa Jepang : Analisis X-Bar." Chi'e: Journal of Japanese Learning and Teaching 8, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/chie.v8i1.37327.
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Abstrak
Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan mengenai kategori fungsi kalimat interogatif dan merumuskan bentuk kalimat interogatif dalam bahasa Jepang menggunakan teori X-Bar. Dalam penelitian artikel ini, penulis menggunakan metode kepustakaan. Lalu, data dianalisis dengan metode agih dan hasil disajikan menggunakan pemahaman formal dan informal. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kategori fungsional kalimat interogatif dalam bahasa Jepang meliputi komplemen dan pemerlengkap. Fungsi kalimat interogatif sebagai pemerlengkap ditempati oleh kalimat interogatif ya-tidak dan kalimat interogatif dengan kata tanya, sedangkan kalimat interogatif yang berfungsi sebagai komplemen ditempati oleh kalimat interogatif gaung sehingga dapat dilihat sebagai berikut : KT → [Pm] + Spes + I + Komp + [Pm + Spes + I + Komp].
Kata Kunci : kalimat interogatif, struktur, kategori fungsional
Abstract
This research are describing about functional category of question and formulated question structure norm in Japanese with X-Bar theory. For this research article, i used library research method. Then, data was analyse with agih method and the result served with formal and informal understanding. The result are showed which question functional category in Japanese question as complement and complementary. The function of question as complementary be occupied by yes-no question and wh question, then question function as complement contained in echo question type as followed : KT → [Pm] + Spes + I + Komp + [Pm + Spes + I + Komp].
Keywords : question, structure, functional category
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Mayasari, Mayasari, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "QUESTION WORDS IN THE INTERROGATIVE CONSTRUCTION IN JAVANESE: IN X-BAR THEORY." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 4, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v4i1.2217.
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This study examines the syntactic behavior of question words (tembung pitakon) in the interrogative construction in Javanese. This study aimed to analyze the question words of all interrogative types in the language. Therefore, the research data cover question words known as tembung pitakon in Javanese which are derived from the relevant literature. The theoretical framework used in this study is the X-bar theory proposed by Haegeman (1992). The data analysis techniques used in this research were distributed methods which use the language element determination tool itself. The results show that the Javanese partial sentence has a grammatical and complementary grammatical function, while the total question sentence has a complement function. Javanese question words can be constructed by specifier, complements, and adverbials. The Javanese question sentence formed by specifier functions as an internal structure occupied by the NP and joined by I’ to form an IP. Furthermore, the question words formed by complement functions as an internal structure occupied by PP or NP and joined by V to form the first V'. Finally, the question words formed by adverbial functions as an internal structure that can be occupied by PP or NP to join the first V' then form the second V'
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Banakh, Taras, and Serhii Bardyla. "On images of complete topologized subsemilattices in sequential semitopological semilattices." Semigroup Forum 100, no. 3 (September 26, 2019): 662–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00233-019-10061-w.
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Abstract A topologized semilattice X is called complete if each non-empty chain $$C\subset X$$ C ⊂ X has $$\inf C\in {\bar{C}}$$ inf C ∈ C ¯ and $$\sup C\in {\bar{C}}$$ sup C ∈ C ¯ . We prove that for any continuous homomorphism $$h:X\rightarrow Y$$ h : X → Y from a complete topologized semilattice X to a sequential Hausdorff semitopological semilattice Y the image h(X) is closed in Y.
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Keeseok Cho. "A Post X-bar Theory Framework: A Double Tier Approach to Sentence Creation." Studies in Foreign Language Education 27, no. 1 (February 2013): 179–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.16933/sfle.2013.27.1.179.
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Al Aqad, Mohammed H. "Syntactic Analysis of Arabic Adverb′s between Arabic and English: X Bar Theory." International Journal of Language and Linguistics 1, no. 3 (2013): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijll.20130103.11.
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Ballaÿ, François. "Successive minima and asymptotic slopes in Arakelov geometry." Compositio Mathematica 157, no. 6 (June 2021): 1302–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0010437x21007156.
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Let $X$ be a normal and geometrically integral projective variety over a global field $K$ and let $\bar {D}$ be an adelic ${\mathbb {R}}$-Cartier divisor on $X$. We prove a conjecture of Chen, showing that the essential minimum $\zeta _{\mathrm {ess}}(\bar {D})$ of $\bar {D}$ equals its asymptotic maximal slope under mild positivity assumptions. As an application, we see that $\zeta _{\mathrm {ess}}(\bar {D})$ can be read on the Okounkov body of the underlying divisor $D$ via the Boucksom–Chen concave transform. This gives a new interpretation of Zhang's inequalities on successive minima and a criterion for equality generalizing to arbitrary projective varieties a result of Burgos Gil, Philippon and Sombra concerning toric metrized divisors on toric varieties. When applied to a projective space $X = {\mathbb {P}}_K^{d}$, our main result has several applications to the study of successive minima of hermitian vector spaces. We obtain an absolute transference theorem with a linear upper bound, answering a question raised by Gaudron. We also give new comparisons between successive slopes and absolute minima, extending results of Gaudron and Rémond.
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Yang, Xiaomei, and Jianchao Zeng. "Economic design of x-bar control chart under hybrid maintenance policy." Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 24, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jqme-10-2016-0054.
