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Journal articles on the topic 'Xanthine oxidase inhibitors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Kapoor, N., S. Saxena, and L. Gambhir. "FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES AS REPOSITORY OF XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR." INDIAN DRUGS 56, no. 03 (2019): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.56.03.11371.

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Xanthine oxidase, a key enzyme of purine metabolism, is considered to be a prime target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and oxidative stress related disorders. Allopurinol and febuxostat are two FDA approved xanthine oxidase inhibitors currently being used for management of chronic hyperuricemia. Plethora of natural sources has been explored in search of novel chemical templates for the development of antihyperuricemic drugs. Studies in past decade have shown the potential of endophytic fungi, which colonize the internal tissues of plants without any evident sign of their ubiquitous existen

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2

Malik, Neelam, Anurag Khatkar, and Priyanka Dhiman. "Computational Analysis and Synthesis of Syringic Acid Derivatives as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors." Medicinal Chemistry 16, no. 5 (2020): 643–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573406415666191004134346.

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Background: Xanthine oxidase (XO; EC 1.17.3.2) has been considered as a potent drug target for the cure and management of pathological conditions prevailing due to high levels of uric acid in the bloodstream. The role of xanthine oxidase has been well established in the generation of hyperuricemia and gout due to its important role in catalytic oxidative hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and further catalyses of xanthine to generate uric acid. In this research, syringic acid, a bioactive phenolic acid was explored to determine the capability of itself and its derivatives to inhibit xan

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3

Dhammaraj, Taweesak, Phoobet Kotseekieo, Tunnathon Chotikarn, et al. " In vitro investigation of xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of 3,4,5-trihydroxycinnamic acid." Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 13, no. 3 (2024): 439–49. https://doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2024.49420.

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Introduction: Xanthine oxidase inhibitors with strong antioxidant activity are promising candidates for the treatment of gout and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related disorders. 3,4,5-Trihydroxycinnamic acid (THCA), a natural hydroxycinnamic acid, exhibits strong antioxidant activities. This study investigated its xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities in comparison with sinapic acid, caffeic acid, and allopurinol. Methods: In vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory assay and a Lineweaver-Burk plot were used to measure enzyme inhibition activity and pattern. A docking study was used

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4

Arora, Tripti, and Ketki Rani. "Docking Studies of Potent Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors-Molecules Patented and Published from 2011-2020." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 38, no. 4 (2022): 875–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380406.

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Hyperuricemia is characterized by elevated serum uric (SUA) levels beyond 6.8mg/dl and is a major cause of gout. Clinically, the high uric acid levels are managed using oral xanthine oxidase inhibitors such as febuxostat; however, its long-term use affects liver functions and cannot be used with the person with compromised liver functions. Thus, searching for an alternate xanthine oxidase inhibitor devoid of side effects on the liver is of current interest. Several classes of XO inhibitors have been patented in recent years. Using a docking study, we investigated the binding mode of xanthine o

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5

Mohos, Violetta, Attila Pánovics, Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl, et al. "Inhibitory Effects of Quercetin and Its Human and Microbial Metabolites on Xanthine Oxidase Enzyme." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11 (2019): 2681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112681.

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Quercetin is an abundant flavonoid in nature and is used in several dietary supplements. Although quercetin is extensively metabolized by human enzymes and the colonic microflora, we have only few data regarding the pharmacokinetic interactions of its metabolites. Therefore, we investigated the interaction of human and microbial metabolites of quercetin with the xanthine oxidase enzyme. Inhibitory effects of five conjugates and 23 microbial metabolites were examined with 6-mercaptopurine and xanthine substrates (both at 5 μM), employing allopurinol as a positive control. Quercetin-3′-sulfate,

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6

Diniatik, Diniatik, Suwijiyo Pramono, and Sugeng Riyanto. "IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR OF ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF STELECHOCARPUS BURAHOL (BL.) HOOK F. AND TH. LEAVES." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 5 (2017): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i5.15970.

