Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Xaqa'

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Objetivou-se com este estudo, avaliar os efeitos de duas estrat?gias de pastejo intermitente, com 24 dias fixos de descanso e com 95% de intercepta??o luminosa em capim-xara?s. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental do Moura, pertencente ? Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), localizada no Munic?pio de Curvelo, Minas Gerais. Para a avalia??o das caracter?sticas produtivas, estruturais e bromatol?gicas foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo, com quatro ciclos de pastejo e duas estrat?gias de pastejo. Para o consumo dos animais foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3, sendo duas estrat?gias de pastejo e tr?s dias de ocupa??o, e para a taxa de lota??o utilizou-se o arranjo 2 x 4 (duas estrat?gias e quatro ciclos de pastejo). N?o houve efeito para as vari?veis: disponibilidade, estrutura e composi??o bromatol?gica da forragem, com exce??o para intercepta??o luminosa e prote?na bruta, onde o tratamento com IL obteve maior valor de intercepta??o luminosa (2,73% superior que o DF) e menor teor de PB (1,08% inferior ao tratamento DF). Para o consumo de mat?ria seca houve efeito (P<0,05) entre os dias de ocupa??o, sendo os maiores valores encontrados no primeiro dia (9,84 kg de MS) e os menores no terceiro dia de ocupa??o (6,21 kg de MS). A taxa de lota??o foi 0,76 UA maior para a estrat?gia de manejo com IL, quando comparada ao tratamento DF. Assim, tendo em vista a praticidade de ado??o, boas condi??es edafoclim?ticas, o manejo de pastejo com intensifica??o dos dias fixos apresenta grande potencialidade para uso de pasto.
Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Sa?de, Sociedade e Ambiente, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2014.
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two intermittent grazing strategies, with 24 fixed resting days and 95% light interception in Xara?s grass. The experiment was conducted at the Moura Experimental Farm, belonging to Universidade Feseral dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), in Curvelo, Minas Gerais. For the evaluation of productive, structural and nutritive characteristics, we used a completely randomized design with repeated measures in the time, with four grazing cycles and two grazing strategies. For consumption of animals, we used a completely randomized design, in a 2 x 3 factorial, with two grazing strategies and three days of occupation, and 2 x 4 scheme (two strategies and four cycles of grazing) for stocking rate. There was no effect for the variables: availability, structure and chemical composition of forage, except for light interception and crude protein, in which treatment with LI showed the highest value of light interception (2.73% higher than the fixed days) and lower content of CP (1.08% lower than the fixed days treatment). There was effect for dry matter intake (P <0.05) between the days of occupation, and the highest values found on the first day (9.84 kg DM) and the lowest on the third day of occupation (6.21 kg DM). The stocking rate was 0.76 AU added to the management strategy with LI compared to treatment fixed days. Thus, taking into account practicality of adoption, good soil and climatic conditions, grazing management with intensification of fixed days shows great potential for pasture use.

The aim of this study was to investigate, theoretically and experimentally, the W(O–2,6–C6H3Cl2)2Cl4 catalyst and to synthesise ‘cage’ alicyclic ligands that will help retain the catalyst during the membrane separation process. Furthermore, molecular modelling was used in order to explain the metal–ligand coordination, the active sites in carbosilane dendritic catalysts and to investigate the mechanistic steps of the W(O–2,6–C6H3Cl2)2Cl4 catalyst in the metathesis of 1–octene. The W(O–2,6–C6H3X2)2X4 (X = Cl, Br and Ph) catalytic system has been reported in literature, and the complex with X = Cl substituent was found to have higher activity than the complex with Br and Ph substituents. However, the complex with Br and Ph substituents were found to have high selectivity but lower activity. The metathesis of 1–octene by the W(O–2,6–C6H3Cl2)2Cl4 system was investigated and the results matched well with literature. A theoretical study was done on the metathesis mechanism of 1–octene in the presence of carbosilane dendritic catalysts and the W(O–2,6–C6H3Cl2)2Cl4 catalytic system. The electronic energy profiles were plotted by using a Potential Energy Surface (PES) scan. The preferred routes in the activation steps and in the catalytic cycles were predicted. The activation steps of the two carbosilane dendritic catalysts are different from the activation step of the W(O–2,6–C6H3Cl2)2Cl4 catalyst, but the catalytic cycle is in agreement with that of W(O–2,6–C6H3Cl2)2Cl4. Electronic energy gaps, orbital symmetry and the orientation of ligands or 1–octene with metal complexes were calculated and analysed. A striking observation is that in the coordination of the metal complex with either the ligand or 1–octene the smallest energy gap of the frontier orbitals is always between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) of the metal complex and the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) of the ligand/alkene. It was also observed on the energy profiles that the heptylidene species is more stable than the methylidene species. Two ‘cage’ alicyclic compounds which differ in their periphery, the “cage divinyl ether” and “cage diallyl ether” were synthesised and obtained in good yields. Attempts to synthesise dendritic catalysts/complexes with these ligands as cores of the dendritic catalysts were undertaken. An electrophilic addition reaction of HCl and Cl2 on the double bonds was observed. An energy gap analysis of these ligands with the W(O–2,6–C6H3Cl2)2Cl4 system was undertaken. It was found that the LUMO of W(O–2,6–C6H3Cl2)2Cl4 and the HOMO of the “cage alicyclic compounds” showed a good possibility of coordination. However, the orbital symmetry and orientation of the metal and ligand does not permit the coordination of the ligands with the metal complex. In–situ metathesis of “cage alicyclic compounds” as ligands with W(O–2,6–C6H3Cl2)2Cl4 as catalyst did not give any metathesis products.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

