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Journal articles on the topic 'X-ray method of research (CBCT'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Zhao, Lu, Jiaxin Pan, and Lingling Xu. "Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Image Features under Intelligent Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Algorithm in the Evaluation of Intraoperative and Postoperative Curative Effect of Dental Pulp Disease Using Root Canal Therapy." Scientific Programming 2022 (February 2, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3119471.

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Objective. The objective of this study was to analyze the application effect of algorithm-based three-dimensional reconstruction of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images in the treatment of dental pulp disease (DPD) and the evaluation of the curative effect after treatment. Methods. 120 patients with DPD in hospital were selected as the research objects. In this study, based on the regridding model in the algorithm, the mapping relationship between the undersampled CBCT image and the fully sampled CBCT image was connected, and a model that can be used for image restoration and reconstruction was obtained after training. The algorithm model was used to reconstruct and repair the CBCT images of the research objects, and then, the reconstructed CBCT images were segmented based on the improved level set algorithm. After that, it analyzed and compared the accuracy of X-ray and CBCT based on three-dimensional reconstruction for the diagnosis accuracy of DPD and compared the average bone density of patients and the effect of root canal filling in each time period after root canal treatment. Result. After the image was reconstructed with the regridding model, a CBCT image of the patient’s teeth with less noise and clearer structure was obtained. The segmentation accuracy of the level set algorithm reached 85.5% on average, and the undersegmentation rate (UR) and the over-segmentation rate (OR) were both less than 6%. The diagnostic rates of X-ray and three-dimensional CBCT examination of DPD were 43.7% and 100%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ). Under the monitoring of the three-dimensional reconstruction of CBCT technology, the average bone density of the test group patients after 12 months of root canal treatment was the same as that of healthy people. Under X-ray examination, the average bone density of the test group patients was still lower than that of healthy people after 12 months of root canal treatment. Under the three-dimensional reconstruction of CBCT, the underfilling rate of patients after root canal treatment was 5%, the proper filling rate was 85%, and the overfilling rate was 10%. Conclusion. In summary, the CBCT reconstructed by the intelligent three-dimensional algorithm was effectively improved, which enhanced the image quality and segmentation efficiency. Analysis on diagnosis efficiency and treatment effect proved that CBCT can be an effective method to evaluate the initial curative effect of DPD treatment during and after the surgery and can provide valuable information in future dental treatment, thereby enhancing the success rate of DPD using root canal therapy.

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Emelyantsev, A. A., V. S. Babirin, D. Yu Anokhin, et al. "Cone-beam computed tomography in the diagnosis of flatfoot deformity: prospective study: a prospective study." Diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy 14, no. 4 (2024): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2079-5343-2023-14-4-90-100.

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INTRODUCTION: Flat deformities are one of the most common pathological changes of the feet. Flatfeet is a disease with high social significance, since it not only affects on the quality of life, but is also an important factor in classification of fitness for military service. The main method of diagnosis of these diseases is radiography of the feet in a lateral projection in the standing position. Despite numerous publications describing various methods for assessing the ratio of the bones of the foot, there is no consensus in the scientific community about the exact criteria for flatfoot and its degrees. At the same time, it is noted that the final conclusion is influenced not only by the method of evaluating the finished image, but also by the method of conducting the study. The construction of modern digital X-ray systems in most cases is not adapted for classical X-ray podography, and the study without special devices and the impossibility of strict adherence to the methodology lead to significant distortions of the results. It follows from this that specialized equipment is required for the diagnosis of flatfoot deformities, which allows developing a unified methodology for conducting research and limiting the possibilities of simulations and aggravations.OBJECTIVE: To determine the possibilities of cone-beam computed tomography in the diagnosis of flatfoot deformities in a standing position with a natural load.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 100 patients underwent examination at the S.M.Kirov Military Medical Academy. All patients were examined using the classical radiography and using the cone-beam computed tomograph (CBCT) «ATRISS» (Electron, Russia). Tomograms were evaluated by two methods: using an averaged image and using a thin slice. The study was conducted by two doctors with the determination of the height and angle of the arch of the foot, followed by an assessment of the degree of flatfoot. Statistics. Statistical analysis was performed using Medcalc software (version 18.2.1). The absolute results of measurements for longitudinal and transverse flatfoot obtained by various methods were compared, as well as the time spent on the study (Wilcoxon and Friedman criteria), the degree of correlation between measurements (Spearman’s criterion), as well as the degree of consistency of the conclusions of two experts to identify longitudinal and transverse flat feet (Kappa-Cohen coefficient). RESULTS: Angle measurements in absolute values did not differ significantly between all the methods used (p=0.1803). There were significant differences between measurements of the height of the arch of the foot between the X-ray method and CBCT (p<0.01). In a comparative analysis of radiography and CBCT, two experts noted a high consistency of research results. CBCT made it possible to perform studies with less time (p<0.01). The effective dose for CBCT is significantly higher than for radiography (p<0.01), but does not exceed 0.12 mSv.DISCUSSION: According to the results of the study, it was found that the effectiveness of CBCT in the diagnosis of flatfoot deformities is not worse than classical radiography. At the same time, the CBCT allows you to avoid positioning errors, stacking and cases of attempted simulation. The effective dose for CBCT allows using the technique as a preventive study. Also, CBCT has a high throughput and allows you to get significantly more information in one scan than with radiography.CONCLUSION: CBCT in a standing position with a natural load is not worse then classical radiography techniques in the accuracy of diagnosis of flatfoot deformities. At the same time, the CBCT has extensive postprocessing capabilities, higher throughput, low radiation load, and also reduces the likelihood of methodological errors and cases of aggravation. CBCT is promising in the consciousness of a universal methodology for measuring and classifying of flatfoot with a more precise formulation of setting points for measuring the angles of the arch and deviation of the hallux.

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Belmans, Niels, Liese Gilles, Piroska Virag, et al. "Method validation to assess in vivo cellular and subcellular changes in buccal mucosa cells and saliva following CBCT examinations." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 48, no. 6 (2019): 20180428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20180428.

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Objectives: Cone-beam CT (CBCT) is a medical imaging technique used in dental medicine. However, there are no conclusive data available indicating that exposure to X-ray doses used by CBCT are harmless. We aim, for the first time, to characterize the potential age-dependent cellular and subcellular effects related to exposure to CBCT imaging. Current objective is to describe and validate the protocol for characterization of cellular and subcellular changes after diagnostic CBCT. Methods: Development and validation of a dedicated two-part protocol: 1) assessing DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in buccal mucosal (BM) cells and 2) oxidative stress measurements in saliva samples. BM cells and saliva samples are collected prior to and 0.5 h after CBCT examination. BM cells are also collected 24 h after CBCT examination. DNA DSBs are monitored in BM cells via immunocytochemical staining for γH2AX and 53BP1. 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) and total antioxidant capacity are measured in saliva to assess oxidative damage. Results: Validation experiments show that sufficient BM cells are collected (97.1 ± 1.4 %) and that γH2AX/53BP1 foci can be detected before and after CBCT examination. Collection and analysis of saliva samples, either sham exposed or exposed to IR, show that changes in 8-oxo-dG and total antioxidant capacity can be detected in saliva samples after CBCT examination. Conclusion: The DIMITRA Research Group presents a two-part protocol to analyze potential age-related biological differences following CBCT examinations. This protocol was validated for collecting BM cells and saliva and for analyzing these samples for DNA DSBs and oxidative stress markers, respectively.

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Xie, Shi Peng, Li Min Luo, Li Feng Yang, and Feng Zhang. "Scatter Correction Method for Cone Beam CT Using Beam Attenuation Grid." Key Engineering Materials 480-481 (June 2011): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.341.

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The scattering phenomenon has an important influence on the reconstructed image in Cone Beam CT (CBCT) imaging systems, and is a long-lasting research topic on CBCT. Focusing on the scatter artifact in the cone beam CT system, we proposed a new scatter correction method that needed to add a beam attenuation grid (BAG) between the X - ray source and the tested object. This study educed the scatter correction algorithm based on the Beer theorem. Through subtracting the scatter distribution image from the original projection image, we can acquire the scatter-corrected projection Images of the tested object. The method has been verified by preliminary experimental results on phantom. The result showed that the method can effectively reduce the scatter artifacts, increase the image contrast and increase the quality of the reconstructed slice image. This method is computationally efficient and easy to implement without the loss of real-time imaging capabilities.

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Sreeenivas, Rajeswari, Algi Nadil, Priya Thomas, et al. "Comparative evaluation of localized genotoxicity between the field of focus and scatter following exposure to cone beam computed tomography using buccal mucosal micronuclei assay: A cross-sectional study." Journal of Orofacial Sciences 16, no. 2 (2024): 152–59. https://doi.org/10.4103/jofs.jofs_119_24.

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Introduction: X-rays, a crucial diagnostic tool, are known for their cytotoxic and mutagenic effects, capable of inducing gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations. Despite this, the risks, especially from dental X-ray machines, are often overlooked. Digital X-ray imaging, particularly cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), is now common in dental practice due to its reduced radiation dose, high accuracy, and rapid scanning. However, no radiation dose is entirely safe, and biological effects accumulate over time. A significant drawback of CBCT is its emission of scattered X-rays. Biomonitoring studies, such as the micronucleus (MN) assay on buccal mucosal cells, are essential for evaluating genotoxic risk from diagnostic radiation. To evaluate and compare the genotoxic and cytotoxic damage in exfoliated cells, using the buccal cytome assay following exposure to x-ray radiation during partial CBCT exposure between the field of direct and scatter radiation. Materials and methods: To establish the genotoxic and cytotoxic impacts of CBCT radiation on the mucosa and its effects on the basal cell layer of the epithelium, the research enlisted 35 subjects aged 18 to 60 years. Before and after CBCT exposure, samples of exfoliated oral mucosa were stained with Feulgen. Nuclear anomalies were then graded using image analysis software, and 500 intact exfoliated epithelial cells were checked for micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies according to 1992 criteria set by Tolbert et al. Result: The results showed that cytotoxic anomalies, such as karyorrhexis and karyolysis, were significant with a P-value of <0.01, while all other anomalies, including micronuclei, were not significant. However, between post exposure and scattered radiation, all cytotoxic and genotoxic anomalies were insignificant. Conclusion: CBCT induces significant cytotoxic effects in oral mucosa cells, such as increased pyknosis, karyolysis, and karyorrhexis, but does not cause significant genotoxic damage. Scattered radiation also contributes to cytotoxic effects, though to a lesser extent than direct exposure. The radiation dose from CBCT, at lower levels, affects both the exposure site and the contralateral buccal mucosa equally, indicating that higher doses could potentially lead to greater cellular damage. Considering the established link between cytotoxicity and carcinogenesis, it is imperative to use CBCT with careful deliberation, ensuring adherence to the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle to effectively mitigate potential risks.

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Yu, Gongyi, Yi Du, Xincheng Xiang, Yuan Liu, Ziqiang Li, and Xiangang Wang. "3D Nondestructive Visualization and Evaluation of TRISO Particles Distribution in HTGR Fuel Pebbles Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3857075.