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Purpose According to the relevance of product quality and machine degradation state, a hybrid maintenance policy is designed. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach Product quality control and machine maintenance are considered simultaneously in this policy. Based on this policy, the economic model of x-bar control chart is proposed using statistical process control and renewal reward theory. Findings This model is solved by genetic algorithm and the experimental results validated its feasibility. Originality/value In this model, the four corresponding relationship, which is between product quality monitoring result and machine degradation state, is analyzed.
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Barabash, R. I., S. A. Demin, M. A. Krivoglaz, and K. V. Chuistov. "X-ray diffuse scattering of a decomposing hexagonal alloy." Journal of Applied Crystallography 23, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889890005039.
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A new type of X-ray diffuse scattering has been found in the early stages of decomposition of the hexagonal phase of Mn–44at.% Al. The diffuse scattering is observed mainly within the basal plane of the reciprocal lattice and differs for the 10{\bar 1}l and 11{\bar 2}l points. Theoretical calculations of the X-ray diffuse scattering according to the kinematic scattering theory have been performed for the elastically isotropic and anisotropic cases and for precipitates of various forms and orientations with and without a depleted layer surrounding them. In the latter case, a zero-intensity region near the reciprocal-lattice points occurs. There are cases of good agreement between the experimental results and calculations for the precipitates with a depleted layer.
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Barbaud, Philippe E. "Conversion Syntaxique." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.18.1.02bar.
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In this study, it is shown that the "category changing" property of morphological rules of conversion is unable to account for compound words, for formal and semantic reasons. Several convergent facts demonstrate that the compounding process is syntactic in nature. Consequently, it is argued that X-bar theory must be involved in compound word formation because of the "lexical function" of the syntax. Empirical data are mainly focused on French Noms Composés à base Verbale, or NCV, as tire-bouchon (cork screw),porte-parole (spoke person), gagne-pain (job), etc., which are analyzed as base generated "quasi-VPs" embedded in a NP. Thus, the NPWP exocentric dominance instantiates a "syntactic conversion" at the D-structure level. Such a categorial hierarchy is based on the "distribution changing" property of X-bar theory rather than on the "category changing" property of structuring morphological rules. Therefore, the high productivity of NCVs in French and other Romance languages is due to their morphology, which allows SPEC\HEAD agreement and VERB RAISING movement. The licensing of exocentric X-bar structures in grammar depends on several semantic principles of lexical interpretation, which are relevant to hyperonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, etc.. Thus, the model is dispensed with a superfluous component of "peripheral" rules of compounding. In conclusion, exocentricity of syntactic structures leads the author to claim that X-bar schema is primitive in grammar and that a given phrase is not the necessary projection of its head.
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Motapanyane, Virginia. "On Preverbal Positions in Romanian." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 39, no. 1 (March 1994): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100014833.
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The concepts of X-bar theory are fundamental to the framework of generative grammar. The last version of the theory (Chomsky 1992) defines the projected positions as either narrowly or broadly L(exically)-related to the head X, where “L-relation” means inclusion in the checking domain of X. Narrowly L-related positions, nonadjoined (e.g., Spec), obey structure preserving rules; they have the basic properties of A-positions. Broadly L-related positions, adjoined and optional, have the properties of A’-positions.
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HUANG, WEN, JIAN LI, JEAN-PAUL THOUVENOT, LEIYE XU, and XIANGDONG YE. "Bounded complexity, mean equicontinuity and discrete spectrum." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 41, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 494–533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/etds.2019.66.
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We study dynamical systems that have bounded complexity with respect to three kinds metrics: the Bowen metric $d_{n}$, the max-mean metric $\hat{d}_{n}$ and the mean metric $\bar{d}_{n}$, both in topological dynamics and ergodic theory. It is shown that a topological dynamical system $(X,T)$ has bounded complexity with respect to $d_{n}$ (respectively $\hat{d}_{n}$) if and only if it is equicontinuous (respectively equicontinuous in the mean). However, we construct minimal systems that have bounded complexity with respect to $\bar{d}_{n}$ but that are not equicontinuous in the mean. It turns out that an invariant measure $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ on $(X,T)$ has bounded complexity with respect to $d_{n}$ if and only if $(X,T)$ is $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$-equicontinuous. Meanwhile, it is shown that $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ has bounded complexity with respect to $\hat{d}_{n}$ if and only if $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ has bounded complexity with respect to $\bar{d}_{n}$, if and only if $(X,T)$ is $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$-mean equicontinuous and if and only if it has discrete spectrum.
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Saragih, Elza Leyli Lisnora, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "Pola Pembentukan Konstruksi Verba Serial dalam Bahasa Batak Toba (Teori X-Bar)." GERAM 8, no. 1 (June 18, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/geram.2020.vol8(1).4432.
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This study aimed to describe the construction and how the formation pattern of serial verbs in Batak Toba language through X-bar theory. A qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques using note-taking and interview techniques was used. Data were collected from interviews with native speakers and the text of Toba Batak language almanac. In analyzing the data, a method of distribution was employed. The results showed that the formation pattern of serial verbs in the Batak Toba language consisted of 4 types namely which were [transitive V1+ transitive V2], [transitive V1+intransitive V2], [intransitive V1+ transitive V2], and [intransitive V1 + intransitive V2]. The first type, [transitive V1+ transitive V2] is formed from the predicate that followed by the object + the predicate and followed by the object. The next formation, [V1 transitive + V2 intransitive] is formed from predicates followed by object + predicates and not followed by the object. The later type, [V1 intransitive + V2 transitive] is formed from predicates that not followed by object + predicates and followed by an object. Further, the last type, [intransitive V1 + V2] is formed from a predicate not followed by an object + a predicate and not followed by an object.
