Relevant bibliographies by topics / X-ray polarimetry, calibration

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'X-ray polarimetry, calibration'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 22 February 2023
Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "X-ray polarimetry, calibration"

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Ramsey, Brian D., Jeffery K. Kolodziejczak, Wayne H. Baumgartner, et al. "The Telescope Calibration of the Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer." Astronomical Journal 170, no. 1 (2025): 5. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/add327.

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Abstract Fifty years after the very first sounding rocket measurement of cosmic X-ray polarization, the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) mission has effectively opened a new window into the X-ray sky. Prior to launch of IXPE, an extensive calibration campaign was carried out to fully characterize the response of this new type of instrument. Specifically, the polarization-sensitive detectors were intensively calibrated in Italy, where they were developed and built. The X-ray optics, which collect and focus X-rays onto the detectors, were built and calibrated in the USA. A key question was whether the telescope (optics + detectors) calibrations could be synthesized from the individual component calibrations, avoiding time consuming and costly end-to-end calibrations for a flight program with a fixed schedule. The data presented here are from a calibration of the flight spare telescope utilizing the flight spare detector and flight spare mirror assembly combined. These data show that the presence of the mirror module does not affect the polarization response of the detectors (within the required calibration accuracy) and that the angular resolution of the telescopes could be accurately determined. Thus, the original extensive stand-alone ground calibration data of all the flight detectors and all the flight optic can be utilized in full to derive the flight telescopes calibrations.
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Alimenti, Andrea, Fabrizio Cologgi, Sergio Fabiani, et al. "Design and Test of a Calibration System for Avalanche Photodiodes Used in X-Ray Compton Polarimeters for Space." Sensors 24, no. 24 (2024): 8016. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248016.

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The development and calibration of a measurement system designed for assessing the performance of the avalanche photodiodes (APDs) used in the Compton scattering polarimeter of the CUSP project is discussed in this work. The designed system is able to characterize the APD gain GAPD and energy resolution across a wide range of temperatures T (from −20 °C to +60 °C) and bias voltages Vbias (from 260 V to 410 V). The primary goal was to experimentally determine the GAPD dependence on the T and Vbias in order to establish a strategy for stabilizing GAPD by compensating for T fluctuations, acting on Vbias. The results demonstrate the system capability to accurately characterize APD behavior and develop feedback mechanisms to ensure its stable operation. This work provides a robust framework for calibrating APDs for space environments. It is essential for the successful implementation of spaceborne polarimeters such as the Compton scattering polarimeter foreseen aboard the CUbeSat Solar Polarimeter (CUSP) mission under development to perform solar flare X-ray polarimetry.
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Di Marco, Alessandro, Sergio Fabiani, Fabio La Monaca, et al. "Calibration of the IXPE Focal Plane X-Ray Polarimeters to Polarized Radiation." Astronomical Journal 164, no. 3 (2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac7719.

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Abstract The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) is a NASA Small Explorer mission—in partnership with the Italian Space Agency—dedicated to X-ray polarimetry in the 2–8 keV energy band. The IXPE telescope comprises three grazing incidence mirror modules coupled to three detector units hosting each one a Gas Pixel Detector, a gas detector that allows measuring the polarization degree by using the photoelectric effect. A wide and accurate ground calibration was carried out on the IXPE Detector Units at INAF-IAPS, in Italy, where a dedicated facility was setup at this aim. In this paper, we present the results obtained from this calibration campaign to study the IXPE focal plane detector response to polarized radiation. In particular, we report on the modulation factor, which is the main parameter to estimate the sensitivity of a polarimeter.
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Beilicke, M., F. Kislat, A. Zajczyk, et al. "Design and Performance of the X-ray Polarimeter X-Calibur." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 03, no. 02 (2014): 1440008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s225117171440008x.