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A nonuniform distribution of tristructural isotropic (TRISO) particles within a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) pebble may lead to excessive thermal gradients and nonuniform thermal expansion during operation. If the particles are closely clustered, local hotspots may form, leading to excessive stresses on particle layers and an increased probability of particle failure. Although X-ray digital radiography (DR) is currently used to evaluate the TRISO distributions in pebbles, X-ray DR projection images are two-dimensional in nature, which would potentially miss some details for 3D evaluation. This paper proposes a method of 3D visualization and evaluation of the TRISO distribution in HTGR pebbles using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT): first, a pebble is scanned on our high-resolution CBCT, and 2D cross-sectional images are reconstructed; secondly, all cross-sectional images are restructured to form the 3D model of the pebble; then, volume rendering is applied to segment and display the TRISO particles in 3D for visualization and distribution evaluation. For method validation, several pebbles were scanned and the 3D distributions of the TRISO particles within the pebbles were produced. Experiment results show that the proposed method provides more 3D than DR, which will facilitate pebble fabrication research and production quality control.

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Loos, Yu.G and I.M.Makeeva. "X-RAYS DIAGNOSTICS OF THE TOOTH ROOTS RESORBTION." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES o6, no. 04 (2019): 7342–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2634129.

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Purpose of research. Assessment of informational content of x-ray method of research of root canal resorption, allowing an accurate evaluation of the localization, the size of the process and to plan the treatment CBCT. Materials and methods. The present study was approved by local ethic commettee  Sechenov University 19.04.2017 N 03-17. The patient signed a form of informed consent and gave written permission for the processing of personal information and publication of pictures. The material for the study was the literature publications mainly in the last ten years: x-ray signs that are observed in various types of resorption, as well as their own x-ray materials in the examination of patients with the diagnosis: external cervical resorption of the tooth 13 (K 03.3). To confirm the diagnosis, CBCT was performed, with the help of which it was possible to make accurate diagnoses, estimate the volume of the resorbed area and plan the treatment of root resorption. Results. Treatment of root resorption after CBCT was performed in the following sequence: 1. Endodontic treatment with subsequent filling resorption section and the outer access. 2. Pulp extirpation, mechanical and medical treatment of the canal. 3. The crown part is restored with Enamel filling material. 4. Treatment was complicated by the position of the focus on the border of the Palatine and distal surface of the root. The surgeon-dentist was thrown Muco-periosteal flap. With the help of an operating microscope, the resorption site was visualized and cleaned with carbide spherical boron No. 3, then the resorbed cavity was further treated with a solution of trichloroacetic acid 40%. The defect is closed, the MTA and the Wound sutured. Summary: Tooth root resorption is a poorly understood pathological process, which not sufficiently described in the literature; the timely diagnosis of it may be a problem in practical dentistry. Different types of resorption may look different on x-rays. It is necessary to carefully examine the patient before making a diagnosis and planning the treatment of a tooth with internal root resorption. At present, CBCT is the most objective diagnostic method within root resorption, allowing to accurately assess the location, size of the process and plan the treatment. Despite the large amount of root defect, timely treatment provides a good long-term prognosis for teeth affected by cervical resorption. Key words: resorption of tooth tissues; etiological factors; radiological methods of diagnostics of resorption of tooth tissues; cone - beam computed tomography in the diagnosis of resorption of tooth tissues; treatment of resorption.

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Yanuaryska, Ryna Dwi, Sabrina Ceasy Anggraeni, Adhara Harvita Puspitasari, Rurie Ratna Shantiningsih, Munakhir Mudjosemedi, and Rellyca Sola Gracea. "Alteration of mucosa cell maturation pattern after exposure to different radiographic imaging methods." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 20 (February 15, 2021): e211236. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v20i00.8661236.

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Aim: Dental imaging has been widely used for diagnosis in dentistry. However, dental X-ray may induce cytotoxicity leading to apoptosis in oral mucosa cells. The present study aimed to observe the maturation pattern of buccal and gingival cells after exposure to X-ray radiation from analog/digital panoramic scanning and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: The research samples were 40 subjects who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were divided into the exposed (patients who received analog/digital panoramic radiography or CBCT) and controlled (patients who had no radiography examinations) groups, with 10 subjects in each group. Exfoliative cytology smears were obtained from buccal mucosa and gingiva before exposure (or on day 0 for the control group) and 10 days later. The cells were stained with the Papanicolaou method. Then, the superficial, intermediate, and parabasal cells were counted in each glass slide. Results: No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed among all cell types between day 0 and 10 in the control group. Meanwhile, after exposure to three kinds of radiography examinations, the frequency of intermediate cells in buccal mucosa and gingiva increased (p < 0.05), but that of superficial cells decreased (p < 0.05) significantly. No significant difference was found in the parabasal cells (p > 0.05). The frequency differences between intermediate and superficial cells showed no significant difference between the buccal mucosa and gingiva. Conclusion: Analog/digital panoramic radiography and CBCT exposure can induce cytotoxicity by altering the maturation pattern of buccal mucosa cells and gingiva, so it is strongly recommended to only perform these procedures if necessary and avoid repeated exposure to the same patient.

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Chatzisavvas, Nikolaos, Dimitrios Nikolopoulos, Georgios Priniotakis, Ioannis Valais, Thanasis Koustas, and Georgios Karpetas. "Monte Carlo Simulation of Cone X-ray Beam and Dose Scoring on Voxel Phantom with Open Source Software EGSnrcmp." Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing 7, no. 2 (2023): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33166/aetic.2023.02.003.

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Radiation is used nowadays for inspection, therapy, food safety, and diagnostic purposes. Our daily lives include the use of devices like airport scanners, projectional radiographers, CT scanners, treatment heads, cargo inspection systems, etc. However, these systems are extremely complicated and cost a significant amount of money to study, maintain and conduct research with. Monte Carlo is the ideal method for simulating such systems successfully and achieving findings that are remarkably comparable to experimental methods. Simulation software, however, is not always free, open source, and accessible to everyone. Open source software has gained popularity in the technological age that best represents the period we are living in, and practically all significant software sectors now use open source software tools. With the aid of an open-source, thoroughly validated software, called EGSnrcmp we were able to describe an abstract model-geometry of a cone-beam computed tomography X-rays source, produce patient-specific phantoms and score dosage values based on characteristics of the cone beam source. We outline the necessary methods and provide useful details about how to conduct such studies inside the software's ecosystem. Our study focuses on the relationship between the cone-beam source's field of view (FOV) and its impact on patient dosage, by emulating a CBCT examination. To characterize our cbct source, we employed stainless steel material to build the collimator and tungsten (W) material to build the anode. The most frequent energy at which these tests are conducted is 100 keV, which is the energy of the electrons we utilize. We were able to score absorbed dosage within a phantom produced from dicom images of a real patient, demonstrate the relationship between the FOV of the beam and the absorbed dosage and verify the cbct source using theoretical values.

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Ahn, Junho, Thi Kieu Khanh Ho, Jaeyong Kang, and Jeonghwan Gwak. "Using Artificial Intelligence Methods for Dental Image Analysis: State-of-the-Art Reviews." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 10, no. 11 (2020): 2532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2020.3254.

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A large number of studies that use artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies to analyze medical imaging and support computer-aided diagnosis have been conducted in the biomedical engineering domain. Owing to the advances in dental diagnostic X-ray systems such as panoramic radiographs, periapical radiographs, and dental computed tomography (CT), especially, dual-energy cone beam CT (CBCT), dental image analysis now presents more opportunities to discover new results and findings. Recent researches on dental image analysis have been increasingly incorporating analytics that utilize AI methodologies that can be divided into conventional machine learning and deep learning approaches. This review first covers the theory on dual-energy CBCT and its applications in dentistry. Then, analytical methods for dental image analysis using conventional machine learning and deep learning methods are described. We conclude by discussing the issues and suggesting directions for research in future.

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Kumar, Anuj, Harvendra Singh Bhadauria, and Annapurna Singh. "Descriptive analysis of dental X-ray images using various practical methods: A review." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (September 13, 2021): e620. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.620.

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In dentistry, practitioners interpret various dental X-ray imaging modalities to identify tooth-related problems, abnormalities, or teeth structure changes. Another aspect of dental imaging is that it can be helpful in the field of biometrics. Human dental image analysis is a challenging and time-consuming process due to the unspecified and uneven structures of various teeth, and hence the manual investigation of dental abnormalities is at par excellence. However, automation in the domain of dental image segmentation and examination is essentially the need of the hour in order to ensure error-free diagnosis and better treatment planning. In this article, we have provided a comprehensive survey of dental image segmentation and analysis by investigating more than 130 research works conducted through various dental imaging modalities, such as various modes of X-ray, CT (Computed Tomography), CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography), etc. Overall state-of-the-art research works have been classified into three major categories, i.e., image processing, machine learning, and deep learning approaches, and their respective advantages and limitations are identified and discussed. The survey presents extensive details of the state-of-the-art methods, including image modalities, pre-processing applied for image enhancement, performance measures, and datasets utilized.

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Hrinivich, William T., Heng Li, Anh Tran, Sahaja Acharya, Matthew M. Ladra, and Khadija Sheikh. "Clinical Characterization of a Table Mounted Range Shifter Board for Synchrotron-Based Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy for Pediatric Craniospinal Irradiation." Cancers 15, no. 11 (2023): 2882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15112882.

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Purpose: To report our design, manufacturing, commissioning and initial clinical experience with a table-mounted range shifter board (RSB) intended to replace the machine-mounted range shifter (MRS) in a synchrotron-based pencil beam scanning (PBS) system to reduce penumbra and normal tissue dose for image-guided pediatric craniospinal irradiation (CSI). Methods: A custom RSB was designed and manufactured from a 3.5 cm thick slab of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to be placed directly under patients, on top of our existing couch top. The relative linear stopping power (RLSP) of the RSB was measured using a multi-layer ionization chamber, and output constancy was measured using an ion chamber. End-to-end tests were performed using the MRS and RSB approaches using an anthropomorphic phantom and radiochromic film measurements. Cone beam CT (CBCT) and 2D planar kV X-ray image quality were compared with and without the RSB present using image quality phantoms. CSI plans were produced using MRS and RSB approaches for two retrospective pediatric patients, and the resultant normal tissue doses were compared. Results: The RLSP of the RSB was found to be 1.163 and provided computed penumbra of 6.9 mm in the phantom compared to 11.8 mm using the MRS. Phantom measurements using the RSB demonstrated errors in output constancy, range, and penumbra of 0.3%, −0.8%, and 0.6 mm, respectively. The RSB reduced mean kidney and lung dose compared to the MRS by 57.7% and 46.3%, respectively. The RSB decreased mean CBCT image intensities by 86.8 HU but did not significantly impact CBCT or kV spatial resolution providing acceptable image quality for patient setup. Conclusions: A custom RSB for pediatric proton CSI was designed, manufactured, modeled in our TPS, and found to significantly reduce lateral proton beam penumbra compared to a standard MRS while maintaining CBCT and kV image-quality and is in routine use at our center.

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Huang, Yanqi, Xiaoyu Hu, Yuncheng Zhong, Youfang Lai, Chenyang Shen, and Xun Jia. "Improving dose calculation accuracy in preclinical radiation experiments using multi-energy element resolved cone-beam CT." Physics in Medicine & Biology 66, no. 24 (2021): 245003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ac37fc.