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Shen, Yeshayahu. "Schema theory and the processing of narrative texts: The x-bar story grammar and the notion of discourse topic." Journal of Pragmatics 12, no. 5-6 (December 1988): 639–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(88)90051-3.
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Ball, Jerry T. "A bi-polar theory of nominal and clause structure and function." Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics 5 (November 29, 2007): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/arcl.5.03bal.
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A bi-polar theory of the structure and function of nominals and clauses is presented in which a specifier, functioning as a referential pole, and a head, functioning as a relational pole, combine to form a referring expression. The theory applies to both object referring expressions, in the case of nominals, and situation referring expressions, in the case of clauses. The bi-polar theory is contrasted with X-Bar Theory — a uni-polar theory in which the head uniquely determines the type of the larger expression in which it occurs. Uni-polar theories adopt a strong notion of endocentricity, which is rejected in the bi-polar theory, where both the specifier and the head make significant and meaningful contributions to the larger expressions in which they occur. The bi-polar theory is also contrasted with Langacker’s conception of the basic structure and function of nominals and clauses.
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Ling, Xiang, Shan-Tung Tu, and Jian-Ming Gong. "Damage Mechanics Considerations for Life Extension of High-Temperature Components." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 122, no. 2 (December 15, 1999): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.556167.
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Continuum damage theory has proven to be an effective tool in creep damage simulation. In order to establish some mechanical principles for life extension of components at elevated temperature, a numerical scheme based on the localized creep damage theory is introduced. To illustrate the strength potential of structures for life extension, the method is first applied to a simple case of two-bar structure. Typical components of geometrical discontinuity, material discontinuity, and temperature inhomogenity are then analyzed. In terms of the damage distribution or life exhaustion of the components, some principles for life extension are proposed. [S0094-9930(00)00202-X]
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Adouani, Abdellatif. "La Morphologie Est-Elle la Syntaxe des Mots?" Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.19.1.02ado.
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Is Morphology the Syntax of Words? This article deals with the place of morphology in relation to the syntactic component of grammar. Its main purpose is to show, thanks to the study of some empirical data, that the general principles of the X-bar theory are unsuited to describe the inner structure of constructed words in French. From this study emerges the fact that the construction of lexical units pertains to specific rules which must take place inside an autonomous lexical component.
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Jacobsen, Bent. "Remarks on Acceptability and Grammaticality." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 5, no. 8 (July 28, 2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v5i8.21490.
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<p>In the present paper a distinction is drawn between <strong>acceptability</strong> and <strong>grammaticality</strong>. These two concepts have often been confounded in the literature. Thus linguists have been prone to say that 'the native speaker makes grammaticality judgments'. Nothing could be more mistaken. He makes acceptability judgments, and that is something entirely different. In this article, I shall make use of the sentence-schema which has been current since Chomsky (1986a) - a logical extension of X-bar syntax. Readers who are not familiar with the basic modules of modern TG-theory are referred to my articles in <em>Hermes</em>, 1 and <em>Hermes</em>, 2 (see references). In these two articles I adhered to the S-bar/S-schema of sentence structure. This is now obsolete. I shall adopt a relatively conservative view of bounding nodes (subjacency); i.e. I make no attempt to introduce the sophisticated theory of barrierhood developed in Chomsky (1986a). This is immaterial to the argument conducted in this paper.</p>
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Spencer, Andrew. "Nominal inflection and the nature of functional categories." Journal of Linguistics 28, no. 2 (September 1992): 313–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700015243.
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There is a widespread assumption within the Government–Binding theory as it has developed from the Barriers model (Chomsky 1986) that functional categories, that is, categories which play a role in establishing dependencies between parts of a sentence, as opposed to lexical categories, should be represented as heads projecting X-bar phrases. I shall refer to this as the Full Functional Projection Hypothesis (FFPH), stated informally in (1). (i) Full Functional Projection Hypothesis Any morphophonosyntactic formative which corresponds to a functional category in a given language is syntactically the head of a maximal projection.
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Wong-Ng, W., G. Y. Liu, D. D. Shi, Y. Q. Yang, R. Derbeshi, D. Windover, and J. A. Kaduk. "Crystal chemistry, X-ray diffraction reference patterns, and bandgap studies for (BaxSr1–x)2CoWO6 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9)." Powder Diffraction 35, no. 3 (June 23, 2020): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715620000342.
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X-ray reference powder patterns and structures have been determined for a series of cobalt- and tungsten-containing cubic alkaline-earth perovskites, (BaxSr1–x)2CoWO6 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9). The structure of the end members of the series, Sr2CoWO6 and Ba2CoWO6, were tetragonal and cubic, respectively, agreeing with the literature data. From Rietveld refinements, it was found that when x = 0.1 and 0.2, the structure was tetragonal I4/m (a = 5.60481(6) and 5.62305(11) Å and c = 7.97989(12) and 7.9847(2) Å, respectively; Z = 2). When x > 0.2, the structure was cubic (Fm$\bar{3}$m, No. 225; Z = 4) (from x = 0.3 to 0.9, a increases from 7.98399(13) to 8.08871(10) Å). This tetragonal series of compounds exhibit the characteristics of a distorted double-perovskite structure. The bond valence sum values for the alkaline-earth (Ba, Sr) sites in all (BaxSr1−x)2CoWO6 members are greater than the ideal value of 2.0, indicating over-bonding situation, whereas for the W sites, as x increases, a change from under-bonding to slightly over-bonding situation was observed. Density functional theory calculations revealed that while Sr2CoWO6 is a semiconductor, Ba2CoWO6 and SrBaCoWO6 are half-metals. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of this series of compounds (BaxSr1−x)2CoWO6, with x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9, have been submitted to be included in the Powder Diffraction File.