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Aiming to comprehend the issues related to the storyteller s performance on contemporary days, this essay analyzes the experience of XamaTeatro group, having as a reference the spectacle A carroça é nossa . In order for that, it is discussed about the historical path that has led to disappearance and resurgence of storytellers on urban centers, taking in consideration the concepts of memory, tradition and modernity as well as the studies concerning performance, performativity and theatricality on contemporary scene. The essay results from a qualitative investigation based on a narrative research on which I analyze the training laboratories and the spectacles performed by this research s object group.
Visando a compreender as questões relacionadas à performance do contador de histórias na contemporaneidade, o trabalho analisa a experiência do grupo Xama Teatro, tendo como referência o espetáculo A carroça é nossa. Para tanto, discorre sobre o percurso histórico que levou ao desaparecimento e ao ressurgimento dos contadores de histórias nos centros urbanos, levando em consideração os conceitos de memória, tradição e modernidade, assim como os estudos sobre performance, performatividade e teatralidade na cena contemporânea. O trabalho é resultado de uma investigação qualitativa com base na pesquisa narrativa em que analiso os laboratórios de formação e os espetáculos realizados pelo grupo objeto da pesquisa.

This study investigated management development as a task of school managers by focusing on: • the need for a new education management development approach in South African schools; • the nature and scope of management development; • the international and national perspectives on the education management development practice; • current education management development activities in Gauteng schools; and • an education management development model for Gauteng schools. The literature study exposed the need for a new education management development approach in South African schools, the nature, scope and major aspects of management development. Furthermore, management development approaches, techniques and methods as well as guidelines for a new holistic approach are described. The investigation into the education management development practice for school managers exposed advanced levels in this regard in the UK and USA. Malaysia, Zimbabwe and Namibia are engaged in customising effective programmes for school managers. South Africa is focusing on a holistic approach, with a significant step taken being, the establishment of the National Institute for Education Management Development. The empirical study consisted of a structured questionnaire distributed to a sample population of I 08 school principals, 80 deputy principals and 210 heads of departments to investigate their management development needs, experiences and activities. Main findings revealed a lack of training for school management, uncoordinated education management development programmes, with existing ones being reactions to crisis situations, and ill-defined management roles for school managers. School principals seem solely responsible for school management, thus exposing a need for a school-based management development approach. The management development model developed for Gauteng schools focuses on whole-school development, recognises the participatory management vision of the new education system, includes stakeholder involvement in education management development and provides school managers with a model that employs the ODE Quality Assurance Framework. The major recommendations flowing from this study include customising education management linguistics for South Africa, defining job descriptions for school managers, preparing and inducing school managers, setting education management qualifications for education management posts and institutionalising the National Institute for Education Management Development.
Thesis (PhD)--PU for CHE, 1999

O trabalho analisa os processos criativos da escritura do texto e escritura do corpo na rapsódia Minha Mãe Preta e nos espetáculos A Carroça é Nossa, A Besta Fera e As Três Fiandeiras, do grupo Xama Teatro. O grupo, com sede em São Luís, Maranhão, desenvolve seus espetáculos tendo como ponto de partida a arte de narrar. Nas produções artísticas do grupo ganha destaque a figura do ator-contador: aquele que canta, conta e fala, que reveza o narrador e a personagem, a primeira e a terceira pessoa. O ator-contador constrói seus passos a partir dos rastros dos rapsodos e griots, do sujeito épico, dos brincantes e narradores anônimos. Com o pé fincado na memória, na tradição e na oralidade, ele fala de si e também fala do outro; com o poder da palavra mescla histórias reais e ficcionais. Para a manifestação da figura do ator-contador são necessárias algumas condições. Entre elas: o uso de uma voz que evoca elementos ausentes; o pensamento do neutro que produz o espaçamento entre a fala e a ação; a noção do espectador como público-ouvinte; o uso de uma fala direta para o público; a criação autoral de obras com textos de vocação oral; a escrita de uma dramaturgia híbrida que mescla os modos épico, lírico e dramático; a inserção do dramaturgo-contador no processo de criação, de forma conjugada com os atores-contadores.
This research paper analyzes the creative processes of both text and body writings of the rhapsody Minha Mãe Preta (My Black Mother), and the presentations A Carroça é Nossa (The Cartwheel is Ours), A Besta Fera (The Stupid Beast), and As Três Fiandeiras (The Three Spinners). The Xama Teatro Group, established in the city of São Luís, in the State of Maranhão, develops its presentations having the art of narrating as its starting point. In its artistic productions, the character of the actor-storyteller stands out: he is the one that sings, tells stories and talks, switching from the persona to the narrator, from the first to the third person. The actor-storyteller builds up his steps as from the path of rapsodos and griots, from the epic subject, from the brincantes (players), and from the anonym narrators. With his foot planted in memory, tradition and orality, he speaks of himself and also speaks of others, combining both real and fictional stories. In order to manifest the character of the actor-storyteller, some settings are necessary. Among them: the use of a voice that evokes missing elements; the neutral thought that produces the spacing between speech and action; the notion of the observer being the public listener; the use of a direct speech to the public; the authorial creation of works with oral vocation texts; the writing of a hybrid dramaturgy that mixes the epic, lyric and dramatic modes; the insertion of the playwright-storyteller in the creation process, in a conjugated way with actors-storytellers.