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Objective: The research was conducted by in silico analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors of volatile compounds from ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of Stelechocarpus burahol (Bl.) Hook f. and Th. leaves. The objective of the research was to determine the active compounds as a potential inhibitor of xanthine oxidase by using in silico screening method.Methods: The research was conducted using volatile compounds that were obtained by using gas chromatography of ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of S. burahol leaves and models of xanthine oxidase inhibitor downloaded via P

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7

Ansari, Sarah S., Patricia H. Diño, Agnes L. Castillo, and Librado A. Santiago. "Antioxidant activity, xanthine oxidase inhibition and acute oral toxicity of Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe (Dilleniaceae) leaf extract." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 9, no. 6 (2021): 846–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.56499/jppres21.1106_9.6.846.

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Context: Hyperuricemia is a metabolic syndrome characterized by a high serum uric acid level with an increased risk of gout, diabetes, cardiovascular and renal disease. Allopurinol is a widely known xanthine oxidase inhibitor that lowers serum uric acid production. Documented adverse effects of the drug raise the need for a natural alternative for xanthine oxidase inhibitor that is safe and effective. This research is driven to address the need by capitalizing on previous studies made on the Dillenia species showing nephroprotective and antihyperuricemic activity. Aims: To evaluate the antioxi

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8

Dong, Chao, Milka Montes, and Wael M. Al-Sawai. "Xanthine oxidoreductase inhibition – A review of computational aspect." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 19, no. 04 (2020): 2040008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633620400088.

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Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) exists in a variety of organisms from bacteria to humans and catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and from xanthine to uric acid. Excessive uric acid could lead to gout and hyperuricemia. In this paper, we have reviewed the recent computational studies on xanthine oxidase inhibition. Computational methods, such as molecular dynamics (molecular mechanics), quantum mechanics, and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM), have been employed to investigate the binding affinity of xanthine oxidase with synthesized and isolated nature inhibitors. The

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9

Rui, Guo, Zhang-Yi Qin, Ya-Qing Chang, et al. "Chemical Comparison and Identification of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors of Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizoma and Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizoma by Chemometric Analysis and Spectrum–Effect Relationship." Molecules 28, no. 24 (2023): 8116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28248116.

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Dioscoreae hypoglaucae Rhizoma (DH) and Dioscoreae spongiosae Rhizoma (DS) are two similar Chinese herbal medicines derived from the Dioscorea family. DH and DS have been used as medicines in China and other Asian countries for a long time, but study on their phytochemicals and bioactive composition is limited. This present study aimed to compare the chemical compositions of DH and DS, and explore the anti-xanthine oxidase components based on chemometric analysis and spectrum–effect relationship. Firstly, an HPLC method was used to establish the chemical fingerprints of DH and DS samples, and

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10

Irum, Zoobia, Amer Hassan Siddiqui, Fariha Ahmad Khan, Fouzia Perveen, Asia Firdous, and Neelofer Yousaf. "Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Ficus Carica Fruit." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 1 (2023): 304–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023171304.

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Hyperuricemia is a purine metabolism disorder characterised by an excess of uric acid in the blood and considered as a risk factor for gout, coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and a variety of other illnesses. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors have key role in management of hyperuricemia and related disorders but multiple adverse effects associated with these agents have minimized their chronic use. Ficus carica fruit has been widely used around world as a therapeutic agent for several disorders. In traditional medicine it has been used to treat gouty arthritis but the effect has not be

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11

Beiko, Alona V., Oleksandr L. Kobzar, Maryna V. Kachaeva, Stepan G. Pilyo, Olexandr P. Kozachenko, and Andriy I. Vovk. "Rhodanine-based 4-(furan-2-yl)benzoic acids as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase." Ukr. Bioorg. Acta 2023, Vol. 18, N2 18, no. 2 (2023): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/bioorganica2023.02.031.