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Jacobsen, Bent. "(Tomme) NPer i moderne generativ syntaktisk teori (1. del)." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 1, no. 1 (July 17, 2015): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v1i1.21338.
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The present paper takes its point of departure in the concept of empty NP-categories, as this is embodied in a more comprehensive theory of NPs. The theoretical framework adopted is mainly that expouned in Chomsky: Lextures on Government and Binding (1981) and subsequent works (though no attempt has been made to incorporate the revised model presented in Chomsky: Barriers (1986)). The paper gives a brief introduction to the main modules of a modern generative grammar (X-bar syntax;0-theory; government (including proper government and the Extended Empty Category Principle); the theory of abstract Case; the theory of Binding; and the theory of Bouding). The paper falls into two parts. In the first part the basic modules and principles are introduced. In the second part, to be published in the next issue of Hermes, it will be shown how these modules interact in the derivation of sentences. Particular attention will be paid to NP-Movement and Wh-Movement. A separate section will deal with the status of PRO. The full bibliography appears after both parts.
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Jacobsen, Bent. "(Tomme) NPer i moderne generativ syntaktisk teori (2. del)." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 1, no. 2 (July 17, 2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v1i2.21352.
Full textAbstract:
The present paper takes its point of departure in the concept of empty NP-categories, as this is embodied in a more comprehensive theory of NPs. The theoretical framework adopted is mainly that expouned in Chomsky: Lextures on Government and Binding (1981) and subsequent works (though no attempt has been made to incorporate the revised model presented in Chomsky: Barriers (1986)). The paper gives a brief introduction to the main modules of a modern generative grammar (X-bar syntax;0-theory; government (including proper government and the Extended Empty Category Principle); the theory of abstract Case; the theory of Binding; and the theory of Bouding). The paper falls into two parts. In the first part the basic modules and principles are introduced. In the second part, to be published in the next issue of Hermes, it will be shown how these modules interact in the derivation of sentences. Particular attention will be paid to NP-Movement and Wh-Movement. A separate section will deal with the status of PRO. The full bibliography appears after both parts.
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Zainuddin, Zainuddin. "SYNTAX ERRORS ON THE ESSAY WRITINGS OF EXTROVERT AND INTROVERT EFL LEARNERS." Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa 10, no. 1 (July 3, 2016): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ld.v10i1.6332.
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The main purpose of this study was to investigate syntactic errors on extrovert and introvert EFL learners’ essay writing. The data were collected by classification technique from 20 essay writings of EFL learners (10 extroversions and 10 introversions) in Universitas Negeri Medan, Indonesia. The data were analyzed by using X-Bar Theory. The findings of this study indicated that there was a difference between extrovert and introvert in the number of syntax errors. In addition, the extrovert students made 10 types of errors with quantity of 108 while the introvert students only made 8 types of errors with quantity of 60. Keywords: Writing, Syntax, Extrovert and Introvert.
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Saryana, I. Wayan. "NOMINALISASI BAHASA BALI (BB)." KULTURISTIK: Jurnal Bahasa dan Budaya 1, no. 1 (July 7, 2017): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/kulturistik.1.1.220.
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[Title: Nominalization in Balinese Language] The study deal with the process of nominal formation (nominalization) and Nominal structure of Balinese language. The data being analyzed is obtained from the researcher’s intuition that is the gained from language potency of the researcher as a native Balinese speaker. In addition, the data was also gained from Balinese texts such as novels, short stories, and folk tales. As a reference in analyzing the data it is applied X-bar theory developed by N, Chomsky and his adherers from the beginning of 1970-s. The most important essence of this theory is that every phrase structure has head. In other words, that every phrase structure is endocentric in nature. At the initial phrase, this theory was developed to describe phrasal category, then it was applied for clausal level. Recently, this theory is applied to analyze word level (Xo). Nouns in Balinese can be base and derived nouns. Derived nouns can be formed through some process: affixation, compounding, reduplication, and derivation of clauses. Nouns in Balinese can place syntactical functions such as subject, predicate, object, complement, and adverb.
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Fan, Jinwei, Changjun Wu, and Zhongsheng Li. "A novel geometric error identification methodology for the tilting head of five-axis machine tools based on double ball bar." MATEC Web of Conferences 221 (2018): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822104001.
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The paper proposes a novel geometric error identification methodology for the tilting head of five-axis machine tools using double ball bar(DBB).Firstly, based on the motion condition of the tilting head of five-axis machine tools, three measurement patterns in Y direction, X direction and Z direction are proposed respectively. Then, the relative displacement equations of two balls of DBB in three measurement patterns are established respectively on the basis of homogeneous transform matrix (HTM) and multi-body system (MBS) theory. Finally, the geometric error parameters of the tilting head are identified totally. The presented method is universal and provides a reference for the error identification for the tilting head of five-axis machine tools.
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Holdon, L. C. "New topology in residuated lattices." Open Mathematics 16, no. 1 (October 19, 2018): 1104–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/math-2018-0092.