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Abstract Objective. Cone-beam CT (CBCT) in modern pre-clinical small-animal radiation research platforms provides volumetric images for image guidance and experiment planning purposes. In this work, we implemented multi-energy element-resolved (MEER) CBCT using three scans with different kVps on a SmART platform (Precision x-ray Inc.) to determine images of relative electron density (rED) and elemental composition (EC) that are needed for Monte Carlo-based radiation dose calculation. Approach. We performed comprehensive calibration tasks to achieve sufficient accuracy for this quantitative imaging purpose. For geometry calibration, we scanned a ball bearing phantom and used an analytical method together with an optimization approach to derive gantry angle specific geometry parameters. Intensity calibration and correction included the corrections for detector lag, glare, and beam hardening. The corrected CBCT projection images acquired at 30, 40, and 60 kVp in multiple scans were used to reconstruct CBCT images using the Feldkamp–Davis–Kress reconstruction algorithm. After that, an optimization problem was solved to determine images of rED and EC. We demonstrated the effectiveness of our CBCT calibration steps by showing improvements in image quality and successful material decomposition in cases with a small animal CT calibration phantom and a plastinated mouse phantom. Main results. It was found that artifacts induced by geometry inaccuracy, detector lag, glare, and beam hardening were visually reduced. CT number mean errors were reduced from 19% to 5%. In the CT calibration phantom case, median errors in H, O, and Ca fractions for all the inserts were below 1%, 2%, and 4% respectively, and median error in rED was less than 5%. Compared to the standard approach deriving material type and rED via CT number conversion, our approach improved Monte Carlo simulation-based dose calculation accuracy in bone regions. Mean dose error was reduced from 47.5% to 10.9%. Significance. The MEER-CBCT implemented on an existing CBCT system of a small animal irradiation platform achieved accurate material decomposition and significantly improved Monte Carlo dose calculation accuracy.

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Gaboutchian, A. V., V. A. Knyaz, H. Y. Simonyan, et al. "X-RAY BASED IMAGING AND 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF DENTAL PATHOLOGIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF PALAEOANTHROPOLOGICAL FINDING." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-2/W1-2021 (April 15, 2021): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-2-w1-2021-73-2021.

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Abstract. Findings from Bronze Age burials of Shengavit settlement have become a source of multiple studies referred to anthropological, and especially odontological, research based on 3d imaging and image processing techniques. The currently presented case is an example of palaeopathological analysis of bone tissue resorption caused by complications of dental pathologies. Thus by analogy with diagnostic procedures in clinical dentistry, conventional x-ray based cone-beam tomographic scanning have been applied and have shown its effectiveness as a study method. Through CBCT imaging we managed to reveal a hidden pathological process in the body of the studied semi-mandible fragment, though initially another pathological area located on the same finding was planned to be studied. Application of micro-computed tomography has improved analytical, or diagnostic, part of the current palaepathological study. It has brought to finding unusual morphological features hypothetically causing bone resorption as a complication of dental pathological conditions. However our intention to obtain 3d reconstructions as evidence supporting the most likely version required several attempts to correct image processing in line with the increase of imaging resolution.

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Razumova, A. Ya, A. A. Zubareva, A. I. Yaremenko, S. I. Kutukova, and N. L. Petrov. "The technique of retrograde CBCT-sialography in obstructive parotid salivary gland syndrome." Scientific Notes of the Pavlov University 31, no. 3 (2024): 95–100. https://doi.org/10.24884/1607-4181-2024-31-3-95-100.

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Introduction. Diagnosis of obstruction of the ductal system of the salivary glands is a difficult task. Standard research methods cannot detect such pathology. CBCT-sialography is a modern technique that will simplify and increase the informative value of diagnostics compared to an X-ray image.The objective was to study the possibility of visualizing the ductal system of the salivary glands by retrograde administration of a contrast agent using ultrasound navigation to perform cone beam tomography (CBCT-sialography).Methods and materials. On the basis of the oncological Department № 8 of the FSBEI HE I. P. Pavlov SPbSMU MOH, the patient underwent the installation of a subclavian catheter under ultrasound control into the duct expansion cavity through the skin. Next, a radiopaque preparation was introduced, and a cone-beam computed tomography of the maxillofacial region was performed.Results. Based on the results of the study, surgical intervention was performed. During control examinations, no pathological changes in the ductal system of the parotid salivary gland were detected.Conclusion. This article describes a clinical case of the successful use of CBCT-sialography. This technique with a low radiation load has shown high informativeness and can be performed on an outpatient basis. Therefore, it is necessary to accumulate clinical material to evaluate the effectiveness of the technique in various pathological changes in the salivary glands.

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Peter, Jörg. "Musiré: multimodal simulation and reconstruction framework for the radiological imaging sciences." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2204 (2021): 20200190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0190.

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A software-based workflow is proposed for managing the execution of simulation and image reconstruction for SPECT, PET, CBCT, MRI, BLI and FMI packages in single and multimodal biomedical imaging applications. The workflow is composed of a Bash script, the purpose of which is to provide an interface to the user, and to organize data flow between dedicated programs for simulation and reconstruction. The currently incorporated simulation programs comprise GATE for Monte Carlo simulation of SPECT, PET and CBCT, SpinScenario for simulating MRI, and Lipros for Monte Carlo simulation of BLI and FMI. Currently incorporated image reconstruction programs include CASToR for SPECT and PET as well as RTK for CBCT. MetaImage (mhd) standard is used for voxelized phantom and image data format. Meshlab project (mlp) containers incorporating polygon meshes and point clouds defined by the Stanford triangle format (ply) are employed to represent anatomical structures for optical simulation, and to represent tumour cell inserts. A number of auxiliary programs have been developed for data transformation and adaptive parameter assignment. The software workflow uses fully automatic distribution to, and consolidation from, any number of Linux workstations and CPU cores. Example data are presented for clinical SPECT, PET and MRI systems using the Mida head phantom and for preclinical X-ray, PET and BLI systems employing the Digimouse phantom. The presented method unifies and simplifies multimodal simulation setup and image reconstruction management and might be of value for synergistic image research. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synergistic tomographic image reconstruction: part 2’.

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Martins, Mónica Vieira, Luís Baptista, Henrique Luís, Victor Assunção, Mário-Rui Araújo, and Valentim Realinho. "Machine Learning in X-ray Diagnosis for Oral Health: A Review of Recent Progress." Computation 11, no. 6 (2023): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation11060115.

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The past few decades have witnessed remarkable progress in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in medicine, notably in medical imaging. The application of ML to dental and oral imaging has also been developed, powered by the availability of clinical dental images. The present work aims to investigate recent progress concerning the application of ML in the diagnosis of oral diseases using oral X-ray imaging, namely the quality and outcome of such methods. The specific research question was developed using the PICOT methodology. The review was conducted in the Web of Science, Science Direct, and IEEE Xplore databases, for articles reporting the use of ML and AI for diagnostic purposes in X-ray-based oral imaging. Imaging types included panoramic, periapical, bitewing X-ray images, and oral cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The search was limited to papers published in the English language from 2018 to 2022. The initial search included 104 papers that were assessed for eligibility. Of these, 22 were included for a final appraisal. The full text of the articles was carefully analyzed and the relevant data such as the clinical application, the ML models, the metrics used to assess their performance, and the characteristics of the datasets, were registered for further analysis. The paper discusses the opportunities, challenges, and limitations found.

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Andraws Yalda, Fedil, Rosalyn J. Clarkson, Jonathan Davies, Peter G. J. Rout, Anita Sengupta, and Keith Horner. "Does anthropomorphic model design in ex vivo studies affect diagnostic accuracy for dental root fracture using CBCT?" Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 49, no. 7 (2020): 20200093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20200093.

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Objectives: The evidence for diagnostic accuracy using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for dental applications depends heavily on ex vivo research, but there is little knowledge of whether the model used affects the diagnostic accuracy results. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of different designs of anthropomorphic models on diagnostic accuracy for the specific task of dental root fracture detection. Methods: Horizontal or oblique root fracture was induced in 24 of 48 permanent maxillary incisors. The 48 teeth were scanned by CBCT using standard clinical exposure factors on five occasions, each with a different model design. Scans were viewed by five dental and maxillofacial radiologists, who each made a forced diagnosis of fracture or no fracture in each root and a judgment on root fracture using a five-point confidence scale. Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp) and areas under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (Az) were calculated for each observer for each model. Results: There were no significant differences between the diagnostic accuracy measurements recorded using different models. There were, however, numerous significant differences between observers using the same anthropomorphic model. Conclusions: Despite the differences in X-ray attenuation between the five model designs, the results suggest that the anthropomorphic model does not affect the results of diagnostic accuracy studies on root fracture using this CBCT machine at standard clinical exposures. This provides some confidence in the previously published evidence. The interobserver diagnosis differences indicate that research using only two observers could provide misleading results.

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Рогацкин, Д. В., and П. Н. Гелетин. "Optimization of the algorithm for intraoral radiography of multi-rooted teeth on the example of the first maxillary molars and mandibular molars with radix entomolaris. Part 1." Клиническая стоматология 26, no. 2 (2023): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37988/1811-153x_2023_2_16.