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A series of rhodanine derivatives bearing 4-(furan-2-yl)benzoic acid moiety were synthesized and studied as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. This enzyme is a known target for allopurinol and febuxostat used in the treatment of hyperuricemia, gout, and other diseases. The synthesized compounds with different substituents in position 3 of the rhodanine ring showed in vitro inhibitory activities towards xanthine oxidase in a low micromolar concentration range. The 4-(furan-2-yl)benzoic acid derivative with a fragment of N-unsubstituted rhodanine was found to have the lowest IC50 value which does n

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12

Hu, Lina, Honggang Hu, Weifeng Wu, Xiaoyun Chai, Jianfei Luo, and Qiuye Wu. "Discovery of novel xanthone derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 21, no. 13 (2011): 4013–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.140.

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13

Liu, Yongjie, Hao Chen, Huilong Xiang, et al. "Inhibition and molecular mechanism of diosmetin against xanthine oxidase by multiple spectroscopies and molecular docking." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 17 (2020): 6799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj00679c.

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14

Ramos, Maria Fátima de Paula, Alceni do Carmo Morais Monteiro de Barros, Clara Versolato Razvickas, Fernanda T. Borges, and Nestor Schor. "Xanthine oxidase inhibitors and sepsis." International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 32 (January 1, 2018): 205873841877221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2058738418772210.

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Xanthine oxidase activation occurs in sepsis and results in the generation of uric acid (UrAc) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We aimed to evaluate the effect of xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOis) in rats stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) immediately after allopurinol (Alo, 2 mg/kg) or febuxostat (Feb, 1 mg/kg) every 24 h for 3 days. To increase UrAc levels, oxonic acid (Oxo) was administered by gavage (750 mg/kg per day) for 5 days. Animals were divided into the following 10 groups (n = 6 each): (1) Control, (2) Alo, (3) Feb,

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15

Kong, L., J. L. Wolfender, Christopher Cheng, K. Hostettmann, and Ren Tan. "Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors fromBrandisia hancei." Planta Medica 65, no. 08 (1999): 744–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960854.

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16

Qura-Tul-Ain, Sidra Mushtaq, Naveeda Manzoor, Mahreen Akhtar, Anila Errum, and Naseem Saud Ahmad. "Comparison of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Effect of Swertia chirayita and Febuxostat in Vitro." Proceedings 35, no. 2 (2021): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47489/pszmc784-35-2-18-22.

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Introduction:Plasma uric acid ? 6.5 to 7.0 mg/dl increases the incidence of gout, hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, stroke and heart failure. Low purine diet, use of xanthine oxidase inhibitors allopurinol and febuxostat; or uricosuric agent’s probenecid, sulfinpyrazone and Benzbromarone are being used for treatment. Swertia chirayita extract (SCE) being practiced as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant was evaluated for inhibition of xanthine oxidase. Aims & Objectives: To observe the in vitro effect of Swertia chirayita ethanolic extract on xanthine oxidase inhibition and its c

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17

Minh, Truong Ngoc, Yusuf Andriana, Bui Quang Minh, Nguyen Quang Trung, and Chona de Guzman-Gelani. "Investigation of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in bioactive components of Jatropha podagrica stem bark." Journal of medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences 11, no. 2 (2022): 4527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55522/jmpas.v11i2.2236.

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This study was conducted to examine the activity of antioxidants against xanthine oxidase in bioactive extracts from Jatropha podagrica stem bark. Among the extracts, the EtOAc extract showed the strongest antioxidant activity and xanthine oxidase inhibition. Column chromatography isolation using different ratios of ‘ethyl acetate-hexane’ (2:8, 3:7, and 4:6) yielded five fractions (M1-M5), which were identified and confirmed in the previous study. Specifically, the fractions included methyl gallate and gallic acid (M1); methyl gallate, gallic acid, and fraxetin (M2); methyl gallate, fraxetin a

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18

Malik, Neelam, Priyanka Dhiman, and Anurag Khatkar. "In SilicoDesign and Synthesis of Targeted Curcumin Derivatives as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors." Current Drug Targets 20, no. 5 (2019): 593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450120666181122100511.

