Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Xalifa'

The importance of public spaces in contemporary cities has been acknowledged and studied from different points of view and approaches by researchers of urbanism. However, most studies have focused on public spaces designed and produced by professionals for elite and affluent populations. In contrast, very little attention has been paid to the development of public spaces in those self-made urban environments "the popular habitat" of the developing world. In Mexican cities, the popular habitat is known as Colonias Populares (people's neighbourhoods) in which the urban environment consolidates and integrates to the city by gradual improvement processes at different levels of the urban environment from household up to neighbourhood level and mainly through the initiatives and participation of inhabitants. Within these processes, public spaces also play a very important role within the processes of consolidation and integration into the formal urban fabric. Within this context, the purpose of this thesis is to examine the dynamics of public space transformation within the urban consolidation process of colonias populares. The research examines various public spaces presenting different stages of consolidation in the colonias populares of the city of Xalapa-Veracruz in southeast Mexico. The research focuses on (1)the social relations and interactions of popular dwellers and other actors within the production process of public spaces; (2) the spatial actions and activities that give place to the physical configuration of public spaces as well as paying attention to the physical nature of the public space produced; (3) the different strategies and activities that residents and different actors carry out to protect, maintain and control public spaces; (4) finally, it studies the use, the possible conflicts over usage, appropriation and the role of the actors' culture and activities developing the life of public spaces in the popular habitat. To achieve a holistic understanding, the research examines the dynamics of public space transformation following a socio-spatial-symbolic framework of analysis, in which the urban environment is examined through its social and physical processes of development and materialization as well as its social and spatial process of everyday usage. Moreover this approach includes a symbolic dimension taking into account that these processes take place because of the meanings and representations that popular dwellers construct about their surrounding environment which in turn influences processes of urban production and consumption. The research is carried out using a qualitative methodology with an ethnographical approach based on a multi-method strategy. In this way, the thesis builds up its different arguments from informal conversations, semi-structured interviews, participant observation, photographs, personal documents, newspaper articles and drawings. This data was collected through extensive fieldwork carried out in five different colonias populares. It focused on specific public spaces in each neighbourhood. Through these cases the research seeks to demonstrate that public space transformation is important for popular dwellers in their agenda of urban consolidation. Finally, it aims to develop a greater understanding of the development and spatial construction of public spaces in the context of Mexican cities from which decision makers can learn in order to configure better public spaces and enhance the physical and social conditions of the urban environment, particularly in the context of the low-income population.

Ce travail de recherche a commencé à Xalapa, dans l'État de Veracruz, au Mexique. Son but est d'approfondir les connaissances sur l'implication de la famille au jardin d'enfants. Cent quatre-vingt-douze parents ont été choisis au hasard parmi ceux qui ont inscrit leur enfant dans un de vingt et un jardins d'enfants. Ils ont répondu à un questionnaire que nous leur avons soumis. L'analyse des réponses nous a permis d'identifier les différents profils d'implication parentale. Cette analyse nous a aussi permis de préciser les modalités de la participation des parents et de leur implication, de répertorier les activités auxquelles les parents participent, d'identifier les facteurs qui influencent leur implication dans l'éducation préscolaire de leurs enfants. Nous avons pu aussi spécifier le rôle des enseignants dans les activités prévues pour les parents et, finalement, déterminer les bénéfices pour les enfants lies à la participation de leurs parents. Nous avons analysé les réponses en fonction des subventions économiques des jardins d'enfants et de leur emploi du temps. Parmi les résultats que nous avons montré que les femmes s'impliquent davantage dans l'éducation préscolaire des enfants. Les perceptions passés des parents et leur passage à l'école influencent la manière de s'impliquer dans l'école de leurs enfants. Enfin, établir et maintenir de bonnes relations entre la famille et les jardins d'enfants fait partie de la vie quotidienne des enseignants, rôle très bien accepté, voire demandé par les parents<br>This research started in Xalapa, in Veracruz, Mexico. Its objective is to improve the knowledge of parental participation and involvement in preschool education. One hundred and ninety-two parents, who had enrolled their child in one of the twenty-one participating kindergartens, were selected. The parents answered a questionnaire that we gave to them. With an exploratory analysis of the collected data, our objective was to understand not only differences but also the similarities between the parents and their involvement in the preschool environment; to identify the parent's way of participating and also their involvement; to discover the different activities in which the parents participated; to show the different elements that determine the parents implication in their child's preschool education; to evaluate the teachers role in the activities designed for the parents, and finally to determine the benefits for the child due to the parents participation. We analysed the answers from different perspectives: financial support for the kindergarten and their work schedule. Amongst the results found were that women's involvement is more important than the man's. The parent's past perception and their school experiences define their involvement in their child's preschool education. Finally, to have and maintain good relationship between family and the kindergarten is part of the day-to-day work of teachers and that is also a requirement for the parents