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X-ray polarimetry promises to give qualitatively new information about high-energy astrophysical sources, such as binary black hole systems, micro-quasars, active galactic nuclei, neutron stars, and gamma-ray bursts. We designed, built and tested a X-ray polarimeter, X-Calibur, to be used in the focal plane of the balloon-borne InFOCμS grazing incidence X-ray telescope. X-Calibur combines a low-Z scatterer with a Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detector assembly to measure the polarization of 20–80 keV X-rays making use of the fact that polarized photons scatter preferentially perpendicular to the electric field orientation. X-Calibur achieves a high detection efficiency of ≃80%. The X-Calibur detector assembly is completed, tested, and fully calibrated. The response to a polarized X-ray beam was measured successfully at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source. This paper describes the design, calibration and performance of the X-Calibur polarimeter. In principle, a similar space-borne scattering polarimeter could operate over the broader 2–100 keV energy band.
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Qi, Liqiang, Gang Li, Mingyu Ge, et al. "Implementation of the Polarimetry Focusing Telescope Array Observation Simulator on board the X-Ray Timing and Polarimetry Observatory." Astrophysical Journal 934, no. 2 (2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7b82.

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Abstract An observation simulator is established, on an event-by-event basis, for the Polarimetry Focusing telescope Array (PFA) on board the planned enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry observatory (eXTP). An event generator, based on XIMPOL, is used to sample the parameters of the X-rays reaching the aperture of the telescope. The trajectories and interactions of X-rays through the telescope and the corresponding secondaries are calculated using the optics and detector simulation model built in GEANT4, before being translated into signals in the pixelated readout electronics. It is shown that mirror deformation is required for the optics simulation model, and transportation of ionization electrons is required for the detector simulation model to reproduce the overall performance of the telescope. The developed tool is useful in different mission phases, such as payload optimization in the design phase, discrimination of new phenomena against known physics models in the calibration phases, and sensitivity studies of potential polarized X-ray sources in observation planning. The sensitivity of PFA to the Crab Nebula and Crab pulsar is investigated to demonstrate the application of the tool. Even with the dilution effect, space-resolved and phase-resolved polarimetry can reveal important aspects of the Crab Nebula and Crab pulsar and help break the degeneracy between different models.
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Cibrario, Nicoló, Michela Negro, Raffaella Bonino, et al. "Mitigating Polarization Leakage in Gas Pixel Detectors through Hybrid Machine Learning and Analytic Event Reconstruction." Astrophysical Journal 984, no. 2 (2025): 171. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adc92c.

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Abstract Spatially resolved polarization measurements of extended X-ray sources are expanding our understanding of the emission mechanisms and magnetic field properties involved. Such measurements have been possible in the past few years thanks to the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). However, the analysis of extended sources suffers a systematic effect known as polarization leakage, which artificially affects the measured polarization signal. To address this issue, we built a hybrid reconstruction algorithm, which combines machine learning and analytic techniques to improve the reconstruction of photoelectron tracks in the Gas Pixel Detector and to significantly mitigate polarization leakage. This work presents the first application of this hybrid method to experimental data, including both calibration lab measurements and IXPE observational data. We confirmed the reliable performance of the hybrid method for both cases. Additionally, we demonstrated the algorithm’s effectiveness in reducing the polarization leakage effect through the analysis of the IXPE observation of the supernova remnant G21.5-0.9. By enabling more reliable polarization measurements, this method can potentially yield deeper insights into the magnetic field structures, particle acceleration processes, and emission mechanisms at work within extended X-ray sources.
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Sukhanova, Vasilisa A., Elena V. Uspenskaya, Safdari Ainaz, Hoang Thi Ngoc Quynh, and Aleksey A. Timofeev. "Development of a Comprehensive Approach to Quality Control of Dermorphin Derivative—Representative of Synthetic Opioid Peptides with Non-Narcotic Type of Analgesia." Scientia Pharmaceutica 93, no. 1 (2024): 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm93010003.