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Background: Curcumin is a well-known pharmacophore and some of its derivatives are shown to target xanthine oxidase (XO) to alleviate disorders caused by the excess production of uric acid. </p><p> Objective: Curcumin based derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential. </p><p> Method: In this report, we designed and synthesized two series of curcumin derivatives modified by inserting pyrazole and pyrimidine ring to central keto group. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant an

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19

Thipwong, Jaturon, Kittima Kongton, and Benjamas Nupan. "In Vitro Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) Leaf and Identification of Its Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors." Trends in Sciences 20, no. 2 (2022): 4201. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.4201.

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Hyperuricemia causes an excessive level of uric acid in the body, which leads to the formation of gouty arthritis and high uric acid-related diseases. To cure this condition, xanthine oxidase (XO), a key enzyme in uric acid production, was targeted. A routinely used XO inhibitor drug, allopurinol, has side effects. Therefore, an alternative XO inhibitor with a high activity and fewer side effects is strongly desired. In this research, we evaluated the XO inhibitory activity of Morinda citrifolia L. (noni) leaves extracted using 2 solvents, 95 % ethanol and water. The total phenolic and flavono

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20

Malik, Neelam, Priyanka Dhiman, and Anurag Khatkar. "In Silico and 3D QSAR Studies of Natural Based Derivatives as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 2 (2019): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666190206122640.

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<P>Background: A large number of disorders and their symptoms emerge from deficiency or overproduction of specific metabolites has drawn the attention for the discovery of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of disorders. Various approaches such as computational drug design have provided the new methodology for the selection and evaluation of target protein and the lead compound mechanistically. For instance, the overproduction of xanthine oxidase causes the accumulation of uric acid which can prompt gout. </P><P> Objective: In the present study we critically discussed t

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Arsul, Muhammad Ikhlas, Irda Fidrianny, and Muhamad Insanu. "Parang Romang (Boehmeria virgata (Frost.) Guill.): Correlation of Phytochemistry with Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 31, no. 3 (2024): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.31.3.457-464.

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Secondary metabolites such as phenolic and flavonoid from the plant are essential in their activity, especially activities related to the prevention of oxidation and the inhibition of xanthine oxidase. One plant that is believed to have prevention of oxidation and XOI and correlates with secondary metabolites is parang romang. The purpose of this study is to assess the antioxidant capacity and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of parang romang, and to examine their relationship with the TPC and TFC. Total phenolic and flavonoid were measured for all parts, and the DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC m

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Mohos, Violetta, Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl, and Miklós Poór. "Inhibition of Xanthine Oxidase-Catalyzed Xanthine and 6-Mercaptopurine Oxidation by Flavonoid Aglycones and Some of Their Conjugates." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9 (2020): 3256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093256.

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Flavonoids are natural phenolic compounds, which are the active ingredients in several dietary supplements. It is well-known that some flavonoid aglycones are potent inhibitors of the xanthine oxidase (XO)-catalyzed uric acid formation in vitro. However, the effects of conjugated flavonoid metabolites are poorly characterized. Furthermore, the inhibition of XO-catalyzed 6-mercaptopurine oxidation is an important reaction in the pharmacokinetics of this antitumor drug. The inhibitory effects of some compounds on xanthine vs. 6-mercaptopurine oxidation showed large differences. Nevertheless, we

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Tamariz, Leonardo, and Joshua M. Hare. "Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors in Heart Failure." Circulation 131, no. 20 (2015): 1741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.115.016379.

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24

Kumar, Raj, Darpan, Sahil Sharma, and Rajveer Singh. "Xanthine oxidase inhibitors: a patent survey." Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 21, no. 7 (2011): 1071–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543776.2011.577417.

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25

Zhelyabina, O. V., and M. S. Eliseev. "Xanthine oxidase inhibitors in asymptomatic hyperuricemia." Modern Rheumatology Journal 13, no. 4 (2019): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1996-7012-2019-4-137-142.

