Academic literature on the topic 'X-ray powder diffraction analysis'

This work describes the design, development and testing of a portable charge-coupled device detector system to be used for the simultaneous collection of X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence data from powdered samples. The detector was designed for both terrestrial and extra-terrestrial applications that require in-situ analysis of samples, where access to a laboratory instrument is restricted. The detector system incorporates 4 e2v technologies CCD30-11 devices, employing multi-phase pinned technology for low noise operation. Geometrical calculations and thermal studies concerning the design of the detector are presented, with particular emphasis on motivations for the chosen geometry. Initial characterisation and calibration of the detector was performed in a laboratory environment using a purpose built test facility. The test facility included a high brightness X-ray micro-source from Bede Scientific Instruments, coupled with an XOS polycapillary collimating optic, which was used to deliver a focused beam of low divergent X-rays to the sample. The design of the test facility is discussed and the spectra and flux produced by the X-ray micro-source are investigated. The operational performance of the detector is highlighted and the use of the instrument in different applications is described, namely the planetary sciences and pharmaceuticals sector. Finally, based on the knowledge gained from initial testing of the instrument, improvements to the detector design are outlined, which greatly enhance the combined X-ray diffraction/X-ray fluorescence performance of the instrument.

COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA<br>A análise de sistemas de medição consiste do exame da adequação do sistema quanto ao operador, ao instrumento e a outras fontes de variação, bem como da comparação da variância do erro de medição com a variância natural do processo. Nesse aspecto, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo a análise das incertezas da quantificação de fase pelo método de Rietveld em análise de pó. Os efeitos de vários fatores na quantificação de fase foram avaliados utilizando técnicas estatísticas de planejamento experimental e de análise multivariada, com a utilização de materiais de alto nível de rastreabilidade na realização dos experimentos, no Laboratório de difração de raios X do Departamento de Ciências de Materiais e Metalurgia da PUC-Rio. Através da determinação do construto de variação do processo, constatou-se que a quantificação das fases analisadas sofre influência das condições de medição de forma diferenciada de material para material, impossibilitando a obtenção de uma fórmula geral para cálculo dos erros de quantificação, embora os erros possam ser determinados por uma análise de repetitividade e reprodutibilidade apropriadamente conduzida.<br>The analysis of measurement systems is done by the examination of the adequacy of the system according to the operator, the instrument and other sources of variability, as well as by the comparison of the measurement error variance with the natural process variance. This research consisted in the evaluation of the uncertainties of phase quantification in powder analysis by the Rietveld method. The evaluation of the effects of several factors on the phase quantification was performed using statistical techniques of design of experiments and of multivariate analysis, with the use of materials of high level of traceability for the conduction of the experiments, in the Laboratory of X-ray Diffraction of the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Through the determination of the variational structure of the process it was verified that the analyzed phases suffer influence of the measurement conditions in a differentiated way, which prevents the obtention of a general formula for calculation of the quantification error, although the errors can be determined by a repeatability and reproducibility analysis properly conducted.

Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(農学)<br>甲第19936号<br>農博第2186号<br>新制||農||1044(附属図書館)<br>学位論文||H28||N5009(農学部図書室)<br>33022<br>京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻<br>(主査)教授 木村 恒久, 教授 西尾 嘉之, 教授 髙野 俊幸<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当

Accurate statistical characterization of nanomaterials is crucial for their use in emerging technologies. This work investigates how different structural characteristics of metal nanoparticles influence the line profiles of the corresponding powder diffraction pattern. The effects of crystallite size, shape, lattice dynamics, and surface strain are all systematically studied in terms of their impact on the line profiles. The studied patterns are simulated from atomistic models of nanoparticles via the Debye function. This approach allows for the existing theories of diffraction to be tested, and extended, in an effort to improve the characterization of small crystallites. It also begins to allow for the incorporation of atomistic simulations into the field of diffraction. Molecular dynamics simulations are shown to be effective in generating realistic structural models and dynamics of an atomic system, and are then used to study the observed features in the powder diffraction pattern. Furthermore, the characterization of a sample of shape controlled Pt nanoparticles is carried out through the use of a developed Debye function analysis routine in an effort to determine the predominant particle shape. The results of this modeling are shown to be in good agreement with complementary characterization methods, like transmission electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry.

