Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'X-Indel'

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Na rotina da genética forense, o uso exclusivo dos marcadores STRs (Short Tandem Repeats) em situações que a amostra biológica apresenta-se degradada pode gerar um resultado final estatístico inconclusivo, tornando fundamental a análise de marcadores adicionais para a resolução do caso. Utilizado como método complementar, os polimorfismos InDels (inserção/deleção) têm mostrado grande potencial para superar as limitações dos marcadores tradicionais. A análise de regiões do cromossomo X também vem ganhando significativa importância nesses estudos, especialmente nos casos em que a análise dos autossômicos não é suficiente. Nessa perspectiva, este trabalho teve por objetivo geral caracterizar a população do estado de São Paulo para 32 polimorfismos de inserção/deleção no cromossomo X (32 X-InDels) e avaliar a utilidade desse multiplex na resolução de casos forenses. Para tanto, buscou-se identificar a diversidade genética desses polimorfismos nessa população, a segregação dos alelos entre os genitores (pai e mãe) para as suas respectivas filhas e a eficiência desse painel na amplificação de DNA extraído de amostras ósseas. Para identificar a diversidade genética, foram analisados os perfis genotípicos de 500 indivíduos não aparentados nascidos no estado de São Paulo. Todos os marcadores mostraram-se polimórficos para a população, sendo MID3701 o que apresentou maior diversidade e somente MID2637 se mostrou pouco informativo. O marcador MID1361 apresentou-se em desequilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg e uma variante alélica foi identificada em seu alelo curto. O painel demonstrou alta eficiência forense, confirmado pelo poder acumulado de discriminação (0,999999999993 em mulheres e 0,99999993 em homens) e pelo valor acumulado da chance média de exclusão (0,999996 em trios e 0,9995 em duos). No comparativo com outras populações, valores significativos da distancia genética foram obtidos, verificando-se que São Paulo está mais próximo à três departamentos colombianos e às populações européias. A proporção de ancestralidade identificada foi 41,8% para europeus, 31,6% para africanos e 26,6% para nativo-americanos. Na análise de segregação realizada em 101 trios, o padrão de transmissão esperado entre pai-mãe/filha foi o observado, o que confirma a baixa taxa de mutação desses marcadores. Por fim, os 32 X-InDels apresentaram as características necessárias para a análise de amostras biológicas em baixa concentração e/ou degradadas, mas algumas dificuldades na amplificação podem ser encontradas a depender das condições ambientais a que as amostras foram expostas. Conclui-se que o conhecimento acerca dos marcadores de inserção/deleção no cromossomo X pode ser ampliado, uma vez que na literatura ainda há pouco material disponível sobre o assunto; entretanto os dados deste trabalho já demonstram seu potencial como método alternativo para a análise de amostras forenses, pois foram identificados elevados valores de poder de discriminação e exclusão, baixa taxa de mutação e um elevado potencial de amplificação de amostras biológicas degradadas.
In forensic genetics routine, the exclusive use of STRs (Short Tandem Repeats) markers when the biological sample is degraded can generate an inconclusive final statistical result, making essential the analysis of additional markers for case resolution. Used as a complementary method, InDels (insertion/deletion) polymorphisms have shown great potential to overcome the limitations of traditional markers. Polymorphisms in the X chromosome is also gaining significant importance in these studies, especially in those cases in which the analysis of the autosomal markers is not enough. In this perspective, this study aimed to characterize the São Paulo state population for 32 X chromosome insertion/deletion polymorphisms (32 X-InDels) and to evaluate the utility of this multiplex in the resolution of forensic cases. Therefore, it was analyzed the genetic diversity of this population, the alleles segregation between the parents and their respective daughters, and the amplification efficiency of this panel in DNA extracted from human bones. To identify genetic diversity, the genotypic profiles of 500 unrelated individuals born in São Paulo state was analysed. All markers were polymorphic for the population, with MID3701 being the most diverse, and MID2637 the less informative. The MID1361 marker was in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium and an allelic variant was identified in its short allele. The panel showed high forensic efficiency, confirmed by the accumulated power of discrimination (0.9999999999993 in females and 0.99999993 in males) and by the accumulated mean exclusion chance (0.999996 in trios and 0.99995 in duos). Comparing with other populations, significant values of genetic distance were obtained and São Paulo is closer to three Colombian departments and to European populations. The ethnic contributions identified 41.8% of Europeans, 31.6% of Africans and 26.6% of Native Americans admixture. In segregation analysis performed in 101 trios, the expected transmission pattern between parent/daughter was observed, which confirms the low mutation rate of these markers. Finally, the 32 X-InDels presented the necessary characteristics for the analysis of degraded biological samples, but some amplification difficulties can be found depending on the environmental conditions in which the samples were exposed. It can be concluded that knowledge about the X chromosome insertion/deletion markers can be expanded, because there is still little information available in the literature; meanwhile data from this work demonstrate its potential as an alternative method for the analysis of forensic samples.

Multidimensional datasets are getting more extensively used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications in recent years. Due to large volume of these datasets efficient querying becomes a significant problem. For this purpose, before creating index structure with these enormous datasets, choosing an efficient index structure is an urgent necessity. The aim of this thesis is to develop an efficient, flexible and extendible index structure which comprises 3D spatial data in primary index and fuzzy attributes in secondary index. These primary and secondary indexes are handled in a coupled structure. Firstly, a 3D spatial primary index is built by using X-tree structure, and then a fuzzy secondary index is overlaid over the X-tree structure. The coupled structure is shown more efficient on a certain class of queries than uncoupled index structures comprising 3D spatial data in primary index and fuzzy attributes in secondary index separately. In uncoupled index structure, we provided 3D spatial primary index by using X-tree index structure and fuzzy secondary index by using BPlusTree index structure.

Osservazioni X e Radio di ammassi di galassie dimostrano che nel mezzo intracluster coesistono componenti termiche e non termiche. Mentre le osservazioni X rivelano l'emissione termica da gas caldo diffuso, le osservazioni radio di un numero crescente di galaxy cluster massivi, hanno svelato la presenza di particelle ultrarelativistiche e campi magnetici, attraverso il rilevamento di emissione radio diffusa di sincrotrone: radio halos (RHs) e relitti. I RHs sono sorgenti radio giganti (~1Mpc) localizzate nelle regioni centrali dell’ammasso, con estensione spaziale simile a quella dell’hot ICM. In letteratura ci sono evidenze collettive che i RHs si trovano in ammassi sottoposti a fenomeni di Merger, questa connessione suggerisce che i processi gravitazionali di formazione degli ammassi potrebbero fornire l’energia per generare le componenti non termiche nei cluster. In questa tesi, per testare quantitativamente la connessione RH-merger, sono state svolte analisi statistiche basate su osservazioni radio e X, in particolare è stata indagata una correlazione, proposta nel 1999 da Colafrancesco, fra la temperatura kTX e P1.4GHz, ma non è stata trovata nessuna correlazione significativa kTX-P1.4GHz in un campione di 60 ammassi. Ulteriori indagini sono quindi state svolte sugli indici spettrali α dei RHs, che meglio di P1.4GHz sono evidenza di accelerazione elettronica (e/o compressione di campo magnetico): le analisi sono state condotte su 54 valori di α. Oltre alle analisi statistiche è stato svolto un approfondimento sul calcolo dell’indice spettrale di A1914, per quale è stato osservato uno steepening dello spettro a 98 MHz: α(<98MHz)=1.41 e α(>98MHz)=2.09. Riportiamo inoltre uno studio osservativo a 1.5GHz (dati JVLA) per gli ammassi MACS J0417, con RH noto in letteratura per il quale è stato calcolato un valore di indice spettrale α=0.98, e MACS J0647, che presenta 2 sorgenti radio con proprietà morfologiche tali da essere candidate come alone e relitto.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A análise dos polimorfismos do DNA é a melhor ferramenta encontrada para resolução de casos de identificação humana, sendo os marcadores STRs (short tandem repeat) localizados em regiões autossômicas os principais e mais utilizados para esta finalidade. Apesar da indiscutível reprodutibilidade destes marcadores, quando são analisados em amostras degradadas podem não apresentar bons resultados, o que dificulta a resolução dos casos. Assim, há a necessidade de uma alternativa e, atualmente, a mais indicada é a utilização dos polimorfismos bialélicos. A análise do cromossomo sexual X também vem ganhando importância significativa no contexto forense, devido ao seu padrão de transmissão entre os genitores. Neste trabalho, caracterizamos as populações brasileiras do estado do Mato Grosso e do Distrito Federal pela análise de 32 polimorfismos de inserção/deleção no cromossomo X (X-InDels), tendo em vista que os dados destes polimorfismos nestas populações são ainda inéditos, e para que esses marcadores também possam no futuro auxiliar a resolução de casos forenses em nosso país. Para identificar a diversidade genética foram analisados os perfis genotípicos de 303 indivíduos não aparentados nascidos no estado do Mato Grosso e 179 indivíduos não aparentados e residentes em Brasília. Os resultados indicam que o painel dos 32 X-Indels é bastante eficiente para a sua finalidade, sendo que praticamente todos os marcadores se mostraram altamente informativos para as populações estudadas. O teste de equilíbrio de HardyWeinberg foi realizado nas amostras femininas de ambas as populações e não foram verificados desvios significativos. O painel demonstrou alta eficiência forense, confirmado pelo alto poder de discriminação para Mato Grosso (PDF=0,999999999997 e PDM=0,99999997) e para Brasília ((PDF=0,999999999998 e PDM=0,99999998), e pelo elevado poder de exclusão observado em trios: suposto pai/mãe/filha (0,999998/Mato Grosso e 0,999997/Brasília) e duos: suposto pai/filha (0,9996/Mato Grosso e 0,9995/Brasília). No estudo comparativo com outras populações, Mato Grosso e Brasília estão mais próximos ao estado de São Paulo, à três departamentos colombianos e às populações europeias. A proporção de ancestralidade confirmou a miscigenação das populações estudadas, sendo identificado uma contribuição praticamente equilibrada para europeus, africanos e nativo-americanos. Conclui-se que o conhecimento acerca dos marcadores de inserção/deleção no cromossomo X pode ser ampliado, uma vez que na literatura ainda há pouco material disponível sobre o assunto; entretanto os dados deste trabalho já demonstram seu potencial como método complementar para a análise de amostras forenses, pois foram identificados elevados valores de poder de discriminação e exclusão
The analysis of DNA polymorphisms is the best tool found for solving cases of human identification, and the Short Tandem Repeat (STR) markers used in the autosomal regions are the main and most marker used for this purpose. Despite the undeniable reproducibility of these markers, when analyzed in degraded samples they may not present good results, which makes it difficult to solve the cases. Because of this, there is a need for an alternative tool and currently the most indicated is the use of the biallelic polymorphisms. In this way, the analysis of the sex chromosome X has gained significant importance in the forensic context, due to its pattern of transmission between the parents. In this work, we characterize the Brazilian populations of the state of Mato Grosso and the Federal District by the analysis of 32 insertion/deletion polymorphisms on the X chromosome (X-InDels), considering that the data of this polymorphism in these populations are still unpublished, and for that these markers may also in the future help the resolution of forensic cases in our country. To identify the genetic diversity, the genotypic profiles of 303 unrelated individuals born in the state of Mato Grosso and 179 unrelated individuals living in Brasília were analyzed. The results shows that the 32 X-Indels panel is very efficient to its purpose, being almost all markers highly informative for the studied populations. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test was performed on the female samples from both populations and no significant deviations were observed. The panel demonstrated high forensic efficiency, confirmed by the high discriminatory power for Mato Grosso (PDF= 0.9999999999997 and PDM=0.999999997) and Brasília (PDF=0.9999999999998 and PDM=0.999999998), and by the high exclusion power observed in trios: supposed father/mother/daughter (0.999998/Mato Grosso and 0,999997/Brasília) and duos: supposed father/daughter (0.9996/Mato Grosso and 0,9995/Brasília). In the comparative study with other populations, Mato Grosso and Brasília are closer to the state of São Paulo, to three departments in Colombia and to European populations. The proportion of ancestry confirmed the admixture of the populations studied, with a practically balanced contribution being identified for Europeans, Africans and American natives. We could concluded that knowledge about insertion/deletion markers on the X chromosome can be amplified, since in the literature there is still fewer available material on the subject, however the data of this work already demonstrates its potential as a complementary method for the analysis of forensic samples, since were identified high values of power of discrimination and exclusion.

Orientador: Regina Maria Barreto Cicarelli
Resumo: Na rotina forense, há casos em que a amostra biológica se encontra degradada ou com baixa concentração de DNA, o uso exclusivo dos marcadores STRs pode gerar um resultado estatístico inconclusivo, tornando fundamental a análise de marcadores adicionais para a resolução do caso. Utilizado como método complementar, os polimorfismos de inserção e deleção (InDels) têm mostrado grande potencial para superar as limitações dos marcadores tradicionais. Adicionalmente, estudos de genética forense tem sido cada vez mais explorados no âmbito do cromossomo X, especialmente nos casos em que a análise dos autossômicos não é suficiente. Nessa perspectiva, este trabalho avaliou a utilidade de um conjunto de 32 polimorfismos de inserção/deleção do cromossomo X em amostras da população da região sudeste do Brasil. Afim de avaliar a diversidade genética destas populações, foram analisados os perfis genotípicos de 627 indivíduos sem relação genética pelo cromossomo X, residentes nos estados de Minas Gerais (90 mulheres e 116 homens), Espírito Santo (201 homens) e Rio de Janeiro (220 homens). Os resultados indicam que o painel dos 32 X-InDels é bastante eficiente para a sua finalidade, sendo que praticamente todos os marcadores se mostraram altamente informativos para as populações estudadas. O teste de equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg foi realizado nas amostras femininas de Minas Gerais e não foram verificados desvios significativos. Em todas populações analisadas o painel demonstrou alta eficiência... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In the forensic routine, there are cases in which the biological sample is degraded or with a low concentration of DNA, the exclusive use of STR markers can generate an inconclusive statistical result, making the analysis of additional markers essential for the resolution of the case. Used as a complementary method, the insertion and deletion polymorphisms (InDels) have shown great potential to overcome the limitations of traditional markers. Additionally, the X chromosome has been increasing significant importance in forensic genetics studies, especially in cases where the analysis of autosomal is not enough. In this perspective, this work evaluated the usefulness of a set of 32 polymorphisms of insertion/deletion of the X chromosome in samples from the population of the southeastern region of Brazil. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of these populations, the genotypic profiles of 627 individuals without genetic relationship were analyzed by the X chromosome, living in the states of Minas Gerais (90 females and 116 males), Espírito Santo (201 males) and Rio de Janeiro (220 males). The results indicate that the 32 X-InDels panel is enough efficient for its purpose, with practically all the markers proving to be highly informative for the studied populations. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test was performed on female samples from Minas Gerais and no significant deviations were found. In all analyzed populations, the panel demonstrated high forensic efficiency, confi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Forensic genetics has developed in recent years due to its recognized importance in helping to solve a wide variety of criminal cases. This recognition has led to an increase in demand and hence the need to achieve results on samples that previously were not worked (due to the high degree of degradation) or inconclusive reports generated. The development of new methods of analysis and search for new genetic markers for forensic use is constant, and the biallelic markers of have shown great capacity for individualization and identification of a sample. We studied the frequencies of 47 autosomal and 13 X-chromosome insertiondeletion polymorphism (InDel) markers in a sample of 90 individuals in the population of Rio Grande do Sul state, to evaluate its applicability in forensic cases. Haplotype (DH) and haploid genetic (h) diversity, and information index (I) for X-chromosome markers, and observed heterozygosity (Ho), power of discrimination (PD), power of exclusion (PE) matching probability (MP), typical paternity index (TPI) and polymorphism information content (PIC) for autosomal markers, were calculated. For the 47 autosomes indels studied, the combined power of discrimination and the combined power of exclusion were 99. 999999999999998956% and 99. 64%, respectively. We did not observe a significant substructure in the population studied, and the global estimated admixture components for the sample were 72. 35%, 18. 10%, and 9. 54% for European, Native American, and African DNA.
A genética forense tem se desenvolvido muito nos últimos anos devido à sua reconhecida importância no auxílio para resolver os mais diversos casos criminais. Este reconhecimento levou a um aumento na demanda e, consequentemente, na necessidade de se obter resultados em amostras que anteriormente nem eram trabalhadas (devido ao alto grau de degradação) ou geravam laudos inconclusivos. O desenvolvimento de novas metodologias de análise e busca de novos marcadores genéticos para o uso forense é constante, e os marcadores bialélicos têm mostrado grande capacidade de individualização e identificação de uma amostra. Neste estudo foram analisadas as frequências de 47 marcadores autossômicos e 13 marcadores do cromossomo X de polimorfismos bialélicos do tipo inserção-deleção (Indel) em uma amostra de 90 indivíduos da população do Rio Grande do Sul, para avaliar sua aplicabilidade em casos forenses. Diversidade genética haplotípica (DH) e haplóide (h), e informações de índice (I) para marcadores do cromossomo X, e heterozigosidade observada (Ho), poder de discriminação (PD), poder de exclusão (PE), probabilidade de correspondência (MP), índice de paternidade (TPI) e conteúdo de informação de polimórfica (PIC) para os marcadores autossômicos foram calculados. Para os 47 indels autossômicos estudados, o poder combinado de discriminação e o poder combinado de exclusão foram de 99,999999999999998956% e 99,64%, respectivamente. Não foi observada uma subestruturação significativa na população estudada, e os componentes da mistura global estimados para a amostra foram 72,35%, 18,10% e 9,54% de DNA de europeus, nativo-americanos e africanos.