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Asymptomatic hyperuricemia (AHU) is a condition, in which the serum concentration of uric acid (UA) is increased (>420 μmol/l in men or >360 μmol/l in women) and there are no signs of the formation of urate crystals. The worldwide prevalence rate of AHU has been on the increase in recent decades: it has been detected in approximately every five inhabitants of the Earth. In 10% of adults, hyperuricemia (HU) occurs at least once in a lifetime. In the process of evolution, HU has been useful; it has contributed to the intellectual development of man, owing to the activation of neurostimulat

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26

Kobzar, Oleksandr, Iryna Mischenko, Alona Tatarchuk, et al. "Nitro-substituted aurones as xanthine oxidase inhibitors." Ukrainica Bioorganica Acta 16, no. 2 (2021): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/bioorganica2021.02.012.

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Aurone derivatives possessing a wide range of biological activities are of high interest in medicinal chemistry. Carboxylated aurones were found previously to inhibit xanthine oxidase, which is a potential target for treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. In this paper, a series of B-ring nitro-substituted aurone derivatives were studied in vitro as inhibitors of this enzyme. The introduction of hydroxyl group into the B-ring of nitro-functionalized aurones resulted in significant increase of their inhibitory potency. At the same time, aurones chlorinated at ring A and containing nitro and hydro

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Eddy, L. J., J. R. Stewart, H. P. Jones, T. D. Engerson, J. M. McCord, and J. M. Downey. "Free radical-producing enzyme, xanthine oxidase, is undetectable in human hearts." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 253, no. 3 (1987): H709—H711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1987.253.3.h709.

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Samples from four human hearts were analyzed for both their xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase content. We used the conventional spectrophotometric assay and a more sensitive fluorometric assay to determine the content of enzyme in these samples. In no case could any activity be detected. We conclude that human hearts must contain less than 2.0 nU/g of activity. This makes it unlikely that xanthine oxidase is a significant source of O2 free radicals in the ischemic human heart or that xanthine oxidase inhibitors will be of therapeutic value in that setting.

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Panoutsopoulos, Georgios I., and Christine Beedham. "Kinetics and specificity of guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase and bovine milk xanthine oxidase towards substituted benzaldehydes." Acta Biochimica Polonica 51, no. 3 (2004): 649–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2004_3550.

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Molybdenum-containing enzymes, aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase, are important in the oxidation of N-heterocyclic xenobiotics. However, the role of these enzymes in the oxidation of drug-derived aldehydes has not been established. The present investigation describes the interaction of eleven structurally related benzaldehydes with guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase and bovine milk xanthine oxidase, since they have similar substrate specificity to human molybdenum hydroxylases. The compounds under test included mono-hydroxy and mono-methoxy benzaldehydes as well as 3,4-dihydroxy-, 3-hydroxy

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Kim, Il Young, Dong Won Lee, Soo Bong Lee, and Ihm Soo Kwak. "The Role of Uric Acid in Kidney Fibrosis: Experimental Evidences for the Causal Relationship." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/638732.

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Hyperuricemia is a common finding in chronic kidney disease due to decreased uric acid clearance. The role of uric acid as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease has been largely debated, and recent studies suggested a role of uric acid in the causation and progression of kidney fibrosis, a final common pathway in chronic kidney disease. Uric acid and xanthine oxidase may contribute to kidney fibrosis mainly by inducing inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Besides, hyperuricemia induces alterations in renal hemodynamics via

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Tang, Dandan, Jinyi Zhang, Rongxin Zhou, et al. "Phosphorescent inner filter effect-based sensing of xanthine oxidase and its inhibitors with Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots." Nanoscale 10, no. 18 (2018): 8477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr01355a.

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Large bandgap semiconductor ZnS QDs (Mn-doped) were explored for inner filter effect-based sensing of xanthine oxidase and its inhibitors, due to the maximum spectral overlap between the absorption of uric acid (the enzymatic product of xanthine oxidase) and the excitation of Mn-doped ZnS QDs.