The city of Xalapa, like many Mexican cities, does not count with any sort of official recycling program. Resource recovery relies on the work performed by the informal recycling sector and often, such work is neglected by the local government. In line with this, the aim of this study is to evaluate if a participatory resource management is a more suitable option than the current approach; so that the informal recycling sector can be included into the formal waste management system. In order to do so, this study employed a case study method using qualitative data; during the month of field work in Xalapa, semi- structured interviews and observation were the techniques used for collecting data. Concepts such as informal economy, participatory resource management, network theory and waste management were employed to analyze the organization and operation of the formal and informal waste management systems. Drawn from the results and analysis, it was presented that the informal recycling sector in Xalapa is composed of 5 different types of actors. Some of these actors are organized, while others work independently. The study revealed that their income is related to their capability of accessing to infrastructure and resources. This access to infrastructure and resources takes the form of a secondary materials trade hierarchy where the income of an actor depends on their ability to add value to their recovered materials. Additionally, organized actors tend to be less prone to manipulation and exploitation. Furthermore, it was deemed relevant to look at the current policies and regulations as well as to the action plans proposed by the local government for alleviating the solid waste crisis in Xalapa. It was identified that to consider a participatory resource management approach, several barriers need to be overcome; these barriers lie within the governance and social spectrum. However, despite the identified barriers, the current waste management system has opportunities for creating a more inclusive and socially just municipal solid waste management system.

Cette etude est construite selon un perpetuel va-et-vient entre le centre ou triangle cafeier et la peripherie caracterisee par des exploitations paysannes diversifiees. Les principaux points abordes sont: la concurrence cafe-canne a sucre-elevage, la recherche de productions alternatives, l'intensification de la cafeiculture et l'exportation de cafe

Ce travail de recherche traite d'un élément discret du paysage urbain : l'affiche. Son omniprésence et ses qualités ont attiré notre attention. Ce travail se situe avant tout dans un contexte mexicain en prenant, plus précisément, l'exemple de Xalapa, ville d'une certaine importance dans ce pays. A travers cette étude, il s'agit de comprendre quelle peut-être la place de l'affiche au sein de la culture mexicaine, sans négliger toutefois les aspects socioéconomiques. En particulier, l'affiche apparaît comme un révélateur efficace des différents groupes qui composent la société actuelle et de leurs représentations, que celles-ci soient idéologiques, imaginaires ou encore qu'elles se manifestent sous la forme de projets de sociétés. Ces différents groupes confrontent leur production graphique dans l'espace urbain, exprimant leurs divergences d'opinions ou d'idéaux. L'affiche est également un média qui possède la particularité de transmettre des réactions à l'actualité, c'est donc pour cela qu'il était important d'observer ce moyen de communication dans un temps déterminé. La période allant de 1992 à 2010 a été retenue car, en plus de faciliter la constitution d'un corpus, cette époque représente un moment de mutations pour le Mexique, tant sur le plan politique que socioéconomique. Le pays connaît en effet alors une plus grande ouverture, une influence toujours plus forte du modèle étatsunien ainsi qu'une participation croissante dans les échanges au sein de la globalisation. Tous ces facteurs entraînent des bouleversements structurels, qui sont marqués, entre autres, par la signature de l'Accord de Libre-Echange Nord Américain (17 décembre 1992), l'insurrection zapatiste (1er janvier 1994), différentes crises économiques ainsi que par une constante augmentation de la violence. Sur le plan symbolique, ces deux dates sont également le moment de commémorations importantes : si 1992 célébrait les cinq-cents de la découverte de l'Amérique par Christophe Colomb, 2010 commémore le bicentenaire du début de la lutte pour l'Indépendance du pays et le centenaire du début de al révolution mexicaine.