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da sibutramina na perda de peso de adolescentes obesos e as mudanças ocorridas nos parâmetros da síndrome metabólica com a perda de peso. Pacientes e métodos: O estudo foi duplo cego placebo controlado tipo cross-over com duração de 13 meses. Os pacientes receberam placebo ou sibutramina por 6 meses e vice-versa, nos 6 meses seguintes. Foram incluídos no estudo 73 adolescentes obesos de ambos os sexos com idades entre 10 e 18 anos. Os exames laboratoriais e exames de imagem foram realizados antes, no período de wash-out e ao final dos 13 meses de acompanhamento. Foram dosados: Colesterol total e frações, triglicérides, Leptina, proteína C reativa, transaminases e teste de tolerância à glicose oral. Os exames de imagem realizados foram: ultrassom de abdômen, Ecocardiograma, Eletrocardiograma, idade óssea. Resultados: A porcentagem de pacientes que perderam 10% do peso inicial no placebo foi de 46% e no grupo sibutramina foi de 75%. Quando usaram o placebo, o peso em média se elevou em1,61 kg, DP 4,46 e o IMC reduziu-se em média 0,24 kg/m2 DP 1,57 enquanto que os pacientes que receberam a sibutramina, o peso reduziu-se em média 4,47 kg e DP 5,87 e o IMC reduziu-se em média 2,38 kg/m2 e DP 2,36 com p < 0,001. Apesar da sibutramina reduzir o peso, IMC e medida de circunferência abdominal as mudanças metabólicas laboratoriais não foram observadas no período de tempo avaliado. Conclusão:A sibutramina induziu significantemente mais perda de peso em adolescentes obesos comparado ao placebo, sem efeitos colaterais significativos. Embora tivesse havido perda de peso, no período observado, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes nos parâmetros metabólicos
Objective: Evaluate the effect of sibutramine on weight loss and changes in the parameters of the metabolic syndrome due to weight loss in obese adolescents. Patients and methods: This was a randomized double blind crossover study with duration of 13 months. The study included 73 obese adolescents of both sexes aged between 10 and 18 years (with BMI > 2DP registered at the outpatient clinic of the Pediatric endocrinology Department of Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil, between 2007 and 2010. Patients were randomized to receive either placebo followed by sibutramine (6 months each) or sibutramine followed by placebo (6 months each). Anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests and imaging studies were performed at baseline, during the wash-out period and at the end of the 13 months follow-up. Total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, leptin, C-reactive protein, transaminases and oral glucose tolerance were tested. The following Imaging studies were performed: abdominal ultrasound, echocardiogram, EKG, bone age X-ray. Results: The percentage of patients who lost at least 10% of initial weight while taking the placebo was 46% and while taking sibutramine was 75%. While on placebo, average weight increased by 1.61 kg (SD 4.46). BMI decreased by 0.24 kg/m2 (SD 1.57) as a consequence of growth. While on sibutramine, weight decreased on average by 4.47 kg (SD 5.87) and mean BMI decreased by 2.38 kg/m2 (SD 2.36, p <0.001). Changes in BMI, waist circunference, or metabolic changes were not found statistically significant. Conclusion: Sibutramine induced significantly more weight loss in obese adolescents compared to placebo, without significant side effects. Although there was weight loss, in the study period there were no statistically significant differences in metabolic parameters

Over the past 30 years, obesity has been primarily identified by the body mass index (BMI). Due to its ease of calculation, the BMI has become the most widely used diagnostic tool to identify weight problems. This study examined the association between hypertension and BMI in White, Black, and Hispanics in the United States. The study’s hypothesis was that this relationship was weaker in Blacks than in the other groups. Data for the study came from the 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. The association was weaker in Black men than in Whites or Hispanics on a univariate basis, and at most BMI levels on a multivariate basis. For females, it was also weaker in Blacks at most BMI levels on a univariate basis. However, multivariate logistic regression analysis did not indicate that the hypothesis held for Black women when adding covariates to the models.

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Forensic genetics has developed in recent years due to its recognized importance in helping to solve a wide variety of criminal cases. This recognition has led to an increase in demand and hence the need to achieve results on samples that previously were not worked (due to the high degree of degradation) or inconclusive reports generated. The development of new methods of analysis and search for new genetic markers for forensic use is constant, and the biallelic markers of have shown great capacity for individualization and identification of a sample. We studied the frequencies of 47 autosomal and 13 X-chromosome insertiondeletion polymorphism (InDel) markers in a sample of 90 individuals in the population of Rio Grande do Sul state, to evaluate its applicability in forensic cases. Haplotype (DH) and haploid genetic (h) diversity, and information index (I) for X-chromosome markers, and observed heterozygosity (Ho), power of discrimination (PD), power of exclusion (PE) matching probability (MP), typical paternity index (TPI) and polymorphism information content (PIC) for autosomal markers, were calculated. For the 47 autosomes indels studied, the combined power of discrimination and the combined power of exclusion were 99.999999999999998956% and 99.64%, respectively. We did not observe a significant substructure in the population studied, and the global estimated admixture components for the sample were 72.35%, 18.10%, and 9.54% for European, Native American, and African DNA.
A gen?tica forense tem se desenvolvido muito nos ?ltimos anos devido ? sua reconhecida import?ncia no aux?lio para resolver os mais diversos casos criminais. Este reconhecimento levou a um aumento na demanda e, consequentemente, na necessidade de se obter resultados em amostras que anteriormente nem eram trabalhadas (devido ao alto grau de degrada??o) ou geravam laudos inconclusivos. O desenvolvimento de novas metodologias de an?lise e busca de novos marcadores gen?ticos para o uso forense ? constante, e os marcadores bial?licos t?m mostrado grande capacidade de individualiza??o e identifica??o de uma amostra. Neste estudo foram analisadas as frequ?ncias de 47 marcadores autoss?micos e 13 marcadores do cromossomo X de polimorfismos bial?licos do tipo inser??o-dele??o (Indel) em uma amostra de 90 indiv?duos da popula??o do Rio Grande do Sul, para avaliar sua aplicabilidade em casos forenses. Diversidade gen?tica haplot?pica (DH) e hapl?ide (h), e informa??es de ?ndice (I) para marcadores do cromossomo X, e heterozigosidade observada (Ho), poder de discrimina??o (PD), poder de exclus?o (PE), probabilidade de correspond?ncia (MP), ?ndice de paternidade (TPI) e conte?do de informa??o de polim?rfica (PIC) para os marcadores autoss?micos foram calculados. Para os 47 indels autoss?micos estudados, o poder combinado de discrimina??o e o poder combinado de exclus?o foram de 99,999999999999998956% e 99,64%, respectivamente. N?o foi observada uma subestrutura??o significativa na popula??o estudada, e os componentes da mistura global estimados para a amostra foram 72,35%, 18,10% e 9,54% de DNA de europeus, nativo-americanos e africanos.

Orientador: Carlos Kenichi Suzuki
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: O sistema binário sílica titânia, SiO2-TiO2,apresenta grande interesse tecnológico devido as suas propriedades: ultra-baixo coeficiente de expansão térmico e alto índice de refração. As propriedades são dependentes da quantidade de dopante presente no material. A SiO2-TiO2 é usada na indústria de componentes fotônicos, tais como, lentes, micro-lentes, espelhos e fibras ópticas especiais. Um importante material óptico para litografia no extremo ultravioleta (EUVL) é caracterizado por concentrações próximas a 8 % em peso de TiO2, com estrutura amorfa e transparente num amplo espectro da região UV, visível e IV. A indústria óptico-eletrônica necessita de fibras ópticas sensoras com alto índice de refração. Este tipo de fibra pode ser obtido através da fabricação de uma fibra de SiO2-TiO2. Amostras com concentrações que variam de 1 a 14 % em peso TiO2 fabricadas pelo método do aerosol em chama foram caracterizadas quanto a suas propriedades estruturais e ópticas. As amostras com concentrações superiores a 7,5 % em peso apresentaram-se translúcidas ou opacas, e com estrutura octaédrica segundo dados de XANES (Absorção de Raios-X próximo à estrutura da borda). A difração de raios-X identificou a fase anatásio da titânia como estrutura octaédrica. Através de tratamentos térmicos a altas temperaturas em chama (> 1500 ºC) obtivemos amostras transparentes no visível, amorfa, contendo 8,2 % em peso. Foi obtido um material com índice de refração de 1,48 para concentração de 10 % em peso de TiO2. Portanto a SiO2-TiO2 é viável para a fabricação de uma fibra com alto índice de refração
Abstract: The binary SiO2-TiO2 system presents a great technological importance due to its special properties: ultra low thermal expansion and high refractive index. The properties depend on the amount of dopant present in material. The SiO2-TiO2 is used for the components of photonic industries, such as lenses, mirrors and special fiber optics. As an important optical material for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL), it is characterized by concentrations of ~ 8 wt. % of TiO2, with amorphous structure and transparent for a large UV, visible and IR spectra. The optoelectronic industries needs optical fiber sensor that presents high refractive index. This kind of fiber can be produce by SiO2-TiO2 fiber production. Samples with concentrations varying in the range 1 to 14 wt. % TiO2 made by flame aerosol technique were characterized in terms of structural and optical properties. As-consolidated samples with concentrations up to 7.5 wt. % TiO2 presented itself translucent or opaque with octahedral structure, according to XANES data (X-ray absorption near-edge structure). The anatase phase of titania was identified by X-ray diffraction patterns. However, by high temperature flame heat treatments (> 1500 ºC), it was possible to obtain transparent SiO2-TiO2 materials in the visible range with concentration up to 8.2 wt. % TiO2. The material presents refractive index 1.48 with concentration about 10 wt. % TiO2. Therefore SiO2-TiO2 is feasible to fibers fabrication with high refractive index
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientadora: Regina Maria Barreto Cicarelli
Banca: Raquel Mantuaneli Scarel Caminaga
Banca: João Aristeu da Rosa
Banca: Leonor Gusmão
Banca: Rodrigo Rodenbusch
Resumo: A análise dos polimorfismos do DNA é a melhor ferramenta encontrada para resolução de casos de identificação humana, sendo os marcadores STRs (short tandem repeat) localizados em regiões autossômicas os principais e mais utilizados para esta finalidade. Apesar da indiscutível reprodutibilidade destes marcadores, quando são analisados em amostras degradadas podem não apresentar bons resultados, o que dificulta a resolução dos casos. Assim, há a necessidade de uma alternativa e, atualmente, a mais indicada é a utilização dos polimorfismos bialélicos. A análise do cromossomo sexual X também vem ganhando importância significativa no contexto forense, devido ao seu padrão de transmissão entre os genitores. Neste trabalho, caracterizamos as populações brasileiras do estado do Mato Grosso e do Distrito Federal pela análise de 32 polimorfismos de inserção/deleção no cromossomo X (X-InDels), tendo em vista que os dados destes polimorfismos nestas populações são ainda inéditos, e para que esses marcadores também possam no futuro auxiliar a resolução de casos forenses em nosso país. Para identificar a diversidade genética foram analisados os perfis genotípicos de 303 indivíduos não aparentados nascidos no estado do Mato Grosso e 179 indivíduos não aparentados e residentes em Brasília. Os resultados indicam que o painel dos 32 X-Indels é bastante eficiente para a sua finalidade, sendo que praticamente todos os marcadores se mostraram altamente informativos para as populações estudadas. O... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The analysis of DNA polymorphisms is the best tool found for solving cases of human identification, and the Short Tandem Repeat (STR) markers used in the autosomal regions are the main and most marker used for this purpose. Despite the undeniable reproducibility of these markers, when analyzed in degraded samples they may not present good results, which makes it difficult to solve the cases. Because of this, there is a need for an alternative tool and currently the most indicated is the use of the biallelic polymorphisms. In this way, the analysis of the sex chromosome X has gained significant importance in the forensic context, due to its pattern of transmission between the parents. In this work, we characterize the Brazilian populations of the state of Mato Grosso and the Federal District by the analysis of 32 insertion/deletion polymorphisms on the X chromosome (X-InDels), considering that the data of this polymorphism in these populations are still unpublished, and for that these markers may also in the future help the resolution of forensic cases in our country. To identify the genetic diversity, the genotypic profiles of 303 unrelated individuals born in the state of Mato Grosso and 179 unrelated individuals living in Brasília were analyzed. The results shows that the 32 X-Indels panel is very efficient to its purpose, being almost all markers highly informative for the studied populations. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test was performed on the female samples from bot... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