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AbstractIn this paper, by using the notion of upsets in residuated lattices and defining the operator Da(X), for an upset X of a residuated lattice L we construct a new topology denoted by τa and (L, τa) becomes a topological space. We obtain some of the topological aspects of these structures such as connectivity and compactness. We study the properties of upsets in residuated lattices and we establish the relationship between them and filters. O. Zahiri and R. A. Borzooei studied upsets in the case of BL-algebras, their results become particular cases of our theory, many of them work in residuated lattices and for that we offer complete proofs. Moreover, we investigate some properties of the quotient topology on residuated lattices and some classes of semitopological residuated lattices. We give the relationship between two types of quotient topologies τa/F and $\begin{array}{} \displaystyle \mathop {{\tau _a}}\limits^ - \end{array}$. Finally, we study the uniform topology $\begin{array}{} \displaystyle {\tau _{\bar \Lambda }} \end{array}$ and we obtain some conditions under which $\begin{array}{} \displaystyle (L/J,{\tau _{\bar \Lambda }}) \end{array}$ is a Hausdorff space, a discrete space or a regular space ralative to the uniform topology. We discuss briefly the applications of our results on classes of residuated lattices such as divisible residuated lattices, MV-algebras and involutive residuated lattices and we find that any of this subclasses of residuated lattices with respect to these topologies form semitopological algebras.
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Ribeiro, Rui P. P. L., Isabel A. A. C. Esteves, and José P. B. Mota. "Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrogen on Zn(dcpa) Metal-Organic Framework." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 5598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185598.
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Adsorption-based processes using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a promising option for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from flue gases and biogas upgrading to biomethane. Here, the adsorption of CO2, methane (CH4), and nitrogen (N2) on Zn(dcpa) MOF (dcpa (2,6-dichlorophenylacetate)) is reported. The characterization of the MOF by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and N2 physisorption at 77 K shows that it is stable up to 650 K, and confirms previous observations suggesting framework flexibility upon exposure to guest molecules. The adsorption equilibrium isotherms of the pure components (CO2, CH4, and N2), measured at 273–323 K, and up to 35 bar, are Langmuirian, except for that of CO2 at 273 K, which exhibits a stepwise shape with hysteresis. The latter is accurately interpreted in terms of the osmotic thermodynamic theory, with further refinement by assuming that the free energy difference between the two metastable structures of Zn(dcpa) is a normally distributed variable due to the existence of different crystal sizes and defects in a real sample. The ideal selectivities of the equimolar mixtures of CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 at 1 bar and 303 K are 12.8 and 2.9, respectively, which are large enough for Zn(dcpa) to be usable in pressure swing adsorption.
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Cai, Linhong, Lan Jiang, Cong Li, Xiaoshu Guan, Li Zhang, and Xiangnan Hu. "Multicomponent Crystal of Metformin and Barbital: Design, Crystal Structure Analysis and Characterization." Molecules 26, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 4377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144377.
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The formation of most multicomponent crystals relies on the interaction of hydrogen bonds between the components, so rational crystal design based on the expected hydrogen-bonded supramolecular synthons was employed to establish supramolecular compounds with desirable properties. This theory was put into practice for metformin to participate in more therapeutic fields to search for a fast and simple approach for the screening of candidate crystal co-formers. The prediction of intermolecular synthons facilitated the successful synthesis of a new multicomponent crystal of metformin (Met) and barbital (Bar) through an anion exchange reaction and cooling crystallization method. The single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated the hydrogen bond-based ureide/ureide and guanidine/ureide synthons were responsible for the self-assembly of the primary structural motif and extended into infinite supramolecular heterocatemeric structures.
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Okunev, A. O., and G. A. Verozubova. "X-ray topography contrast from edge dislocations in ZnGeP2single crystals." Journal of Applied Crystallography 48, no. 4 (July 28, 2015): 1228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576715012571.
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X-ray topography images in the form of contrast rosettes from edge dislocations of the \{ {\bar 110} \}\langle {110} \rangle slip system in ZnGeP2single crystals, obtained under different diffraction conditions, are identified and interpreted. To analyze and model the dislocation images, a semi-phenomenological theory of contrast is applied. The simulation of images of edge dislocations under Borrmann effect conditions was carried out in cases when the diffraction vector was parallel or perpendicular to the slip plane of the dislocation. In both cases, the main part of the experimental image is formed because of waveguiding of Bloch waves in the regions of tension and compression of the lattice on either side of the slip plane. Additional image details arise through relaxation of stresses at the exit surface. Since the color of all lobes of the contrast rosette is related to the sign of the deformation, the location of the dislocation half-plane is unambiguously determined. Thus, from the form of the rosette image, it is possible to obtain the slip plane, the magnitude and sign of the Burger's vector, and the direction of the dislocation line.
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Maynard-Casely, Helen E., Robert Hodyss, Morgan L. Cable, Tuan Hoang Vu, and Martin Rahm. "A co-crystal between benzene and ethane: a potential evaporite material for Saturn's moon Titan." IUCrJ 3, no. 3 (March 30, 2016): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252516002815.
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Using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, the structure of a co-crystal between benzene and ethane formedin situat cryogenic conditions has been determined, and validated using dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations. The structure comprises a lattice of benzene molecules hosting ethane molecules within channels. Similarity between the intermolecular interactions found in the co-crystal and in pure benzene indicate that the C—H...π network of benzene is maintained in the co-crystal, however, this expands to accommodate the guest ethane molecules. The co-crystal has a 3:1 benzene:ethane stoichiometry and is described in the space group R\bar 3 witha= 15.977 (1) Å andc= 5.581 (1) Å at 90 K, with a density of 1.067 g cm−3. The conditions under which this co-crystal forms identify it is a potential that forms from evaporation of Saturn's moon Titan's lakes, an evaporite material.