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В настоящее время ни один стоматологический прием не обходится без детального рентгенологического обследования пациента, а оптимальными для стоматологии методами лучевой диагностики являются внутриротовая рентгенография зубов и конусно-лучевая компьютерная томография (КЛКТ). На современном стоматологическом приеме требования к точности диагностики возрастают, поскольку методы лечения усложняются, становятся более технологически наполненными, дорогостоящими, появляется необходимость в интраоперационном исследовании зубов и, как следствие, увеличивается ответственность за некачественное лечение. Однако внутриротовые рентгенограммы зубов часто недостаточно информативны, что может негативно сказаться на правильности диагностики и качестве лечения. В связи с этим все более актуальным следует считать предоперационное изучение трехмерного исследования пациента — КЛКТ. По полученному изображению можно не только оценить состояние зубов и окружающей костной ткани, определить план лечения, но и выбрать наиболее рациональный способ проведения внутриротового рентгенологического исследования. По виртуальной трехмерной модели можно определить оптимальное положение цифрового датчика в полости рта и выбрать необходимый угол наклона рентгеновского луча для получения полностью информативной внутриротовой рентгенограммы зуба, удовлетворяющей цели исследования. В то же время отечественные специалисты пока еще не в полной мере и недостаточно корректно пользуются ресурсами программного обеспечения КЛКТ. Цели работы — продемонстрировать возможность получения с помощью инструментов КЛКТ предоперационных изображений идентичных внутриротовым рентгенограмм зубов для оптимизации способа выполнения последующей интраоперационной рентгенографии, повышения информативности внутриротовых рентгенограмм зубов и улучшения качества эндодонтического лечения, а также предоставить данные о распространенности и конфигурации корней моляров нижней челюсти с дополнительным корнем (radix entomolaris) на территории РФ. При диагностике состояния многокорневых зубов по КЛКТ можно точно определить анатомическое строение исследуемого зуба, его пространственное положение в челюсти, заранее выбрать наиболее рациональный способ внутриротовой рентгенографии: решить под каким углом наклона рентгеновской трубки и с каким положением цифрового датчика будет получено наиболее информативное изображение каждого корня в процессе интраоперационного исследования. С помощью инструментов программы просмотра можно получить такой реформат КЛКТ, которому должна будет соответствовать информативная внутриротовая рентгенограмма, выполняемая в последующем интраоперационно. В данной работе описаны методы традиционной рентгенографии зубов и предложен алгоритм оптимизации внутриротового исследования зубов на основе КЛКТ, позволяющий значительно повысить информативность внутриротовых рентгенограмм зубов, что будет способствовать повышению качества эндодонтического лечения. Поскольку наибольшую сложность для внутриротовой рентгенографии представляют моляры верхней челюсти и зубы с нестандартным строением корня, в качестве примера представлена визуализация первого моляра верхней челюсти и моляров нижней челюсти с дополнительным корнем (radix entomolaris). Nowadays not a single dental appointment is complete without a detailed X-ray examination of the patient, and the most optimal methods of radiation diagnostics for dentistry are intraoral radiography of teeth and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). At a modern dental appointment, the requirements for diagnostic accuracy are increasing, as treatment methods are getting more complicated, more technologically advanced, more expensive, a need for intraoperative dental examination appears, and, as a result, the responsibility for a poor-quality treatment is increasing as well. However, intraoral dental radiographs are often not informative enough, which can adversely affect the correct diagnosis and quality of treatment. Due to this, the preoperative study of the three-dimensional examination of the patient — CBCT should be considered more relevant. Based on the image obtained it is possible to only assess the conditions of the teeth and surrounding bone tissue, to determine the treatment plan but also to choose the most rational way to conduct an intraoral X-ray examination. Using a virtual three-dimensional model, we can determine the optimal position of the digital sensor in the oral cavity and select the required tilt angle of the X-ray beam to obtain a fully informative intraoral radiograph of the tooth that meets the purpose of the study. Nevertheless, local specialists do not yet use the resources of the CBCT software fully and sufficiently enough. Purpose of work: to demonstrate the possibility of obtaining preoperative images identical to intraoral dental radiographs with the help of CBCT tools in order to optimize the way of performing subsequent intraoperative radiography, increase the informative value of intraoral dental radiographs and improve the quality of endodontic treatment; to provide data on the prevalence and configuration of mandibular molar roots with an additional root (radix entomolaris) in Russia. . In case of diagnosis of multirooted teeth, when we study the CBCT image, we can accurately determine the anatomical structure of the examined tooth, its spatial position in the jaw, select in advance the most rational method of intraoral radiography to decide at what angle of the X-ray tube and with what position of the digital sensor the most informative image of each root will be obtained during intraoperative examination. Using the viewer tools, it is possible to obtain a CT reformat that should correspond to an informative intraoral radiograph to be performed intraoperatively afterwards. This research describes the methods of conventional dental radiography and proposes an algorithm for optimizing intraoral examination of teeth on the grounds of CBCT, which will significantly increase the informative value of intraoral dental radiographs, thereby contributing to improvement of the quality of endodontic treatment. Since the most complicated aspect for intraoral radiography are maxillary molars and teeth with non-standard root structure, the visualization of the first maxillary molar and visualization of the mandibular molars with an additional root (radix entomolaris) are presented as examples.

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Storozhchuk, Yuliia, and Viktoriia Kundina. "Diagnostic value of radiological examination methods in the detection of odontogenic sinusitis." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 48, no. 1 (2023): 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.48.01.015.

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It is emphasized that odontogenic sinusitis frequency for at least 9–11% of the total number of inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial area, and the frequency of their complications ranges from 30% to 50%. Emphasis is placed on the fact that a frequent cause of the development of odontogenic sinusitis is errors in the endodontic treatment of teeth and errors in dental implantation, which is accompanied by the use of tools for processing root canals (root needles, drills, canal fillers, pulp extractors), as well as filling material and an implant behind the apex tooth root into the sinus cavity. Radiological research methods play a leading role in the diagnosis of odontogenic sinusitis. Traditionally, for the evaluation of paranasal sinuses, radiography in the nasolabial projection, inspection radiographs of the skull in direct and lateral projections are used. The advantages and disadvantages of multispiral computed tomography (MCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) are given separately. For a group of 130 patients, the results of the diagnostic informativeness of radiological examination methods in the detection of odontogenic sinusitis are given. The obtained results allow to conclude that in all cases computer tomography (MCT or CBCT) made it possible to accurately diagnose the form of the disease, determine the extent of sinus damage, assess the condition of the lower bone wall of the sinus (reveal a violation of its integrity and report a tooth socket with a sinus), to determine the center of inflammation in the periodontium, as well as to detect the presence of foreign bodies in the maxillary sinus. At the same time, MCT and CBCT data were fully compared with each other, surpassed traditional radiological methods in terms of diagnostic informativeness and had such advantages as the absence of superposition, high contrast resolution, and the possibility of obtaining higher-quality image reconstructions in different planes. The aim of study. To analyze the diagnostic value of radiological examination methods in the detection of odontogenic sinusitis.Material and methods: We examined 130 patients in the period from 2022 to 2023. X-ray examinations were performed on a Planmeca ProMax 3D cone beam computed tomography scanner and MCT.Results: Regarding the data of СBCT, it is possible to specify the localization of the foreign body and its connection with the odontogenic factor with high probability. It is worth noting that these sinusitis belong to the iatrogenic group of diseases.Conclusions: CT methods (MCT or CBCT) are a necessary component of the complex diagnosis of odontogenic sinusitis.

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Рогацкин, Д. В., and П. Н. Гелетин. "Optimization of the algorithm for intraoral radiography of multi-rooted teeth on the example of the first maxillary molars and mandibular molars with radix entomolaris. Part 2." Клиническая стоматология 26, no. 3 (2023): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37988/1811-153x_2023_3_6.

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В настоящее время ни один стоматологический прием не обходится без детального рентгенологического обследования пациента, оптимальными для стоматологии методами лучевой диагностики являются внутриротовая рентгенография зубов и конусно-лучевая компьютерная томография (КЛКТ). На современном стоматологическом приеме требования к точности диагностики возрастают, поскольку методы лечения усложняются, становятся более технологически наполненными, дорогостоящими, появляется необходимость в интраоперационном исследовании зубов, и, как следствие, растет степень ответственности за некачественное лечение. Однако внутриротовые рентгенограммы зубов часто недостаточно информативны, что может негативно сказаться на правильности диагностики и качестве лечения. В связи с этим все более актуальным следует считать предоперационное изучение трехмерного исследования пациента — КЛКТ. По полученному изображению можно не только оценить состояние зубов и окружающей костной ткани, определить план лечения, но и выбрать наиболее рациональный способ проведения внутриротового рентгенологического исследования. По виртуальной 3D-модели можно определить оптимальное положение цифрового датчика в полости рта и выбрать необходимый угол наклона рентгеновского луча для получения информативной внутриротовой рентгенограммы зуба, удовлетворяющей цели исследования. В то же время отечественные специалисты пока не в полной мере и недостаточно корректно пользуются ресурсами программного обеспечения КЛКТ. Цель – продемонстрировать возможность получения с помощью КЛКТ предоперационных изображений, идентичных внутриротовым рентгенограмм зубов, для оптимизации последующей интроперационной рентгенографии, повышения информативности внутриротовых рентгенограмм зубов и улучшения качества эндодонтического лечения; предоставить данные о распространенности и конфигурации корней моляров нижней челюсти с дополнительным корнем (radix entomolaris) на территории РФ. В статье приведены данные обследования 274 пациентов — 137 жителей западной части Российской Федерации (Смоленская обл., европейская группа) и 137 этнических корейцев — жителей о. Сахалин (137 пациентов, азиатская группа). У представителей азиатской этнической группы встречаемость первого и второго моляра нижней челюсти с дополнительным корнем (radix entomolaris) в 4,5 раза чаще, чем у европейцев. В случае диагностики состояния многокорневых зубов по КЛКТ можно точно определить анатомическое строение исследуемого зуба, его пространственное положение в челюсти, заранее выбрать наиболее рациональный способ внутриротовой рентгенографии: решить, под каким углом наклона рентгеновской трубки и с каким положением цифрового датчика, будет получено наиболее информативное изображение каждого корня в процессе интраоперационного исследования. С помощью инструментов программы просмотра можно получить такой реформат КЛКТ, которому должна будет соответствовать внутриротовая рентгенограмма, в последующем выполняемая интраоперационно. В данной работе описаны методы традиционной рентгенографии зубов и предложен алгоритм оптимизации внутриротового исследования зубов на основе КЛКТ, позволяющий значительно повысить информативность внутриротовых рентгенограмм зубов, что будет способствовать повышению качества эндодонтического лечения. Поскольку наибольшую сложность для внутриротовой рентгенографии представляют собой моляры верхней челюсти и зубы с нестандартным строением корня, в качестве примера представлена визуализация первого моляра верхней челюсти и моляров нижней челюсти с дополнительным корнем (radix entomolaris). Nowadays not a single dental appointment is complete without a detailed X-ray examination of the patient, and the most optimal methods of radiation diagnostics for dentistry are intraoral radiography of teeth and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). At a modern dental appointment, the requirements for diagnostic accuracy are increasing, as treatment methods are getting more complicated, more technologically advanced, more expensive, a need for intraoperative dental examination appears, and, as a result, the responsibility for a poor-quality treatment is increasing as well. However, intraoral dental radiographs are often not informative enough, which can adversely affect the correct diagnosis and quality of treatment. Due to this, the preoperative study of the three-dimensional examination of the patient — CBCT should be considered more relevant. Based on the image obtained it is possible to only assess the conditions of the teeth and surrounding bone tissue, to determine the treatment plan but also to choose the most rational way to conduct an intraoral X-ray examination. Using a virtual three-dimensional model, we can determine the optimal position of the digital sensor in the oral cavity and select the required tilt angle of the X-ray beam to obtain a fully informative intraoral radiograph of the tooth that meets the purpose of the study. Nevertheless, local specialists do not yet use the resources of the CBCT software fully and sufficiently enough. Purpose of work: to demonstrate the possibility of obtaining preoperative images identical to intraoral dental radiographs with the help of CBCT tools in order to optimize the way of performing subsequent intraoperative radiography, increase the informative value of intraoral dental radiographs and improve the quality of endodontic treatment; to provide data on the prevalence and configuration of mandibular molar roots with an additional root (radix entomolaris) in the territory of the Russian Federation. The article presents the data of the examination of 274 patients in two groups: the first group includes the residents of the western part of the Russian Federation (Smolensk region, 137 patients, European group) and the second group includes the residents of Sakhalin Island (ethnic Koreans, 137 patients, Asian group). According to the data obtained, the incidence of the first and second mandibular molars with an additional root (radix entomolaris) is 4.5 times higher among the representatives of the Asian ethnic group than in the Europeans. . In case of diagnosis of multirooted teeth, when we study the CBCT image, we can accurately determine the anatomical structure of the examined tooth, its spatial position in the jaw, select in advance the most rational method of intraoral radiography to decide at what angle of the X-ray tube and with what position of the digital sensor the most informative image of each root will be obtained during intraoperative examination. Using the viewer tools, it is possible to obtain a CT reformat that should correspond to an informative intraoral radiograph to be performed intraoperatively afterwards. This research describes the methods of conventional dental radiography and proposes an algorithm for optimizing intraoral examination of teeth on the grounds of CBCT, which will significantly increase the informative value of intraoral dental radiographs, thereby contributing to improvement of the quality of endodontic treatment. Since the most complicated aspect for intraoral radiography are maxillary molars and teeth with non-standard root structure, the visualization of the first maxillary molar and visualization of the mandibular molars with an additional root (radix entomolaris) are presented as examples.