This dissertation investigates the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic job factors on overall employee job satisfaction for two generation cohort groups, Baby Boomers and Generation X, in a small rural healthcare organization. Eight job factors were selected for the study, reflecting popular characteristics associated with the two groups. The job factors were classified as intrinsic or extrinsic using Hertzberg’s two-factor theory. Intrinsic factors studied were: work itself, promotion, and recognition. Extrinsic factors studied were: pay, supervision, people, technology, and work-family balance. The Job Descriptive Index (JDI) scale was used to assess employee satisfaction with certain job factors; work itself, promotion, pay, supervision, and people. Scales similar to the JDI were created and used to measure satisfaction with technology, work-family balance, and recognition. The Job In General (JIG) scale was used to assess overall job satisfaction for each generation group. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine which of the job factors predicted of overall job satisfaction for each group. Results of the study indicate that overall satisfaction is influenced a discreet combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors for each group. Generation X’s overall job satisfaction is predicted by extrinsic job factors, (work-family balance, and supervision) as well as intrinsic job factors, (work itself). Baby Boomers’ overall job satisfaction is predicted by an intrinsic job factor, (recognition) as well as an extrinsic job factor (supervision). Smaller than optimal sample size reduces applicability of the results and implies the need for extended research in this area to confirm findings of this study.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-24T17:30:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 DissertaçãoHugo2017.pdf: 3347855 bytes, checksum: 7b4ac022024314f098b2d837e5f98093 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-23
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The aim of this study was to characterize the glycemic and lipid homeostasis of full term newborns at birth and at six months and to establish the correlation of these variables with the neonatal growth markers and the maternal clinical and metabolic conditions. Quantitative, descriptive and observational research. Data collection took place in two moments, at birth, in which maternal and newborn data were obtained in the maternity and six months of life, only the newborn, during a consultation at the Outpatient Clinic at the University Hospital Of Western Paraná - HUOP. In order to establish the socio-demographic family profile and the clinical data related to gestation and delivery, we used data from the patient's charts. For blood tests (Glucose, Insulin, Total Cholesterol and Triglycerides) during hospitalization, at the time of birth, laboratory tests were obtained from the blood of the material from the institution's laboratory. In the second stage, in the outpatient evaluation, a newborn blood sample was obtained after a new authorization was requested from the family. Data analysis was descriptive and inferential statistics. The characteristics found are in agreement with the literature regarding the standards for evaluation of gestational age and anthropometric parameters. The glycemic profile for the newborn at birth and at six months was 64.19 ± 19.24 mg/dL and 79.31 ± 9.79 mg/dL. Insulin was 2.08 ± 1.85 μUI/dL at 4.51 ± 3.79 μUI/dL. Cholesterol was 85.89 ± 22.17 mg/dL and 141.11 ± 26.49 and the triglycerides were 127.19 ± 51.29 mg/dL and 132.02 ± 48.98 mg/dL. In the classification of maternal similarities only the body mass index of the newborns at birth had a significant difference and at 6 months the Weight/Age Z Score (p < 0.05). Total newborn cholesterol had desirable values regardless of the selected Class. Triglycerides present values above those desirable for Class 1 and Class 2, according to the new Brazilian Consensus. For the newborn, only body mass index and triglycerides presented similar means at both moments. Most of the variables did not present statistical significance between the binomial mothers/newborns, but it was possible to observe that the biochemical dosages of the newborns are influenced by the same maternal dosages (p < 0.10). The newborns' growth scores are influenced by the anthropometric variables observed in the mothers (p < 0.05). The glycemic characterization was in agreement with the expected parameters. In the lipid, it occurs only to the total cholesterol, because the triglycerides were higher than expected.
Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o perfil plasmático glicêmico e lipídico de recém-nascidos a termo ao nascimento e aos seis meses e estabelecer a correlação destas variáveis com os marcadores de crescimento dos recém-nascidos e as condições clínicas e metabólicas maternas. Pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva e observacional. A coleta de dados ocorreu em dois momentos, ao nascimento, em que se obtiveram os dados maternos e dos recém-nascidos, no setor de maternidade e aos seis meses de vida, somente dos recém-nascidos, durante consulta no Ambulatório de Seguimento do recém-nascido, no Hospital Universitário do Oeste do Paraná – HUOP. Para estabelecer o perfil sóciodemográfico familiar e os dados clínicos relativos à gestação e ao parto, utilizaram-se dados dos prontuários dos pacientes. Para os exames sanguíneos (Glicose, Insulina, Colesterol Total e Triglicerídeo) na hospitalização, por ocasião do nascimento, obtiveram-se as análises laboratoriais a partir do sangue de descarte de material do laboratório da instituição. Na segunda etapa, na avaliação ambulatorial, obteve-se amostra de sangue do recém-nascido após nova autorização solicitada à família. A análise de dados foi estatística descritiva e inferencial. As características encontradas estão em conformidade com a literatura em relação aos padrões para avaliação da idade gestacional e os parâmetros antropométricos. O perfil glicêmico para o recém-nascido, encontrado ao nascimento e aos seis meses, foi de 64,19 ± 19,24 mg/dL e de 79,31 ± 9,79 mg/dL. A insulina de 2,08 ± 1,85 μUI/dL a 4,51 ± 3,79 μUI/dL. O colesterol de 85,89 ± 22,17 mg/dL e de 141,11 ± 26,49 e os triglicerídeos de 127,19 ± 51,29 mg/dL e de 132,02 ± 48,98 mg/dL. Na classificação das similaridades maternas, o índice de massa corporal dos recém-nascidos ao nascimento teve diferença significativa e aos seis meses o Escore Z Peso/Idade (p < 0,05). O colesterol total dos recém-nascidos teve valores desejáveis independente da Classe selecionada. Já os triglicerídeos apresentam valores acima dos desejáveis para a Classe 1 e Classe 2, conforme o novo Consenso Brasileiro. Para o recém-nascido apenas o índice de massa corporal e os triglicerídeos apresentaram médias semelhantes nos dois momentos. Entre as variáveis analisadas foi possível observar que as dosagens bioquímicas dos recém-nascidos sofrem influências das mesmas dosagens maternas (p < 0,10). Os escores de crescimento dos recém-nascidos sofrem influências das variáveis antropométricas observadas nas mães (p < 0,05). A caracterização glicêmica e o colesterol total dos recém-nascidos estiveram de acordo com os parâmetros esperados, o que não aconteceu com os triglicerídeos que apresentaram parâmetros acima dos valores desejáveis para esta faixa etária

Le retrait des nématicides rend urgent la mise au point de méthodes alternatives de lutte contre les nématodes parasites des cultures et la création de variétés résistantes est une voie prometteuse. En vignoble, le nématode Xiphinema index a un impact économique élevé en transmettant le Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), principal virus du court-noué de la vigne et première virose de la vigne à l’échelle mondiale. Des porte-greffe résistants vis-à-vis du vecteur X. index basés sur la source de résistance muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia) sont en cours de sélection chez la vigne afin de stopper ou retarder l’infection. Sur cette culture, une étude antérieure avait montré que ce nématode parthénogénétique méiotique est aussi capable de se reproduire (rarement) de façon sexuée. Un travail préliminaire de phylogéographie avait permis de révéler les groupes prédominants de diversité et de sélectionner des populations représentatives pour la création de lignées monofemelles. La durabilité de la résistance doit prendre en compte la diversité du nématode. Dans ce contexte, la thèse a d’abord complété et approfondi l’approche phylogéographique en utilisant une très large gamme d’échantillons originaires de l’aire mondiale de répartition de la vigne. Nos résultats permettent de proposer des hypothèses fortes afin de localiser l’aire native du nématode X. index au Moyen-Orient et de retracer ses itinéraires de dissémination à partir de l’Antiquité. IIs illustrent également le lien étroit depuis cette époque entre la dissémination du nématode et celle de la vigne domestiquée par l’homme. La deuxième partie de la thèse a évalué la durabilité de la résistance de matériel porte-greffe issu de la muscadine en serre (nématodes non virulifères sur plants entre 3 et 6 ans) et en vignoble (nématodes virulifères sur plants âgés de 16 ans). En serre, des accessions résistantes F1 ou BC1, préalablement obtenues à partir d’in vitro ou de boutures ligneuses, ont été inoculées avec un mélange de 4 lignées représentatives, chaque lignée étant traçable avec des marqueurs microsatellites. Nous avons montré que les nématodes issus de plants obtenus par multiplication in vitro surmontent progressivement la résistance tandis que le matériel issu de boutures exprime une résistance durable. La multiplication progressive des nématodes sur le matériel résistant uniquement dans le cas où il est issu d’in vitro écarte a priori l’hypothèse d’une adaptation génétique du nématode. Elle apparaît liée à une architecture différente du système racinaire chez les plants issus de ce type de multiplication, multiplication qui pourrait induire des changements physiologiques discrets mais durables dans les tissus racinaires apicaux à partir desquels les nématodes se nourrissent. Le génotypage des nématodes par microsatellites a permis de détecter un taux bas mais croissant d’individus hybrides entre lignées sur les plants âgés de 4 à 6 ans, ce qui confirme l’aptitude de multiplication sexuée précédemment observée en vignoble. Du fait que l’observation d’individus hybrides apparaît indépendante du type de propagation et du statut de résistance de la plante, nos résultats écartent l’hybridation comme mode d’adaptation du nématode qui serait à même d’expliquer le contournement de la résistance chez les plants issus d’in vitro. En vignoble, après 16 années, les nématodes ont été quasi-impossibles à détecter sur l’accession résistante BC1 qui est également peu affectée par les attaques virales, tandis que des effectifs de nématodes plus élevés ont été retrouvés sur une accession témoin sensible dont les plants sont par contre très majoritairement morts ou en dépérissement. Considérés globalement, nos résultats montrent que la stratégie de résistance basée sur la muscadine apparaît durable. Cette stratégie ciblée sur le nématode vecteur contribuera à réduire significativement l’impact du GFLV transmis par X. index
The ban of most nematicides renders urgent control alternatives against plant-parasitic nematodes and breeding for resistant plant varieties is promising. In vineyards, the nematode Xiphinema index has a high economical impact by transmitting Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), the main virus of ‘Court-noué’ disease and the first grapevine viral disease worldwide. Resistant rootstocks are being selected in grapevine, using Muscadinia rotundifolia (muscadine) as a resistance source to the vector, in order to arrest or delay GFLV transmission. In this crop, a previous study had shown that this meiotic parthenogenetic nematode is able to reproduce sexually (rarely) in the field. A preliminary phylogenetic work had allowed to reveal the predominant diversity groups and to select representative populations for the creation of single-female lines. Resistance durability is a real challenge that must consider the key information of the nematode diversity. In this context, the PhD project first completed and deepened our phylogeographical approach using an extended geographic coverage of the worldwide nematode distribution. Our results allow proposing strong hypotheses to locate the native area of X. index in the Middle-East and trace its dissemination routes from the Antiquity. They also highlight the close link since this epoch between dissemination of the nematode and domesticated grapevine by man. The second part of the PhD project has then evaluated the durability of muscadine-derived rootstock material in greenhouse (non viruliferous nematodes on plants aged 3 to 6 years) and field (viruliferous nematodes on plants aged 16 years) conditions. In the greenhouse, F1 and BC1 resistant accessions, previously obtained from both in vitro and hardwood-cutting propagation, were inoculated with 4 mixed representative X. index lines, traceable each with microsatellite markers. We showed that nematodes from plants obtained from in vitro progressively overcame the resistance while the material obtained from cuttings displayed a durable resistance. Nematode progressive multiplication in resistant accessions obtained only from in vitro removes a priori the hypothesis of a nematode genetic adaptation and appears linked to a different architecture of the root system in this propagation type. This type may have induced discrete but durable physiological changes in apical root tissues from where nematodes feed. Nematode microsatellite genotyping allowed detecting a low but increasing rate of hybrid individuals from 4 to 6 years, which confirms data from the vineyard. As the hybrid occurrence appears independent from the propagation type and the resistance status of the plant, our data discard hybridization as the mode of adaptation of the nematode underlying resistance breakdown from in vitro plants. In field conditions, after 16 years, nematodes were almost undetectable on the resistant BC1 accession, also almost unaffected by the viral attacks, while higher numbers were detected on a susceptible control accession, whose plants were by contrast in high majority dead or poorly vigorous. Taken all together, our results show that the muscadine-derived resistance strategy appears durable. This strategy focused on vector control will significantly contribute to reduce the impact of GFLV transmitted by X. index

O controle glicêmico intensificado pode prevenir e/ou retardar o aparecimento das complicações crônicas do diabetes melito (DM). O carboidrato da dieta é o principal determinante da glicemia pós-prandial, sendo o índice glicêmico (IG) e a carga glicêmica (CG) úteis para prever a resposta glicêmica aos alimentos. O objetivo deste manuscrito foi revisar criticamente o papel das dietas de baixo IG na prevenção e controle metabólico do DM tipo 2 (DMT2). O risco para desenvolvimento de DMT2 com dietas de alto IG variou de 1,21 a 1,59. A redução de 12 a 32 unidades no IG da dieta diminuiu em 0,39 a 0,50 pontos percentuais a HbA1c. Os efeitos dessas dietas no perfil lipídico e peso corporal no DMT2 permanecem controversos. Em conclusão, as evidências atuais indicam que a incorporação do IG no planejamento dietético de pacientes com DMT2 contribui para a melhora do controle glicêmico.
The tight glycemic control can prevent and/or delay the development of chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Dietary carbohydrates are the main determinant of postprandial blood glucose and glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load are used to predict blood glucose response to foods. The aim of this paper was to critically review the role of low GI diets in type 2 DM (T2DM) prevention and metabolic control. The risk for development of T2DM with high GI diets ranged from 1.21 to 1.59.The reduction from 12- 32 units in the GI of diets decreased 0.39-0.50% in HbA1c values. However, the effects of these diets on lipid profile and body weight in patients with T2DM remain controversial. In conclusion, the current evidence indicates that the inclusion of GI in the dietary planning for patients with T2DM contributes to the improvement of glycemic control.