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ASBAYOU, Omar. "Automatic Arabic Named Entity Extraction and Classification for Information Retrieval." International Journal on Natural Language Computing 9, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijnlc.2020.9601.
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This article tries to explain our rule-based Arabic Named Entity recognition (NER) and classification system. It is based on lists of classified proper names (PN) and particularly on syntactico-semantic patterns resulting in fine classification of Arabic NE. These patterns use syntactico-semantic combination of morpho-syntactic and syntactic entities. It also uses lexical classification of trigger words and NE extensions. These linguistic data are essential not only to name entity extraction but also to the taxonomic classification and to determining the NE frontiers. Our method is also based on the contextualisation and on the notion of NE class attributes and values. Inspired from X-bar theory and immediate constituents, we built a rule-based NER system composed of five levels of syntactico-semantic combination. We also show how the fine NE annotations in our system output (XML database) is exploited in information retrieval and information extraction.
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Nasution, Latifah Yusri, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "PREDIKAT KOMPLEKS DALAM BAHASA ANGKOLA MANDAILING." LITERA 19, no. 1 (March 21, 2020): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/ltr.v19i1.25455.
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Predikat kompleks terbentuk ketika dua atau lebih elemen predikat bergabung ke dalam hubungan subjek dan objek. Penelitian tentang predikat komplek bahasa Angkola Mandailing merupakan media mempelajari bahasa daerah yang mulai ditinggalkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan konstruksi predikat kompleks bahasa Angkola Mandailing. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode interaktif dengan teori X-bar. Sumber data penelitian adalah tuturan lisan informan dalam situasi tutur yang alamiah. Pengumpulan data dengan metode simak atau observasi. Analisis dilakukan selama pengumpulan, reduksi, penyajian, dan penarikan simpulan/verifikasi. Analisis data menggunakan metode agih dan disajikan menggunakan metode informal. Hasil penelitian sebagai berikut. Pertama, karakteristik predikat kompleks dalam bahasa Angkola Mandailing, yaitu dibentuk dari dua verba atau lebih, letaknya berdampingan, dan memiliki kesamaan aspek dan negasi. Kedua, pola pembentuk predikat kompleks dalam bahasa Angkola Mandailing berupa V1 intransitif + V2 intransitif, V1 transitif + V2 intransitif, V1 intransitif + V2 transitif, dan V1 transitif + V2 transitif. Ketiga, kedua verba atau lebih dalam konstruksi predikat kompleks bahasa Angkola Mandailing sama-sama menjadi verba inti dalam kalimat. Skema X-barnya ialah predikat kompleks (V1+V2) berkombinasi membentuk V’. V’ membentuk FV. FV berkombinasi dengan I membentuk I’. I’ berkombinasi dengan Spes membentuk FI (kalimat). Kata Kunci: konstruksi, predikat kompleks, bahasa Angkola Mandailing COMPLEX PREDICATION IN ANGKOLA MANDAILING LANGUAGE AbstractComplex predicates are formed when two or more predicate elements are joined into the relationship of subjects and objects. Research on the complex predication of the Angkola Mandailing language is a medium for learning the languages of the region that are becoming obsolete. This study is aimed at describing the complex construction of the Angkola Mandailing language. The study uses a qualitative approach with interactive methods with the X-bar theory. The source of the research data is the oral speech of informants in natural speech situations. Data collection is done by listening or observing. The analysis is carried out during the collection, reduction, presentation, and conclusion/verification research steps. Data analysis uses the aggregate method and is presented using the informal method. The results of this study indicate that first, the characteristics of complex predicates in the Angkola Mandailing language are formed from two or more verbs, located side by side, and having similar aspects and negations. Second, the complex predicate patterns are intransitive V1 + intransitive V2, transitive V1 + intransitive V1, intransive V1 + transitive V2, and transitive V1 + transitive V2. Third, the two or more verbs in the construction of the complex predicate together become the core verbs in the sentence. The X-bar scheme is a complex predicate (V1+V2) combined to form V '; V ’forms VP; VP combines with I to form I '; and I ’combines with Spes to form IP (sentence). Keywords: grammatical construction, complex predicate, Angkola Mandailing language
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Rezler, Mateusz, Teresa Żołek, Irena Wolska, and Dorota Maciejewska. "Structural aspects of intermolecular interactions in the solid state of 1,4-dibenzylpiperazines bearing nitrile or amidine groups." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 70, no. 5 (September 18, 2014): 820–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520614013754.
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The crystal structures of the title 1,4-bis(4-cyanobenzyl)piperazine (1) and 1,4-bis(4-amidinobenzyl)piperazine tetrahydrochloride tetrahydrate (2) are reported. Compound (1) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P\bar 1 and compound (2) in the monoclinic space groupP21/n. In both (1) and (2) the asymmetric unit contains one half of the molecule because the central piperazine rings were located across a symmetry center. The packing of both molecules was dominated by hydrogen bonds. The crystal lattice of (1) was formed by weak C—H...N and C—H...π interactions. The crystal structure of (2) was completely different, with cations as well as chloride anions and water molecules taking part in intermolecular interactions. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations allowed the characterization of the intermolecular interactions in those two systems having different types of very strong electrophilic groups: non-ionic nitrile and ionic amidine. Chemical shift data from13C CP/MAS (Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning) NMR spectra were analyzed using the different procedures for the theoretical computation of shielding constants.