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Masuoka, Noriyoshi, Ken-ichi Nihei, Takayoshi Masuoka, Kouhei Kuroda, Kenji Sasaki, and Isao Kubo. "The Inhibition of Uric Acid Formation Catalyzed by Xanthine Oxidase Properties of the Alkyl Caffeates and Cardol." Journal of Food Research 1, no. 3 (2012): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v1n3p257.

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Xanthine oxidase inhibitors may serve as therapeutic agents for hyperuricaemia and/or oxidative stress. From our continuing investigation, we proposed that some inhibitors for reactions catalyzed by xanthine oxidase consisted of a head portion and a tail portion and that each portion had different functions for inhibition. In a previous study on the effect of alkyl gallates on the uric acid formation catalyzed by xanthine oxidase it was shown that the alkyl chain length needs to be longer than C<sub>6</sub> to exert inhibitory activity. In the current study, compounds having differ

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Kostić, Danijela A., Danica S. Dimitrijević, Gordana S. Stojanović, Ivan R. Palić, Aleksandra S. Đorđević, and Jovana D. Ickovski. "Xanthine Oxidase: Isolation, Assays of Activity, and Inhibition." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/294858.

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Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an important enzyme catalyzing the hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid which is excreted by kidneys. Excessive production and/or inadequate excretion of uric acid results in hyperuricemia. This paper presents a detailed review of methods of isolation, determination of xanthine oxidase activity, and the effect of plant extracts and their constituents on it. Determining the content and activities of XO can be used for diagnostic purposes. Testing inhibition of XO is important for detection of potentially effective compounds or extracts tha

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Zhou, Qian, Xiaoyan Li, Xiaohui Wang, et al. "Vanillic Acid as a Promising Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor: Extraction from Amomum villosum Lour and Biocompatibility Improvement via Extract Nanoemulsion." Foods 11, no. 7 (2022): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11070968.

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Gout is an oxidative stress-related disease. Food-derived vanillic acid, a promising xanthine oxidase inhibitor, could potentially be used as a safe, supportive, and therapeutic product for gout. The extraction of vanillic acid from a classic Chinese herbal plant Amomum villosum with ethanol was investigated in the study. The optimum conditions were determined as extraction time of 74 min, extraction temperature of 48.36 °C, and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:35 g·mL−1 using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental extraction yield of 9.276 mg·g−1 matc

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D’Errico, Antonio, Rosarita Nasso, Rosario Rullo, et al. "Effect of Hydroxytyrosol Derivatives of Donepezil on the Activity of Enzymes Involved in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Oxidative Damage." Molecules 29, no. 2 (2024): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020548.

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Monoamine oxidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitors represent useful multi-target drugs for the prevention, attenuation, and treatment of oxidative damage and neurodegenerative disorders. Chimeric molecules, constituted by naturally derived compounds linked to drugs, represent lead compounds to be explored for the discovery of new synthetic drugs acting as enzyme inhibitors. We have previously reported that seven hydroxytyrosol-donepezil hybrid compounds play a protective role in an in vitro neuronal cell model of Alzheimer’s disease. In this work, we analyzed the effects exerted by the hybrid c

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Sabandar, Carla Wulandari, Juriyati Jalil, Norizan Ahmat, and Nor-Ashila Aladdin. "Assessment of antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of Triadica cochinchinensis stem bark." Current Research on Biosciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (2019): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/crbb.2019.1.1/hzra413.

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Triadica cochinchinensis has been used traditionally to treat diseases related to oxidative stress. Nonetheless, little is known about its biological activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of this plant. For this purpose, qualitative phytochemicals, total phenolic, total flavonoid, antioxidant assays (DPPH and FRAP), and xanthine oxidase assay were evaluated towards methanol and organic fractions of its stem bark. Results showed the occurrence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins in the methanol extract. The extract

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Zdrenghea, Mihnea, Adela Sitar-Tǎut, Gabriel Cismaru, Dumitru Zdrenghea, and Dana Pop. "Xanthine oxidase inhibitors in ischaemic heart disease." Cardiovascular Journal of Africa 28, no. 3 (2017): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5830/cvja-2016-068.