Orientadores: Gil Guerra Júnior, Roberto Teixeira Mendes
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Estrutura da Tese: Estudo estruturado pelo "modelo Escandinavo", denominado de "modelo alternativo" no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (FCM ¿ Unicamp). Esta tese está composta por introdução geral, objetivos, capítulos (1 e 2) e conclusão geral. A introdução geral aborda: aspectos sobre a síndrome de Down (SD); da obesidade com temas direcionados à fisiopatologia, tipos, incidência e diagnóstico em crianças e adolescentes; da obesidade na SD; da associação da obesidade com a doença cardiovascular (DCV), como também a avaliação dos fatores de risco cardiovascular em indivíduos com e sem SD. Os capítulos 1 e 2 estão em formato de artigo. Na conclusão geral foram apresentadas as principais conclusões dos dois artigos. As referências bibliográficas foram apresentadas no final de cada capítulo e da tese. Objetivos: Os objetivos do presente estudo são: (1) estimar o ponto de corte do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) para o diagnóstico de obesidade em adolescentes com SD de acordo com diferentes referências para classificação do IMC em relação ao percentual de gordura corporal (%GC) avaliado pela absorciometria com raios-X de dupla energia (DXA) e (2) avaliar os fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes com SD e compará-los em relação ao diagnóstico de obesidade estabelecido pelo escore z do IMC da World Health Organization (WHO). Casuística e Métodos: Participaram no primeiro artigo (capítulo 1) 34 adolescentes com SD e no segundo artigo (capítulo 2) 32, de ambos os sexos (idade: 10 e 17 anos). No capítulo 1, duas técnicas foram utilizadas para avaliar a composição corporal: IMC e DXA. O IMC foi avaliado de acordo com as referências da International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), da WHO para população geral, e de Myrelid et al. e Styles et al. para população com SD. O %GC foi avaliado pela DXA de corpo inteiro e classificado de acordo NHANES 2011. No capítulo 2, o IMC considerado como alterado foi ?2,00. Foram avaliados circunferência da cintura, pressão arterial, perfil lipídico, HOMA-IR e proteína C reativa (PCR). O colesterol total, o HDL, o LDL, os triglicérides, o HOMA-IR e a PCR foram considerados fatores de risco cardiovascular e analisados em relação ao escore z do IMC. Resultados: No capítulo 1, apenas os meninos apresentaram a altura significativamente maior que as meninas e estas %GC maior que os meninos. Todas as referências que usaram IMC para avaliar obesidade apresentaram associação positiva com o %GC avaliado pela DXA no diagnóstico de obesidade. Utilizando a curva ROC em relação ao %GC pela DXA, todas as referências apresentaram alta sensibilidade, porém, o escore z do IMC pela WHO apresentou melhor especificidade, com o valor da acurácia de 82% para o ponto de corte >2,14. No capítulo 2, seis adolescentes não apresentaram nenhum dos seis fatores de risco cardiovascular, 15 apresentaram um ou dois fatores de risco e 11 apresentaram três ou mais. O escore z do IMC com melhor sensibilidade (81,8%), especificidade (71,4%) e acurácia (72%) para identificar os grupos com menos de três ou três ou mais fatores de risco cardiovascular foi o 2,14. Conclusão: De todas as referências utilizadas para o diagnóstico de obesidade o ponto de corte do escore z >2,14 de IMC da WHO mostrou melhor especificidade. O ponto de corte do escore z >2,14 de IMC da WHO confirmou ser o melhor ponto de corte para diagnóstico de obesidade relacionada a risco de DCV entre adolescentes com SD
Abstract: Structure of the Thesis: This study is structured by "Scandinavian Model," called "Alternative Model" in the Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health of the School of Medical Sciences, at State University of Campinas (FCM - Unicamp). This thesis is composed of general introduction, objectives, chapters (1 and 2) and general conclusion. The general introduction approach aspects of the history of Down syndrome (DS), prevalence, genetics, clinical features and demonstrations in DS; as well as dealing with obesity issues directed to the pathophysiology, types, prevalence and diagnosis in children and adolescents, diagnostic methods and obesity in DS; the association of obesity with cardiovascular disease (CVD), as well as the assessment of cardiovascular risk factors in children, adolescents and adults with and without DS. Chapters 1 and 2 are in article format. In general conclusion were presented the main conclusions of the two articles. References were presented at the end of each chapter and of the thesis. Objectives: The aims of this study are: (1) to estimate the cutoff point of the body mass index (BMI) for the diagnosis of obesity in adolescents with DS according to different references for BMI in relation to the percentage of body fat (%BF) measured by absorptiometry dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and (2) to assess the cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with DS and compare them in relation to obesity diagnosis determined by z-score for BMI of the World Health Organization (WHO). Materials and Methods: In this study, participated in the first article (Chapter 1) 34 adolescents with DS and the second article (Chapter 2) 32 adolescents with DS, of both sexes (age: 10 to 17 years). In Chapter 1, two techniques were used to assess body composition: BMI and DXA. BMI was evaluated according to the references of the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), the WHO for the general population, and Myrelid et al. and Styles et al. for people with DS. The %BF was assessed by whole body DXA and classified according to NHANES. In chapter 2, weight and height were measured and BMI calculated. BMI considered abnormal was >2.14. We evaluated waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid profile, HOMA-IR and C-reactive protein (CRP). Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, HOMA-IR and CRP were considered cardiovascular risk factors and analyzed in relation to BMI z score. Results: In Chapter 1, all references who have used BMI to assess obesity was positively associated with %BF measured by DXA in the diagnosis of obesity. Using the ROC curve in relation to %BF by DXA, all references showed high sensitivity, but the z-score of BMI by WHO showed better specificity, with the value of the accuracy of 82% for the cutoff point above 2.14. In Chapter 2, six teenagers do not show any of the six cardiovascular risk factors, 15 had one or two risk factors and 11 had three or more. The z scores of BMI with better sensitivity (81.8%), specificity (71.4%) and accuracy (72%) to identify the groups with less than three or three or more cardiovascular risk factors was 2.14. Conclusion: All the references used for the diagnosis of obesity of the cutoff point of z-scores above 2.14 by WHO showed better specificity. WHO BMI z scores greater than 2.14 confirmed to be the best cutoff point for obesity diagnosis related to risk of the cardiovascular disease among adolescents with DS
Doutorado
Saude da Criança e do Adolescente
Doutor em Ciências

Övervikt och fetma hos barn och ungdomar har blivit allt mer förekommande och prevalensen ökar dramatiskt över hela världen. Sedan raffinerade kolhydrater introducerades har även kariessjukdomen fått större utbredning. Då det finns gemensamma bakomliggande faktorer som påverkar både vikt och kariesprevalens vill vi i vår litteraturstudie undersöka om det finns något samband mellan body mass index (BMI) och kariesprevalens för barn och ungdomar. Efter sökningar i den medicinska databasen PubMed på artiklar från de senaste 5 åren fann vi oeniga resultat med jämn fördelning. Resultatet av litteraturstudien är att två av de undersökta studierna tyder på att det inte finns något samband mellan BMI och kariesprevalens, lika många anser att det finns en svag eller möjlig association, medan två studier ansåg att det fanns ett signifikant samband. Majoriteten av de undersökta studierna kan alltså inte se något signifikant samband mellan BMI och kariesprevalens. För att säkerställa ett samband eller ej krävs fler studier och en djupare analys av tillförlitligheten i respektive studie.

A hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) é caracterizada por concentrações elevadas de LDL-c e alta prevalência de doença arterial coronária (DAC) precoce. Entretanto, o curso da DAC nos portadores de HF é variável e pode ser influenciado por outros fatores de risco. O objetivo foi avaliar parâmetros clínicos e nutricionais de adultos portadores de HF heterozigótica por estudo do tipo transversal. Coletou-se do prontuário dos pacientes resultados de exames laboratoriais, medidas de pressão arterial e diagnósticos clínicos. Verificou-se a concordância ou não entre as categorias de risco pelos escores de Framingham (ERF) e pelos critérios estabelecidos para os portadores de HF. Antecedentes pessoais e familiares para DAC, tabagismo, atividade física, consumo alimentar de gorduras, fibras e bebidas alcoólicas foram obtidos por questionário e medidas antropométricas foram aferidas. Foram comparados os grupos com e sem Síndrome Metabólica (SM) e os grupos com e sem DAC por análise univariada. Após, foram verificados os fatores determinantes para o desenvolvimento da DAC mediante modelo de regressão multivariada. Foram entrevistados 110 pacientes (68 mulheres) com média de idade de 48,9 ± 16,2 anos. A presença de história familiar de DAC precoce foi relatada por 67 (61,5%) pacientes. A hipertensão foi encontrada em 59 (53,6%), SM em 38 (34,9%), DAC em 30 (27,3%), HDL-c baixo em 28 (25,5%), diabete melito em 17 (15,5%), 25 (22,7%) eram ex-fumantes e 12 (10,9%) tabagistas. Com a comparação das categorias de risco observou-se discrepância em 77,5% dos casos entre os ERF e os critérios estabelecidos para a população de HF. Quanto ao estado nutricional, 47 (42,7%) eram pré-obesos e 61 (55,4%) com circunferência da cintura alterada. O consumo de gorduras, fibras e bebidas alcoólicas foi considerado adequado. Encontrou-se grande número de sedentários (77%). O grupo dos pacientes com SM tinha idade mais avançada (55 vs 46 anos; p = 0,002), maior número de mulheres (76,3%; p = 0,02) e portadores de DAC (42,1%; p = 0,013). O grupo dos coronarianos tinha idade mais avançada (55 vs 47 anos; p = 0,004), mais pacientes do sexo masculino (60%; p = 0,004), maior presença de hipertensos (90%; p = 0,001), exfumantes (40%; p = 0,008), com SM (53,3%; p = 0,013), HDL-c baixo (53,3%; p = 0,001) e antecedente de infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) em irmãos (50%; p = 0,012). As medidas antropométricas, o consumo alimentar e a atividade física não foram diferentes entre os grupos. Após análise de regressão multivariada os fatores de risco determinantes para o desenvolvimento da DAC foram HDL-c baixo (OR 8,4; IC 95% 2,7-27,6), sexo masculino (OR 7,3; IC 95% 2,1-24,7), história de IAM em irmãos (OR 3,4; IC 95% 1,1-10,5) e idade avançada (OR 1,06; IC 95% 1,02-1,1). Em nossa população, HDL-c baixo, sexo masculino, história de IAM em irmãos e idade foram fatores independentes para o desenvolvimento da DAC.
Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is characterized by raised concentrations of LDL-c and high prevalence of premature coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the course of the CAD in the FH is variable and can be influenced by other risk factors. The aim of the study was to assess clinical and nutritional parameters in adults with heterozigous FH by a cross sectional study. Laboratory exams, blood pressure measurement and clinical diagnosis were collected. Agreement or not between the categories of risk by Framingham scores and for established criteria for the FH subjects was verified. Personal and familial history for CAD, smoken habit, physical activity, fats, fibers and alcohol consumption were assessed by questionnaire and anthropometric measurement were verified. The groups with and without Metabolic Syndrome (MS) and groups with and without CAD were compared by univariated analysis. After, multivaried analysis (MVA) was used to assess the significance of differences in risk factors. The sample was composed by 110 patients (68 women) with average of age of 48.9 ± 16.2 years. The presence of familial history of premature CAD was detected in 67 (61.5%)subjects. Hypertension was found in 59 (53.6%), MS in 38 (34.9%), CAD in 30 (27.3%), low HDL-c in 28 (25.5%), diabetes in 17 (15.5%), 25 (22,7%) and 12 (10,9%) were respectively former and current smokers. In the comparison of the risk categories discrepancy was observed in 77.5% of the cases between the Framingham scores and the established criteria for the FH population. Analyzing the nutritional profile, 47 (42.7%) were overweight and 61 (55.4%) had increased waist circumference. The consumption of fats, fibers and alcohol were considered satisfactory. A great number of sedentary subjects was found (77%). The patients with MS were older (55 vs. 46 years; p = 0.002), had a greater number of women (76.3%; p = 0.02) and CAD (42.1%; p = 0.013). CAD subjects were older (55 vs. 47 years; p = 0.004), had a higher prevalence of males (60%; p = 0.004), hypertension (90%; p = 0.001), former smokers(40%; p = 0.008), MS (53.3%; p = 0.013), low HDL-c (53.3%; p = 0.001) and history of myocardial infarction in brothers (50%; p = 0.012). There were no differences between the groups regarding anthropometric measurements, consumption of fats, fiber and alcohol and physical activity. After MVA, independent risk factors for CAD were low HDL-c (OR 8.4; CI 95% 2.7-27.6), male gender (OR 7.3; CI 95% 2.1-24.7), history of myocardial infarction in brothers (OR 3.4; CI 95% 1.1-10.5) and advanced age (OR 1.06; CI 95% 1.02-1.1). In our population, low HDL-c, male gender, history of myocardial infarction in brothers and age were independently associated with the risk of CAD.

In order to truly understand the process-property behavior of polymer systems it is essential to identify the three dimensional structure of the materials fabricated. For heterogeneous polymer systems such as nanoparticle filled systems, determination of the three dimensional optical properties are particularly difficult. Such information is essential, however, if the behavior of these systems are to be understood and formalized. The purpose of the present research was to develop methods for measuring the optical characteristics of heterogeneous polymer systems nondestructively, in order to characterize their three dimensional behavior. The thesis contains three parts: Part A: Study of an Oriented Uniformly Distributed System: Stretched Isotactic Polypropylene- nano Carbon Black Films (IPP-CB). Three nondestructive optical methods: optical waveguide coupling, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction, were used to investigate the effect of the carbon black on the phase behavior and orientation of the films. It was found that the carbon black has little effect on the crystal form and crystallinity, but has a significant effect on the three dimensional orientation behavior of the polypropylene in the IPP-CB systems. Part B: Study of a non-Uniformly Distributed System: Compression Molded Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) with Nano Indium Tin Oxide (PMMA-ITO) The PMMA-ITO sample is an un-oriented and non-uniformly mixed system which has a grain structure. A unique Break Point Waveguide Method was developed to deal with this problem. It was found that both the refractive index and the extinction coefficient increased with ITO concentration and the samples were three dimensionally random. Part C: Development of Computational Improvements in System Operations Four methods were developed to improve the accuracy of the waveguide methods. They are the Bootstrap Method, the Two-Line Method, the Big Area Method and the Modified Knee method. In conclusion, the three dimensional optical characteristics of two different kinds of heterogeneous polymer systems, oriented uniformly distributed IPP-CB films and non-uniformly distributed PMMA-ITO composites, are obtained and their structures evaluated. Further, several new methods were developed to improve the accuracy of the current optical waveguide methods.

Purpose. To evaluate the effect of Fit Kids for Life (FKFL), a multi-disciplinary exercise and nutrition intervention, on body composition, fitness levels, cardiovascular risk factors and quality of life among overweight and obese children. Subjects. Forty-eight overweight or obese children (BMI ≥ 85th percentile), ages 8-17, were matched by age and BMI and then randomized into an exercise or wait list control group. The groups were similar at baseline for age, gender and ethnicity (p>.05). Method. The exercise group trained for 60 minutes, two times per week for 10 weeks, then performed a 10 week home program. After 10 weeks of waiting to start, the control group began the 10 week exercise program followed by a 10 week home program. Body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), fitness measures, quality of life, and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed at baseline, at completion of the 10 week intervention and following the 10 week home program. Results. Body composition improved over time in both groups with significant changes in % body fat and % lean tissue noted between baseline and twenty weeks (p<.05). Fitness measures improved and changes were maintained or increased during the home program phase. Cardiovascular risk factors remained unchanged between groups and across time, with the exception of systolic blood pressure which increased at 10 weeks. The physical domain of the Impact of Quality of Life scale significantly improved following completion of the program (p<.05). Conclusions.Overweight and obese children who completed the 10 week FKFL program improved their body composition and fitness levels. The beneficial changes were sustained or improved following an additional 10 week home program. Recommendations. Overweight and obese children can benefit from a 10 week multidisciplinary exercise and nutrition program. The use of body composition methods and fitness measures may be better indicators of program effectiveness.