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Peptides occupy a significant share of the pharmaceutical market and are among the top-200 selling drugs in the group of non-insulin drugs with analgesic, antibacterial and cardiovascular effects. The aim of this work is to develop a comprehensive analytical approach for quality control of novel synthetic peptides with non-narcotic types of analgesia and to provide docking simulations of dermorphin complex formation at the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) binding site. The materials and methods used include the pharmaceutical substance dermorphin tetrapeptide (DMTP) (tyrosyl-D-arginyl-phenylalanyl-glycinamide); Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR); static and dynamic laser light scattering (DLS, LALLS); scanning optical microscopy (SEM); X-ray fluorescence elements analysis; polarimetry for optical activity determining; and Spirotox method for sample biotesting. FT-IR-Spectra indicated specific amino acid chemical groups in the tetrapeptide sequence at 3300–2700 cm−1, 1670 cm−1. UV-absorption spectra of aqueous solutions of dermorphin tetrapeptide showed an absorption maximum at 275 nm, which is in good agreement with the presented spectrum of the bovine serum albumin (BSA) standard; the Pearson’s r of calibration line “A-C%” in 0.0125% to 0.0500% concentration range is 0.999; and the calculated specific extinction value E1cm 1% = 18.38 ± 0.23. Of the 11 elements detected by X-rays, the elements copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co) have the highest X-ray intensity. Dispersion characteristics of dermorphin solutions were studied in the submicron and micron range. Conglomerates and druzes were detected by SEM, ranging in size from 2 µm to 100 µm. The specific optical activity index was calculated αD20 = +36.18 ± 2.04 [°·mL·g−1·dm−1], according to Biot’s Law. Additionally, the orientation and conformation of the dermorphin molecule in the active binding site of the 8E0G receptor were predicted using molecular modeling, revealing that the contact area affects the key amino acid residue arginine (ARG 182). This comprehensive approach to analytical methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of dermorphin tetrapeptide can be applied in pharmacies to enhance the understanding of its biological activity and aid in the development of regulatory documentation for a new, non-narcotic analgesic based on the dermorphin tetrapeptide.
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Soffitta, Paolo. "The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) and New Directions for the Future." Instruments 8, no. 2 (2024): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments8020025.

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An observatory dedicated to X-ray polarimetry has been operational since 9 December 2021. The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE), a collaboration between NASA and ASI, features three X-ray telescopes equipped with detectors sensitive to linear polarization set to 120°. This marks the first instance of a three-telescope SMEX mission. Upon reaching orbit, an extending boom was deployed, extending the optics and detector to a focal length of 4 m. IXPE targets each celestial source through dithering observations. This method is essential for supporting on-ground calibrations by averaging the detector’s response across a section of its sensitive plane. The spacecraft supplies power, enables attitude determination for subsequent on-ground attitude reconstruction, and issues control commands. After two years of observation, IXPE has detected significant linear polarization from nearly all classes of celestial sources emitting X-rays. This paper outlines the IXPE mission’s achievements after two years of operation in orbit. In addition, we report developments for future high-throughput X-ray optics that will have much smaller dead-times by using a new generation of Applied Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC), and may provide 3D reconstruction of photo-electron tracks.
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Bloser, P. F., J. S. Legere, M. L. McConnell, et al. "Calibration of the Gamma-RAy Polarimeter Experiment (GRAPE) at a polarized hard X-ray beam." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 600, no. 2 (2009): 424–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2008.11.118.

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Chauvin, M., M. Friis, M. Jackson, et al. "Calibration and performance studies of the balloon-borne hard X-ray polarimeter PoGO+." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 859 (July 2017): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.03.027.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "X-ray polarimetry, calibration"

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MULERI, FABIO. "Expectations and perspectives of X-ray photoelectric polarimetry." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/816.