Incluir a Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) como ag?ncia financiadora.
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A pecu?ria exerce uma grande import?ncia nas exporta??es brasileiras. ? uma atividade econ?mica desenvolvida em ?reas rurais que consiste na cria??o de gado, caracterizada pela depend?ncia no uso de pastagens devido ao menor custo de produ??o. Com isso ? necess?rio uma grande ?rea de pastagens bem estruturada e com folhas e perfilhos de boa qualidade para suprir as exig?ncias do rebanho, tendo com isso uma boa lucratividade. Atualmente, uma das esp?cies forrageira que se encontra amplamente difundida no pa?s, ? a Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha). Tal ocorr?ncia ? devida essa gram?nea, ter boa adapta??o a solos menos f?rteis, de textura arenosa e tolerar altas satura??es de alum?nio. Por?m, nas ?reas utilizadas para cultivo destas pastagens muitas se encontram com algum grau de degrada??o devido ? falta de manuten??o, em especial a falta de aduba??o e irriga??o. Propor tecnologias que auxiliem no desempenho dessas pastagens e proporcionem sua recupera??o torne-se essencial. Entre alternativas para diminuir a severidade desses problemas, o uso da irriga??o nos per?odos de veranicos pode ser uma t?cnica a ser usada, por?m existem regi?es no pa?s que a ?gua ? escassa e com isso essa t?cnica ? inv?lida. Outra op??o ? o uso de fertilizantes, por?m ? uma atividade de alto custo, com isso produtores procuram fertilizantes cada vez mais eficazes. O uso de fertilizantes organominerais vem se destacando, devido conter uma parte org?nica na sua formula??o e esta por sua vez, faz com que a libera??o dos nutrientes seja de forma mais lenta, promovendo menores perdas, al?m de auxiliar na reten??o de ?gua no solo.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017.
Livestock farming is of great importance in brazilian exports. It is an economic activity developed in rural areas that consists of the cattle raising, characterized by the dependence on the use of pastures due to the lower cost of production. This requires a large, well-structured pasture area with good quality leaves and tillers to meet the requirements of the herd, thus making a good profitability. Currently, one of the forage species that is widely distributed in the country, is Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha). Such occurrence is due to this grass, to have good adaptation to less fertile soils, of sandy texture and to tolerate high saturations of aluminum. However, in the areas used for cultivation of these pastures many are found to have some degree of degradation due to lack of maintenance, especially the lack of fertilization and irrigation. Proposing technologies that aid in the performance of these pastures and make their recovery become essential. Among alternatives to reduce the severity of these problems, the use of irrigation in summer periods may be a technique to be used, however there are regions in the country that water is scarce and thus this technique is invalid. Another option is the use of fertilizers, but it is a high-cost activity, with producers seeking more and more effective fertilizers. The use of organomineral fertilizers has been highlighted, due to the fact that it contains an organic part in its formulation and this, in turn, causes the release of nutrients to be slower, promoting lower losses, besides helping to retain water in the soil.

This dissertation explores the ways in which the poetry of Gabeba Baderoon, Ingrid de Kok and Makhosazana Xaba challenge the sexist discourses that allow for the exploitation of women‘s bodies. It will also examine how they re-imagine the script 1 of heterosexual romantic love which places women in a submissive position and closes down possibilities for human connections which do not fit within the narrow strictures of this notion of love. The poems selected come from Baderoon‘s two collections, The Dream in the Next Body (2005) and A Hundred Silences (2006), an anthology of Ingrid de Kok‘s poetry spanning all her previous collections entitled Seasonal Fires: New and Selected Poems (2006), and Makhosazana‘s Xaba‘s first poetry collection, These Hands (2005). All three of these contemporary, South African, woman poets present critiques of the sexual exploitation of women and offer explorations of romantic love, relationships and sexual intimacy alternative to contemporary, patriarchal heteronormativity. This analysis will take cognizance of the influence of apartheid and colonial history on the formation of gender politics. It will also examine the representation of women as sexual objects and the spectacularized and graphic depictions of sex and how these poets can be seen to re-present women and re-script sex. Whilst Baderoon and De Kok are concerned with re-imagining heterosexual romantic love and sexual intimacy, their rethinking of love can also be read as useful in engaging with 'queer'2 sexuality and romantic love outside of the heterosexual norm along with Xaba, who is concerned with lesbian desire. Finally, all three poets experiment with traditional poetic form and techniques and it is through this experimentation with poetic language, and the employment of what Julia Kristeva calls the semiotic, that these poets are able to re-imagine love and intimacy. Thus they might be said, to use Kristeva‘s phrase, to stage a 'revolution in poetic language'.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a influ?ncia de duas estrat?gias de pastejo de lota??o intermitente, dias fixos de rebrota??o (24 dias) e com desfolha??o aos 95% de IL sobre o consumo de forragem e produ??o do leite de vacas mesti?as Holand?s x Zebu, manejadas em pasto de capim-xara?s. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental do Moura, localizada no Munic?pio de Curvelo, Minas Gerais. Ambas as estrat?gias de pastejo avaliadas (dias fixos e 95% de IL), foram constitu?das por 9 piquetes de aproximadamente 3000 m?, nos quais os animais foram manejados por meio do m?todo de pastejo de lota??o intermitente. Foram utilizadas oito vacas lactantes como animais-teste, em quatro ciclos de pastejo. O ?xido cr?mico foi utilizado como indicador externo e como indicador interno. Foram utilizados a fibra insol?vel em detergente ?cido indigest?vel (FDAi) e a fibra em detergente neutro indigest?vel (FDNi), para determina??o do consumo da MS da forragem. Para isto foram utilizadas amostras do pasto ingerido (extrusa ruminal e pastejo simulado). Para avalia??o da produ??o de leite, foi utilizado o delineamento em Change-over, com efeitos de per?odos e para consumo de mat?ria seca foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 x 4, sendo duas estrat?gias de pastejo, tr?s dias de ocupa??o e quatro repeti??es (animais). As estrat?gias de manejo influenciaram a disponibilidade de massa de forragem pr?-pastejo, com m?dias de 715,6 e 566,4 Kg de MS/ha para IL 95% e DF, respectivamente. Esta diferen?a entre os tratamentos foi obtida sem que a dura??o m?dia dos ciclos fosse afetada, 27,3 e 27 dias para IL e DF, respectivamente, fato este que proporcionou o incremento de 26,3% na disponibilidade de forragem apenas com a estrat?gia de pastejo que preconiza os aspectos fisiol?gicos da planta para colheita. O acr?scimo na produ??o de forragem do tratamento baseado em 95% de IL em compara??o ao tratamento DF resultou em aumento de 11,4% na taxa de lota??o (4,14 e 3,72 UA/ha, respectivamente). A produ??o individual das vacas e a produ??o individual corrigida para 3,5% de gordura n?o foram afetadas pelas estrat?gias de pastejo. A produ??o de leite por unidade de ?rea (kg/ha/dia) foi superior (P<0,05) para o manejo IL, que apresentou 55,75Kg em rela??o ao manejo DF com 49,44Kg. O consumo de forragem n?o foi alterado pelas estrat?gias de pastejo. A estrat?gia de pastejo 95% de IL proporcionou maior taxa de lota??o e maior produ??o de leite por ?rea. O dia de ocupa??o no piquete altera o consumo de mat?ria seca e a produ??o de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2013.
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of two strategies intermittent stocking , fixed days of regrowth (24 days) and the 95 % defoliation IL on forage intake and milk production of crossbred Holstein x Zebu managed on xara?s grass pasture. The experiment was conducted at the Fazenda Experimental Moura, located in the municipality of Curvelo , Minas Gerais. Both grazing strategies evaluated (fixed days and 95% IL), consisted of nine paddocks of approximately 3000 m?, in which the animals were housed by the method of intermittent stocking. Eight cows lactating animals as test in four cycles of pasture. The chromic oxide was used as an external and internal indicator. It was used insoluble fiber, indigestible acid detergent (FDAi) and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (INDF) to determine the consumption of the MS fodder. For this we used samples of pasture intake (ruminal extrusa and simulated grazing). For evaluation of milk production was used in Change-over design , with effect from periods and for dry matter intake was used completely randomized design in a factorial 2 x 3 x 4, two grazing strategies, three days of occupation and four replicates (animals). Management strategies influenced the availability of herbage mass pre -grazing, with averages of 715.6 and 566.4 kg DM/ha for 95 % IL and DF, respectively. This difference between treatments was obtained without the average duration of the cycles were affected, 27.3 and 27 days for IL and DF, respectively, a fact which provided the increase of 26.3 % in forage availability only strategy grazing which advocates the physiological aspects of the plant to harvest. The increase in forage production treatment based on 95 % of IL compared to DF treatment resulted in 11.4% increase in stocking rate (4.14 and 3.72 AU/ha, respectively). The production of individual cows and individual production for 3.5 % fat were not affected by grazing strategies. The milk production per unit area (kg/ha/day) was higher (P < 0.05) for IL management, which had 55.75 kg compared to DF management with 49.44. The forage intake was not altered by grazing strategies .The strategy grazing 95 % of IL provided higher stocking rate and higher milk yield per day of occupation in area. One day of paddock occupation alter the dry matter intake and milk production corrected to 3.5 % fat.