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Mohamed, Essraa Gamal, Rebeca P. Díaz Redondo, Abdelrahim Koura, Mohamed Sherif EL-Mofty, and Mohammed Kayed. "Dental Age Estimation Using Deep Learning: A Comparative Survey." Computation 11, no. 2 (2023): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation11020018.

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The significance of age estimation arises from its applications in various fields, such as forensics, criminal investigation, and illegal immigration. Due to the increased importance of age estimation, this area of study requires more investigation and development. Several methods for age estimation using biometrics traits, such as the face, teeth, bones, and voice. Among then, teeth are quite convenient since they are resistant and durable and are subject to several changes from childhood to birth that can be used to derive age. In this paper, we summarize the common biometrics traits for age estimation and how this information has been used in previous research studies for age estimation. We have paid special attention to traditional machine learning methods and deep learning approaches used for dental age estimation. Thus, we summarized the advances in convolutional neural network (CNN) models to estimate dental age from radiological images, such as 3D cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), X-ray, and orthopantomography (OPG) to estimate dental age. Finally, we also point out the main innovations that would potentially increase the performance of age estimation systems.

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Olczyk, Anna, Barbara Malicka, and Katarzyna Skośkiewicz-Malinowska. "Retrospective study of the morphology of third maxillary molars among the population of Lower Silesia based on analysis of cone beam computed tomography." PLOS ONE 19, no. 2 (2024): e0299123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299123.

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Introduction Understanding the anatomy of root canal systems and being aware of their variations is crucial for successful endodontic treatment. Specifically, the intricate and diverse nature of the root anatomy in maxillary third molars poses a significant challenge for dental clinicians. The study analyzed the morphology of the root canal system in maxillary third molars among residents of the Lower Silesia region in Poland using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and methods This retrospective cross-sectional imaging study was conducted at the X-Ray Diagnostics Laboratory of the Academic Dental Polyclinic of Wroclaw Medical University, Poland. The study evaluated 316 CBCT scans and included 196 maxillary third molars. They were obtained from 118 females and 78 males over the age of 18, in the period from January to April 2022 (three consecutive months). The number of roots, root canals, and root canal configurations according to Vertucci’s classification were analyzed. Results Three-rooted maxillary molars were found most often (64.29%), followed by single-rooted (24.49%), two-rooted (7.65%), and four-rooted (3.57%) teeth. Among all the roots examined, Vertucci Type I root canals were the most prevalent. Our research found that single-rooted forms (40 teeth, 33.89% vs. 8 teeth, 10.26%, p = 0.0013) of maxillary third molars were significantly more common in females than in males. However, three-rooted forms (62 teeth, 79.49% vs. 64 teeth, 54.24%, p = 0.0013) of maxillary third molars were significantly more common in males than in females. Discussion In the Lower Silesia region, the typical maxillary third molar in the Polish population has a three-rooted structure with Vertucci Type I root canal configuration. We noted a sex-dependent correlation in maxillary third molar morphology, with single-rooted forms more prevalent in women and three-rooted forms in men.

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Ashida, Ryo, Yoko Goto, Mami Akimoto, et al. "Evaluation of the positional differences between bone matching and fiducial marker matching in target localization of the expiratory breath-hold radiation therapy for pancreatic cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 4_suppl (2018): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.4_suppl.517.

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517 Background: In radiation therapy, the accuracy of target localization is very important to increase the agreement between the planned treatment and the actual dose delivered to the patient. Therefore, image-guided techniques, such as bone matching, soft-tissue matching, fiducial marker (FM) matching and so on, are used to improve the precision and effectiveness of radiation therapy. In this study, we evaluate the positional differences of the target localization between bone matching and FM matching in the expiratory breath-hold radiation therapy (BH-RT) for pancreatic cancer. Methods: We analyzed 15 patients who underwent BH-RT for pancreatic cancer using FM matching between July 2016 and August 2017 in our institution. The FMs were implanted in the pancreatic cancer using endoscopic ultrasound. Prior to each treatment session, bone matching using orthogonal kilovolt x-ray images and FM matching using cone beam computed tomography at end-exhalation (BH-CBCT) was performed. A total of 226 matching data from 15 patients was analyzed. The positional differences of these matching were evaluated in the left - right (LR), anterior - posterior (AP) and superior - inferior (SI) directions. Results: The systematic and random errors between bone matching and FM matching were 3.6 and 3.0 mm, 3.3 and 2.0 mm, and 3.7 and 3.5 mm in the LR, AP and SI directions, respectively. Absolute positional differences of > 5 mm were observed in 78 fractions (34.5%), 40 fractions (17.7%), and 69 fractions (30.5%), and those of even > 10 mm were observed in 14 fractions (6.2%), 2fractions (0.6%), and 11 fractions (4.9%) in each direction, respectively. There were no significant correlations between positional differences in SI and both LR and AP. Conclusions: In pancreatic irradiation using BH-RT, it was considered that bone matching alone was insufficient for accurate target localization and other target matching techniques, such as FM matching, were required to achieve effective treatment.

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Flis, P. S., and L. O. Brodetska. "FEATURES OF DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT OF IMPACTED TEETH (A LITERATURE REVIEW)." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 3 (September 6, 2019): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.3.2019.09.

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Research rationale. Impacted teeth are those that remain partially or completely in the bony tissue or under the mucous membrane for 2 years after the term of their physiological eruption. The issues of the impacted teeth diagnostics, clinical manifestations and treatment features in young children have been studied according to the literature sources data; the significant rate of impacted mandibular third molars (up to 22%), maxillary third molars (up to 18%) and maxillary canines (4%) has been determined. The presence of impacted teeth requires a thorough diagnostics and a balanced approach to the choice of treatment method; the latter depends on the clinical situation, the patient’s age and general somatic status. With the right choice of treatment method, the success of restoring the integrity of the dental arch, aesthetics and function is significant. Objective: an analysis of literature sources regarding the issues of clinical manifestations, diagnostics and treatment of maxillary and mandibular impacted teeth in young people. Presentation of the main material. A literature review demonstrated the presence of a significant number of impacted teeth classifications based on clinical data; part of the classifications was based on modern x-ray studies (CBCT - Cone beam computed tomography). Many research works on resorption of the teeth roots located next to the impacted ones have been analysed; a variety of methods for treating dental retention has been reviewed. Conclusions and their discussions. Impacted teeth remain rather common pathology in young people, which requires a balanced approach to the diagnostics and to the choice of treatment method, as only correct management of such patients can lead to beneficial result. In the examination algorithm it is mandatory to establish the position of the impacted tooth axis in the jaw and in relation to the adjacent teeth axis; the condition of the alveolar bone, the age of the patients and their general somatic status are also of great importance. The choice of treatment method, such as orthodontic, surgical and combined, with the additional use of periodontal surgery and physiotherapy treatment should be individual, followed by monitoring and regular medical check-up.

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Messineo, Daniela, Valeria Luzzi, Francesca Pepe, et al. "New 3D Cone Beam CT Imaging Parameters to Assist the Dentist in Treating Patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta." Healthcare 8, no. 4 (2020): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040546.

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(1) Background: The aim of the work is to identify some imaging parameters in osteogenesis imperfecta to assist the dentist in the diagnosis, planning, and orthodontic treatment of Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) using 3D cone beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and the Double Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) technique. (2) Methods: 14 patients (9 males and 5 females; aged mean ± SD 15 ± 1.5) with a clinical-radiological diagnosis of OI were analyzed and divided into mild and moderate to severe forms. The patients’ samples were compared with a control group of 14 patients (8 males and 6 females; aged mean ± SD 15 ± 1.7), free from osteoporotic pathologies. (3) Results: The statistical analysis allowed us to collect four datasets: in the first dataset (C1 sick population vs. C1 healthy population), the t-test showed a p-value < 0.0001; in the second dataset (C2 sick population vs. C2 healthy population), the t-test showed a p-value < 0.0001; in the third dataset (parameter X of the sick population vs. parameter X of the healthy population), the t-test showed a p-value < 0.0001; in the fourth dataset the bone mineralometry (BMD) value detected by the DEXA technique compared to the C2 value of the OI affected population only) the Welch–Satterthwaite test showed a p-value < 0.0001. (4) Conclusions: The research has produced specific imaging parameters that assist the dentist in making diagnostic decisions in OI patients. This study shows that patients with OI have a characteristic chin-bearing symphysis, thinned, and narrowed towards the center, configuring it with a constant “hourglass” appearance, not reported so far in the literature by any author.

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Szilyné Dr. Kiss Adél, Adél. "Az MRI története, dinamikus szájüregi és maxillofaciális alkalmazása." Kaleidoscope history 13, no. 26 (2023): 382–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17107/kh.2023.26.21.

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The incredible evolution of medicine in the 20th century was made possible by the appearance and rapid innovation of diagnostic procedures. The discovery of the medical application of X-rays gave the opportunity to image the human body without disrupting tissue structure. The use of X-rays spread around the world at an incredible speed and almost all medical fields, including dentistry, began to use them. In the second half of the 20th century, exponential improvement of computing technology replace the summation scans with a new three-dimensional technique, Computer Tomography. Cone Bean CT scanners (CBCT), which use a non-traditional cone-shaped beam as a radiation source, have made three-dimensional imaging widely available in dentistry. However, the harmful side effects of X-rays soon came to the attention of the public, and further research led to the development of a previously unknown technique, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This device was the result of the collaborative work of many scientists, mainly physicists. From the experiment by Isiodor I. Rabi, who proved that the atomic spin of nuclei can be changed in a magnetic field, to the scientists involved in the development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, to the experiment of Paul C. Lautenburg, who was the first to create an image using this method. Raymond Damadien demonstrated that the NMR signal of tumour tissue differs from that of healthy tissue, thus providing the basis for the medical application of the method. Sir Peter Mansfield's new method greatly reduced the scanning time, allowing fast-moving organs such as the heart to be imaged. The measurement of contrast medium, and soon afterwards of blood oxygenation, made it possible to perform functional MRI examinations. The use of positron emission tomography combined with three-dimensional imaging techniques gives accurate diagnostic results, can be preferable in certain clinical situations and provides similar results at lower radiation levels. In terms of maxillofacial applications, CT and MRI scans are mainly used in cases of oral cavity tumour abnormalities. In dentistry, the imaging technique used in everyday practice is the CBCT, a non-traditional cone beam technique, which allows better quality images to be obtained in a shorter exposure time and using a lower dose of radiation.

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Timme, Maximilian, Max Masthoff, Nina Nagelmann, Malte Masthoff, Cornelius Faber, and Sebastian Bürklein. "Imaging of root canal treatment using ultra high field 9.4T UTE-MRI – a preliminary study." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 49, no. 1 (2020): 20190183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20190183.