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has a great national importance and therefore, the development of new cultivars with excellent agronomic performance, seed quality, technological and nutritional, represent an alternative to solve food, social and economic problems. Therefore, experiments were carried out, conducted in three growing seasons: normal rainy 2010/2011, dry season 2011 and normal rainy 2011/2012. Treatments consisted of 16 inbred common bean lines, 12 inbred lines belonging to different breeders and four commercial cultivars used as control. The objectives of this work were: (1) evaluated the effects of the line x environment interaction on the morphological, phenological and grain yield characters of inbred common bean lines and to study the correlation and the direct and indirect association between these characters; (2) evaluate the morphological characteres and the health and physiological quality of bean seeds by different tests, and to determine the association of vigor tests with field emergence to evaluate the morphological and physiological and sanitary quality of seeds advanced lines of beans by different tests, and to determine the association of vigor tests with field emergence seedling in the field; and (3) study genetic variability of common bean lines as grain yield, cooking time and minerals concentration in grains, study the linear correlation between grain yield, cooking time and the minerals concentration in grains and use the Z index to select the common bean lines with superiority for most characters. Significant line x environment interaction was obtained for the seed coat colour, days number for the flowering, pods number per plant, seeds number per plant, 100 seed mass and grain yield. The grain yield and morphological characters don t show correlation coefficients estimates favorable for the selection common bean lines with high grain yield. It was observed that genetic variability exists to proceed with the selection of lines regarding morphological, physiological and sanitary quality of seeds. The lines, TB 02- 24, LP 07-80, LP 08-90, CNFP 10104, Carioca, TB 02-07 and SM 1810 had higher germination and vigor and the lines, Guapo Brilhante, Gen P5-4-3-1 and Gen PR14-2-3 show up with lower germination and vigor. The accelerated aging test is the most appropriate to estimate the effect of bean seeds. The common bean lines showed genetic variability for the grain yield, the cooking time and the calcium and iron concentrations in grains. Correlation of low magnitude was found between the study variables, indicating the no existence of casual correlation. The selection of the Gen Pr 14-2-3 line is recommended because it provided the highest Z index values for most characters. According to the results, genetic variability exists to make selection of lines as the morphological, physiological and sanitary quality of the seed.
O feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tem uma grande importância nacional e, por isso, o desenvolvimento de novas cultivares com excelentes características agronômicas, com qualidade de sementes, nutricional e tecnológica, representaria uma alternativa para solucionar problemas alimentares, sociais e econômicos. Diante disso, foram conduzidos três experimentos em cultivo de safra 2010/2011, safrinha 2011 e safra 2011/2012. Os tratamentos consistiram de 16 linhagens avançadas de feijão, sendo 12 linhagens pertencentes a diferentes obtentores e quatro cultivares comerciais, utilizadas como testemunhas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (1) avaliar os efeitos da interação linhagem x ambiente sobre os caracteres morfológicos, fenológicos e de produção das linhagens avançadas de feijão e estudar as associações lineares e as relações diretas e indiretas entre esses caracteres; (2) avaliar as características morfológicas e da qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes de feijão por diferentes testes, bem como determinar a associação dos testes de vigor com a emergência de plântulas a campo; e (3) estudar a variabilidade genética das linhagens de feijão quanto à produtividade de grãos, o tempo de cozimento e a concentração de minerais em grãos e a associação linear entre esses caracteres, utilizando o índice Z para selecionar as linhagens com superioridade para a maioria dos caracteres. Interação linhagem x ambiente significativa foi obtida para a coloração do tegumento das sementes, o número de dias da emergência à floração, o número de vagens por planta, o número de sementes por planta, a massa de 100 sementes e a produtividade de grãos. Os caracteres morfológicos não apresentam estimativas de coeficiente de correlação favoráveis à seleção de linhagens de feijão com superioridade para a produtividade de grãos. Foi observado que existe variabilidade genética para se proceder à seleção de linhagens quanto às características morfológicas, qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes. As linhagens Pérola, TB 02-24, LP 07-80, LP 08-90, CNFP 10104, Carioca, TB 02-07 e SM 1810 apresentaram maior germinação e vigor e as linhagens, Guapo Brilhante, Gen P5-4-3-1 e Gen Pr14-2-3 mostram-se com menor germinação e vigor. O teste de envelhecimento acelerado é o mais indicado para estimar o vigor de sementes de feijão. As linhagens de feijão apresentaram variabilidade genética para a produtividade de grãos, o tempo de cozimento e a concentração de cálcio e de ferro em grãos. Correlações de baixa magnitude foram obtidas entre as variáveis em estudo, indicando a inexistência de relação casual. A seleção da linhagem Gen Pr 14-2-3 é recomendável, pois forneceu os maiores valores de índice Z para a maioria dos caracteres.

Optical properties of Tl4In3GaSe8, Tl4InGa3Se8, Tl4In3GaS8, Tl2InGaS4 and Tl4InGa3S8 chain and layered crystals were studied by means of photoluminescence (PL) and transmission-reflection experiments. Several emission bands were observed in the PL spectra within the 475-800 nm wavelength region. The results of the temperature- and excitation intensity-dependent PL measurements in 15-300 K and 0.13×
10-3-110.34 W cm-2 ranges, respectively, suggested that the observed bands were originated from the recombination of electrons with the holes by realization of donor-acceptor or free-to-bound type transitions. Transmission-reflection measurements in the wavelength range of 400-1100 nm revealed the values of indirect and direct band gap energies of the crystals studied. By the temperature-dependent transmission measurements in 10-300 K range, the rates of change of the indirect band gap of the samples with temperature were found to be negative. The oscillator and dispersion energies, and zero-frequency refractive indices were determined by the analysis of the refractive index dispersion data using the Wemple&ndash
DiDomenico single-effective-oscillator model. Furthermore, the structural parameters of all crystals were defined by the analysis of X-ray powder diffraction data. The determination of the compositional parameters of the studied crystals was done by energy dispersive spectral analysis experiments.

L’objectif principal de ce travail est d’étudier in-situ et ex-situ l’interaction du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) avec les films minces de polystyrène et les surfaces par deux techniques principales : la réflectivité des rayons X (RRX) et l’ellipsométrie.Dans cette thèse, nous abordons l’étude des propriétés physiques de films de polystyrène (PS) à l’état confiné (films minces) et leur évolution lors de leur exposition à du CO2 sous pression. Nous démontrons par RRX et par ellipsométrie sur les mêmes films que la densité et l’indice de réfraction augmentent quand l’épaisseur du film diminue. Nous confirmons la diminution de Tg pour des films de PS d’épaisseur inférieure à 70 nm selon la loi empirique de Keddie [1]. Ces deux résultats pourraient signifier que les films ultraminces présentent une certaine organisation des chaines.Nous abordons ensuite le comportement des films ultra minces de PS exposés à du CO2 en fonction de la pression de CO2 par réflectivité de rayons X (RRX) faite au rayonnement synchrotron (ESRF ligne ID10B). Nous suivons in-situ le gonflement et le dégonflement du film mince d’épaisseur 7 nm lors de la pressurisation et la dépressurisation du CO2. Par calcul de l’évolution de la densité électronique dans le film, nous mettons en évidence l’existence d’une pression de transition vitreuse Pg et d’un gonflement rémanent lié à la présence de molécules de CO2 piégées dans le film [2].Nous proposons par la suite une étude ex-situ par RRX du gonflement et de l’évolution au cours du temps des films de PS gonflés. Nous observons que les films minces présentent une plus grande capacité de gonflement et dégonflement au cours du temps par opposition aux films plus épais. Nous constatons que ce phénomène est fortement dépendant du taux de dépressurisation. En effet, nous constatons que la dépressurisation rapide renforce considérablement, non seulement le gonflement du film, mais aussi son dégonflement au cours du temps. Nous mettons alors en évidence que le taux de dépressurisation régit clairement l'état final des films gonflés, à savoir l’état métastable ou l’état vitreux.Finalement, nous étudions l’influence du gonflement du film par le CO2 sur l’évolution de la température de transition vitreuse. Cette étude est effectuée principalement par ellipsométrie. Nous montrons que ces films qui ne présentaient qu’une valeur unique de Tg avant exposition, présentent après exposition trois valeurs de Tg. En suivant l’évolution de l’épaisseur de ces films gonflés en fonction de la température, nous proposons des réponses qui peuvent expliquer les différentes Tg observées. En outre, nous mettons en évidence l’existence du CO2 stocké dans les films. Après un recuit au dessus de 150°C, les films reprennent le même comportement qu’avant exposition au CO2 qui est loin d’être l’état d’équilibre du polymère massique. Nous confirmons par ce fait l’existence de fortes forces de rappel dans les films ultraminces qui les ramènent vers leurs états initiaux de non équilibre. Ce résultat est à rapprocher de celui concernant l’évolution de la Tg due au confinement dans les films ultraminces avant exposition
The aim of this work is to study in-situ and ex-situ interaction of carbon dioxide (CO2) with thin films of polystyrene and surfaces by two main techniques: the X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and ellipsometry.In this thesis, we address the study of the physical properties of polystyrene films (PS) in the confined state (thin films) and their evolution when exposed to CO2 pressure. We demonstrate by XRR and ellipsometry in the same films that the density and the refractive index increase when the film thickness decreases. We confirm the decrease of Tg for PS films of thickness less than 70 nm according to the empirical law of Keddie [1]. Both results could mean that ultrathin films have a certain organization of channels.We then discuss the behavior of PS ultra thin films exposed to CO2 as a function of CO2 pressure by XRR made at synchrotron radiation (ESRF ID10B line). We monitor in situ the swelling and deswelling of the 7 nm thin film thickness upon pressurization and depressurization of CO2. By calculating the evolution of the electron density in the film, we highlight the existence of a glass transition pressure Pg and a residual swelling due to the presence of CO2 molecules trapped inside the film [2].We propose then an ex-situ XRR study of swelling and kinetic of deswelling for PS swollen films. We observe that the thin films have a higher swelling and deswelling capacity compare to the thicker films. We note that this phenomenon is highly dependent to the depressurization rate. Indeed, we find that the rapid depressurization greatly enhances not only the swelling of the film, but also its deswelling over time. We then highlight that the rate of depressurization clearly governs the final state of swolen films, to say the metastable state or glassy state.Finally, we study the effect of film swelling by CO2 on the evolution of the glass transition temperature. This study is carried out mainly by ellipsometry. We show that these films which showed only a single Tg value before exposure, after exposure has three values of Tg completely independent of film thickness. By following the thickness evolution of these swollen films as a function of temperature, we offer answers that can explain the different Tg values observed. In addition, we highlight the existence of CO2 stored in these films. After annealing above 150 ° C, the films show the same behavior as before exposure to CO2 which is far from the equilibrium state of the bulk polymer. We confirm therefore the existence of strong restoring forces in ultrathin films that bring them back to their initial states of non-equilibrium. This result presents similarities to that concerning the evolution of the Tg due to confinement in ultrathin films before exposure

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The aim of this study was to assess body composition and anthropometry of the elderly with regard to agreement between methods, development and validation of predictive equations and cutoffs. We evaluated 132 elderly patients (52 men and 80 women) aged between 60 and 91 years, users of primary health care, not institutionalized and drawn at random in proportion to the nine health districts of Goiânia, GO. For collection of anthropometric measurements, bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), standardized procedures were used by trained examiners and equipment was calibrated regularly. Analyses were performed using STATA/SE. Descriptive analysis, tests for comparison of means, equation validation according to criteria suggested by Lohman, Bland-Altman and Lin graphic analysis and ROC (receiver operator characteristic curve) analysis were carried out. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Goias. The Durnin and Womersley equation showed the highest concordance correlation coefficient (CCC = 0.846) and the lowest mean differences (MD = - 2.335) for males. The equations of Lean et al. (for men) and Deurenberg et al. (for women) showed the highest correlation with and lowest mean differences from DEXA. Equations were proposed to estimate body fat percentage (BF%): (males: BF% = - 16.868 + 0.571TSF + 0.409WC and females: BF% = 8.634 + 0.601BMI + 0.321SISF + 0.234SSSF + 0.398TSF 0.467BSF). In both sexes, the equations are similar to DEXA in estimating BF% with high precision and accuracy. In males, the proposed body mass index (BMI) cutoff point was ≥ 25 kg/m2; the waist circumference (WC) cutoff point was ≥ 98.9 cm. In women, the BMI and WC values with the most sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were ≥ 26.6 kg/m2 and ≥ 90.5 cm. Since the currently available equations for predicting body composition of elderly have certain limitations, these newly developed and validated equations for the two sexes can be recommended for wide use. Accurate BMI and WC cutoff points for predicting BF% in older adults were also identified.
O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a composição corporal e antropometria de idosos com relação à concordância entre métodos, desenvolvimento e validação de equações preditivas e pontos de corte. Foram avaliados 132 idosos (52 homens e 80 mulheres), com idade entre 60 e 91 anos, usuários da atenção primária à saúde, não instituicionalizados, selecionados a partir de sorteio aleatório proporcional aos nove distritos sanitários de Goiânia-GO. Para coleta de medidas antropométricas, impedância bioelétrica (BIA) e absortometria por raio-X de dupla energia (DEXA) foram utilizados procedimentos padronizados, por avaliadores devidamente treinados, com equipamentos regularmente calibrados. As análises foram realizadas no STATA/SE. Realizou-se análise descritiva, testes para comparação de médias, validação de equações segundo critérios sugeridos por Lohman, análise gráfica por Bland e Altman e por Lin e análise de Curva ROC (receiver operator characteristic curve). O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Goiás. A equação de Durnin e Womersley apresentou maior coeficiente de correlação de concordância (CCC = 0,846) e menor diferenças médias (DM = - 2,335) para o sexo masculino. A equação de Lean et al. (para homens) e de Deurenberg et al. (para mulheres) apresentaram maior concordância e menores diferenças médias com DEXA. Foram propostas equações para estimativa do percentual de gordura corporal (%GC): (sexo masculino: %GC = - 16,868 + 0,571DCTR + 0,409CC e sexo feminino: %GC = 8,634 + 0,601IMC + 0,321DCSI + 0,234DCSE + 0,398DCTR 0,467DCBI). Em ambos os sexos, as equações propostas apresentaram semelhança com DEXA na estimativa do %GC, apresentando alta precisão e acurácia. No sexo masculino o ponto de corte proposto para índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi ≥ 25 Kg/m2 e para circunferência da cintura (CC) ≥ 98,9 cm. Nas mulheres os valores de IMC e CC com maior sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia foram ≥ 26,6 Kg/m2 e ≥ 90,5 cm. As equações atualmentes disponíveis para predizer a composição corporal de idosos apresentam limitações, sendo desenvolvida e validada nova equação para ambos os sexos a qual recomenda-se sua ampla utilização. Identificou-se ainda pontos de corte acurados de IMC e CC para predizer %GC em idosos.