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Fundação Ford
This work program of the Master of Social Sciences, Catholic University of Sao Paulo - PUCSP first contextualizes the Terena people in their historical trajectory from the output of the Paraguayan Chaco. The contact with Brazilian society to the present day, with the focus on the analysis of changes occurring in the cultural sphere of women's roles within their community Terena. Identify which elements were fundamental to this change, pointing to the functions and practices of women and their current social and political field in the village, absorbing new elements from outside, incorporating them into the cultural tradition as a sum. In the mid-nineties start an intensification of women's presence in discussions involving the internal issues. Participation in the sectors covering positions of command, such as associations of women presence in traditional leadership role in school education as teachers, principals of schools in the dual role: the school administration and articulating domestic and foreign policy, presence in universities and search the office of city councilor in the Brazilian national politics, giving a new signification of being a woman Terena
O presente trabalho de Mestrado do programa de Ciências Sociais da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUCSP, primeiramente contextualiza o povo Terena em sua trajetória histórica desde a saída do Chaco Paraguaio. O contato com a sociedade brasileira até os dias atuais, dando o enfoque na análise das transformações ocorridas no âmbito cultural dos papéis da mulher Terena dentro de sua comunidade. Identifica quais elementos foram fundamentais para esta mudança da mulher no campo social e político da aldeia, apontando para as funções e práticas tradicionais e suas atuais, absorvendo novos elementos vindos de fora, incorporando-os à tradição como soma cultural. Em meados da década de noventa inicia-se uma intensificação da presença das mulheres nas discussões que envolvem as questões internas. A participação nos setores que abrangem cargos de comando, tais como as associações das mulheres, presença na liderança tradicional, atuação na educação escolar como professoras, diretoras de escolas no duplo papel: administração escolar e articuladora da política interna e externa, presença nas universidades e a busca pelo cargo de vereadora na política nacional brasileira, proporcionando uma nova ressignificação do ser mulher Terena