Population growth in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, is exerting increasing pressure on the water supplier, CMAS Xalapa, to provide sufficient water of adequate quality. However, the quality of the water sources during the wet season is increasingly degraded with more frequent turbidity peaks of greater intensity. There is also less water available during the dry season. This thesis focuses on Xalapa's main supply source, the Huitzilapan River, as a case study for assessing adequate mitigation measures. It provides a good understanding of the water supply issues and stakes for Xalapa. It also provides a synthesis of the available information on the Upper Huitzilapan as well as an assessment of the challenges and opportunities facing the implementation of an integrated water resources management approach. In this thesis it is argued that efficient and sustainable solutions to Xalapa's water supply issues should not be uniquely of technical nature but addressed through adequate planning and management. While forest conservation and reforestation of the supply watershed are obvious and suggested solutions for mitigating increased pressure on the water supply to Xalapa, the method proposed in this thesis to achieve this goal is an integrated water resource management (IWRM) approach. It is recommended that a water council be created to implement the IWRM plan and to act as a network for cooperation, knowledge sharing and consensual decision-making.<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Civil Engineering, Department of<br>Graduate

<p>"Capitalizing Subjects: Free African-Descended Women of Means in Xalapa, Veracruz during the Long Seventeenth Century" explores the socioeconomic worlds of free women of means. I find that they owned slaves, engaged in cross-caste relations, managed their estates, maintained profitable social networks with other regional elites, and attempted to secure the economic futures of their children. Through an examination of notarial, ecclesiastical, and viceregal sources, I highlight the significant role this group played in the local economy and social landscape. My work demonstrates that free women of African descent engaged in specific types of economic endeavors that spoke to their investments in particular kinds of capital (economic, social, and cultural) that allowed them greater visibility and social legitimacy than previously documented. This dissertation, further, challenges a historiography that has over-emphasized the roles of race and gender in determining the lives of all people of African descent in colonial Latin America.</p><br>Dissertation

A comprehensive framework is applied to assess the hazards and risks in the water supply system for the Municipal Potable Water and Wastewater Commission of Xalapa or Comision Municipal de Agua Potable y Saneamiento de Xalapa (CMAS Xalapa) in Veracruz, Mexico. The framework is designed to examine a water supply system from source to tap and consists of four components: system characterization, identification of hazards, assessment of the impacts of the major hazards, and determination of priority recommendations for system improvements. For CMAS Xalapa, a characterization of each water supply system element, source, transmission, treatment, and distribution, as well as the regional attributes is conducted. Recurrent hazards that affect water quality, quantity, and pressure objectives are identified and the ensuing risks are discussed. Recommendations to enhance the management and decision-making capabilities of CMAS Xalapa and to improve data collection and analysis for each element within the system are discussed. The priority recommendations that are proposed are summarized here: • Install online turbidimeters at the WTP to monitor influent and effluent turbidity levels • Redevelop the water treatment capabilities at Huitzilapan • Calculate a water balance • Install permanent stream gauging stations at sources and increase the frequency of measurement • Implement a full-scale distribution network leak detection and repair program • Enhance the water conservation program • Conduct distribution network and transmission system pressure analyses • Increase the number of pressure control devices • Increase network redundancy • Develop watershed management plans for each water source

I declare that this research project is my own unaided work. It is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Arts in translation, at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other university.<br>This projeot examines Clive Wake's translation of Xala a neo-colonial French African novel by Sembene Ousmane' (1973) focusing on the manner in which the ideological content of the novel is approached and dealt with in translation. A comparison of passages in the source text chosen on the basis of their ideological contribution to the novel with the corresponding passages in this large text, forms the basis of the study. (Abbreviation abstract)<br>Andrew Chakane 2018