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Sharma, Rajiv, and Manjeet Kharub. "Attaining competitive positioning through SPC – an experimental investigation from SME." Measuring Business Excellence 18, no. 4 (November 11, 2014): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbe-10-2013-0050.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework which connects theory with straightforward application of statistical process control (SPC) in discovering and analyzing causes of variation to eliminate quality problems, which not only helps small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to improve their processes but also helps to attain competitive positioning. Design/methodology/approach – Based on theory and methodological framework, an experimental study has been presented. Use of histograms, X (bar) and R control charts and process capability plots and cause-and-effect diagrams have been made to analyse the assignable causes. A case from an SME engaged in machining of automotive parts is investigated. Findings – The results demonstrate the effectiveness of SPC in evaluating and eliminating quality problems. The machine capability (CP) and the process capability (CPk) values are also obtained to know inherent variation in the process. If these quality tools are applied with management support and apt knowledge, attained through proper training and motivation, then in this cut-throat competitive world, SMEs can establish their market position by enhancing the quality and productivity of their products/processes. Practical limitations/implications – From the study, the authors conclude that application of SPC requires thorough preparation, management commitment and human resource management through proper training, teamwork and motivation embedded with a sound measurement and control system. Originality/value – The present study bridges the gap between theory and practice by developing a conceptual framework and providing a practical support by illustrating a case from an SME engaged in machining of automotive parts.
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Pasha, M. A., M. Bameni Moghadam, and M. A. Rahim. "Effects of non-normal quality data on the integrated model of imperfect maintenance, early replacement, and economic design of $${\bar{X}}$$-control charts." Operational Research 20, no. 4 (September 15, 2018): 2519–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12351-018-0424-z.
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Rousseau, Richard M. "Concepts of Influence Coefficients in XRF Analysis and Calibration." Advances in X-ray Analysis 32 (1988): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800020322.
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AbstractA new computer program, named CiROU, has been written to determine the chemical composition of homogeneous samples analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). It uses the furdamental algorithm to convert measured intensities into concentrations anc to correct for matrix effects and runs on any IBM-PC/XT/AT, PS/2 or compatible corrputer.The program is very easy to use mainly because it is a step-by-step guide to the routine process of analyzing specimens by XRF and because a user friendly interface makes up a main menu bar containing six major options, which provide several other options inside a pull-down window system.The program is applicable to specimens of any composition with the utmost accuracy that can be obtained from the fundamental-parameters method. It’s unique calibration procedure still adds to the accuracy by eliminating the bias between theory and reality.The program is a complete “off-line” program allowing to perform all the steps of an XRF analysis: calculation of theoretical influence coefficients, calibration, reading of measured intensities, calculation of net intensities and concentrations of unknowns, print-out of analytical reports and data transmission to or from an external computer.
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Neumann, Marcus A., Consiglia Tedesco, Silvia Destri, Dino R. Ferro, and William Porzio. "Bridging the gap – structure determination of the red polymorph of tetrahexylsexithiophene by Monte Carlo simulated annealing, first-principles DFT calculations and Rietveld refinement." Journal of Applied Crystallography 35, no. 3 (May 16, 2002): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889802002844.
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The crystal structure of the red polymorph of tetrahexylsexithiophene (THST) is solved from X-ray powder diffraction data by a direct-space Monte Carlo simulated-annealing approach. First-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to distinguish between three nearly identical solutions in the space groupsC2/m,C2 andP\bar{1} and to improve the overall accuracy of the crystal structure. The correct space group is found to beC2/m. In all space groups, the thiophene backbone is planar and the hexyl side chains assume an all-transconformation except for two terminal methyl residues, which adopt agaucheorientation. The ability of first-principles DFT calculations to provide atomic coordinates of single-crystal quality is demonstrated by lattice-energy minimization of the known crystal structure of the yellow polymorph of THST. The combination of Monte Carlo simulated annealing, first-principles DFT calculations and Rietveld refinement presented in this paper is generally applicable. It provides a powerful alternative to standard approaches in cases where the information content of the powder diffraction pattern alone is insufficient to distinguish between different structure solutions. DFT calculations can also provide invaluable guidance in Rietveld refinement.
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Jayeola, Waheed Ayisa. "Clause Structure and Word Order in Ákè." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 22, no. 1 (July 8, 2021): 108–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v22i1.5.
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Ákè is by historical and linguistic facts a dialect of Edo which has not received significant linguistic attention. This neglect informs an inquiry into the in ternal structure and organization of its basic clause. This paper studies data of everyday usage of competent speakers of Ákè and argues that it displays a subject-verb-object order. The study provides a not too elaborate description of the nominal and verbal constructions in Ákè and reduces the description to analysis using the X-bar theory as conceived within the Minimalist Program. It therefore states that nominal phrases can be analysed as a projection of Determiner Phrase (DP) because independent existence is not a requirement for considering an element as the head of a projection. The variable position which the head D occupies in the superficial syntax of Ákè is analysed as the effect of movement for feature checking. In the spirit of the Minimalist Program, this study recognizes the head of the clause as Tense (T), which could be overt or null and predicts that it dominates Negative Phrase (NegP) as Neg is assumed to c-select the Verb Phrase (VP).
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Mohapatra, Rajsekhar, Christoph Federrath, and Prateek Sharma. "Turbulent density and pressure fluctuations in the stratified intracluster medium." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 500, no. 4 (November 18, 2020): 5072–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3564.