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes)
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes intervalos de aplica??o de N e K2O, ap?s o corte, nas caracter?sticas estruturais e produtivas das cultivares Marandu e Xara?s de Brachiaria brizantha. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em casa de vegeta??o, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repeti??es. No experimento 1, ap?s o desbaste das plantas nos vasos, foram aplicadas doses semanais de 50 mg dm-3 de N e K2O, at? uma semana antes do corte de uniformiza??o, totalizando quatro aplica??es, e, ap?s o corte, foram aplicadas doses de 50 mg dm-3 de N e de K2O nos intervalos 0; 3; 6 e 9 dias, sendo as cultivares avaliadas com 44 dias de rebrota??o. No experimento 2, foi aplicada dose ?nica de 50 mg dm-3 de N de K2O, uma semana antes do corte de uniformiza??o e, ap?s o corte, foram aplicados 100 mg dm-3 de N e de K2O nos intervalos 0; 4; 8 e 12 dias, avaliando-se as cultivares com 39 dias de rebrota??o. No experimento 1, somente a produ??o de mat?ria seca e a rela??o l?mina/colmo foram influenciadas pelo intervalo de aplica??o dos adubos. J? no experimento 2, o n?mero total de folhas, o n?mero de folhas expandidas, o n?mero de folhas mortas e o comprimento laminar acumulado foram influenciados pelo intervalo de forma linear negativa, enquanto a produ??o de mat?ria seca apresentou resposta quadr?tica ao aumento do intervalo de aduba??o. Nas condi??es estudadas, conclui-se que a cv. Marandu apresenta maior n?mero de folhas e de perfilhos que a cv. Xara?s, que, por sua vez, apresenta maior altura, produ??o de mat?ria seca, rela??o l?mina/colmo e produ??o da rebrota??o. A aplica??o dos adubos nitrogenado e pot?ssico imediatamente ap?s o corte apresenta melhores resultados para as caracter?sticas estruturais, exceto para n?mero de folhas mortas. A produ??o de mat?ria seca por vaso e por planta ? maximizada com a aduba??o entre quatro e cinco dias ap?s o corte.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2009.
ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the effect of differents intervals of N and K2O application after the cut in the structural and productives characteristics of the cultivars Marandu and Xara?s of Brachiaria brizantha. Two experiments mere conducted in a greenhouse, in a 4x2 factorial scheme, in a randomized block design with four repetitions. In experiment one, after the plants thinning in the vases, were applied weekly dosage of 50 mg dm-3 of N and K2O, until one week before the standardized cut, in total of four applications, and after the cut, were applied doses of 50 mg dm-3 of N and of K2O, in the intervals 0; 3; 6 and 9 days, been the cultivars evaluated with 44 days of regrowth. In experiment two, were applied unique dose of 50 mg dm-3 of N and of K2O, one week before the standardized cut and, after the cut were applied 100 mg dm-3 of N and of K2O in the intervals 0; 4; 8 and 12 days, evaluating the cultivars with 39 days of regrowth. In experiment one, only the dry material production and the relation leaf-stem were influenced for the intervals of fertilizer application. Already in the experiment two, total number of leaves, number of expanded leaves, number of dead leaves and accumulated laminar length were influenced for the interval in a negative linear form way, while the dry material production presents a quadratic answer to adubation intervals increase. In studied conditions, the conclusion is that cultivar Marandu presents bigger number of leaves and of tillers than the cultivar Xara?s, that presents bigger height, production of dry material, relation leaf-stem and regrowth production. The nitrogen fertilizer and potassium application immediately after the cut presents better results for the structural characteristics, except for number of dead leaves. The dry material production per vase and per plant is maximized with the adubation between four and five days after the cut.

En la segunda mitad del siglo XVII, el clérigo ilicitano Ginés Campillo de Bayle (Elx, ca. 1640 — id., 19 de abril de 1711), desarrolló su labor literaria en el campo de la poesía, el teatro y la narrativa, al mismo tiempo que desempeñaba sus funciones eclesiásticas. Durante más de tres siglos, tanto el autor como su obra han permanecido casi ignorados, a pesar de encontrar referencias a ambos en numerosas publicaciones. Ginés Campillo de Bayle es el reflejo y ejemplo de una época de la literatura catalana en lengua castellana, que debe ser recuperada y tenida en cuenta dentro de un contexto determinado. El valor y riqueza literaria de estas aportaciones queda en la actualidad fuera de cualquier duda o prejuicio. Este trabajo intenta, por un lado, estudiar la figura y la obra de Ginés Campillo de Bayle y, especialmente, su novela más conocida, Gustos y disgustos del Lentiscar de Cartagena (Valencia, 1689), de la que se realiza, también su primera edición crítica. Contextualizada en una época concreta, en la que Ginés Campillo de Bayle forma parte de una extensa nómina de escritores con características semejantes, se recupera la obra para realizar un análisis profundo que refleja una recepción e influencias procedentes de uno de los períodos más destacados y significativos de las literaturas hispánicas: el Siglo de Oro castellano. A través de la obra de Ginés Campillo de Bayle no solo es posible asistir a un ejemplo y modelo de características y estilos previos definidos, sino a un completo paseo por un amplio abanico de influencias, tamizados a través de su particular filtro y su peculiar óptica, que hacen de esta obra un buen ejemplo de la literatura cortesana de las tierras hispánicas en el siglo XVII.

Incremental Sheet Forming (ISF) technology has been mainly applied on metallic sheets during the last years. ISF is used due to its flexibility, low costs, low batch production, production of complex geometries and customized prodcuts. For this reason ISF seems to be the ideal process for prosthesis production. The main objective of the thesis is to study the ISF technology, considering Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) and Two Point Incremental Forming (TPIF) variants, on biocompatible polymers to obtain a real customized cranial implant. The methodology is based on the following steps: a) Experimental work in SPIF to produce basic geometries using non-biocompatible and biocompatible polymers, b) Study of the influence of the process parameters, c) Case study: customized cranial implant. Achieving the objectives established in these stages will permit to improve the knowledge about ISF process in order to successfully manufacture customized implants at a low cost and reduced time-to-market
La tecnologia de deformació incremental de xapa (ISF) s’ha aplicat majoritàriament en metalls durant els últims anys. Aquesta tecnologia es caracteritza per la flexibilitat del procés amb costos baixos, producció en lots petits, obtenció de geometries complexes i personalització del producte, el que fa que un dels camps d’aplicació de la tecnologia sigui la fabricació de pròtesis. L’objectiu principal és el d’estudiar la tecnologia ISF, en les seves variants de Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) i Two Point Incremental Forming (TPIF), sobre polímers biocompatibles per obtenir una pròtesi de crani personalitzada. La metodologia es basa en: a) Experimentació en SPIF de geometries bàsiques utilitzant polímers no biocompatibles i biocompatibles, b) Determinació de la influència dels paràmetres de procés, c) Cas d’estudi: pròtesi de crani personalitzada. L’assoliment d’aquestes etapes permetrà obtenir satisfactòriament pròtesis personalitzades de crani amb un baix cost i un temps de fabricació reduït