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Zhu, Lun-Lun, Wen-Wei Fu, Shimpei Watanabe, et al. "Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors from Garcinia esculenta Twigs." Planta Medica 80, no. 18 (2014): 1721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1383193.

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NORO, TADATAKA, TAKESHI SEKIYA, MASAKO KATOH(nee ABE), et al. "Inhibitors of xanthine oxidase from Alpinia galanga." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 36, no. 1 (1988): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.36.244.

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Liu, Hong-Xin, Meng-Ting He, Hai-Bo Tan, et al. "Xanthine oxidase inhibitors isolated from Piper nudibaccatum." Phytochemistry Letters 12 (June 2015): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2015.03.005.

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Zhelyabina, O. V., and M. S. Eliseev. "Some opportunities of using xanthine oxidase inhibitors." Modern Rheumatology Journal 13, no. 1 (2019): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1996-7012-2019-1-114-120.

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Fais, Antonella, Benedetta Era, Shailendra Asthana, et al. "Coumarin derivatives as promising xanthine oxidase inhibitors." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 120 (December 2018): 1286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.001.

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Malik, Neelam, Priyanka Dhiman, Eduardo Sobarzo-Sanchez, and Anurag Khatkar. "Flavonoids and Anthranquinones as Xanthine Oxidase and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: A New Approach Towards Inflammation and Oxidative Stress." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 18, no. 25 (2019): 2154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666181120143050.

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The development of xanthine oxidase and monoamine oxidase inhibitors led to important breakthroughs in the therapy of oxidative damage, hyperuricemia, gout, neurological, neuropsychiatric disorders and management of reperfusion injury. Drugs obtained from natural sources play an important role in the treatment of various pathological disorders and act as a lead compound for the discovery of new synthetic drug substances. In this review, various pharmacological effects produced by the inhibition of xanthine oxidase and monoamine oxidase through natural and synthetic flavonoids as well as anthra

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Beiko, Alona V., Oleksandr L. Kobzar, Maryna V. Kachaeva, Stepan G. Pilyo, Vsevolod Yu Tanchuk, and Andriy I. Vovk. "Inhibition of Xanthine Oxidase by Pyrazolone Derivatives Bearing a 4-(Furan-2-yl)benzoic Acid Moiety." Journal of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 21, no. 4 (2023): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/ophcj.23.298726.

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The pyrazolone-based 4-(furan-2-yl)benzoic acids have been synthesized and studied as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. This enzyme is one of the therapeutic targets for the treatment of hyperuricemia and related diseases. The compounds studied have found to exhibit low micromolar IC50 values relative to the enzyme in vitro, depending on substituents in position 3 of the pyrazolone ring. However, the inhibitory effects observed are reduced in the presence of bovine serum albumin or Tween-80. Among the pyrazolone derivatives synthesized, 4-(5-((3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-yliden

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Chen, Yanming, Ya Gao, Fengshou Wu, Xiaogang Luo, Xiulian Ju, and Genyan Liu. "Computationally exploring novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors using docking-based 3D-QSAR, molecular dynamics, and virtual screening." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 44 (2020): 19276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj03221b.

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Zaahkouk, Samir A. M., Doaa A. Darwish, Hassan M. M. Masoud, et al. "Purification and Characterization of Xanthine Oxidase from Liver of the Sheep (Ovis Aries)." Journal of Antioxidant Activity 1, no. 4 (2019): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2471-2140.jaa-19-2699.

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Xanthine oxidase is a commercially important enzyme with wide area of medical applications to develop diagnostic kits. Xanthine oxidase was extracted, purified and characterized from sheep liver (SLXO). The purification procedure involved acetone precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephacryl S-300 columns. The sheep liver xanthine oxidase was homogeneously purified 31.8 folds with 3.5 U/mg specific activity and 24.1% recovery. SLXO native molecular weight was 150 kDa and on SDS-PAGE appeared as single major band of 75 kDa representing a homodimer protein. Isoelectric focusin

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Yuk, Heung Joo, Ji-Yul Kim, Yoon-Young Sung, and Dong-Seon Kim. "Phloroglucinol Derivatives from Dryopteris crassirhizoma as Potent Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors." Molecules 26, no. 1 (2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010122.