Holz aus Kurzumtriebsplantagen (KUP) mit Pappeln (Populus spp.) kann eine bedeutende Rolle im Mix der Bioenergieressourcen in Deutschland spielen. Trotz eines günstigen Energieinput-Energieoutput-Verhältnisses ist das Erreichen wirtschaftlich zufriedenstellender Ergebnisse mit KUP jedoch auf den meisten potenziellen Anbauflächen durch hohe Ansprüche der Pappeln an die Wasserversorgung erschwert. Hohe Produktivitätsraten der Pappeln sind an einen hohen Wasserverbrauch gebunden und viele Trockenheitsanpassungen führen zu deutlichen Ertragsrückgängen. In der vorgestellten Arbeit wurde eine sechsjährige Vollgeschwister-F1-Kartierungspopulation der Europäischen Zitter Pappel (Aspe, Populus tremula L., Wuchsperiode 1998-2003) physiologisch und genetisch untersucht, um mögliche Wege zu einer züchterischen Verbesserung der Trockenheitstoleranz von Pappeln diskutieren zu können. Dabei wurde das Zuchtziel der Trockenheitstoleranz als Minimierung der Ertragsrückgänge unter trockenen Bedingungen definiert. Neben wuchsleistungsbezogenen Größen (Biomassegesamtleistung (BM, oberirdische Dendromasse), Biomassezuwachs (iBM), Radialzuwachs (ir), Baumhöhe (h)) wurden physiologisch holzanatomische Eigenschaften untersucht, die retrospektiv anhand der Jahrringe messbar sind und zur nicht direkt messbaren Eigenschaft der Trockenheitstoleranz in einer Beziehung stehen. Diese waren die Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffisotopsignatur (δ13C, δ18O), die Faser- und Gefäßgliedlänge (FL, GL), die Gefäßlumenquerschnittsfläche (AG), die Gefäßdichte (GD), der potenziell Saftstrom leitende Querschnittsflächenanteil (LQ), der hydraulisch gewichtete Gefäßlumendurchmesser (Dh) und die röntgendensitometrische Holzdichte (RD). Um trockenheitsbedingte physiologische Reaktionen vom Einfluss der Juvenilität der Kartierungspopulation unterscheiden zu können, wurden regionaltypische Juvenilitätstrends der RD, FL, GL, und des ir anhand eines zweiten, für das östliche Deutschland repräsentativen Aspen-Kollektivs aus natürlicher Sukzession ermittelt. Bedingt durch Trockenheitsanpassungen bzw. eine bevorzugte Wurzelentwicklung nach dem Verpflanzen zeigte die Kartierungspopulation in den ersten drei Jahrringen Abweichungen von den regionaltypischen Juvenilitätstrends. In den Trendverläufen der Kartierungspopulation heben sich die beiden Trockenvegetationsperioden 2000 und 2003 ab, wobei bis zum Sommer 2003 infolge des Starkniederschlages 2002 (Flut) ein außergewöhnlich gutes Grundwasserangebot herrschte. Alle untersuchten phänotypischen Eigenschaften zeigten 2000 starke trockenheitsbedingte Abweichungen. Im Jahrring 2003 wichen nur die GL und die RD von ihren Juvenilitätstrends ab. Außerdem konnte anhand der δ13C und δ18O Werte eine signifikante Abnahme der Wassernutzungseffizienz bzw. eine Zunahme der Transpiration im Jahr 2003 gezeigt werden. Die übrigen Größen folgten ihren Juvenilitätstrends und stiegen an. Die Jahrringdatensätze 2000 und 2003 der RD waren nicht signifikant mit der BM korreliert, dagegen zeigten die δ13C Datensätze 2002 und 2003 schwach positive Korrelationen mit der BM. Der trockenheitstoleranteste Genotyp verband seine überdurchschnittliche BM mit einer hohen Wassernutzungseffizienz (angezeigt durch überdurchschnittliche δ13C Werte), mit einer überdurchschnittlichen AG und mit einer nicht unterdurchschnittlichen RD in Höhe des Populationsmittels. Aufgrund des Fehlens negativer Korrelationen zwischen BM und δ13C bzw. BM und RD in der vorliegenden Arbeit können δ13C und RD als nützliche Weiser für die Unterscheidung der Trockenheitstoleranz verschiedener Aspen zu züchterischen Zwecken vorgeschlagen werden. Außer der BM unter trockenen Bedingungen kann keine der untersuchten Eigenschaften als alleiniger Trockenheitstoleranzweiser empfohlen werden. Zu einer Trockenheitstoleranzbewertung sollten Merkmalspaare verwendet werden, von denen ein Merkmal positiv mit dem Ertrag korreliert ist und das andere eine Trockenheitsanpassung verkörpert. Dadurch werden sowohl das primäre Zuchtziel eines höchstmöglichen Ertrages als auch eine bessere Trockenheitsangepasstheit berücksichtigt. Zwei verschiedene Trockenheitstoleranzindizierungen wurden angewendet, um die Kartierungsnachkommen entsprechend ihrer Trockenheitstoleranz einem Ranking zu unterziehen. Dabei wurden in beiden Fällen Bäume mit einem höheren Ertrag besser platziert. Der zweite Schwerpunkt der Arbeit lag auf der genetischen Kartierung von Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) für die untersuchten phänotypischen Jahrringeigenschaften mit Bezug zur Trockenheitstoleranz. Als Basis für das QTL Mapping wurden, der Pseudo-Testcross-Mapping-Strategie folgend, genetische Kopplungskarten für die Elternbäume der Kartierungspopulation konstruiert. Die maternale Karte (P. tremula, „Schandau 4“) deckte mit 157 Markern (144 AFLP, 13 SSR) in 30 Kopplungsgruppen 1.369 cM ab, die 21 paternalen Kopplungsgruppen mit 148 Markern (132 AFLP, 16 SSR) überspannten 1.079 cM des Genoms (P. tremula, „Lichtenhain 1“). Die im Vergleich zur haploiden Chromosomenzahl der Pappeln (19) hohen Zahlen an Kopplungsgruppen sowie die hohen Zahlen an Doublets und unkartierten Markern zeigten eine geringe Genomabdeckung an. So konnte nur eine begrenzte Zahl, höchstens zwei QTL für die untersuchten phänotypischen Jahrringeigenschaften mit Bezug zur Trockenheitstoleranz, kartiert werden. Ein QTL Bereich mit pleiotropem Effekt auf mehrere wachstumsbezogene Größen wurde auf der maternalen Kopplungsgruppe 1 (dem Populus Chromosom I zuzuordnen) detektiert. Die Signifikanz der Effekte dieses QTL auf den Radialzuwachs entwickelte sich steigend mit zunehmendem Baumalter
Wood production in short rotation coppices (SRC) with poplar (Populus spp.) can contribute significantly to the future bio energy supply mix in Germany. Although the energy-input to energy-output ratio is rather good, SRC often do not meet cost effectiveness due to high water demand of poplar species. High biomass productivity depends on optimal water supply. Also, numerous adaptations to water deficits result in an undesirable decrease of yield. Combined physiological and genetic investigations were conducted within a six-year old F1-full-sib crossbred population of European aspen (Populus tremula L., growing period 1998-2003). Possible implications on selection, breeding or improvement of poplar cultivars showing a high tolerance to water deficits are discussed. For the work presented here, the breeding goal of higher water deficit tolerance was defined as the minimisation of yield losses under dry conditions. Beyond growth related traits (aggregate yield (BM), aboveground woody biomass), biomass increment (iBM) and radial increment (ir), physiological and wood anatomical traits were included; these are related to reactions to water deficit and are measurable on tree rings retrospectively. These traits were the Carbon- and Oxygen isotope ratios (δ13C, δ18O), the fibre length and vessel element length (FL, GL), the vessel lumen cross sectional area (AG), the vessel density (GD), the cumulative vessel lumen area to cross sectional area ratio (LQ), the hydraulically weighted mean vessel lumen diameter (Dh) and wood density assessed by X-ray densitometry (RD). To distinguish the drought induced physiologic reactions from juvenile developmental patterns of the mapping population, juvenile trends of RD, FL, GL, and ir, which are representative of habitats in south-eastern Germany, were investigated in a second aspen collective that was selected from natural succession. During the first three years, the mapping population showed deviations from the juvenile trends due to water deficit adaptations or preferential root development, respectively. Due to drought in the growing seasons of 2000 and 2003, the juvenile trends show outstanding values for both years, although ground water supply in 2003 was exceptionally good following the intense rain event of 2002 (Elbe flood 2002). The tree ring traits of both years stand out from the juvenile trends due to drought adaptations. In 2000, all phenotypic traits showed a significant deviation from their respective trends. In 2003, only GL and RD showed an adaptation to drought as observable by a deviation from their juvenile trends. A significant decrease in water use efficiency (WUE) and an increase in net transpiration, respectively, were shown for 2003 by means of δ13C or δ18O values. All other traits showed an increase following their juvenile trends. RD data for 2000 and 2003 were not significantly correlated with BM, but δ13C data (and therefore WUE) for 2002 and 2003 revealed a weakly positive correlation with BM. The genotype that was most tolerant to water deficits showed a combination of a superior growth with a superior WUE (by means of δ13C), a superior AG, and an RD close to but not less than the population average. Due to the lack of negative correlation between BM and δ13C or BM and RD in the present work, δ13C and RD can be valuable proxies for the determination of drought tolerance of aspen trees for tree improvement purposes. Aside from BM under dry conditions, no other traits that were investigated can be recommended as a stand-alone proxy for water deficit tolerance. For a water deficit tolerance evaluation, pairs of traits should be used, of which one trait is positively correlated with yield and the other represents a water deficit adaptation. Both the primary breeding goal of the highest possible yield as well as a better water deficit tolerance should always be considered in this context. Two different drought tolerance indices were used to rank the individuals of the mapping population according to their water deficit tolerance. In both cases, trees with higher BM were ranked better. The second focus of the present work is on genetic mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for the investigated tree-ring traits that refer to water deficit reaction. As a basis for the QTL-mapping approach, genetic linkage maps were constructed for each parental tree of the F1-full-sib crossbred mapping-population following the two-way pseudo-testcross mapping strategy. The maternal map (P. tremula, “Schandau 4”) consisted of 157 markers (144 AFLP, 13 SSR) in 30 linkage groups and covered 1,369 cM. The 21 linkage groups of the paternal map (P. tremula, “Lichtenhain 1”) covered 1,079 cM of the genome (144 AFLP, 13 SSR). Compared with the haploid chromosome number (19) of the Populus genome, the high number of linkage groups, doublets and unlinked markers indicated low genome coverage. Only a low number of QTL was detected, maximal two per in¬vesti¬gated phenotypic trait with a relation to water deficit tolerance. One QTL having a pleiotropic effect on several growth related traits was detected on the maternal linkage group 1 (corresponding to the Populus Chromosome I). The significance of the QTL effects seemed to increase with tree age

In dieser Arbeit werden das Wachstum mittels Molekularstrahlepitaxie und die Eigenschaften der Ferromagneten Fe und Fe_3Si auf niedrig-symmetirschen GaAs(113)A-Substraten studiert. Drei wichtige Aspekte werden untersucht: (i) Wachstum und strukturelle Charakterisierung, (ii) magnetische Eigenschaften und (iii) Magnetotransporteigenschaften der Fe und Fe_3Si Schichten auf GaAs(113)A-Substraten. Das Wachstum der Fe- und Fe_3Si-Schichten wurde bei einer Wachstumstemperatur von = bzw. 250 °C optimiert. Bei diesen Wachstumstemperaturen zeigen die Schichten eine hohe Kristallperfektion und glatte Grenz- und Oberflächen analog zu [001]-orientierten Schichten. Weiterhin wurde die Stabilität der Fe_(3+x)Si_(1-x) Phase über einen weiten Kompositionsbereich innerhalb der Fe_3Si-Stoichiometry demonstriert. Die Abhängigkeit der magnetischen Anisotropie innerhalb der Schichtebene von der Schichtdicke weist zwei Bereiche auf: einen Beresich mit dominanter uniaxialer Anisotropie für Fe-Schichten = 70 MLs. Weiterhin wird eine magnetische Anisotropie senkrecht zur Schichtebene in sehr dünnen Schichten gefunden. Der Grenzflächenbeitrag sowohl der uniaxialen als auch der senkrechten Anisotropiekonstanten, die aus der Dickenabhängigkeit bestimmt wurden, sind unabhängig von der [113]-Orientierung und eine inhärente Eigenschaft der Fe/GaAs-Grenzfläche. Die anisotrope Bindungskonfiguration zwischen den Fe und den As- oder Ga-Atomen an der Grenzfläche wird als Ursache für die uniaxiale magnetische Anisotropie betrachtet. Die magnetische Anisotropie der Fe_3Si-Schichten auf GaAs(113)A-Substraten zeigt ein komplexe Abhängigkeit von der Wachstumsbedingungen und der Komposition der Schichten. In den Magnetotransportuntersuchungen tritt sowohl in Fe(113)- als auch in Fe_3Si(113)-Schichten eine antisymmetrische Komponente (ASC) im planaren Hall-Effekt (PHE) auf. Ein phänomenologisches Modell, dass auf der Kristallsymmetrie basiert, liefert ein gute Beschreibung sowohl der ASC im PHE als auch des symmetrischen, anisotropen Magnetowiderstandes. Das Modell zeigt, dass die beobachtete ASC als Hall-Effekt zweiter Ordnung beschreiben werden kann.
In this work, the molecular-beam epitaxial growth and properties of ferromagnets, namely Fe and Fe_3Si are studied on low-symmetric GaAs(113)A substrates. Three important aspects are investigated: (i) growth and structural characterization, (ii) magnetic properties, and (iii) magnetotransport properties of Fe and Fe_3Si films on GaAs(113)A substrates. The growth of Fe and Fe_3Si films is optimized at growth temperatures of 0 and 250 degree Celsius, respectively, where the layers exhibit high crystal quality and a smooth interface/surface similar to the [001]-oriented films. The stability of Fe_(3+x)Si_(1-x) phase over a range of composition around the Fe_3Si stoichiometry is also demonstrated. The evolution of the in-plane magnetic anisotropy with film thickness exhibits two regions: a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (UMA) for Fe film thicknesses = 70 MLs. The existence of an out-of-plane perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is also detected in ultrathin Fe films. The interfacial contribution of both the uniaxial and the perpendicular anisotropy constants, derived from the thickness-dependent study, are found to be independent of the [113] orientation and are hence an inherent property of the Fe/GaAs interface. The origin of the UMA is attributed to anisotropic bonding between Fe and As or Ga at the interface, similarly to Fe/GaAs(001). The magnetic anisotropy in Fe_3Si on GaAs(113)A exhibits a complex dependence on the growth conditions and composition. Magnetotransport measurements of both Fe(113) and Fe_3Si(113) films shows the striking appearance of an antisymmetric component (ASC) in the planar Hall effect (PHE). A phenomenological model based on the symmetry of the crystal provides a good explanation to both the ASC in the PHE as well as the symmetric anisotropic magnetoresistance. The model shows that the observed ASC component can be ascribed to a second-order Hall effect.

The analysis of cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in maternal plasma became an important component of non-invasive prenatal diagnostics in recent years. Detection of Y chromosome sequences in free circulating DNA (cfDNA) indicates the presence of a male fetus; the absence of the Y-chromosomal signal confirms the female gender. The aim of this work is to confirm the utility of insertion-deletion polymorphisms (INDEL) for determination of the female sex of the fetus using the analysis of cffDNA by Digital Droplet PCR (ddPCR). In the thesis, X chromosomal INDEL polymorphisms with a suitable allelic frequencies were selected from databases to allow the determination of the presence of the paternal X chromosome in cffDNA and to lead to the confirmation of the female sex of the fetus by a positive amplification signal and to rapid determination of the fetal fraction size of the circulating DNA. Molecular genetic examination of these polymorphisms was established using ddPCR method. A population study was carried out to verify the utility of the proposed polymorphisms with regard to non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. We examined X chromosomal INDEL polymorphisms: rs2307932, rs16397, rs16637, rs3048996, rs16680 using the ddPCR methodology. In order to obtain population data, we performed tests from the buccal...

Nowadays intensive research is conducted for application of genetic polymorphisms for degraded samples analysis, identification and kinship determination. Another area of research in forensic genetics is biogeographical and phenotypic traits (eye, hair and skin color) determination. First part of presented work dealt with population study on the Czech popu- lation using Investigator DIPplex (QIAGEN, Germany) marker set containing 30 autosomal insertion-deletion polymorphisms. Power of Discrimination (PD), which is the probability of random selection of two persons with different genotypes, was 99.9999999999% for the whole marker set. This part of study concluded that ana- lyzed marker set is suitable as an additional marker panel for identification and kinship determination in the Czech Republic. Second part of the presented study was devoted to population research of Cen- tral Croatia using Mentype Argus X-8 kit (QIAGEN, Germany) containing 8 short tandem repeat polymorhisms located on X choromosomes (X-STR) divided into 4 linkage groups. PD for the whole kit reached 99.9999% and 99.99999999% for males and females, respectively. This kit could be used in Central Croatian population for kinship analysis and for identification as an additional marker panel. The next part of the presented study was the...

The aim of this diploma thesis which is called Corporate culture in chosen enterprises was to specify the deciding dimensions of corporate culture, analyze them and suggest changes in the chosen companies. The surveyed companies were Pleas, a.s. and TKZ Polná, spol. s r.o.