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and global warming are the two main factors contributing to the current demand in clean and renewable energy resources. Biofuels are renewable energy resources and have an advantage over other renewable resources due to biofuels having a zero carbon footprint and most feedstock is abundant. The use of biofuels brought about major concerns and these include food, water and land security. The use of lignocellulose as bioethanol feedstock can provide a solution to the food, water and security concerns. Biofuels such as bioethanol can be produced from lignocellulose by breaking down the structure of lignocellulose liberating fermentable sugars. Amaranth lignocellulose has a potential to be used as a feedstock for bioethanol production because amaranth plants has a high yield of biomass per hectare, require very little to no irrigation and have the ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the viability of amaranth as a feedstock for bioethanol production by using alkaline assisted microwave pretreatment. Alkaline pretreatment of amaranth using Ca(OH)2, NaOH and KOH at various concentrations (10-50 g kg-1 of alkaline solution in water) was carried out at different energy input (6-54 kJ/g). The pretreated broth was enzymatically hydrolysed using Celluclast 1.5L, Novozyme 188 and Tween 80 at pH 4.8 and 50oC for 48 hours. The hydrolysate was further fermented to ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a pH of 4.8 and 30oC for 48 hours. The effect of microwave pretreatment on amaranth lignocellulose was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The monomeric sugars and ethanol were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A maximum sugar yield of 0.36 g/g of biomass was obtained for pretreatment with 30 g kg-1 Ca(OH)2 solution in water, 0.24 g/g of biomass was obtained for pretreatment with 50 g kg-1 NaOH solution in water and 0.21g/g of biomass was obtained for pretreatment with 50 g kg-1 KOH solution in water at 32 kJ/g of energy input. After enzymatic hydrolysis the yields increased to 0.43 g/g, 0.63 g/g and 0.52 g g-1 of biomass for Ca(OH)2 , KOH and NaOH pretreated biomass respectively. The highest ethanol yield obtained was found to be 0.18 g/g of biomass from fermentation of KOH pretreated broth. The ethanol yield obtained from fermentation of Ca(OH)2 and NaOH pretreated broth was 0.13 g/g of biomass and 0.15 g/g of biomass respectively. The results showed that an increase in concentration of alkaline solution and an increase in energy input liberate more sugars. A decrease in biomass loading was found to increase the total sugar yield. Pretreatment with KOH was found to liberate more pentose sugars than the other alkaline solutions. The morphological changes shown by the SEM images showed that microwave irradiation is effective in breaking the structure of amaranth lignocellulose. The structural changes shown by the FTIR also validated that alkaline bases were effective in breaking the lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose linkages and liberating more sugars in the process. This work has demonstrated the enormous potential that amaranth lignocellulose has on being a feedstock for bioethanol production.
MSc (Engineering Sciences in Chemical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

A Research Report to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Arts (Fine Art), 2016
The core of the study for this MA examines expressions and understandings of human dignity/seriti, in the work of Gerard Sekoto (1913-1993), Nhlanhla Xaba (1960-2003), Zwelethu Mthethwa (b.1960) and in my own paintings. As such, the study probes, analyses and questions the intentions, writings on and readings of these artists’ work, as well as appropriate and build on their visual and representational languages. Underlying the research is the idea of black consciousness, and quest for an ideology of a more human and equal South Africa. The subject of my paintings evolves around seriti in Sofaya, an informal settlement in the northeast of Johannesburg, which is not located on official maps of the city. I set out this study with the argument, that all human beings retain seriti as a quality that bestows respectability and equality to them. The practical component is comprised of paintings in oil. The work tries to capture a personal and spiritual quality that I call seriti through explorations of colour, paint mark, and texture. I am curious about the concept of seriti as seen through everyday experiences. I am moved by the imaginative ability of both Sekoto and Xaba’s images that weave communal and socio-political narratives to portray, positively, people’s capacity to outlive harsh and conflicting living conditions. As a result of these influences, I employ dynamic brushwork, poetic colours, and expressive forms in an attempt to portray the realities, agency, and the place of Sofaya.
MT2017

I declare that this research project is my own unaided work. It is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Arts in translation, at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other university.
This projeot examines Clive Wake's translation of Xala a neo-colonial French African novel by Sembene Ousmane' (1973) focusing on the manner in which the ideological content of the novel is approached and dealt with in translation. A comparison of passages in the source text chosen on the basis of their ideological contribution to the novel with the corresponding passages in this large text, forms the basis of the study. (Abbreviation abstract)
Andrew Chakane 2018