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Objectives: To investigate the potential of 9.4T ultrashort echo time (UTE) technology visualizing tooth anatomy and root canal treatment in vitro. In particular, it was evaluated whether the currently achievable resolution is suited presenting all anatomical structures and whether the root canal filling materials are distinguishable in UTE-MRI. Methods: Four extracted human teeth were examined using 9.4T UTE-MRI prior endodontic treatment (native teeth), after preparation and after obturation procedure. Root canal obturation was performed using warm vertical compaction (Schilder technique) with an epoxy-resin-based sealer. A single gutta-percha cone measured by MRI served as intensity-reference. MRI results were validated with corresponding histologic sections of the teeth. In addition, all teeth were examined at the different stages with CBCT and conventional X-ray. Results: 9.4T UTE-MRI enabled a precise visualization of root canal anatomy of all teeth at a resolution of 66 µm. After obturation, dentin, sealer and gutta-percha cones showed distinct MRI signal changes that allowed clear differentiation of the obturation materials from surrounding tooth structure. The filling materials, isthmal root canal connections and even dentin-cracks that were identified in the MR-images could be verified in histological sections. Conclusions: 9.4T UTE-MRI is suitable for visualization of root canal anatomy, the evaluation of root canal preparation and obturation with a high spatial resolution and may provide a versatile tool for dental material research in endodontics.

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Zhou, La-Zhen, Wen-Jing Xia, Qian-Qian Xu, et al. "Micro cone-beam CT scanner based on X-ray polycapillary optics." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 9 (2022): 090701. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20212195.

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In-vivo small animal imaging system is an important part of disease research and new drug development. It is essential for living small animal imaging system to be able to provide the anatomical structure, molecular and functional information. The X-ray micro cone-beam computed tomography (micro-CBCT) can perform longitudinal study with a resolution of tens-to-hundreds of microns in a short imaging time at a relatively low cost. Furthermore, it is easy to combine with other modalities to provide abundant information about small animals. A key challenge to the micro-CBCT scanner is that its spatial and contrast resolution determined primarily by the X-ray focal spot size, the detector element size, and the system geometry. Aiming to improve the spatial resolution, contrast resolution, and imaging uniformity of the micro-CBCT system, we use the X-ray polycapillary optics for adjusting the X-ray source. A micro-CBCT based on X-ray polycapillary optics with a large field of view is constructed for the small animal imaging study. The micro-CBCT system is composed of microfocus X-ray tube with an attached polycapillary focusing X-ray lens, amorphous silicon-based flat panel detector, rotation stage, and controlling PC. The Feldkamp-Daivs-Kress (FDK) algorithm is adopted to reconstruct the image. The system performances are evaluated. The magnification of this micro-CBCT system is 1.97. The results show that the spatial resolution of the system at 10% modulation transfer function (MTF) is 9.1 lp/mm, which is 1.35 times higher than that in the case of no optics. The image uniformity deterioration caused by hardening effect is effectively alleviated by filtrating the low energy X-rays with the X-ray polycapillary optics and the contrast enhancement is more than twice. The anesthetic rats are imaged with this micro-CBCT system in vivo and the practicability of the system in small animal imaging research is verified.

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Boggio, Andrea, Abdolreza Jamilian, Antonio Manni, et al. "The Effect of a Manni Telescopic Herbst Appliance with Four Miniscrews (STM4) on the Treatment of a Class II Division I Malocclusion: A 3D Finite Element Study." Oral 5, no. 2 (2025): 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/oral5020027.

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Aim: Class II Division I malocclusion poses significant challenges in orthodontics. The combination of a Herbst appliance and miniscrew anchorage emerged as a practical solution to improve skeletal and dental outcomes. This study employed finite element analysis to evaluate the biomechanical effects of a miniscrew-supported Herbst appliance on mandibular advancement and dentition movement. Methods: High-definition CBCT scans captured the maxilla and mandible’s detailed dental anatomy. The scans were stored in DICOM format for seamless integration with Mimics software (Mimics Innovation Suite research version 21.0, Materialise NV, Leuven, Belgium) for 3D reconstruction and model refinement. The appliance, designed with a maxillary fixed palatal arch and mandibular acrylic splint connected by telescoping rods, incorporated titanium TADs and elastic chains. STL models were optimized in Geomagic x Design for finite element analysis in Abaqus, assigning validated mechanical properties for materials. Tetrahedral meshing and realistic boundary conditions simulated biomechanical interactions. Tetrahedral C3D4 elements were used for meshing, ensuring a balance between computational efficiency and detailed anatomical representation. Tetrahedral meshing and realistic boundary conditions simulated biomechanical interactions. Dynamic simulations in CATIA evaluated mandibular movement. FEA analyzed displacement across dentoalveolar structures along the X, Y, and Z axes to assess treatment efficacy and biomechanical stability. Results: The Z displacement analysis revealed that the incisal edges of the lower central, lateral, and canines shifted lingually by 0.41, 0.4, and 0.47 mm, respectively. Additionally, the apices of the lower central, lateral, and canines displaced backwards by 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm, and 0.07 mm, respectively. Conclusions: The appliance facilitated mandibular advancement, bodily retracted the lower incisors, well-controlled the upper ones, and mesial-tipped the upper posterior teeth. In contrast with traditional functional appliances, it caused the lower anterior teeth to move backwards, while skeletal anchorage overcame some shortcomings of nonsurgical treatments. This method might be a good treatment option for growing skeletal Class II patients.

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Лавренюк, Е. А., В. Д. Вагнер, М. С. Сумонова, and Д. А. Туркин. "The study of the prevalence of resorption of hard tissues of the tooth according to the results of the analysis of cone-beam computed tomography." Клиническая стоматология 26, no. 2 (2023): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37988/1811-153x_2023_2_24.

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Ввиду увеличивающейся встречаемости в клинической практике резорбции твердых тканей зуба проведен анализ частоты различных видов резорбции в сравнении с данными других авторов. Цели исследования — выявление частоты встречаемости резорбции корня зуба по данным рентгенологического обследования и определение ее критериев. Изучены 1200 конусно-лучевых компьютерных томограмм (КЛКТ) пациентов с признаками резорбции корня зуба. Результаты сравнивали с данными ЦНИИСиЧЛХ. Признаки резорбции обнаружены у 81 обследованного от 13 до 85 лет, из них 50,6% лица женского пола в возрасте 41—85 лет. В жевательной группе зубов резорбция встречалась чаще, преимущественно это была наружная резорбция. Резорбция твердых тканей зуба не является редкой патологией, частота ее встречаемости, по нашим данным, составляет 6,75%. Наиболее распространенной формой является наружная патологическая резорбция, которая часто сочетается с очагами апикальной деструкции из-за хронической внутриканальной инфекции. Компьютерная томография является наиболее точным и доступным методом выявления резорбции зуба и его корня, поскольку трехмерная визуализация позволяет оценить степень разрушения твердых тканей зуба, топографию их резорбции и прилегающей костной ткани. In view of the increasing occurrence in clinical practice of resorption of hard tissues of the tooth, an analysis was made of the frequency of various types of resorption in comparison with the data of other authors. The purpose of the study was to identify the frequency of occurrence of tooth root resorption according to X-ray examination data and to determine its criteria. . 1200 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of patients with signs of tooth root resorption were studied. The results were compared with the data of Central Research Institute of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery. . Signs of resorption were found in 81 patients aged 13 to 85 years, of which 50.6% were females, more often at the age of 41—85 years. In the chewing group of teeth, resorption occurred more often and it was mainly external resorption. . Resorption of hard tissues of the tooth is not a rare pathology, because the frequency of occurrence according to our data is 6.75%. The most common form of resorption is external pathological resorption, which is often combined with foci of apical destruction due to chronic intracanal infection. Computed tomography is the most accurate and affordable method for detecting resorption of a tooth and its root, since three-dimensional visualization makes it possible to assess the degree of destruction of the hard tissues of the tooth, the topography of their resorption and adjacent bone tissue.

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Huang, K. D., Ding Hua Zhang, Fang Long Zha, and M. J. Li. "Integrated Method of Enhancing Image Quality for FPD-Based Cone-Beam Computed Tomography." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 1277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.1277.

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The main factors of impacting Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) image quality and their causes were studied, and an integrated method of enhancing CBCT image quality was proposed according to the Digital Radiography (DR) imaging model. First, the original polychromatic X-ray was filtered into quasi-monochromatic X-ray by the filter plate of copper-tungsten alloy, in order to improve the quality of the original projection images. Then, the integrated artifact corrections for projection images were processed on the order of dark field correction, gain non-uniformity correction, scatter correction and beam hardening correction, to avoid the one-sidedness of only correcting a certain kind of artifact. Experimental results show that the method can almost eliminate the main artifacts of CBCT system and improve image clarity and signal to noise ratio.

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Li, Boyuan, Derrek Spronk, Yueting Luo, et al. "Feasibility of dual-energy CBCT by spectral filtration of a dual-focus CNT x-ray source." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): e0262713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262713.

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Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is now widely used in dentistry and growing areas of medical imaging. The presence of strong metal artifacts is however a major concern of using CBCT especially in dentistry due to the presence of highly attenuating dental restorations, fixed appliances, and implants. Virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs) synthesized from dual energy CT (DECT) datasets are known to reduce metal artifacts. Although several techniques exist for DECT imaging, they in general come with significantly increased equipment cost and not available in dental clinics. The objectives of this study were to investigate the feasibility of developing a low-cost dual energy CBCT (DE-CBCT) by retrofitting a regular CBCT scanner with a carbon nanotube (CNT) x-ray source with dual focal spots and corresponding low-energy (LE) and high-energy (HE) spectral filters. A testbed with a CNT field emission x-ray source (NuRay Technology, Chang Zhou, China), a flat panel detector (Teledyne, Waterloo, Canada), and a rotating object stage was used for this feasibility study. Two distinct polychromatic x-ray spectra with the mean photon energies of 66.7keV and 86.3keV were produced at a fixed 120kVp x-ray tube voltage by using Al+Au and Al+Sn foils as the respective LE and HE filters attached to the exist window of the x-ray source. The HE filter attenuated the x-ray photons more than the LE filter. The calculated post-object air kerma rate of the HE beam was 31.7% of the LE beam. An anthropomorphic head phantom (RANDO, Nuclear Associates, Hicksville, NY) with metal beads was imaged using the testbed and the images were reconstructed using an iterative volumetric CT reconstruction algorithm. The VMIs were synthesized using an image-domain basis materials decomposition method with energy ranging from 30 to 150keV. The results were compared to the reconstructed images from a single energy clinical dental CBCT scanner (CS9300, Carestream Dental, Atlanta, GA). A significant reduction of the metal artifacts was observed in the VMI images synthesized at high energies compared to those from the same object imaged by the clinical dental CBCT scanner. The ability of the CNT x-ray source to generate the output needed to compensate the reduction of photon flux due to attenuation from the spectral filters and to maintain the CT imaging time was evaluated. The results demonstrated the feasibility of DE-CBCT imaging using the proposed approach. Metal artifact reduction was achieved in VMIs synthesized. The x-ray output needed for the proposed DE-CBCT can be generated by a fixed-anode CNT x-ray source.