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La polarimetria è l'ultima branca dell'Astronomia nella banda dei raggi X ancora inesplorata. Nonostante un vasto interesse testimoniato da un'estesa letteratura, il suo sviluppo è stato impedito dalla mancanza di dispositivi la cui sensibilità giustificasse l'inserimento di polarimetri X a bordo delle missioni spaziali moderne. Ciononostante nuovi strumenti basati sull'effetto fotoelettrico, capaci di risolvere le tracce dei fotoelettroni in un gas, offrono oggi la possibilità di colmare il divario tra aspettative teoriche e gli scarsi risultati ad oggi raggiunti: in questo ambito, uno dei progetti più avanzati è il Gas Pixel Detector (GPD), sviluppato in Italia dall'INFN di Pisa e dall'INAF/IASF di Roma. Questa tesi ha contribuito dell'inserimento del GPD a bordo delle prossime missioni in differenti aspetti. Innanzitutto è stata misurata la risposta dello strumento a radiazione polarizzata di alcuni keV, ovvero nell'intervallo energetico di massima sensibilità, grazie ad una sorgente di calibrazione basata sulla diffrazione di Bragg a circa 45 gradi. Quest'ultima, insieme a sorgenti radioattive e a tubi a raggi X, è stata montata su un sistema meccanico, progettato e costruito in modo tale che lo strumento in esame potesse essere spostato, inclinato e ruotato rispetto al fascio incidente. Questo rende disponibile una struttura per la completa caratterizzazione del GPD (e di altri strumenti): prime e preliminari misure di calibrazione sono state effettuate grazie ad essa e sono di seguito presentate. Infine ho calcolato la sensibilità del GPD nel caso in cui esso sia posto nel piano focale di telescopi progettati per le prossime missioni spaziali, come PolariX e IXO, e ho discusso ulteriori applicazioni del GPD e dei polarimetri fotoelettrici in generale. In particolare, sono presentati il possibile utilizzo di questi dispositivi come strumenti a grande campo di vista o e quello come rivelatori sensibili fino ad energie di decine di keV.<br>Polarimetry is the last unexplored branch of X-ray Astronomy. Despite a wide interest proved by an extended literature, its development has suffered the lack of instruments which could assure a sufficient sensitivity to justify the inclusion of X-ray polarimeters on-board modern missions. Nevertheless new devices based on photoelectric absorption, which are able to image the track of photoelectrons in a gas mixture, offer today the possibility to fill the gap between theoretical expectations and the current meagre results: in this regard, one of the most advanced project is the GPD (Gas Pixel Detector), developed in Italy by INFN of Pisa and INAF/IASF of Rome. This work of thesis contributed to the use of the GPD on-board future space missions from different points of view. The response of the instrument to polarized radiation at a few keV, namely in the energy range of maximum sensitivity, was measured thanks to a calibration source based on Bragg diffraction at nearly 45 degrees. This source, together with radioactive unpolarized sources and X-ray tubes, were also interfaced with a mechanical assembly which was designed and built allowing for the movement, the inclination and the rotation of the instrument with respect to the incident beam. This makes available a facility for the complete characterization of the GPD (and other instruments) and the first and preliminary systematic measurements of calibration are presented. I also derive the scientific performances of the GPD when the instrument is placed in the focal plane of realistic X-ray telescopes planned for future missions, such as PolariX or IXO, and discuss some further applications of the GPD and of the photoelectric polarimeters in general. In particular the possible use of these devices as large field of view instruments or at energies up to tens of keV are presented.
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FERRAZZOLI, RICCARDO. "The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE): prospects for spatially-resolved X-ray polarimetry of extended sources and in-orbit calibrations." Doctoral thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1629067.