Text in French
Member of the union of black workers in the port of Marseille, in France, and an eyewitness to the misery of black workers in the European environment, Sembène Ousmane, in 1956, wrote, using his personal experiences, his first book entitled The Black Docker. In this novel, he describes the sufferings of the working class, the struggle between colonisers and colonised. In 1960, he uses as a pretext the strike of the Senegalese railway workers in 1937 to write a book entitled God's Bits of Wood. In this story where two forces clashed, on one hand, the colonised struggling against the colonial system and want, at all costs, to improve their living conditions, and on the other hand, the colonisers that are in support of their colonialist ideals and refuse the changes, the author tells the epic story of strikers in Senegal and their relentless struggles against the colonisers to change their living conditions for better. In 1973, an eyewitness of the daily realities of his native country, Senegal, after gaining national sovereignty, Sembène Ousmane wrote and published a book entitled Xala. In this book, he describes the evils of neo-colonialism and criticises the new African middle class, born after independence. After reading these novels, one notes that Sembène Ousmane, a defender of freedom, denounces the injustices done to the blacks, both in the colonial era as well as in the post colonial period. This is why from a book to another, he continues tirelessly his struggle against colonialism and neo-colonialism, evoking the sufferings and tragedies endured by the Africans. It occurs constantly in his imaginary creations, a theme, or better still a dialectical; commitment and militancy. What does he mean by « commitment » and « militancy » ? How do these two concepts manifest themselves in the works of the Senegalese writer? What strategy does he propose to the oppressed in the struggle against the oppressors? What means has he put at the disposal of the disinherited struggling to break the yoke of oppression and exploitation in order to achieve freedom and equality?
Membre du syndicat des travailleurs noirs, au port de Marseille, en France, et témoin oculaire de la misère vécue par les ouvriers noirs dans ce milieu européen, Sembène Ousmane, en 1956, écrit, en se servant de ses expériences personnelles, son premier ouvrage intitulé Le Docker noir. Dans ce roman, il décrit la souffrance de la classe ouvrière, la lutte entre colonisateurs et colonisés. En 1960, il se sert d’un prétexte, la grève des ouvriers sénégalais en 1937, pour écrire un ouvrage intitulé Les Bouts de bois de Dieu. Dans ce récit, où s’affrontent deux forces, d’une part les colonisés qui luttent contre le système colonial et veulent, à tout prix, l’amélioration de leurs conditions de vie, et d’autre part, les colonisateurs qui soutiennent les idéaux colonialistes et refusent le changement, l’auteur relate l’histoire épique des grévistes au Sénégal, et la lutte implacable qu’ils mènent contre les colonisateurs pour le changement de leurs conditions de vie. En 1973, témoin oculaire des réalités quotidiennes de son pays natal, le Sénégal, après son accession à la souveraineté nationale, Sembène Ousmane écrit et publie, un ouvrage intitulé Xala. Dans ce livre, il décrit les méfaits du néocolonialisme et critique la nouvelle classe bourgeoise africaine, née après l’indépendance. Après lecture des trois romans, on constate que Sembène Ousmane, défenseur de la liberté, dénonce les injustices faites aux Noirs, aussi bien à l’époque coloniale qu’à la période postcoloniale. C’est pourquoi, d’un ouvrage à l’autre, il continue, inlassablement, sa lutte contre le colonialisme et le néocolonialisme, en évoquant les souffrances et les drames endurés par les Africains. Il revient, constamment, dans ses créations imaginaires, à une thématique, ou mieux une dialectique, l’engagement et le militantisme. Qu’entend-il par « engagement » et « militantisme »? Comment ces deux lexèmes se manifestent-ils dans les écrits de cet écrivain sénégalais? Quelles stratégies propose-t-il aux opprimés dans la lutte qui les oppose aux oppresseurs? Quels moyens met-il a la disposition des déshérités en lutte pour briser le joug de l’oppression et celui de l’exploitation afin d’obtenir la liberté et l’égalité?
Linguistics and Modern Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (French)

Investigação para desenvolvimento de projeto artístico no domínio das artes visuais, partindo da análise de obras de minha autoria, sob o nome artístico de Xana. No processo exploratório inicial sistematizei as questões conceptuais e construtivas presentes, nomeadamente: as ideias e obsessões, as atitudes operativas e os valores éticos. Na fase de execução projetual realizei uma deriva entre essa reflexão e a prática artística, num processo experimental que relacionou ideias/formas visuais, imaginação, ética e os novos lugares e contextos de intervenção. Com esta estratégia desenvolveu-se um discurso pessoal, enunciouse a postura crítica à sociedade contemporânea e exerceu-se intervenção cultural. As obras criadas neste projeto são dispositivos ativos que se relacionam com as pessoas, com o espaço, numa poética em que acontece a propagação não linear da expressão visual numa pesquisa necessariamente idiossincrática, complexa e subjetiva. Talvez, por isso, foi decidido experimentar nos trabalhos finais a ideia de labirinto. Esta investigação situa-se no âmbito da especulação analítica e da prática das artes visuais, num processo de procura do belo dialogal e convulsivo que nos permita prosseguir a construção de uma “obra aberta”, de que já falava Umberto Eco, com uma ética estética alicerçada sobre os valores do amor, da liberdade e da sabedoria.

Text in French, with abstracts in French and English
Au lendemain des indépendances africaines, les écrivains tentent de dénoncer, sinon l’aliénation des intellectuels, du moins ce que le peuple désignait sous ce terme dans les excolonies françaises et belges. Le recours fréquent, dans la construction du récit, à la thématique de la faute de l’intellectuel se présente comme résultat d’un manquement au rôle qui lui revient. Pour mener à bien notre enquête, la théorie utilisée est l’Analyse de contenu thématique (A.C.T.) de Pierre Lannoy. Ce modèle aidera à cerner tout ce qui menace l’équilibre de l’édifice social. Cependant l’étude de l’aliénation des intellectuels a montré que l’émergence d’une crise semblable relève d’une série de causes complexes. Sa compréhension fait appel à de multiples champs scientifiques : sociologie, psychologie, économie, […] La seule solution est le compromis pour tous. C’est une vaine prétention que de vouloir établir ici un bilan exhaustif : l’étude de l’image de l’intellectuel ne peut qu’être évolutive.
In the aftermath of African independence, writers tried to denounce, if not the alienation of intellectuals, at least what people meant by this term in the former French and Belgian colonies. Frequent recourse to the theme of the fault of the intellectual in the construction of the narrative is presented as the result of a failure to fulfil the role that was assigned to him. To carry out our investigation, the theory used is Pierre Lannoy's Thematic Content Analysis (T.C.A.). This model will help to identify anything that threatens the balance of the social edifice. However, the study of the alienation of intellectuals has shown that the emergence of a similar crisis is due to a series of complex causes. Its understanding involves multiple scientific fields: sociology, psychology, economics, [...] The only solution is compromise for all. It is a vain claim to want to establish an exhaustive assessment here: the study of the image of the intellectual can only be evolutionary.
Classics and World Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (French)