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Men, Kuo, Jian-Rong Dai, Ming-Hui Li, et al. "A Method to Improve Electron Density Measurement of Cone-Beam CT Using Dual Energy Technique." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/858907.

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Purpose. To develop a dual energy imaging method to improve the accuracy of electron density measurement with a cone-beam CT (CBCT) device.Materials and Methods. The imaging system is the XVI CBCT system on Elekta Synergy linac. Projection data were acquired with the high and low energy X-ray, respectively, to set up a basis material decomposition model. Virtual phantom simulation and phantoms experiments were carried out for quantitative evaluation of the method. Phantoms were also scanned twice with the high and low energy X-ray, respectively. The data were decomposed into projections of the two basis material coefficients according to the model set up earlier. The two sets of decomposed projections were used to reconstruct CBCT images of the basis material coefficients. Then, the images of electron densities were calculated with these CBCT images.Results. The difference between the calculated and theoretical values was within 2% and the correlation coefficient of them was about 1.0. The dual energy imaging method obtained more accurate electron density values and reduced the beam hardening artifacts obviously.Conclusion. A novel dual energy CBCT imaging method to calculate the electron densities was developed. It can acquire more accurate values and provide a platform potentially for dose calculation.

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Petsaros, Sotirios, Emmanouil Chatzipetros, Catherine Donta, et al. "Scattered Radiation Distribution Utilizing Three Different Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Devices for Maxillofacial Diagnostics: A Research Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 19 (2023): 6199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12196199.

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This study aimed to estimate scattered radiation and its spatial distribution around three cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) devices, in order to determine potential positions for an operator to stand if they needed to be inside the CBCT room. The following devices were tested: Morita Accuitomo (CBCT1), Newtom Giano HR (CBCT2), Newtom VGi (CBCT3). Scattered radiation measurements were performed using different kVp, mA, and Field of View (FOV) options. An anthropomorphic phantom (NATHANIA) was placed inside the X-ray gantry to simulate clinical conditions. Scattered measurements were taken with the Inovision model 451P Victoreen ionization chamber once placed at fixed distances from each irradiation isocenter, away from the primary beam. A statistically significant (p < 0.001) difference was found in the mean value of the scattered radiation estimations between the CBCT devices. Scattered radiation was reduced with a different rate for each CBCT device as distance was increased. For CBCT1 the reduction was 0.047 μGy, for CBCT2 it was 0.036 μGy, and for CBCT3 it was 0.079 μGy, for every one meter from the X-ray gantry. Therefore, at certain distances from the central X-ray, the scattered radiation was below the critical level of 1 mGy, which is defined by the radiation protection guidelines as the exposure radiation limit of the general population. Consequently, an operator could stay inside the room accompanying the patient being scanned, if necessary.

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Idrisova, A. M., Kh M. Magomedova, A. K. Shakhbanov, et al. "Analysing the informative content of the upper jaw pathology visual examination." Perm Medical Journal 41, no. 4 (2024): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/pmj414101-110.

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Objective. To conduct a comparative analysis of the informative content of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) and paranasal sinuses half-axial X-ray images in the upper jaw pathology diagnosis. Materials and methods. 96 CBCT and MSCT scans of the upper jaw and the similar number of X-ray images of the same patients were analyzed. Results. The analysis of a three-dimensional image and native slice reading in the Planmeca programme makes it possible to determine metric parameters, localization, prevalence of the pathological process and involvement of the upper jaw structures validly. Software features of the Radiant and OneDemand3D had error interval of р ≥ 0,2 mm while analyzing the same criteria. Half-axial X-ray examination demonstrated the lowest informative content. Conclusion. The most informative method of visualization of the upper jaw connective tissue structures, pathological processes, their borders and mutual involvement is CBCT. This is predetermined by the interface functionalities.

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Thanasupsombat, Chalinee, Saowapak S. Thongvigitmanee, Sorapong Aootaphao, and Pairash Thajchayapong. "A Simple Scatter Reduction Method in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Dental and Maxillofacial Applications Based on Monte Carlo Simulation." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5748281.

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The quality of images obtained from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is important in diagnosis and treatment planning for dental and maxillofacial applications. However, X-ray scattering inside a human head is one of the main factors that cause a drop in image quality, especially in the CBCT system with a wide-angle cone-beam X-ray source and a large area detector. In this study, the X-ray scattering distribution within a standard head phantom was estimated using the Monte Carlo method based on Geant4. Due to small variation of low-frequency scattering signals, the scattering signals from the head phantom can be represented as the simple predetermined scattering signals from a patient’s head and subtracted the projection data for scatter reduction. The results showed higher contrast and less cupping artifacts on the reconstructed images of the head phantom and real patients. Furthermore, the same simulated scattering signals can also be applied to process with higher-resolution projection data.

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Jeon, Duhee, Woosung Kim, Hyosung Cho, and Myeongkyu Park. "Removing grid artifacts from a two-dimensional crisscrossed grid in cone-beam computed tomography to enhance image quality." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 03 (2024): C03037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/03/c03037.

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Abstract One-dimensional linear X-ray grids are typically used in clinical practice to reduce the number of scattered X-rays reaching the detector surface, thus improving image contrast in radiography. However, such grids can only remove scattered X-rays in one direction. Additionally, the primary challenge in using X-ray grids in digital radiography is the presence of grid artifacts, such as grid strip shadows and moiré, which can reduce image quality. To overcome these difficulties, in this study, we developed a prototype two-dimensional (2D) crisscrossed grid with a strip density of 1.724 lines/mm by adopting a high-precision sawing process to further improve its scatter radiation removal ability and implemented it in a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) system to enhance image quality. We propose a new software-based method called the grid artifact reduction (GAR) algorithm to efficiently eliminate grid artifacts of a 2D grid in CBCT. The GAR algorithm involves three main steps: 1) preprocessing for flat-field compensation, 2) postprocessing for GAR, and 3) CBCT reconstruction. To verify the efficacy of the proposed approach, we conducted an experiment on a CT quality control phantom (Pro-CT MK II™) and quantitatively evaluated the CBCT image quality using the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and Hounsfield unit (HU) accuracy error. The CNR value measured in the CBCT image obtained using the 2D grid and proposed GAR algorithm was 3.22, which is approximately 4.4 times of the value obtained without GAR. Furthermore, the corresponding HU accuracy error was 30.47, an improvement of approximately 1.3 times. These results indicate that the proposed approach is highly efficient in eliminating scattered X-rays, thereby improving the quality of CBCT images. Consequently, high-quality CBCT images were obtained using the proposed approach (i.e., using a 2D crisscrossed grid in CBCT and the proposed GAR algorithm).

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Ho, Cho Hao Francis, Jeremy Chee Seong Tey, Kiat Huat Ooi, Teng Hwee Tan, Yiat Horng Leong, and David Chia. "Care redesign of pelvic radiotherapy using Design Thinking: An enhanced quality improvement initiative." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 29_suppl (2020): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.29_suppl.246.

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246 Background: Cone Beam Computed Tomography(CBCT) is the cornerstone of image guided radiotherapy(IGRT) which is an integral part of pelvic cancers like prostate cancer. Each pelvic radiotherapy (RT) session is preceded by a planned CBCT to ensure target localisation and organ at risk avoidance. When these criteria are not met, an unplanned CBCT is performed until the CBCT is satisfactory. Possible reasons for an unsatisfactory CBCT include an under filled bladder, distended rectum or prostate gland movement. Repeated unplanned CBCT results in unnecessary excess radiation for patients. We aimed to reduce the incidence of unplanned CBCT from a baseline of 21% to 9% over 5 months. Methods: We conducted the project using both conventional quality improvement methodology and the design thinking methodology. In the diagnostic phase up to March 2017, the baseline incidence of CBCT in patients receiving pelvic RT was 21%. We hypothesized that there were reversible factors leading to a higher incidence of unplanned CBCT and sought to identify and rectify these reversible factors to reduce the incidence of unplanned CBCT. Using human centred design, we designed a new process of performing a bladder ultrasound prior to CBCT to ensure a full bladder prior to RT using the steps empathy, define, ideation, prototype, testing, sharing. Results: A total of 97 patients that underwent pelvic radiotherapy were included in this study, 40 patients were pre intervention and 61 patients received the bladder ultrasound intervention implemented from April 2017 onwards. After intervention, incidence of unplanned decreased from 21% to 5.8%. A 2 sample t test was used to compare the unplanned CBCT pre and post intervention. We found the mean pre and post intervention difference in pooled mean incidence of unplanned CBCT to be significantly different by 13.3%. The reduction in unplanned CBCT translated to saving each patient on average equivalent to 3000 chest x rays worth of unnecessary radiation. Conclusions: Design Thinking is a feasible strategy in quality improvement. We report the first design thinking project in radiation oncology quality improvement. An automated ultrasound bladder is a feasible strategy to screen for bladder filling prior to each CBCT to reduce reliance on CBCT and also patient exposure to radiation in IGRT of pelvic cancers.

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B. N., Ha, Tuan T. K., Toan T. N., et al. "Research and manufacture of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) system for industrial use." Nuclear Science and Technology 11, no. 4 (2021): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53747/nst.v11i4.393.

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Computed tomography is a transmission tomography technique; this technique allows reconstructing the cross-section images or slices of the real object. The CT was developed in the 1970s for medical diagnostic purposes. Today, the CT technique has evolved to the 7th generation using cone-beam configuration (CBCT) and Flat Panel Detector (FPD) instead of fan-beam arrangement and one dimension detector array. CBCT has greater X-ray efficiency and higher spatial resolution than the previous generation; therefore, it can be used in industrial applications such as metrology of precision machined and None-Destructive Testing (NDT). In this research, the first CBCT system in Vietnam was manufactured; this system can acquire and reconstruct three dimensions of a real object with a maximum size of 200 × 300 mm within ten minutes. The resolution of the reconstructed image is around 49 µm.

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Lee, Jonghyeok, Hyunwoo Lim, Sanghyun Cho, Changwoo Seo, Bo Kyung Cha, and Hyosung Cho. "Analytic sparse-view CBCT reconstruction using a novel sinogram restoration method based on higher-order Fourier harmonic peaks." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 11 (2024): C11001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/11/c11001.

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Abstract This study presents an analytic sparse-view cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) reconstruction method using a novel sinogram restoration technique based on higher-order Fourier harmonic peaks to obtain CBCT images of reasonable quality with a reduced radiation dose. The proposed method involves four main steps: (1) acquiring sparse-view (P144) sinogram from a CBCT system, (2) upsampling (P720) the original sparse-view sinogram with equally spaced zero padding, (3) separating higher-order Fourier harmonic peaks of the upsampled sinogram using a band-pass filter, and (4) restoring the sinogram of the higher-order harmonic peaks by taking its magnitude, followed by computationally cost-efficient filtered-backprojection (FBP)-based CBCT reconstruction and denoising processes. The notation P144 indicates that the number of projections is 144. To verify the efficacy of the proposed method, an experiment was performed on a chest phantom using a prototype CBCT system comprising an X-ray tube (90 kV p and 40 mA), a large-area flat-panel detector (388 μm pixel size), and a rotational gantry. The quality of the restored sparse-view CBCT images was quantitatively evaluated in terms of the image intensity profile, universal quality index (UQI), and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). The results indicate that the proposed sinogram restoration method effectively recovered zero-padded areas in the original upsampled sinogram with image intensities nearly identical to those of the reference dense-view (P720) sinogram, which demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed sinogram restoration method. The quality of the sparse-view CBCT image restored with higher-order harmonic peaks was close to that of the reference dense-view CBCT image, maintaining the image quality. The UQI and PSNR values of the restored sparse-view CBCT image were 0.93 and 34.84, respectively, which are approximately 1.3 and 1.2 times greater than those of the original sparse-view CBCT image, respectively, improving the image quality. Consequently, the proposed method has the potential to resolve the issues caused by sparse-view sampling in FBP-based CBCT.