碩士
國立中興大學
資訊科學與工程學系
103
The UCIS-X (An Updatable Compressing and Indexing Scheme for XML) indexing method uses the Dewey encoding to record the parent-child relationship of nodes in an XML file, and the branch information between XML nodes are encoded in Branch maps. UCIS-X outperforms other XML indexing schemes in terms of index space and query response time. But its performance will be downgraded in case of keyword search in XML file with large contents due to linear list used the content-index. In this thesis, we modified the Content-Index of UCIS-X by designing a hashed content-index using content keywords as hash keys to improve the performance on keyword search. The experimental results show that the proposed method has about 44% performance improvement over UCIS-X on the content-rich benchmark dataset XMark, and it also has about 65.5% performance improvement over UCIS-X on structure-duplicated dataset DBLP.

碩士
國立中興大學
資訊科學與工程學系所
100
The UCIS-X (An Updatable Compressing and Indexing Scheme for XML) is an efficient indexing and compressing scheme for XML update and query processing. UCIS-X adopts an adaptive labeling scheme, called Branch Map, which uses less space to record the structural relationships between nodes. Although the UCIS-X saves index space and has good performance in query evaluation, it may produce a large number of repeated and continuous strings of "1" or "0" that consumes of lots of space. In this study, the Branch Map is compressed by using bytes to record the repetition frequencies of "1" or "0". Based on the index scheme of UCIS-X, a Level-Tag-Index is built to retrieve corresponding tag names in a path. The number of visited nodes is reduced during query processing. The experimental results show that the proposed method is better than the original UCIS-X in terms of space of index and speed of query and update processing.

Field compaction of asphalt mixtures is an important process that influences performance of asphalt pavements; however there is very little effort devoted to evaluate the influence of compaction on the uniformity and properties of asphalt mixtures. The first part of this study evaluated relationships between different field compaction patterns and the uniformity of air void distribution in asphalt pavements. A number of projects with different asphalt mixture types were compacted, and cores were taken at different locations from these projects. The X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT) system was used to capture the air void distributions in these cores. The analysis results have revealed that the uniformity of air void distribution is highly related to the compaction pattern and the sequence of different compaction equipment. More importantly, the efficiency of compaction (reducing air voids) at a point was found to be a function of the location of this point with respect to the compaction roller width. The results in this study supported the development of the "Compaction Index (CI)," which quantifies the degree of field compaction. The CI is a function of the number of passes at a point and the position of the point with respect to the compaction roller width. This index was found to correlate reasonably well with percent air voids in the pavement. The CI calculated from field compaction was also related to the slope of the compaction curve obtained from the Superpave gyratory compactor. This relationship offers the opportunity to predict field compactability based on laboratory measurements. The compaction of longitudinal joints was investigated, and recommendations were put forward to improve joint compaction. The air void distributions in gyratory specimens were related to the mixture mechanical properties measured using the Overlay and Hamburg tests. The second part of this study focused on studying the relationship between air void distribution and moisture diffusion. A laboratory test protocol was developed to measure the diffusion coefficient of asphalt mixtures. This important property has not measured before. The results revealed that the air void phase within the asphalt mixtures controls the rate of moisture diffusion. The measured diffusion coefficients correlated well with the percent and size of connected air voids. The measured diffusion coefficient is a necessary parameter in modeling moisture transport and predicting moisture damage in asphalt mixtures. The last part of this study investigated the resistance of asphalt mixtures with different percent air voids to moisture damage by using experimental methods and a fracture mechanics approach that accounts for fundamental material properties.

The use of remotely sensed data to estimate forest attributes involves the acquisition of ground forest data. Recently the acquisition of ground data (field based) to estimate leaf area index (LAI) and biomass are becoming expensive and time consuming. Thus there is a need for an easy but yet effective means of predicting the LAI, which serves as an input to the forest growth prediction models and the quantification of water use by forests. The ability to predict LAI, biomass and eventually water use over a large area remotely using remotely sensed data is sought after by the forestry companies. Remotely sensed LAI values provide the opportunity to gain spatial information on plant biophysical attributes that can be used in spatial growth indices and process based growth models. In this study remotely sensed images were transformed into LAI value estimates, through the use of four vegetation indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Corrected Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVlc), Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) and Normalized Ratio Vegetation Index (NRVI). Ground based measurements (Destructive Sampling and Leaf Canopy Analyzer) relating to LAI were obtained in order to evaluate the vegetation indices value estimates. All four vegetation indices values correlated significantly with the ground-based measurements, with the NDVI correlating the highest. These results suggested that NDVI is the best in estimating the LAI in Eucalyptus grandis x camaldulensis in the Zululand region with correlation coefficients of 0.78 for destructive sampling and 0.75 for leaf canopy analyzer. Visual inspection of scatter plots suggested that the relations between NDVI and ground based measurements were variable, with R2 values of 0.61 for destructive sampling and 0.55 for Leaf Canopy analyzer. These LAI estimates obtained through remotely sense data showed a great promise in South African estimation of LAI values of Eucalyptus grandis x camaldulensis. Thus water use and biomass can be quantified at a less expensive and time-consuming rate but yet efficiently and effectively.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001.

We generate a suite of idealized two-body X-ray cluster merger simulations with which we study the impact of mergers on the properties of relaxed X-ray clusters. We identify a common dynamical progression which typical merger events proceed through and use simulated Chandra observations to identify observable transient structures in surface brightness, temperature and entropy which emerge in the process. These simulated observations are also used to determine when the systems would appear relaxed under reasonable observational circumstances. This time is compared to other, more quantitative measures of a system's apparent dynamical state, all of which are compared to the time when the system formally relaxes to a virialized or hydrostatic state. The effects of mergers on observable X-ray and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) observables are then explored and the contribution of merger events on scaling relations generated from these quantities examined. We conclude that mergers are likely not capable of accounting for the observed scatter in these relations. We then examine the effects of mergers on the morphology and structure of compact cool cores (CCCs) observed to be present in the majority of X-ray clusters. We find that mergers can warm CCC systems, potentially transforming them (either transiently or for extended periods) into two additional morphologies: extended warm core (EWC) and compact warm core (CWC) systems. These morphologies segregate in all scaling relation planes in a way which is qualitatively consistent with what is observed. Lastly, we find that mergers do not efficiently mix the intracluster medium (ICM). Mergers between systems which initially possess central metalicity gradients (as CCC systems generally do) produce remnants with metalicity gradients very similar to those of the parent systems. Together. these results pose a. significant challenge to a popular hypothesis in X-ray cluster studies: that mergers are responsible for producing extended core systems.

Glass is a hard, amorphous, and transparent or translucent substance, and it is examined in forensic science to place a person or object at a scene or with a victim when a crime is committed. Due to its brittle nature when combined with some force, glass is often broken, and is then submitted as a type of trace evidence to a crime laboratory in cases such as hit and runs, breaking and enterings, and homicides. Broken glass is most often obtained from bottles, windows, doors, and automobiles, and can easily be found on the street. Previous published research has examined known samples of glass and compared these samples with their known categories or types of glass. In this current research, a population study was conducted based on the collection and analysis of broken glass with unknown origins in Boston, MA. Glass samples (n=100) were collected from the streets and sidewalks around Boston neighborhoods, and an analytical scheme, constructed by the Boston Police Department Crime Laboratory (Boston, MA, USA), was utilized for every sample. This analytical scheme included physical characteristics, such as color, transparency, thickness, curvature and the observance of UV fluorescence. Further instrumental analysis was performed using the Glass Refractive Index Measurement system (GRIM3®) for the measurement of refractive index and the Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) for elemental composition of each sample. Refractive index varies with glass depending on the manufacturing process and its added components and is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the substance. Using an SEM/EDS it was possible to qualitatively determine the elemental components in each unknown glass sample. Using this analytical scheme, it may be possible to distinguish every unknown sample of glass from each other using differences in physical, optical, and elemental characteristics. This study showed the differences observed in a population of glass within the city of Boston, which ultimately could help with better statistics for testimony when asked about the significance of determining an inclusion or exclusion with casework samples.

Polymer gel dosimetry, in conjunction with x-ray computed tomography (x-ray CT) imaging, is a three-dimensional dosimetric tool that shows promise in the verification of complex radiation therapy treatments. Previous studies have shown that x-ray CT imaging of gel dosimeters is robust, easy-to-use, and has wide clinical accessibility. The effects of x-ray CT dose imparted to the gel dosimeter, during imaging of the delivered therapy dose distributions, is not well understood. This thesis quantifies the effects of CT dose on normoxic polyacrylamide gel (nPAG) dosimeters. The investigation is comprised of four parts. First, quantification of the x-ray CT dose given during CT imaging of nPAG gels was measured using ion chamber measurements and filmed dose profiles for a range of typical gel dosimetry imaging protocols (200 mAs (current-time), 120-140 kVp (peak potential energy of photons), 2-10 mm slice thickness). It was found that CT doses ranged from 0.007 Gy/slice (120 kVp, 2 mm) to 0.021 Gy/slice (140 kVp, 10 mm) for volumetric phantoms. Second, Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the effect of photon energy on the dose response of nPAG dosimeters exposed to photon energies from a CT scanner (140 kVp photons) and from a Linac (6 MV photons). A weaker response was exhibited within the gels irradiated with kV photons than MV photons. Thirdly, the measurements of the given x-ray CT dose as established in the first study and the dose response of the polymer gel to different photon energies in the second study were correlated to estimate the induced changes of the nPAG CT number ("NCT ), caused by x-ray CT imaging of the polymer gel. (CT number is defined to be the measured attenuation coefficient normalized to water.) For typical gel imaging protocols (as above with 16-32 image averages), it was found that "NCT <0.2 H is induced in active nPAG gel dosimeters. This "NCT is below the current threshold of detectability of CT nPAG gel dosimetry. Finally, the traditional method of chemically fixing the dose response mechanism of nPAG gels by passive oxygenation of the gel, is investigated to determine if oxygenation would mitigate the changes caused by x-ray CT imaging of the gels. It was determined that oxygen diffusion was too slow to cause fixation of nPAG dosimeters, as the diffusion constant was 1.2 ± 0.2 × 10−6cm2/s, or 25% of the diffusion constant for anoxic PAG gel dosimeters. In conclusion, it was found that x-ray CT dose in polymer gel dosimeters is not a concern for standard gel imaging protocols. X-ray CT dose can potentially be a concern when large numbers of image averages (e.g. >60 image averages) are utilized, as in gel imaging protocols for high-resolution scans.

Yes
The single enantiomer (1S,2S)-2-benzyl-2,3-dihydro-2-(1H-inden-2-yl)-1H-inden-1-ol (2), has recently been synthesized and isolated from its corresponding diastereoisomer (1). The molecular and crystal structures of this novel compound have been fully analyzed. The relative and absolute configurations have been determined by using a combination of analytical tools including X-ray crystallography, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) analysis and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
Wellcome Trust

Protein-carbohydrate interactions are pivotal to many biological processes, from plant cell wall degradation to host-pathogen interactions. Many of these processes require the deployment of carbohydrate-active enzymes in order to achieve their intended effects. One such class of enzymes, glycoside hydrolases, break down carbohydrate substrates by hydrolyzing the glycosidic bond within polysaccharides or between carbohydrates and non-carbohydrate moieties. The catalytic efficiency of glycoside hydrolases is often enhanced by carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) which are part of the modular structure of these enzymes. Understanding the carbohydrate binding function of these modules is often key to studying the catalytic properties of the enzyme. This thesis investigates the molecular determinants of carbohydrate recognition by CBMs that share similar amino acid sequences and overall three-dimensional structures and thus fall within the same CBM family. Specifically this research focused on two families; plant cell wall binding family 6 CBMs and the alpha-glucan binding family 41 CBMs. Through X-ray crystallography, isothermal titration calorimetry and other biochemical experiments, the structural and biophysical properties of CBMs were analyzed. Studying members of CBM family 6 allowed us to establish the overall picture of how similar CBMs interact with a diverse range of polysaccharide ligands. This was found to be due to changes in the topology of the binding site brought about by changes in amino acid side chains in very distinct regions of the binding pocket such that it adopted a three-dimensional shape that is complementary to the shape of the carbohydrate ligand. Members of CBM family 41 were shown to have nearly identical modes of starch recognition as found in starch-binding CBMs from other families. However family 41 CBMs are distinct as they are found mainly in pullulanases (starch debranching enzymes) and have developed binding pockets which are able to accommodate alpha-1,6-linkages, unlike other starch-binding CBM families. These are the first studies comparing multiple CBMs from within a given CBM family at the molecular level whose results allow us to examine the distinct modes of carbohydrate recognition within a CBM family. Analysis of the family 41 CBMs revealed that these CBMs are mainly found in pullulanases from pathogenic bacteria. Members from Streptococcal species were shown to specifically interact with glycogen stores within mouse lung tissue, leading us to investigate the role of alpha-glucan degradation by the pullulanase SpuA in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. SpuA targets the alpha-1,6-branches in glycogen granules, forming alpha-1,4-glucan products of varying lengths. The overall three-dimensional structure of SpuA in complex with maltotetraose was determined by X-ray crystallography and showed that its active site architecture is optimal for interacting with branched substrates. Additionally, the N-terminal CBM41 module participates in binding substrate within the active site, a novel feature for CBMs. This is the first study of alpha-glucan degradation by a streptococcal virulence factor and aids in explaining why it is crucial for full virulence of the organism.

This dissertation examines the history of the creation and development of the concept of anticipation, a pattern of heredity found in several diseases (e.g. Huntington’s disease and myotonic dystrophy), in which an illness manifests itself earlier and often more severely in successive generations. It reconstructs major arguments in twentieth-century debates about anticipation and analyzes the relations between different research communities and schools of thought. Developments in cutting-edge medicine, biology, and genetics are analyzed; many of these developments were centered in Britain, but saw significant contributions by people working in France, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands and North America. Chapter one traces precursor notions in psychiatric and hereditarian thought from 1840 to the coining of the term ‘anticipation’ by the ophthalmologist Edward Nettleship in 1905. Key roles in the following chapters are played by several figures. Prior to World War II, these include: the neuropathologist F.W. Mott, whose advocacy during 1911- 1927 led to anticipation being called “Mott’s law”; the biometrician and eugenicist Karl Pearson, who opposed Mott on methodological and political grounds; and two politically and theoretically opposed Germans – Ernst Rüdin, a leading psychiatrist and eugenicist who came to reject anticipation, and Richard Goldschmidt, a geneticist who offered a peculiar Mendelian explanation. The British psychiatrist and human geneticist, Lionel Penrose, makes a first interwar appearance, but becomes crucial to the story after World War II due to his systematic dismissal of anticipation, which discredited the notion on orthodox Mendelian grounds. The final chapters highlight the contributions of Dutch neurologist Christiaan Höweler, whose 1980s work demonstrated a major hole in Penrose’s reasoning, and British geneticist Peter Harper, whose research helped demonstrate that expanding trinucleotide repeats accounted for the transgenerational worsening without contradicting Mendel and resurrected anticipation as scientifically legitimate. Reception of the concept of anticipation is traced across the century through the examination of textbooks used in different fields. This dissertation argues against established positions regarding the history of the concept, including claims that anticipation’s association with eugenics adequately explains the rejection of the notion after 1945. Rejected, in fact, by many eugenicists from 1912, anticipation was used by physicians until the 1960s.