<p>The goal of this work has been to evaluate the different experimental techniques used for quantitative analysis of multi-phase materials systems. </p><p>Powder based specimens containing two-phases, austenite and ferrite , were fabricated and quantified. The volume fraction of ferrite varied from 2 Vol% to 50 Vol%. </p><p>X ray powder diffraction (XRD) measurements were based on two peak analysis. Computer based software Topas was used for quantitative analysis, which is believed to be the most advanced in this field. XRD results were found within the absolute limit of +/- 4% of given ferrite volume fraction. Volume fraction as low as 2 Vol% was successfully detected and quantified using XRD. However, high statistical error was observed in case of low volume fraction, such as 2 Vol% and 5 Vol% ferrite volume fraction. </p><p>Magnetic balance (MB) measurements were performed to determine the volume fraction of magnetic phase, ferrite. MB results were found in good agreement with given volume fractions. As low as 2 Vol% volume fraction was detected and quantified with MB. MB results were within the absolute limit of +/- 4% of given ferrite volume fraction. </p><p>Image analysis (IA) was performed after proper sample preparation as required by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mode of Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). IM results were found within the absolute limit of +/- 2 % of given ferrite volume fraction. However, high statistical error was observed in case of 2 Vol% volume fraction.</p>

The closed shell structures of certain all-carbon fragments originally observed in mass spectroscopy experiments leads to the enhanced stability of these species, known as fullerenes, which have excited sufficient interest amongst chemists and physicists over the last decade to warrant the award of the 1996 Nobel Prize for Chemistry to their discoverers. ¶ Studies of the stability, symmetry, and consequent remarkable properties of fullerenes began in earnest in 1991 with the development of a technique enabling the production and purification of macroscopic quantities of material. The best known and most widely studied fullerene is the truncated icosahedral C[subscript 60] molecule, which forms the basis of the present work. ¶ One important property of C[subscript 60] is that it forms salts with sufficiently electropositive species, such as the alkali metals. The resulting salts contain C[subscript 60] anions and are known as fullerides. Certain of these salts display metallic behaviour, and some superconduct at temperatures as high as 33 K. ¶ Three aspects of fulleride research are addressed in this work. These are: i) the preparation, crystal structure determination and superconductivity characterization of several new fullerides, particularly those including ammonia as an additional intercalant; ii) the electronic structure of the C[superscript n-, subscript 60] (n = 1 - 6) anions, as probed by solution-phase near infrared absorption spectroscopy; and iii) the molecular dynamics of a number of fullerides, superconducting and non-superconducting, by inelastic neutron scattering. ¶ This work has grown out of an Honours project also concerning C[subscript 60], the combined duration of the two studies covering essentially the entire history of this widely and competitively studied field.