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ABSTRACT Turbulent gas motions are observed in the intracluster medium (ICM). The ICM is density-stratified, with the gas density being highest at the centre of the cluster and decreasing radially outwards. As a result of this, Kolmogorov (homogeneous, isotropic) turbulence theory does not apply to the ICM. The gas motions are instead explained by anisotropic stratified turbulence, with the stratification quantified by the perpendicular Froude number (Fr⊥). These turbulent motions are associated with density and pressure fluctuations, which manifest as perturbations in X-ray surface brightness maps of the ICM and as thermal Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect (SZ) fluctuations, respectively. In order to advance our understanding of the relations between these fluctuations and the turbulent gas velocities, we have conducted 100 high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations of stratified turbulence (2562 × 384–10242 × 1536 resolution elements), in which we scan the parameter space of subsonic rms Mach number ($\mathcal {M}$), Fr⊥, and the ratio of entropy and pressure scale heights (RPS = HP/HS), relevant to the ICM. We develop a new scaling relation between the standard deviation of logarithmic density fluctuations (σs, where s = ln (ρ/$\langle$ρ$\rangle$)), $\mathcal {M}$, and Fr⊥, which covers both the strongly stratified (Fr⊥ ≪ 1) and weakly stratified (Fr⊥ ≫ 1) turbulence regimes: $\sigma _{\rm s}^2=\ln (1+b^2\mathcal {M}^4+0.10/(\mathrm{Fr}_\perp +0.25/\sqrt{\mathrm{Fr}_\perp })^2\mathcal {M}^2R_{\rm PS})$, where b ∼ 1/3 for solenoidal turbulence driving studied here. We further find that logarithmic pressure fluctuations σ(ln P/ < P >) are independent of stratification and scale according to the relation $\sigma _{(\ln {\bar{P}})}^2=\ln (1+b^2\gamma ^2\mathcal {M}^4)$, where $\bar{P}=P/\left\langle P \right\rangle $ and γ is the adiabatic index of the gas. We have tested these scaling relations to be valid over the parameter ranges $\mathcal {M} = 0.01$–0.40, Fr⊥ = 0.04–10.0, and RPS = 0.33–2.33.
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Rohde, Achim. "Weder Asiaten noch Orientalen. Internationale jüdische Organisationen und die Europäisierung der „rückständigen“ Juden. By Eli Bar-Chen. Würzburg: Ergon, 2005 (Ex Oriente Lux 7). 180 pp., ISBN 3-89913-477-X." Welt des Islams 53, no. 1 (2013): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700607-0006b0006.
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Sedhain, Ram Prasad, and Gopi Chandra Kaphle. "STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF TRANSITION METAL DI-CHALCOGENIDES (MX2) M=(Mo, W) AND X=(S, Se) IN BULK STATE: A FIRST-PRINCIPLES STUDY." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 22, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v22i1.17738.
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Transition metal di-chalcogenides (MX2) M=(Mo, W) and X=(S, Se) in bulk state are of great interest due to their diverse applications in the field of modern technology as well as to understand the fundamental aspect of Physics. We performed structural and electronic properties of selected systems using density functional theory implemented in Tight Binding Linear Muffin- tin Orbital (TBLMTO) approach with subsequent refinement. The structural optimization is performed through energy minimization process and lattice parameters of optimized structures for MoS2, MoSe2, WS2 and WSe2 are found to be 3.20Å, 3.34Å, 3.27Å and 3.34Å respectively, which are within the error bar less than 5% with experimental values. The band gaps for all TMDCs are found to be of indirect types with semiconducting behaviours. The values of band gap of MoS2, MoSe2, WS2 and WSe2 in bulk state are found to be 1.16eV, 108eV, 1.50eV and 1.29eV respectively which are comparable with experimental and previously calculated data. Due to the symmetric nature of up spin and down spin channels of Density of States (DOS) all the systems selected are found to be non magnetic. However it fully supports the results obtained from band structure calculations. The potential and charge distributions plots support the results. The charge density plots reveals the covalent nature of bond in (100) plane. However (110) plane shows mixed types of bonding.Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVolume 22, Issue 1, July 2017, page: 41-50
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Lin, Yen-Hwei. "HOW TO STUDY LINGUISTICS. Geoffrey Finch. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. Pp. xii + 241. $16.95 paper. LINGUISTIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS.Geoffrey Finch. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. Pp. xii + 251. $16.95 paper." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 23, no. 4 (December 2001): 553–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263101214053.
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These two books by Geoffrey Finch are designed to be accessible and practical guides to the study of linguistics. The first book listed (HTSL) introduces the major aspects of linguistic study. After the introductory chapter on how language works and how one can describe language, Finch starts with notions such as linguistic competence and performance and the various functions of language (chap. 2). The next three chapters present the central aspects of the core areas of linguistics: phonetics and phonology (chap. 3), syntax (chap. 4), and semantics and pragmatics (chap. 5). Chapter 6 explores the core areas further by discussing topics such as distinctive feature analysis, intonation, morphology, X-bar theory, and transformational grammar, and then provides a brief introduction to sociolinguistics, stylistics, and psycholinguistics. One interesting feature of this book is that Finch often uses literary work and quotations to illustrate his points in the discussion of linguistic concepts. HTSL ends with a chapter that offers advice on how to write a linguistics essay and is complete with a glossary and an index. At the end of each chapter there is a list of references for further reading, but there are no exercises that one usually expects of an introductory linguistics book.