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Dryopteris crassirhizoma rhizomes are used as a traditional medicine in Asia. The EtOAc extract of these roots has shown potent xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity. However, the main phloroglucinols in D. crassirhizoma rhizomes have not been analyzed. Thus, we investigated the major constituents responsible for this effect. Bioassay-guided purification isolated four compounds: flavaspidic acid AP (1), flavaspidic acid AB (2), flavaspidic acid PB (3), and flavaspidic acid BB (4). Among these, 1 showed the most potent inhibitory activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)

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Panoutsopoulos, Georgios I., and Christine Beedham. "Enzymatic oxidation of phthalazine with guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase and liver slices: inhibition by isovanillin." Acta Biochimica Polonica 51, no. 4 (2004): 943–51. https://doi.org/10.18388/abp.2004_3527.

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The enzymes aldehyde oxidase and xanthine oxidase catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of N-heterocycles and aldehydes. These enzymes are widely known for their role in the metabolism of N-heterocyclic xenobiotics where they provide a protective barrier by aiding in the detoxification of ingested nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Isovanillin has been shown to inhibit the metabolism of aromatic aldehydes by aldehyde oxidase, but its inhibition towards the heterocyclic compounds has not been studied. The present investigation examines the oxidation of phthalazine in the absence and in the pres

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Becker, Lance B., Terry L. vanden Hoek, Zuo-Hui Shao, Chang-Qing Li, and Paul T. Schumacker. "Generation of superoxide in cardiomyocytes during ischemia before reperfusion." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 277, no. 6 (1999): H2240—H2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.6.h2240.

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Although a burst of oxidants has been well described with reperfusion, less is known about the oxidants generated by the highly reduced redox state and low O2 of ischemia. This study aimed to further identify the species and source of these oxidants. Cardiomyocytes were exposed to 1 h of simulated ischemia while oxidant generation was assessed by intracellular dihydroethidine (DHE) oxidation. Ischemia increased DHE oxidation significantly (0.7 ± 0.1 to 2.3 ± 0.3) after 1 h. Myxothiazol (mitochondrial site III inhibitor) attenuated oxidation to 1.3 ± 0.1, as did the site I inhibitors rotenone (

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El-Mekabaty, Ahmed, Hassan A. Etman, Ahmed Mosbah, and Ahmed A. Fadda. "Reactivity of Barbituric, Thiobarbituric Acids and Their Related Analogues: Synthesis of Substituted and Heterocycles-based Pyrimidines." Current Organic Chemistry 24, no. 14 (2020): 1610–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272824999200608134859.

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Barbituric, thiobarbituric acids and their related analogs are reactive synthons for the synthesis of drugs and biologically, and pharmaceutically active pyrimidines. The present review aimed to summarize the recent advances in the synthesis of different alkylsubstituted, fused cycles, spiro-, and binary heterocycles incorporated pyrimidine skeleton based on barbituric derivatives. In this sequence, the eco-friendly techniques under catalytic conditions were used for the diverse types of multicomponent reactions under different conditions for the synthesis of various types of heterocycles. Nan

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Mattila, Tiina. "Role of oxygen radicals in the bacteriostatic effect of whey and production of bacterial growth by free radical scavengers." Journal of Dairy Research 52, no. 1 (1985): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900023979.

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SUMMARYThe involvement of toxic oxygen intermediates in the bacteriostatic effect of milk was determined by producing bacterial growth curves using turbidimetry in the presence and absence of oxygen radical-scavenging substances. Using whey as substrate, catalase, haemoglobin combined with ascorbic acid and xanthine oxidase inhibitors all provided protection against oxygen toxicity for a strain ofStaphylococcus aureusand ofStreptococcus agalactiae. Superoxide dismutase and mannitol were less effective. This was evident in whey alone and in the presence of oxygen radicals produced exogenously b

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