For the automotive sector, plastics play the most important role when designing interior and exterior parts for cars. Currently, most parts are made from petroleum-based plastics but alternatives are needed to replace environmentally harmful materials while providing the appropriate mechanical performance and preferably reduce the cost for the final product. The objective of this work was to explore the use of soy flakes as natural filler in a composite with polypropylene and to investigate the mechanical properties, water absorption and thermal behaviour. For a better understanding of the filler, the soy flakes were characterized extensively with analytical and microscopic methods. Two types of soy fillers were investigated, soy flakes, provided by Bunge Inc., with a 48 wt-% protein content and an industrial soy based filler with 44 wt-% protein content and provided by Ford. The size of the soy flakes after milling was mainly between 50 and 200 µm and below 50 µm for the industrial filler. The aspect ratio for all filler was below 5. The soy flakes were used after milling and subjected to two pre-treatment methods: (1) one hour in a 50 °C pH 9 water solution in a 1 : 9 solid-liquid ratio; (2) one hour in a 50 °C pH 9 1M NaCl solution in a 1 : 9 solid-liquid ratio. A control filler, without pre-treatment was considered. The soy flakes were also compared to an industrial soy based filler provided by Ford (soy flour (Ford)). The thermogravimetric analysis showed an onset of degradation at 170 °C for the treated filler (ISH2O and ISNaCl) and 160 °C for the untreated filler. The biocomposites formulation consisted of 30 wt-% filler, and polypropylene with/without 0.35 wt-% anti-oxidant Irganox 1010 and with/without the addition of MA-PP as coupling agent. All biocomposites were compounded in a mini-extruder, pressed into bars by injection moulding and tested subsequently. The mechanical properties of the biocomposites are promising. An increase of the E-modulus was observed when compared to pure polypropylene. The addition of MA-PP as coupling agent increased the yield strength of the biocomposites. When pure polypropylene and the biocomposites were compared no difference could be seen for their yield strength. The thermal behaviour deduced from differential scanning calorimetry, revealed a similar behaviour for the biocomposites and the pure polypropylene. Only the samples treated in the presence of NaCl and without a coupling agent, appear to have a slightly higher degree of crystallinity. The melt flow index was slightly increased for the biocomposites containing soy flakes pre-treated with NaCl and decreased for biocomposites containing the soy flour. The water absorption behaviour of the biocomposites was quite similar at the beginning with a slightly lower absorption for the materials with coupling agent. After three months, all samples except the ones treated with water showed a weight loss that can be due to the leaching of the water soluble components in the untreated filler and the NaCl treated filler. In conclusion, soy flakes represent an attractive filler when used in a polypropylene matrix if an aqueous alkaline pre-treatment is performed. The aqueous alkaline extraction also leads to the recovery of the proteins that can be used in food products while the remaining insoluble material is used for the biocomposites, avoiding the competition with the use of soy for food products...

The preparation of polymeric hybrid composite consisting of organic and inorganic fillers is of interest for industries like automotive, construction and packaging. In order to understand and predict the physical and chemical properties of these hybrid composites, it is necessary to fully understand the nature and properties of the employed fillers. In this study, the preparation of polypropylene hybrid composite consisting of wheat straw and clay was investigated. A detailed study was performed on wheat straw from South Western Ontario region. The effect of grinding the straw and compounding it with polypropylene was investigated. Experiments were carried out to identify the thermal stability of the ground wheat straw with respect to their size and composition. It was important to identify a correlation between these properties in order to minimize the straw degradation by processing and also to improve the final properties of the hybrid composite. The composite samples were prepared through melt blending method using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Sample test bars were prepared by injection moulding. The composition of the constituents of the hybrid composite; percentages of wheat straw, clay and coupling agent, were varied in order to investigate their influence on thermal stability, water resistance and mechanical properties. The results of the study indicated that grinding the wheat straw with a hammer mill produced particles with different sizes and shapes. It was found that through the grinding system all particles, regardless of their size, had a multi-layered structure similar to the plant structure. Further hammer milling did not produce plant particles with long aspect ratios that would be expected in a defibrillation process. Analysis of the chemical composition of wheat straw particles of different sizes and shapes was used to measure the ratio of hemicelluloses: lignin and the ash content. It was found that the large particles contained more amount of lignin whereas smaller particles had larger amount of ash content. The thermal stability of the particles was found to be a function of particle size rather than the lignin content. Particle size analysis on the wheat straw particles after the extrusion process indicated a reduction in the particle length and aspect ratio. The thermal stability of the composites was found to be enhanced by the addition of clay particles at higher temperature and the addition of coupling agent at lower temperatures. Increasing the amount of wheat straw and clay content increased the flexural modulus and reduced the resistance for water absorption. Increasing the amount of coupling agent also increased the flexural modulus and resistance for water absorption. The morphological study by scanning electron microscopy revealed that coupling agent increased the interfacial interaction between the particles and the polymer matrix.

Holz aus Kurzumtriebsplantagen (KUP) mit Pappeln (Populus spp.) kann eine bedeutende Rolle im Mix der Bioenergieressourcen in Deutschland spielen. Trotz eines günstigen Energieinput-Energieoutput-Verhältnisses ist das Erreichen wirtschaftlich zufriedenstellender Ergebnisse mit KUP jedoch auf den meisten potenziellen Anbauflächen durch hohe Ansprüche der Pappeln an die Wasserversorgung erschwert. Hohe Produktivitätsraten der Pappeln sind an einen hohen Wasserverbrauch gebunden und viele Trockenheitsanpassungen führen zu deutlichen Ertragsrückgängen. In der vorgestellten Arbeit wurde eine sechsjährige Vollgeschwister-F1-Kartierungspopulation der Europäischen Zitter Pappel (Aspe, Populus tremula L., Wuchsperiode 1998-2003) physiologisch und genetisch untersucht, um mögliche Wege zu einer züchterischen Verbesserung der Trockenheitstoleranz von Pappeln diskutieren zu können. Dabei wurde das Zuchtziel der Trockenheitstoleranz als Minimierung der Ertragsrückgänge unter trockenen Bedingungen definiert. Neben wuchsleistungsbezogenen Größen (Biomassegesamtleistung (BM, oberirdische Dendromasse), Biomassezuwachs (iBM), Radialzuwachs (ir), Baumhöhe (h)) wurden physiologisch holzanatomische Eigenschaften untersucht, die retrospektiv anhand der Jahrringe messbar sind und zur nicht direkt messbaren Eigenschaft der Trockenheitstoleranz in einer Beziehung stehen. Diese waren die Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffisotopsignatur (δ13C, δ18O), die Faser- und Gefäßgliedlänge (FL, GL), die Gefäßlumenquerschnittsfläche (AG), die Gefäßdichte (GD), der potenziell Saftstrom leitende Querschnittsflächenanteil (LQ), der hydraulisch gewichtete Gefäßlumendurchmesser (Dh) und die röntgendensitometrische Holzdichte (RD). Um trockenheitsbedingte physiologische Reaktionen vom Einfluss der Juvenilität der Kartierungspopulation unterscheiden zu können, wurden regionaltypische Juvenilitätstrends der RD, FL, GL, und des ir anhand eines zweiten, für das östliche Deutschland repräsentativen Aspen-Kollektivs aus natürlicher Sukzession ermittelt. Bedingt durch Trockenheitsanpassungen bzw. eine bevorzugte Wurzelentwicklung nach dem Verpflanzen zeigte die Kartierungspopulation in den ersten drei Jahrringen Abweichungen von den regionaltypischen Juvenilitätstrends. In den Trendverläufen der Kartierungspopulation heben sich die beiden Trockenvegetationsperioden 2000 und 2003 ab, wobei bis zum Sommer 2003 infolge des Starkniederschlages 2002 (Flut) ein außergewöhnlich gutes Grundwasserangebot herrschte. Alle untersuchten phänotypischen Eigenschaften zeigten 2000 starke trockenheitsbedingte Abweichungen. Im Jahrring 2003 wichen nur die GL und die RD von ihren Juvenilitätstrends ab. Außerdem konnte anhand der δ13C und δ18O Werte eine signifikante Abnahme der Wassernutzungseffizienz bzw. eine Zunahme der Transpiration im Jahr 2003 gezeigt werden. Die übrigen Größen folgten ihren Juvenilitätstrends und stiegen an. Die Jahrringdatensätze 2000 und 2003 der RD waren nicht signifikant mit der BM korreliert, dagegen zeigten die δ13C Datensätze 2002 und 2003 schwach positive Korrelationen mit der BM. Der trockenheitstoleranteste Genotyp verband seine überdurchschnittliche BM mit einer hohen Wassernutzungseffizienz (angezeigt durch überdurchschnittliche δ13C Werte), mit einer überdurchschnittlichen AG und mit einer nicht unterdurchschnittlichen RD in Höhe des Populationsmittels. Aufgrund des Fehlens negativer Korrelationen zwischen BM und δ13C bzw. BM und RD in der vorliegenden Arbeit können δ13C und RD als nützliche Weiser für die Unterscheidung der Trockenheitstoleranz verschiedener Aspen zu züchterischen Zwecken vorgeschlagen werden. Außer der BM unter trockenen Bedingungen kann keine der untersuchten Eigenschaften als alleiniger Trockenheitstoleranzweiser empfohlen werden. Zu einer Trockenheitstoleranzbewertung sollten Merkmalspaare verwendet werden, von denen ein Merkmal positiv mit dem Ertrag korreliert ist und das andere eine Trockenheitsanpassung verkörpert. Dadurch werden sowohl das primäre Zuchtziel eines höchstmöglichen Ertrages als auch eine bessere Trockenheitsangepasstheit berücksichtigt. Zwei verschiedene Trockenheitstoleranzindizierungen wurden angewendet, um die Kartierungsnachkommen entsprechend ihrer Trockenheitstoleranz einem Ranking zu unterziehen. Dabei wurden in beiden Fällen Bäume mit einem höheren Ertrag besser platziert. Der zweite Schwerpunkt der Arbeit lag auf der genetischen Kartierung von Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) für die untersuchten phänotypischen Jahrringeigenschaften mit Bezug zur Trockenheitstoleranz. Als Basis für das QTL Mapping wurden, der Pseudo-Testcross-Mapping-Strategie folgend, genetische Kopplungskarten für die Elternbäume der Kartierungspopulation konstruiert. Die maternale Karte (P. tremula, „Schandau 4“) deckte mit 157 Markern (144 AFLP, 13 SSR) in 30 Kopplungsgruppen 1.369 cM ab, die 21 paternalen Kopplungsgruppen mit 148 Markern (132 AFLP, 16 SSR) überspannten 1.079 cM des Genoms (P. tremula, „Lichtenhain 1“). Die im Vergleich zur haploiden Chromosomenzahl der Pappeln (19) hohen Zahlen an Kopplungsgruppen sowie die hohen Zahlen an Doublets und unkartierten Markern zeigten eine geringe Genomabdeckung an. So konnte nur eine begrenzte Zahl, höchstens zwei QTL für die untersuchten phänotypischen Jahrringeigenschaften mit Bezug zur Trockenheitstoleranz, kartiert werden. Ein QTL Bereich mit pleiotropem Effekt auf mehrere wachstumsbezogene Größen wurde auf der maternalen Kopplungsgruppe 1 (dem Populus Chromosom I zuzuordnen) detektiert. Die Signifikanz der Effekte dieses QTL auf den Radialzuwachs entwickelte sich steigend mit zunehmendem Baumalter.
Wood production in short rotation coppices (SRC) with poplar (Populus spp.) can contribute significantly to the future bio energy supply mix in Germany. Although the energy-input to energy-output ratio is rather good, SRC often do not meet cost effectiveness due to high water demand of poplar species. High biomass productivity depends on optimal water supply. Also, numerous adaptations to water deficits result in an undesirable decrease of yield. Combined physiological and genetic investigations were conducted within a six-year old F1-full-sib crossbred population of European aspen (Populus tremula L., growing period 1998-2003). Possible implications on selection, breeding or improvement of poplar cultivars showing a high tolerance to water deficits are discussed. For the work presented here, the breeding goal of higher water deficit tolerance was defined as the minimisation of yield losses under dry conditions. Beyond growth related traits (aggregate yield (BM), aboveground woody biomass), biomass increment (iBM) and radial increment (ir), physiological and wood anatomical traits were included; these are related to reactions to water deficit and are measurable on tree rings retrospectively. These traits were the Carbon- and Oxygen isotope ratios (δ13C, δ18O), the fibre length and vessel element length (FL, GL), the vessel lumen cross sectional area (AG), the vessel density (GD), the cumulative vessel lumen area to cross sectional area ratio (LQ), the hydraulically weighted mean vessel lumen diameter (Dh) and wood density assessed by X-ray densitometry (RD). To distinguish the drought induced physiologic reactions from juvenile developmental patterns of the mapping population, juvenile trends of RD, FL, GL, and ir, which are representative of habitats in south-eastern Germany, were investigated in a second aspen collective that was selected from natural succession. During the first three years, the mapping population showed deviations from the juvenile trends due to water deficit adaptations or preferential root development, respectively. Due to drought in the growing seasons of 2000 and 2003, the juvenile trends show outstanding values for both years, although ground water supply in 2003 was exceptionally good following the intense rain event of 2002 (Elbe flood 2002). The tree ring traits of both years stand out from the juvenile trends due to drought adaptations. In 2000, all phenotypic traits showed a significant deviation from their respective trends. In 2003, only GL and RD showed an adaptation to drought as observable by a deviation from their juvenile trends. A significant decrease in water use efficiency (WUE) and an increase in net transpiration, respectively, were shown for 2003 by means of δ13C or δ18O values. All other traits showed an increase following their juvenile trends. RD data for 2000 and 2003 were not significantly correlated with BM, but δ13C data (and therefore WUE) for 2002 and 2003 revealed a weakly positive correlation with BM. The genotype that was most tolerant to water deficits showed a combination of a superior growth with a superior WUE (by means of δ13C), a superior AG, and an RD close to but not less than the population average. Due to the lack of negative correlation between BM and δ13C or BM and RD in the present work, δ13C and RD can be valuable proxies for the determination of drought tolerance of aspen trees for tree improvement purposes. Aside from BM under dry conditions, no other traits that were investigated can be recommended as a stand-alone proxy for water deficit tolerance. For a water deficit tolerance evaluation, pairs of traits should be used, of which one trait is positively correlated with yield and the other represents a water deficit adaptation. Both the primary breeding goal of the highest possible yield as well as a better water deficit tolerance should always be considered in this context. Two different drought tolerance indices were used to rank the individuals of the mapping population according to their water deficit tolerance. In both cases, trees with higher BM were ranked better. The second focus of the present work is on genetic mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for the investigated tree-ring traits that refer to water deficit reaction. As a basis for the QTL-mapping approach, genetic linkage maps were constructed for each parental tree of the F1-full-sib crossbred mapping-population following the two-way pseudo-testcross mapping strategy. The maternal map (P. tremula, “Schandau 4”) consisted of 157 markers (144 AFLP, 13 SSR) in 30 linkage groups and covered 1,369 cM. The 21 linkage groups of the paternal map (P. tremula, “Lichtenhain 1”) covered 1,079 cM of the genome (144 AFLP, 13 SSR). Compared with the haploid chromosome number (19) of the Populus genome, the high number of linkage groups, doublets and unlinked markers indicated low genome coverage. Only a low number of QTL was detected, maximal two per in¬vesti¬gated phenotypic trait with a relation to water deficit tolerance. One QTL having a pleiotropic effect on several growth related traits was detected on the maternal linkage group 1 (corresponding to the Populus Chromosome I). The significance of the QTL effects seemed to increase with tree age.