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Lim, Younghwan, Sungmin Park, Duhee Jeon, Woosung Kim, Soohyun Lee, and Hyosung Cho. "Eliminating metal artifacts in dental computed tomography using an elaborate sinogram normalization interpolation method with CNR-based metal segmentation." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 11 (2024): C11003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/11/c11003.

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Abstract Metal artifact reduction (MAR) in dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is critical for improving its clinical usefulness and remains a challenging problem. This study presents an elaborate sinogram normalization interpolation (SNI) method with contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)-based metal segmentation to eliminate metal artifacts in dental CBCT. The proposed MAR method involves three main steps: (1) CNR-based segmentation of a metal trace in the sinogram domain; (2) generation of a residual artifact-reduced prior sinogram; and (3) sinogram completion using the prior sinogram, followed by filtered-backprojection (FBP)-based CBCT reconstruction and metal insertion processes. To verify the efficacy of the proposed method, simulations and experiments were performed using numerical and physical dental phantoms with several metal inserts. The quality of the resulting CBCT images was quantitatively evaluated using the structural similarity (SSIM) metric and compared to those obtained with other interpolation-based MAR methods. A tabletop setup for the micro-CT system was used in the experiment, which comprised an X-ray tube operated under tube conditions of 70 kV p and 5 mA and a flat-panel detector with a pixel size of 198 μm. Our results indicate that the CNR-based metal segmentation method precisely identified traces of metallic objects on the sinogram, and thereby, the proposed SNI-based MAR method considerably reduced metal artifacts in dental CBCT images without introducing any contrast anomalies. The SSIM values of the CBCT images obtained with the proposed MAR method were 0.99 and 0.95 for the simulation and experiment, respectively, which are approximately 11% and 9% greater than those with a simple threshold-based linear interpolation method, respectively, improving the image quality. The proposed MAR method can be applied to reduce metal artifacts in real-world dental CBCT systems.

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Dolgalev, A. A., A. B. Danaev, S. J. Hossain, et al. "Modern approaches to the elimination of artifacts of cone-beam computed tomography of the maxillofacial region." Medical alphabet 1, no. 38 (2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2021-38-14-20.

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The use of X-ray radiation is the main additional method for complete visualization of hard and soft tissues in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is of leading importance among other methods. Three-dimensional reformation of CBCT data into a multiplanar or three-dimensional image of anatomical structures allows for a qualitative assessment of the area of interest and to choose the right treatment tactics if necessary. Nevertheless, there are a number of factors or artifacts that lead to distortion, disrupt the image or lead to loss of information during CBCT, in addition, the formation of overdiagnosis is not excluded. Currently, an active search is underway for ways to improve the quality of CBCT images and eliminate artifacts to improve the quality of diagnostics. This review is devoted to the description of the main causes of artifacts and modern methods of their elimination.

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Agus, Zainal Arifin, Tanuwijaya Evan, Nugroho Baskoro, et al. "Automatic image slice marking propagation on segmentation of dental CBCT." TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control 17, no. 6 (2019): 3218–25. https://doi.org/10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v17i6.13220.

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Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is a radiographic technique that has been commonly used to help doctors provide more detailed information for further examination. Teeth segmentation on CBCT image has many challenges such as low contrast, blurred teeth boundary and irregular contour of the teeth. In addition, because the CBCT produces a lot of slices, in which the neighboring slices have related information, the semi-automatic image segmentation method, that needs manual marking from the user, becomes exhaustive and inefficient. In this research, we propose an automatic image slice marking propagation on segmentation of dental CBCT. The segmentation result of the first slice will be propagated as the marker for the segmentation of the next slices. The experimental results show that the proposed method is successful in segmenting the teeth on CBCT images with the value of Misclassification Error (ME) and Relative Foreground Area Error (RAE) of 0.112 and 0.478, respectively.

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Isayev, Abulfaz, Nigiar Velieva, Luljeta Isedisha, Zhala Isayeva, Kıvanç Kamburoğlu, and Fatih Kuyumcu. "Cone-Beam Computed Tomography as a Prediction Tool for Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Literature Review." Diagnostics 13, no. 6 (2023): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061027.

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This literature review was conducted to analyze the capability of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to accurately identify low bone mass density in women. A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, the Cochrane Library, and Science Direct was performed to identify relevant articles, and the Cochrane risk of bias criterion was used to determine the methodological quality of the included studies. All ten included studies assessed primary research on the capacity of CBCT to accurately diagnose insufficient bone mineral density. All relevant data were extracted, and the results were summarized narratively. The results indicated that the CBCT has good sensitivity and specificity and high accuracy in predicting osteoporosis. Four of the included studies measured qualitative values, while the others concentrated on quantitative values and found lower values in osteoporosis patients compared to those of osteopenic and healthy patients. All the studies compared CBCT grayscale values with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scores, which strengthened our confidence in the accuracy of CBCT’s diagnostic capability. CBCT is considered a feasible predictive tool for detecting patients who are at risk of osteoporosis, although further research is needed to confirm the evidence and enhance its common use among health care professionals.

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Horner, K., S. Barry, M. Dave, et al. "Diagnostic efficacy of cone beam computed tomography in paediatric dentistry: a systematic review." European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 21, no. 4 (2019): 407–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40368-019-00504-x.

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Abstract Purpose To determine in which clinical situations it is indicated or contra-indicated to prescribe cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for paediatric patients. Methods Systematic review of in vivo paediatric research studies of diagnostic efficacy using CBCT, with supplementary searches for guideline documents on CBCT and for systematic reviews permitting inclusion of ex vivo and adult studies. Results After screening, 190 publications were included, mostly case studies. No systematic reviews were found of in vivo paediatric research. Fourteen studies of diagnostic efficacy were identified. The supplementary searches found 18 guideline documents relevant to the review and 26 systematic reviews. The diagnostic efficacy evidence on CBCT was diverse and often of limited quality. There was ex vivo evidence for diagnostic accuracy being greater using CBCT than radiographs for root fractures. The multiplanar capabilities of CBCT are advantageous when localising dental structures for surgical planning. Patient movement during scanning is more common in children which could reduce diagnostic efficacy. Conclusions No strong recommendations on CBCT are possible, except that it should not be used as a primary diagnostic tool for caries. Guidelines on use of CBCT in the paediatric age group should be developed cautiously, taking into account the greater radiation risk and the higher economic costs compared with radiography. CBCT should only be used when adequate conventional radiographic examination has not answered the question for which imaging was required. Clinical research in paediatric patients is required at the higher levels of diagnostic efficacy of CBCT.

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Thies, Mareike, Jan-Nico Zäch, Cong Gao, et al. "A learning-based method for online adjustment of C-arm Cone-beam CT source trajectories for artifact avoidance." International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery 15, no. 11 (2020): 1787–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11548-020-02249-1.

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Abstract Purpose During spinal fusion surgery, screws are placed close to critical nerves suggesting the need for highly accurate screw placement. Verifying screw placement on high-quality tomographic imaging is essential. C-arm cone-beam CT (CBCT) provides intraoperative 3D tomographic imaging which would allow for immediate verification and, if needed, revision. However, the reconstruction quality attainable with commercial CBCT devices is insufficient, predominantly due to severe metal artifacts in the presence of pedicle screws. These artifacts arise from a mismatch between the true physics of image formation and an idealized model thereof assumed during reconstruction. Prospectively acquiring views onto anatomy that are least affected by this mismatch can, therefore, improve reconstruction quality. Methods We propose to adjust the C-arm CBCT source trajectory during the scan to optimize reconstruction quality with respect to a certain task, i.e., verification of screw placement. Adjustments are performed on-the-fly using a convolutional neural network that regresses a quality index over all possible next views given the current X-ray image. Adjusting the CBCT trajectory to acquire the recommended views results in non-circular source orbits that avoid poor images, and thus, data inconsistencies. Results We demonstrate that convolutional neural networks trained on realistically simulated data are capable of predicting quality metrics that enable scene-specific adjustments of the CBCT source trajectory. Using both realistically simulated data as well as real CBCT acquisitions of a semianthropomorphic phantom, we show that tomographic reconstructions of the resulting scene-specific CBCT acquisitions exhibit improved image quality particularly in terms of metal artifacts. Conclusion The proposed method is a step toward online patient-specific C-arm CBCT source trajectories that enable high-quality tomographic imaging in the operating room. Since the optimization objective is implicitly encoded in a neural network trained on large amounts of well-annotated projection images, the proposed approach overcomes the need for 3D information at run-time.

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O'Neill, Angela G. M., Raymond King, Sarah Osman, Suneil Jain, Alan R. Hounsell, and Joe M. O'Sullivan. "CASPIR trial: Using prostatic calculi as an alternative to fiducial markers for IGRT in for localized prostate cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 6_suppl (2018): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.6_suppl.60.

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60 Background: Image guided Radiotherapy (IGRT) for prostate cancer (PCA) frequently employs surgically implanted fiducial markers (FMs). However, it is estimated that up to 35% of prostate radiotherapy patients have prostatic calculi (PC) visible on treatment cone beam CTs (CBCT). The purpose of this clinical trial is to directly compare FMs with PCs as an aid to prostate IGRT. Methods: We report data from a single institution prospective clinical trial investigating the feasibility of using prostate calcifications as natural FMs for IGRT. Patients planned for standard prostate radical EBRT +/- brachytherapy were eligible. Prior to CT planning, 3 gold fiducial markers are inserted into the prostate by the trans-perineal route under TRUS guidance. PCs visible within the PTV were contoured. Participants were aligned to FMs for EBRT using daily CBCT image guidance on a Varian TrueBeam linac. Off-line, a single experienced user analyses CBCTs using Image Registration in Eclipse (version 13.6). Random and systematic set-up errors are determined based on FMs, PCs (where present), prostate gland (PG) and bony landmarks (BL) and CTV-PTV margins derived for each data set. Results: 30 participants with PC have been recruited. Data from the first 19 patients (365 fractions), resulted in 2555 individual image registrations (7665 individual data points). The PTV margins required based on each reference structure are summarised in Table 1. The maximum difference between the CTV-PTV(PC) margin and CTV-PTV(FM) margin is 2.2mm in the X or L/R dimension. Margins required for FM, PG and PC in the Y and Z dimensions are comparable, with a maximum difference of 0.5mm between CTV-PTV(PC) and CTV-PTV(PG). Conclusions: Preliminary results from this study demonstrate some evidence to support the use of PCs as an alternative to FMs for prostate IGRT. Future analysis will include location of PC according to the PIRADs schema and patient feedback in relation to FM implantation. Clinical trial information: NA. [Table: see text]

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