Text in French<br>Member of the union of black workers in the port of Marseille, in France, and an eyewitness to the misery of black workers in the European environment, Sembène Ousmane, in 1956, wrote, using his personal experiences, his first book entitled The Black Docker. In this novel, he describes the sufferings of the working class, the struggle between colonisers and colonised. In 1960, he uses as a pretext the strike of the Senegalese railway workers in 1937 to write a book entitled God's Bits of Wood. In this story where two forces clashed, on one hand, the colonised struggling against the colonial system and want, at all costs, to improve their living conditions, and on the other hand, the colonisers that are in support of their colonialist ideals and refuse the changes, the author tells the epic story of strikers in Senegal and their relentless struggles against the colonisers to change their living conditions for better. In 1973, an eyewitness of the daily realities of his native country, Senegal, after gaining national sovereignty, Sembène Ousmane wrote and published a book entitled Xala. In this book, he describes the evils of neo-colonialism and criticises the new African middle class, born after independence. After reading these novels, one notes that Sembène Ousmane, a defender of freedom, denounces the injustices done to the blacks, both in the colonial era as well as in the post colonial period. This is why from a book to another, he continues tirelessly his struggle against colonialism and neo-colonialism, evoking the sufferings and tragedies endured by the Africans. It occurs constantly in his imaginary creations, a theme, or better still a dialectical; commitment and militancy. What does he mean by « commitment » and « militancy » ? How do these two concepts manifest themselves in the works of the Senegalese writer? What strategy does he propose to the oppressed in the struggle against the oppressors? What means has he put at the disposal of the disinherited struggling to break the yoke of oppression and exploitation in order to achieve freedom and equality?<br>Membre du syndicat des travailleurs noirs, au port de Marseille, en France, et témoin oculaire de la misère vécue par les ouvriers noirs dans ce milieu européen, Sembène Ousmane, en 1956, écrit, en se servant de ses expériences personnelles, son premier ouvrage intitulé Le Docker noir. Dans ce roman, il décrit la souffrance de la classe ouvrière, la lutte entre colonisateurs et colonisés. En 1960, il se sert d’un prétexte, la grève des ouvriers sénégalais en 1937, pour écrire un ouvrage intitulé Les Bouts de bois de Dieu. Dans ce récit, où s’affrontent deux forces, d’une part les colonisés qui luttent contre le système colonial et veulent, à tout prix, l’amélioration de leurs conditions de vie, et d’autre part, les colonisateurs qui soutiennent les idéaux colonialistes et refusent le changement, l’auteur relate l’histoire épique des grévistes au Sénégal, et la lutte implacable qu’ils mènent contre les colonisateurs pour le changement de leurs conditions de vie. En 1973, témoin oculaire des réalités quotidiennes de son pays natal, le Sénégal, après son accession à la souveraineté nationale, Sembène Ousmane écrit et publie, un ouvrage intitulé Xala. Dans ce livre, il décrit les méfaits du néocolonialisme et critique la nouvelle classe bourgeoise africaine, née après l’indépendance. Après lecture des trois romans, on constate que Sembène Ousmane, défenseur de la liberté, dénonce les injustices faites aux Noirs, aussi bien à l’époque coloniale qu’à la période postcoloniale. C’est pourquoi, d’un ouvrage à l’autre, il continue, inlassablement, sa lutte contre le colonialisme et le néocolonialisme, en évoquant les souffrances et les drames endurés par les Africains. Il revient, constamment, dans ses créations imaginaires, à une thématique, ou mieux une dialectique, l’engagement et le militantisme. Qu’entend-il par « engagement » et « militantisme »? Comment ces deux lexèmes se manifestent-ils dans les écrits de cet écrivain sénégalais? Quelles stratégies propose-t-il aux opprimés dans la lutte qui les oppose aux oppresseurs? Quels moyens met-il a la disposition des déshérités en lutte pour briser le joug de l’oppression et celui de l’exploitation afin d’obtenir la liberté et l’égalité?<br>Linguistics and Modern Languages<br>D. Litt. et Phil. (French)

Text in French, with abstracts in French and English<br>Au lendemain des indépendances africaines, les écrivains tentent de dénoncer, sinon l’aliénation des intellectuels, du moins ce que le peuple désignait sous ce terme dans les excolonies françaises et belges. Le recours fréquent, dans la construction du récit, à la thématique de la faute de l’intellectuel se présente comme résultat d’un manquement au rôle qui lui revient. Pour mener à bien notre enquête, la théorie utilisée est l’Analyse de contenu thématique (A.C.T.) de Pierre Lannoy. Ce modèle aidera à cerner tout ce qui menace l’équilibre de l’édifice social. Cependant l’étude de l’aliénation des intellectuels a montré que l’émergence d’une crise semblable relève d’une série de causes complexes. Sa compréhension fait appel à de multiples champs scientifiques : sociologie, psychologie, économie, […] La seule solution est le compromis pour tous. C’est une vaine prétention que de vouloir établir ici un bilan exhaustif : l’étude de l’image de l’intellectuel ne peut qu’être évolutive.<br>In the aftermath of African independence, writers tried to denounce, if not the alienation of intellectuals, at least what people meant by this term in the former French and Belgian colonies. Frequent recourse to the theme of the fault of the intellectual in the construction of the narrative is presented as the result of a failure to fulfil the role that was assigned to him. To carry out our investigation, the theory used is Pierre Lannoy's Thematic Content Analysis (T.C.A.). This model will help to identify anything that threatens the balance of the social edifice. However, the study of the alienation of intellectuals has shown that the emergence of a similar crisis is due to a series of complex causes. Its understanding involves multiple scientific fields: sociology, psychology, economics, [...] The only solution is compromise for all. It is a vain claim to want to establish an exhaustive assessment here: the study of the image of the intellectual can only be evolutionary.<br>Classics and World Languages<br>D. Litt. et Phil. (French)