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Context: X-ray polarimetry provides two missing observables in the high energy domain, namely the polarization degree and angle, making it possible to obtain information on the geometry and emission processes of high energy celestial sources. Unfortunately, the field has been dormant for decades because of technological limitations and competition with other experiments. The launch of the NASA/ASI Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) mission in December 2021 opens a new era for X-ray polarimetry. Thanks to the imaging and the polarimetric capabilities of the Gas Pixel Detectors, IXPE will investigate the polarimetric properties of complex fields and extended sources. Aims: This thesis has been focused on two relevant tasks among those foreseen in the pre-launch phase of a new mission: the plan for in-orbit calibrations and for observations of faint extended sources. Since no X-ray celestial sources are available for in-orbit calibrations (the only known source in the X-rays, the Crab Nebula, cannot be employed because of its variability), IXPE will have on board a set of polarized and unpolarized calibration sources. Since the celestial sources will be observed by IXPE for long and segmented integration times, monitoring the detector performance during the mission lifetime will be of fundamental importance, because the characteristics of the GPD are expected to slightly evolve in time. I will present the acceptance tests of the Flight Models of the polarized and unpolarized calibration sources and their validation in thermal vacuum when combined with the Flight Models of the IXPE detectors. While negligible for the observation of point sources, the depolarizing effect of unpolarized instrumental and diffuse sources of backgrounds will be another challenge for the X-ray polarimetric observation of faint, extended sources. I will describe the effect of the main sources of background (instrumental, diffuse Galactic plane emission, and cosmic X-ray background) on the X-ray polarimetric observations of faint, extended sources. Finally, I will present a feasibility study of the IXPE observation of two extended sources: the Tycho supernova remnant, and the molecular clouds of the Sgr A complex. Methods: The acceptance and validation tests of the Flight Models of the polarized and unpolarized calibration sources were performed with calibrated commercial detectors such as Charged Couple Devices and Silicon Drift Detectors, and with the IXPE Flight detector Units harboring the Gas Pixel Detectors in a thermal vacuum chamber. The evaluation of the impact of the sources of background on the detectability of the polarization for a subset of faint extended sources in the IXPE observing plan, and the simulations of the IXPE observations were performed with the Monte Carlo software ixpeobssim. Results: I obtained the counting rates, spectra, image and polarization information, from each Flight Model of the on board calibration sources, and determined the time necessary to achieve the needed precision. I demonstrated that the on-board calibration system will enable us to assess and verify the functionality of the GPD and validate its scientific results in orbit. In particular, the calibration sources illuminate the whole detector, or just a part of it, measuring properties such as the detector response to both polarized and unpolarized radiation, and gain variation in time and space. This information will be used to perform the on orbit calibration to check the performance in time of the GPD. For the faintest extended sources, such as SN1006 and the molecular clouds of the Sgr A complex, background mitigation techniques will be necessary, while for other sources such as Cas A, Tycho, and the PSW MSH 15-52, the effects will be negligible. For the former, the impact of the instrumental background will require the application of rejection techniques based on the event properties in order to discriminate between real events and background produced by the interaction of cosmic rays with the detector. The feasibility studies presented for the IXPE observation of Tycho and the molecular clouds of the Sgr A complex show that IXPE will be able to (a) distinguish between magnetic field geometries and detect polarization of synchrotron-emitting structures, (b) determine the recent past of our Galactic center, and (c) put constraints on the position of the clouds along the line of sight. The data analysis techniques presented here make it possible to reconstruct the intrinsic, undiluted polarization degree of these sources. Conclusions: With the successful launch of IXPE, we can finally perform spatially resolved polarimetry in X-rays, we can add two observables (polarization angle and degree), and finally answer questions about source and magnetic field geometry and determine emission processes. The preliminary data acquired in the first weeks after the launch show that the the on-board calibration sources are performing as expected, that the residual instrumental background level is very close to the anticipated value, and that the imaging capabilities are fully compliant with the requirements. The work done during this PhD project has been crucial for the IXPE mission, gathering information about the possibility of performing calibrations in space with the on board calibration sources, and observing extended sources (supernova remnants and faint molecular clouds) by means of realistic simulations, and careful data analysis.
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Book chapters on the topic "X-ray polarimetry, calibration"

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Soffitta, Paolo, and Enrico Costa. "X-Ray Polarimetry (Instrument/Techniques/Calibration)." In Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19715-5_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "X-ray polarimetry, calibration"

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Muleri, Fabio, and Paolo Soffitta. "A Versatile Facility for the calibration of X-ray polarimeters." In Polarimetry days in Rome: Crab status, theory and prospects. Sissa Medialab, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.078.0028.

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Zane, Silvia, Berend Winter, Craig Theobalds, et al. "The on-board calibration system of the X-ray Imaging Polarimetry Explorer (XIPE)." In SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, edited by Jan-Willem A. den Herder, Tadayuki Takahashi, and Marshall Bautz. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2233448.

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Tomsick, John A., Enrico Costa, J. Dwyer, et al. "Calibration of the Stellar X-Ray Polarimeter." In Optical Science, Engineering and Instrumentation '97, edited by Oswald H. W. Siegmund and Mark A. Gummin. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.283780.

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Rankin, John, Fabio Muleri, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, et al. "In-flight monitoring and calibration of the x-ray polarimeters on board IXPE: year two." In UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XXIII, edited by Oswald H. Siegmund and Keri Hoadley. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2677264.

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Muleri, Fabio, Paolo Soffitta, Ronaldo Bellazzini, et al. "A very compact polarizer for an x-ray polarimeter calibration." In Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Oswald H. W. Siegmund. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.734647.

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Ziock, Klaus, Eric H. Silver, and Michael P. Raffanti. "Stellar x-ray polarimeter: polarizer development and calibration at the LEA/LLNL." In SPIE's 1993 International Symposium on Optics, Imaging, and Instrumentation, edited by Silvano Fineschi. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.168587.

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Muleri, Fabio, Paolo Soffitta, Ronaldo Bellazzini, et al. "A versatile facility for the calibration of x-ray polarimeters with polarized and unpolarized controlled beams." In SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, edited by Martin J. L. Turner and Kathryn A. Flanagan. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.789605.

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