La présente thèse traite de la synthèse à température ambiante et pression atmosphérique de différents composés de coordination hybrides organique-inorganiques. La partie inorganique de ces composés est constituée d’éléments de transition de la première période 3dn divalents: cobalt, nickel et cuivre. Les ligands utilisés constituent la partie organique de ces composés. Les ligands employés sont l’acide-1H-imidazol-4-carboxilique (H2IMC) et l’acide-1H-imidazol-4,5-dicarboxílique (H3IMDC). La composante inorganique Mx+ est introduite dans le composé terminal en utilisant le précurseur métallique moléculaire M(hfac)2 (M = Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+; hfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5- hexafluoro-2,4-pentanodione), précurseur utilisé afin d'obtenir un centre métallique acide facile à coordonner aux ligands imidazol carboxíliques dans des positions axiales. L’ensemble des composés a été caractérisé par l’étude des propriétés magnétiques, études thermogravimétriques et caractérisation structurale (résolution et affinement) sur échantillons pulvérulents. Dans la totalité des structures obtenues, le ligand imidazol carboxylique se lie à l’espèce métallique en positions équatoriales via l’élément azote du cycle et un élément oxygène du groupement carboxylique. Les mesures magnétiques montrent des déviations à la loi de Curie à basse température qui indiquent des phénomènes de coopération magnétique entre les centres métalliques. Ces centres métalliques ont été traités et modélisés en considérant, pour les composés contenant les éléments cuivre et nickel, un modèle de chaîne régulière qui a permis d’estimer la constante d’interéchange J. Pour les composés contenant l’élément cobalt, seule l’importante contribution orbitale (L≠ 0) à la propriété magnétique (état fontamental 4T1g en symétrie octaédrique) sans interaction inter espèces magnétiques a été prise en considération pour traiter les données<br>This thesis work presents the synthesis at ambient temperature and pressure of different hybrids organic - inorganic coordination compounds. The inorganic portion is composed by transition elements from the first period 3dn divalent cobalt, nickel and copper. The selected ligands are the organic portion of these compounds, and there are the 1H-imidazol-4-carboxylic acid (H2IMC) and 1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (H3IMDC)2. The inorganic component Mx+ is introduced into the terminal compound by using the molecular metallic precursor M(hfac)2 (M=Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+; hfac=1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanodione) used to obtain an acidic metal center that coordinates easily to imidazol carboxylic ligands in axial positions. All compounds were characterized by studying their magnetic properties, thermogravimetric analysis and structural characterization (resolution and refinement) on powdered samples. In all these compounds, the imidazole carboxylic ligand is linked to the central metal ion in equatorial position, by the nitrogen atom from the imidazole ring, and an oxygen atom from the carboxylic group. The magnetic measurements have revealed deviations at low temperatures to the Curie law, suggesting magnetic cooperation phenomena between the metallic centers. For the copper and nickel based compounds, the magnetic data was analyzed considering a regular chain model that has led to obtain the value of the exchange coupling constant J. For the cobalt based compounds the treatment has been different. Only the important orbital contribution (L≠ 0) to the magnetic propierties (fundamental state 4T1g for octahedral symmetry) without interaction between the metallic centers was taken into account for the data treatment<br>La presente tesis trata de la síntesis a temperatura ambiente y presión atmosférica de diferentes compuestos de coordinación híbridos órgano-inorgánicos. La parte inorgánica de estos compuestos está constituida por los elementos de transición divalentes del primer período 3dn: cobalto, níquel y cobre. Los ligandos utilizados constituyen la parte orgánica de estos compuestos. Los ligandos empleados son el ácido-1H-imidazol-4-carboxílico (H2IMC) y el ácido-1H-imidazol-4,5-dicarboxílico (H3IMDC). La componente inorgánica Mx+ ha sido introducida en los compuestos terminales utilizando el precursor metálico molecular M(hfac)2 (M = Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+; hfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-2,4-pentanodiona), precursor utilizado con el fin de obtener un centro metálico ácido fácil de ser coordinado por los ligandos imidazol carboxílicos en las posiciones axiales. El conjunto de los compuestos obtenidos ha sido caracterizado mediante el estudio de sus propiedades magnéticas, análisis termogravimétrico y caracterización estructural (resolución y afinamiento) sobre muestras pulverizadas. En la totalidad de la estructuras obtenidas, el ligando imidazol carboxílico se une al metal en posiciones ecuatoriales a través del átomo de nitrógeno del anillo imidazol y un átomo de oxígeno del grupo carboxílico. Las medidas magnéticas muestran desviaciones de la ley de Curie a baja temperatura que indican fenómenos de cooperación magnética entre los centros metálicos. Estos centros metálicos han sido tratados y modelados considerando para los compuestos de cobre y níquel, un modelo de cadena regular que ha permitido estimar el valor de la constante de intercambio J. Para los compuestos de cobalto, se ha considerado la importante contribución orbital (L≠ 0) a la propiedad magnética (estado fundamental 4T1g en simetría octaédrica) sin interacción entre las especies magnéticas para el tratamiento de los datos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Dissertação (Mestrado)<br>IPEN/D<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP