Journal articles: 'X-rays – Digitization'

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Wilkinson, Clive, Mogens S. Lehmann, Flora Meilleur, Matthew P. Blakeley, Dean A. A. Myles, Stefan Vogelmeier, Michael Thoms, Michael Walsh, and Garry J. McIntyre. "Characterization of image plates for neutron diffraction." Journal of Applied Crystallography 42, no. 5 (August 1, 2009): 749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889809024856.

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A method to measure the overall gain and point-spread function of an image-plate detector system (converter, phosphor, readout electronics) online from single-crystal diffraction patterns is derived. Only with a knowledge of these quantities can one estimate without bias the true standard deviations of the observed integrated intensities of Bragg reflections measured with such a detector. The gain corrected for the point-spread function should ideally be approximately 1.0 to avoid loss of data or precision due to the upper and lower limits of digitization of the diffraction patterns. The gain and the point-spread function are derived for several configurations of the three neutron Laue image-plate diffractometers, LADI, VIVALDI and LADI-III, at the Institut Laue–Langevin. The detective quantum efficiencies (DQE) of these instruments have been measured to be 0.16 (1), 0.57 (2) and 0.46 (3), respectively. It has also been found that the DQE is effectively constant for different times of exposure, despite the fading of the photostimulated luminescent signal during that time. While the results described in this paper concern neutron detection by image plates, the method is equally valid for other integrating detectors and radiations,e.g.CCD detectors and X-rays.

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Karpenko, V. A., A. D. Khil’chenko, A. P. Lysenko, and V. E. Panchenko. "Multiframe digitization of x‐ray (TV) images (abstract)." Review of Scientific Instruments 60, no. 7 (July 1989): 2335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140760.

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Li, Zhou, Yang Xuan-dong, and Li Kai-yang. "Digitization and DICOM standardization of X-ray image signal." Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 9, no. 4 (July 2004): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02830444.

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KATO, SYOUSUKE, HISASHI YOSHITA, MAKOTO KURANISHI, HAJIME ITOH, KOUICHI MORI, and MINORU KONISHI. "1. PROBLEMS AND IMAGE PROCESSING IN X-RAY FILM DIGITIZATION." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 48, no. 11 (1992): 1991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00003500345.

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Newman, Justin A., Shijie Zhang, Shane Z. Sullivan, Ximeng Y. Dow, Michael Becker, Michael J. Sheedlo, Sergey Stepanov, et al. "Guiding synchrotron X-ray diffraction by multimodal video-rate protein crystal imaging." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 23, no. 4 (May 16, 2016): 959–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577516005919.

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Synchronous digitization, in which an optical sensor is probed synchronously with the firing of an ultrafast laser, was integrated into an optical imaging station for macromolecular crystal positioning prior to synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Using the synchronous digitization instrument, second-harmonic generation, two-photon-excited fluorescence and bright field by laser transmittance were all acquired simultaneously with perfect image registry at up to video-rate (15 frames s−1). A simple change in the incident wavelength enabled simultaneous imaging by two-photon-excited ultraviolet fluorescence, one-photon-excited visible fluorescence and laser transmittance. Development of an analytical model for the signal-to-noise enhancement afforded by synchronous digitization suggests a 15.6-fold improvement over previous photon-counting techniques. This improvement in turn allowed acquisition on nearly an order of magnitude more pixels than the preceding generation of instrumentation and reductions of well over an order of magnitude in image acquisition times. These improvements have allowed detection of protein crystals on the order of 1 µm in thickness under cryogenic conditions in the beamline. These capabilities are well suited to support serial crystallography of crystals approaching 1 µm or less in dimension.

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Ishimitsu, Yoshiyuki, and H. K. Huang. "Light photon equalization and its application to X-ray film digitization." Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics 19, no. 2 (March 1995): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-6111(95)00002-8.

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Choong, Miew Keen, Michel Bister, P. Sathyamoorthy, Zaharah, Hui Yee Boey, and Yen Chen Wong. "Recent progress in digital camera technology, and the digitization of X-ray films." International Congress Series 1256 (June 2003): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0531-5131(03)00456-4.

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Buckman, Jim, Carol Mahoney, Shereef Bankole, Gary Couples, Helen Lewis, Thomas Wagner, Christian März, Vladimir Blanco, and Dorrik Stow. "Workflow model for the digitization of mudrocks." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 484, no. 1 (August 14, 2018): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp484.2.

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AbstractMudrocks are highly heterogeneous in a range of physical and chemical properties, including: porosity and permeability, fissility, colour, particle composition, size, orientation, carbon loading, degree of compaction, and diagenetic overprint. It is therefore important that the maximum information be extracted as efficiently and completely as possible. This can be accomplished through high-resolution analysis of polished thin sections by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with the collection of large-area images and X-ray elemental map montages, and the application of targeted particle analysis. A workflow model, based on these techniques, for the digitization of mudrocks is presented herein. A range of the data that can be collected and the variety of analyses that can be achieved are also illustrated. Data collection is discussed in terms of inherent problems with acquisition, storage, transfer and manipulation, which can be time-consuming and non-trivial. Similar information and resolutions can be achieved through other techniques, such as QEMSCAN and infra-red (IR)/Raman spectroscopic mapping. These can be seen as complementary to the workflow described herein.

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Rheinländer, Jørgen, Salim Abdali, and Elzbieta Zielinska-Rohozinska. "Digitization and Image Processing Methods for Enhancement and Quantification of Grazing-Incidence X-Ray Topographs." Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (1994): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/xst-1994-4206.

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RHEINLANDER, J., S. ABDALI, and E. ZIELINSKAROHOZINSKA. "Digitization and image processing methods for enhancement and quantification of grazing-incidence X-ray topographs." Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (June 1994): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0895-3996(05)80024-2.

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Mickaelian, Areg M. "Digitization of the FBS: Its Future Use and Expected Results." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 184 (2002): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100031134.

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Abstract The First Byurakan Survey (FBS) is the largest spectral survey in the Northern sky. Its plates contain low-dispersion spectra for some 20,000,000 objects. The FBS spectra allow selection of objects by their color, broad emission or absorption lines, or SED; to discover, classify and investigate them. The FBS was conducted originally to search for UVX galaxies (1500 Markarian galaxies were discovered). Selection of blue stellar objects, red stars, and identification of IRAS sources have also been done by means of the FBS spectra. All these projects have been carried out by visual inspection of the plates. Digitization will give new possibilities to search for many new objects: new bright QSOs (m<18m), new Markarian (UVX) galaxies, BCDGs, optical counterparts of IR, radio, X-ray and other sources, late-type stars, planetary nebulae, emission-line stars, and white dwarfs; and to study star clusters and clusters of galaxies. The digitized FBS will be available via the Internet and on CDs. Software and an appropriate interface for working with the data will be provided.

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Cassar, Johann, Andrew Sammut, Nicholas Sammut, Marco Calvi, Sasa Spasic, and Dragana Popovic Renella. "Performance Analysis of a Reduced Form-Factor High Accuracy Three-Axis Teslameter." Electronics 8, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111230.

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In the framework of the SwissFEL project at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), a Hall probe bench is being developed for the high-precision magnetic characterization of the insertion devices for the ATHOS soft X-ray beamline. For this purpose, a novel three-axis teslameter has been developed, which will be placed between the undulator and its outer shell in a very limited volumetric space of 150 x 50 x 45 mm. Together with a Hall probe at the center of the cross sectional area of the undulator, the setup will traverse along the undulator length on a specifically designed rig with minimal vibrations. This teslameter has all the analog signal conditioning circuitry for the Hall probe and also has on board 24-bit digitization. The instrument also handles an interface to a linear absolute encoder. The old instrumentation used only had analog signal conditioning circuitry whilst digitization was done off board. The new instrument also provides a very accurate magnetic field map in the µT range with simultaneous readings from the position encoder at an accuracy of ±3 µm. In this paper, a series of tests are described, which were performed at PSI in order to establish the measuring precision and repeatability of the instrument.

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Green, David W., Stephen T. Kelly, Kenneth Ka-Ho Lee, Gregory S. Watson, Jolanta A. Watson, and Han Sung Jung. "High-Definition X-Ray Imaging of Small Gecko Skin Surface Protuberances for Digitization and 3D Printing." Advanced Materials Interfaces 5, no. 13 (May 2, 2018): 1800201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admi.201800201.

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Albertin, F., M. Romito, E. Peccenini, M. Bettuzzi, R. Brancaccio, M. P. Morigi, M. del Rio, D. Raines, G. Margaritondo, and D. Psaltis. "From closed testaments to books: Virtual X-ray Reading as an alternate digitization technology for fragile documents." Archiving Conference 2017, no. 1 (May 15, 2017): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2168-3204.2017.1.0.14.

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Boser, O. "Use of Storage Phosphors in Transmission Electron Microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 984–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100089238.

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One of the most sophisticated analytical instruments, the transmission electron microscope (TEM), still records images on photographic plates. Attempts are made with video and charge coupled device (CCD) cameras to digitize the images and increase the sensitivity. An alternate technology to digitize images is based on storage phosphors widely used in medical x-ray computed radiography. For exposure to the electron beam, the storage phosphor plates are introduced in the microscope in place of conventional film. Digitization takes place in the read-out system that consists of a He/Ne laser that stimulates emission of blue light from the storage phosphor. The emitted blue light is proportional to the electron intensity that was incident at this point during exposure.

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Santana, Sharlene E., Jessica H. Arbour, Abigail A. Curtis, and Kathryn E. Stanchak. "3D Digitization in Functional Morphology: Where is the Point of Diminishing Returns?" Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 3 (June 11, 2019): 656–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz101.

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Abstract Modern computational and imaging methods are revolutionizing the fields of comparative morphology, biomechanics, and ecomorphology. In particular, imaging tools such as X-ray micro computed tomography (µCT) and diffusible iodine-based contrast enhanced CT allow observing and measuring small and/or otherwise inaccessible anatomical structures, and creating highly accurate three-dimensional (3D) renditions that can be used in biomechanical modeling and tests of functional or evolutionary hypotheses. But, do the larger datasets generated through 3D digitization always confer greater power to uncover functional or evolutionary patterns, when compared with more traditional methodologies? And, if so, why? Here, we contrast the advantages and challenges of using data generated via (3D) CT methods versus more traditional (2D) approaches in the study of skull macroevolution and feeding functional morphology in bats. First, we test for the effect of dimensionality and landmark number on inferences of adaptive shifts during cranial evolution by contrasting results from 3D versus 2D geometric morphometric datasets of bat crania. We find sharp differences between results generated from the 3D versus some of the 2D datasets (xy, yz, ventral, and frontal), which appear to be primarily driven by the loss of critical dimensions of morphological variation rather than number of landmarks. Second, we examine differences in accuracy and precision among 2D and 3D predictive models of bite force by comparing three skull lever models that differ in the sources of skull and muscle anatomical data. We find that a 3D model that relies on skull µCT scans and muscle data partly derived from diceCT is slightly more accurate than models based on skull photographs or skull µCT and muscle data fully derived from dissections. However, the benefit of using the diceCT-informed model is modest given the effort it currently takes to virtually dissect muscles from CT scans. By contrasting traditional and modern tools, we illustrate when and why 3D datasets may be preferable over 2D data, and vice versa, and how different methodologies can complement each other in comparative analyses of morphological function and evolution.

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Mickaelian, A. M., L. A. Sargsyan, L. K. Erastova, S. K. Balayan, K. S. Gigoyan, L. R. Hovhannisyan, R. Nesci, et al. "The Digitized First Byurakan Survey - DFBS." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 216 (2005): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900196676.

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The First Byurakan Survey (FBS) is the largest spectral survey in the Northern sky. One can select objects by color, broad absorption and emission lines, and SED; classify and investigate them. The digitization of the FBS is aimed at making a DFBS database available for the astronomical community. Besides scanning, we are creating plate solutions, extraction software, wavelength and flux calibration, templates for different types of objects, numerical classification, a catalog of objects, a database of spectra, a user interface and a DFBS web page. New research projects based on the DFBS are possible, including a search for new QSOs and other AGN, a continuation of the second part of FBS, and identifications of radio, IR and X-ray sources. The DFBS database will be available at the end of 2004.

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Mandal, Mahasweta, and Swati Bandyopadhyay. "To Predict the Lightfastness of Prints on Foil Applying Artificial Neural Network." Archiving Conference 2020, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2168-3204.2020.1.0.27.

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Archives, libraries, and commercial firms are utilizing new advanced imaging methods for research into cultural heritage objects. New technical systems, including the latest multispectral (MSI) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging systems and higher resolution cameras raise major challenges for not only the integration of new technologies, but also the ability to store, manage and access large amounts of data in archives and libraries. Recent advanced imaging of ancient Syriac palimpsests (parchment manuscripts with hidden texts embedded within them) demonstrated an approach that utilized multiple imaging techniques and integration and analysis of data from multiple sources. Three palimpsest imaging projects (Archimedes Palimpsest, Syriac Galen Palimpsest, HMML Palimpsest) supported research with a range of advanced imaging techniques with MSI and XRF, requiring implementation and standardization of new digitization and data management practices for the integration, preservation and sharing of advanced image data.

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Rez, Peter. "Computer systems in microscopy: The big, the small and the ugly." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 910–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100106612.

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The transmission electron microscope has now reached a stage of maturity such that the differences between different models are in the details rather than the fundamental design. Although the early computer systems in microscopy appeared only as adjuncts to X-ray multichannel analyzers newer, more powerful systems have become available at relatively low cost and there is an increasing demand for image acquisition, processing and analysis. There is still no agreement as to what is the right design for a microscope computer system. The answer depends not only on the planned applications but also on the organization of the microscopy lab.For spectroscopy there is a need to acquire spectra both by multichannel scaling (EELS) and multichannel analysis (EDX) and process the results for quantitative analysis. In imaging the requirement can be for either capture of TV camera images or direct scanning of a focussed probe across the specimen with digitization of an appropriate signal (bright field, secondary electron).

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ALLISON, JOHN, LAURENT GARNIER, AKINORI KIMURA, and JOSEPH PERL. "THE GEANT4 VISUALIZATION SYSTEM — A MULTI-DRIVER GRAPHICS SYSTEM." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 04, supp01 (August 2013): 1340001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962313400011.

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From the beginning, the GEANT4 Visualization System was designed to support several simultaneous graphics systems written to common abstract interfaces. Today, it has matured into a powerful diagnostic and presentational tool. It comes with a library of models that may be added to the current scene and which include the representation of the GEANT4 geometry hierarchy, simulated trajectories and user-written hits and digitizations. The workhorse is the OpenGL suite of drivers for X, Xm, Qt, and Win32. There is an Open Inventor driver. Scenes can be exported in special graphics formats for offline viewing in the DAWN, VRML, HepRApp and gMocren browsers. PostScript can be generated through OpenGL, Open Inventor, DAWN and HepRApp. GEANT4's own tracking algorithms are used by the Ray Tracer. Not all drivers support all features but all drivers bring added functionality of some sort. This paper describes the interfaces and details the individual drivers.

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José Pereira, Luciano, Leonardo Rigoldi Bonjardim, Paula Midori Castelo, Francisco Haiter Neto, and Maria Beatriz Duarte Gavião. "Evaluation of TMJ by conventional transcranial radiography and indirect digitized images to determine condylar position in primary dentition." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 28, no. 3 (April 1, 2004): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.28.3.0427191377v71765.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate temporomandibular joint radiographs of children in primary dentition, obtained by conventional transcranial radiography, indirect digitization, digitized images using 3D and brightness/contrast tools. Condyle position was also determined measuring anterior, superior and posterior joint space. The X-Ray machine GE-1000 and the head positioner Accurad 200 were used. Radiographs were digitized using a scanner with transparency and registered in Adobe Photoshop 5.0. Images were evaluated by four examiners as follows: 0 – unacceptably quality; 1 – poorly diagnostic quality; 2 – optimal visualization quality. Articular space was measured using a digital caliper.A significant difference (Sign Test) was found between conventional radiography and the remaining modalities (Conventional/ Unenhanced p<0.001; Conventional/3D p<0.001; Conventional/Brightness and Contrast p=0.017). The mean distance of anterior, superior and posterior regions was 2.2(0.5, 3.5(0.9 and 3.9(1.2mm, respectively. Conventional and brightness/contrast digitized radiographs showed higher diagnostic quality. The posterior joint space was larger than the anterior one, demonstrating anterior condylar position.

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Li, Z. G., R. L. Harlow, K. H. Gardner, L. Liang, D. L. Dorset, and J. M. Zou. "Plate and needle-like crystal structure determination by combining electron and synchrotron diffraction." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100137136.

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In recent years, significant progress in determining light-element crystal structures using electron diffraction has been made to meet the increasing needs from the material science community. The set of techniques for carrying out electron crystallography, including sample preparation, data collection and recording, diffraction micrograph digitization, and confirmation by direct phasing methods and structure refinements, have being developed. However, only a very limited number of structures have been determinated by electron crystallography because of a number of severe problems and difficulties. Meanwhile, the progress in determining crystal structures using x-ray diffraction has been rapidly increasing, particularly because of the more extensive use of powerful synchrotron diffraction techniques. In this case, the minimum crystal size required for a single-crystal study has decreased from 100 microns to about 10 microns. Even so, many new materials can only be obtained in microcrystalline form with crystallite sizes well below one micron. In this submicron regime, ab initio structure solutions from synchrotron powder-diffraction patterns have proven to be quite powerful.

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Cassar, Johann, Andrew Sammut, Nicholas Sammut, Marco Calvi, Sasa Dimitrijevic, and Radivoje S. Popovic. "Design and Development of a Reduced Form-Factor High Accuracy Three-Axis Teslameter." Electronics 8, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8030368.

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A novel three-axis teslameter and other similar machines have been designed and developed for SwissFEL at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). The developed instrument will be used for high fidelity characterisation and optimisation of the undulators for the ATHOS soft X-ray beamline. The teslameter incorporates analogue signal conditioning for the three-axes interface to a SENIS Hall probe, an interface to a Heidenhain linear absolute encoder and an on-board high-resolution 24-bit analogue-to-digital conversion. This is in contrast to the old instrumentation setup used, which only comprises the analogue circuitry with digitization being done externally to the instrument. The new instrument fits in a volumetric space of 150 mm × 50 mm × 45 mm, being very compact in size and also compatible with the in-vacuum undulators. This paper describes the design and the development of the different components of the teslameter. Performance results are presented that demonstrate offset fluctuation and drift (0.1–10 Hz) with a standard deviation of 0.78 µT and a broadband noise (10–500 Hz) of 2.05 µT with an acquisition frequency of 2 kHz.

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Stern, Stephan, Leonard Chavas, Henry Chapman, Adrian Mancuso, Andrew Aquila, Klaus Giewekemeyer, Julian Becker, Heinz Graafsma, and Bernd Schmitt. "AGIPD detector for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography Apparatus at European XFEL." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331409305x.

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The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL.EU) [1] will provide ultra-short, highly-intense, coherent x-ray pulses at an unprecedented repetition rate, transforming experiments in many scientific areas, including serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX). For the purpose of SFX experiments at the XFEL.EU, a dedicated endstation is being developed to be installed within the Single Particles, Clusters and Biomolecules (SPB) instrument [2]. The setup will refocus the beam spent by SPB into a second interaction region, thereby enabling two parallel experiments. In order to overcome various challenges in XFEL crystallography, and to optimize the output for SFX experiments at XFEL.EU, the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD) [3] is currently under development and is to be implemented in the SPB instrument, including a 4 Megapixel version for the SFX apparatus. The AGIPD is a hybrid-pixel detector with pixels of 200 x 200 micron^2 each. The gain of each single pixel dynamically and independently adapts to the incoming signal. Thus, diffraction patterns of high dynamic range can be recorded, with the measured signal within a single data frame ranging from single photons and up to 1e+4 photons at 12 keV. Moreover, the AGIPD is designed to store over 350 data frames from successive pulses prior to digitization and read-out, thereby enabling operation at the European XFEL with its challenging repetition rate with 10 Hz pulse trains and a 4.5 MHz intra-train repetition rate. Furthermore, the incorporation of a veto system in AGIPD will allow one to potentially store only the frames that contain diffraction data from actual crystal hits, which ultimately increases the efficiency of the detector and DAQ systems dramatically. In the present work, we will review the design of the 4Mpix AGIPD for the SFX apparatus and discuss simulations and tests of its expected performance under the conditions foreseen for SFX experiments at the XFEL.EU.

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Zheng, Y. "Digital Technology in the protection of cultural heritage Bao Fan Temple mural digital mapping survey." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W7 (August 13, 2015): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-w7-495-2015.

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Peng Xi county, Sichuan province, the Bao Fan temple mural digitization survey mapping project: we use three-dimensional laserscanning, multi-baseline definition digital photography, multi-spectral digital image acquisition and other technologies for digital survey mapping. The purpose of this project is to use modern mathematical reconnaissance mapping means to obtain accurate mural shape, color, quality and other data. Combined with field investigation and laboratory analysis results, and based on a comprehensive survey and study, a comprehensive analysis of the historical Bao Fan Temple mural artistic and scientific value was conducted. A study of the mural’s many qualities (structural, material, technique, preservation environment, degradation, etc.) reveal all aspects of the information carried by the Bao Fan Temple mural. From multiple angles (archeology, architecture, surveying, conservation science and other disciplines) an assessment for the Bao Fan Temple mural provides basic data and recommendations for conservation of the mural. <br><br> In order to achieve the conservation of cultural relics in the Bao Fan Temple mural digitization survey mapping process, we try to apply the advantages of three-dimensional laser scanning equipment. For wall murals this means obtaining three-dimensional scale data from the scan of the building and through the analysis of these data to help determine the overall condition of the settlement as well as the deformation of the wall structure. Survey analysis provides an effective set of conclusions and suggestions for appropriate mural conservation. But before data collection, analysis and research need to first to select the appropriate scanning equipment, set the appropriate scanning accuracy and layout position of stations necessary to determine the scope of required data. We use the fine features of the three-dimensional laser scanning measuring arm to scan the mural surface deformation degradation to reflect the actual state of the mural surface patch model. For the degradation of the surface of the pigment layer, we use the patch model to simulate the scan obtained from an analysis. Statistics calculated relatively objective mural surface area from volume data, providing more accurate quantitative data for the mural conservation, especially, providing a viable technology for accurate monitoring of continued degradation. <br><br> We believe, in order to make use of the three-dimensional laser scanning technology in a digital heritage conservation application, the technology should not only be used to record the object geometry and play a role in record keeping aspects, but, rather, should be used during the investigation to protect against targeted degradation and a more meaningful interpretation function. Like the development of the medical application of X-ray technology not only retains a picture, but more importantly, through this technical interpretation of patient pathology, guides doctors in carrying out the treatment work. Therefore, in the process of digitization of cultural heritage research, the focus should shift to the use of digital technology in the analysis of heritage object degradation and degradation monitoring surveys can promote the application of digital technology in the conservation of cultural heritage.

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Boggs, D., F. Jenkins, and K. Dial. "The effects of the wingbeat cycle on respiration in black-billed magpies (Pica pica)." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 9 (January 1, 1997): 1403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.9.1403.

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Interclavicular and posterior thoracic airsac pressures, tracheal airflows and pectoralis muscle activity were recorded simultaneously to determine the effect of the wingbeat cycle upon the function of the respiratory system. The effects of the wingbeat cycle on the relative positions of thoraco-abdominal skeletal structures were also assessed using high-speed X-ray cinematography of magpies Pica pica flying in a windtunnel. We found that the furcula bends laterally on the downstroke and recoils medially on the upstroke, as previously described for starlings, and that the coraco-sternal joint (the most consistently visible point on the sternum for digitization) is displaced dorsally during the downstroke and ventrally, with respect to the vertebral column, during the upstroke. In magpies, there are generally three wingbeat cycles during a respiratory cycle. When downstroke occurs during inspiration, its compressive effect reduces the inspiratory subatmospheric airsac pressure by an average of 92 % (0.35 kPa), whereas when upstroke occurs during expiration its expansive effect can reduce the expiratory supra-atmospheric airsac pressure by 63 % (0.23 kPa). Corresponding changes occur in tracheal airflow. Changes in respiratory parameters during short flights with respect to resting values include a doubling of tidal volume and a tripling of respiratory frequency. We conclude that the wingbeat cycle can have a substantial impact on respiratory system function in the flying magpie, and that this represents a mechanical basis for breathing patterns and patterns of phasic coordination between wingbeat and respiratory cycles that may result in minimal interference and maximal assistance from the wingbeat upon the respiratory cycle.

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Sutton, Mark, Imran Rahman, and Russell Garwood. "VIRTUAL PALEONTOLOGY—AN OVERVIEW." Paleontological Society Papers 22 (September 2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/scs.2017.5.

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AbstractVirtual paleontology is the study of fossils through three-dimensional digital visualizations; it represents a powerful and well-established set of tools for the analysis and dissemination of fossil data. Techniques are divisible into tomographic (i.e., slice-based) and surface-based types. Tomography has a long predigital history, but the recent explosion of virtual paleontology has resulted primarily from developments in X-ray computed tomography (CT), and of surface-based technologies (e.g., laser scanning). Destructive tomographic methods include forms of physical-optical tomography (e.g., serial grinding); these are powerful but problematic techniques. Focused Ion Beam (FIB) tomography is a modern alternative for microfossils; it is also destructive but is capable of extremely high resolutions. Nondestructive tomographic methods include the many forms of CT, which are the most widely used data-capture techniques at present, but are not universally applicable. Where CT is inappropriate, other nondestructive technologies (e.g., neutron tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, optical tomography) can prove suitable. Surface-based methods provide portable and convenient data capture for surface topography and texture, and might be appropriate when internal morphology is not of interest; technologies include laser scanning, photogrammetry, and mechanical digitization. Reconstruction methods that produce visualizations from raw data are many and various; selection of an appropriate workflow will depend on many factors, but is an important consideration that should be addressed prior to any study. The vast majority of three-dimensional fossils can now be studied using some form of virtual paleontology, and barriers to broader adaptation are being eroded. Technical issues regarding data sharing remain problematic. Technological developments continue; those promising tomographic recovery of compositional data are of particular relevance to paleontology.

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Neamțu, Călin, Ioan Bratu, Constantin Măruțoiu, Victor Constantin Măruțoiu, Olivia Florena Nemeș, Radu Comes, Ștefan Bodi, Zsolt Buna, and Daniela Popescu. "Component Materials, 3D Digital Restoration, and Documentation of the Imperial Gates from the Wooden Church of Voivodeni, Sălaj County, Romania." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 11, 2021): 3422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083422.

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The wooden churches from Transylvania, Romania, are a unique and representative cultural heritage asset for rural communities, both in terms of architecture and the style of painting that defines them as monuments of national heritage. These churches are in danger of degradation because rural communities are beginning to abandon them for various motives (e.g., they are too small, are expensive to maintain, or are being replaced by modern churches, built of stone and modern materials). The reason behind their accelerated degradation is that they are covered with shingles that need to be periodically changed and repaired to prevent water from reaching the inner painting layer, a process that is, in many cases, ignored. Imperial gates are the symbol of these churches and separate the nave from the narthex. They are made entirely out of wood and were sculpted and painted manually by skilled craftsmen and still represent the central element of these churches, in terms of art and aesthetics. The digital preservation of these heritage assets is an interdisciplinary undertaking, which begins with the physico-chemical analysis of the pigments in the painting layer, continues with three-dimensional (3D) digitization of the monument and of the objects of interest (such as the imperial gates), and finishes with a digital restoration of these monuments and artefacts. This paper presents a working methodology, successfully applied in digitizing and digitally restoring imperial gates from wooden churches in Transylvania, namely from the wooden church of Voivodeni, Sălaj County, Romania (Transylvania region). X-ray fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopy were used to determine the pigments in the painting layer of these artefacts, and after they were identified, they were synthesized in laboratory conditions. The resulting color was digitized and used for digitally restoring the artefact(s) to its (their) pristine condition. To popularize these cultural heritage assets, the authors make use of virtual reality to mediate the interaction between the general public and heritage objects in their current state of preservation, in a digital environment. Moreover, to showcase how these heritage objects were degraded over time, a digitally restored version of the artefact in pristine condition is presented alongside a version in its current state (as is, digitized, but not yet digitally restored).

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"(1) Problems and Image Processing in X-ray Film Digitization." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 48, no. 3 (1992): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00003533510.

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Journal articles on the topic 'X-rays – Digitization'

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