This thesis titled, “Nature of Local Interactions at cisPro-Aro Peptide Sequences in Proteins: Evidences for van der Waals type Interactions. Design and Synthesis of Novel Covalent Surrogates for the Peptide Hydrogen Bond”, describes two important studies. The first is to gain a thorough understanding of the nature of interactions that govern cisPro stability at Pro-Aro sequences, which described in the first four chapters. The final chapter describes the synthesis of novel 4-carbon covalent surrogates for the peptide H-bonding interaction. Chapter 1: Local Interactions Governing cisPro Stability: Refining the Model Peptides Chapter 1 Section A: Understanding the role of inter-side chain CH•••Aro interaction in cis-trans isomerization at Pro-Aro and Aro-Pro Sequences. This chapter is divided into two sections. In the first section an exhaustive overview of earlier investigations into the nature of local interactions at Xaa-cisPro-Aro and Aro-cisPro-Xaa peptide sequences, by various groups, are discussed. Most studies have found evidence for the close assemblage between side chains of residues flanking cisPro motifs, when at least one of them is an aromatic group. An electronic C-H•••π nature has been proposed for these assemblies and they are proposed to influence the cisPro stability. We highlight those features in these studies that indicate that these interactions are not always electronically tunable, are insensitive to presence of strong chaotropes in the solvent and occur at protein sequences lacking Pro or cisPro; all of which contradict the electronic C-H•••π model for these inter-side chain assemblages and their perceived influence on cisPro stability. Chapter 1 Section B: Investigation of the Nature of H Xaa•••Aro interaction at Xaa-Pro-Pro-Phe-sequences In Section B, we design and synthesize Pro-Aro containing short peptide models to investigate the nature of local C-H•••Aro interactions in them. We synthesize a series of homologous Pro-Pro-Aro containing peptides (modeled based on earlier studies) and investigate the relative populations of its four Xaa-Pro rotamers using extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques including TOCSY, HSQC and ROESY. We find several drawbacks that make this a relatively deficient model. Firstly, their relative populations of the rotamers (the most important data for current investigation) cannot be determined with high fidelity as they are dependent on the solvent polarity, solute concentration and chemical shift degeneracy of crucial NMR signals for the rotamers. Importantly, the populations of a few rotamers are influenced by strong 13-membered ring backbone H-bonds. Notably, some of the cisPro rotamers do not even contain the inter-side chain assembly, whose nature is under investigation. Design of novel models – unconstrained by H-bonds We design the Acyl-Pro-Pro-Aro-OMe peptides that lack the possibility of forming the 13-membered ring H-bonded structures. Thorough 1D and 2D NMR analyses of these models reveal that strong Type VI β-turn type 10-membered ring H-bonds are formed in the rotamers of these models – hence precluding their applications for current study. Interestingly, the relative rotamer populations are strongly influenced by solvent polarity and are entirely different from those of the corresponding C-terminal amide models. We further discover that the Pro-Pro-Aro motif is not essential to express the inter-side chain interactions – Ala-Pro-Aro are sufficient. Formation of the 10-membered H-bonding interactions, however, are not precluded. Chapter 2: Design and Synthesis of Acyl-Pro-Phe-OMe: Novel models to investigate the role of HαXaa•••Aro interactions on Xaa-cisPro-Aro stability. Chapter 2 Section A: Design, Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Ibu-Pro-Phe-OMe Chapter 2 is divided into two sections. In Section A, we replace the amino acid at the N-terminal of the putative Pro residue with simple isosteric isobutyryl group, the resulting minimalist dipeptide model shows the exclusive influence of desired inter-side chain interactions in the cisPro rotamer. Solvent polarity and temperature coefficient studies reveal that absence of any intramolecular H-bonding or Oπ* interactions in it. 1D and 2D NMR analyses clearly indicate the close proximity between the side chains of Ibu and Phe exclusively in the cisPro rotamer. The Kc/t value decreases upon mutation of Phe to Ala. All these features favor the Ibu-Pro-Phe-OMe as an ideal minimalistic model for investigating the nature of Ibu•••Ph assemblages in the cisPro rotamer. Chapter 2 Section B: Investigation of CH•••Aro /Alp•••Alp interactions in Ibu-cisPro-Xaa-OMe In Section B, the 1D and 2D NMR analyses of the complete set of the aliphatic and aromatic analogues Ibu-Pro-Xaa-OMe were investigated. DMSO-d6 was found to be the best solvent for mimicking both the folded and the unfolded local environments of these short peptide sequences. The HαIbu•••Aro assemblage is observed in Aro analogues, but cannot be electronically tuned. The aliphatic analogues also surprisingly contain the HαIbu•••Alp interactions! The Kc/t values (cisPro %) increase in the aliphatic analogues too, where the aliphatic side chain is long. Increase in cisPro stability is not due to ring current effects or intramolecular H-bonds or Oπ* interactions. It seems to be due to van der Waals type interactions between the involved side chains, either of which need not be aromatic in nature. Chapter 3: Nature of Inter-Side Chain Interactions at Acyl-cisPro-Aro Sequences: Evidence for van der Waals Interactions Chapter 3 Section A: Investigation of nature of inter-side chain interactions in R-CO-cisPro-Phe-OMe Chapter 3 has two sections. Section A describes the systematic design and synthesis of Acyl-Pro-Phe-OMe homologues where first the steric bulk and hence the surface area of the aliphatic side chain of the acyl group is varied. Interaction of the phenyl ring of Phe seems to occur with the Cα-Cβ σ-bond of the acyl group. Branching at either Cα or Cβ seems to destabilize the cisPro rotamer. Aliphatic•••Aromatic interactions overwhelm the cisPro rotamer population to be greater than that of transPro. In the analogues where the acidity of the acyl Cα-H bond is increased, the Kc/t does not increase correspondingly. The Δδ(trans-cis) ppm shifts of HαAcyl protons are dependent exclusively on its acidity rather than on the Kc/t values. In carbamyl-Pro, which entirely lack the HαAcyl proton, the Kc/t values are significantly high and improve as the aliphatic surface on the alkoxy group increases. Introduction of benzyloxy carbamyl group at Pro renders almost the same Kc/t values as that of ethyloxy carbamate. All these data contradict the C-H•••π interaction model and strongly support a van der Waals type interaction between the Acyl (preceding cisPro) group’s Xα-Yβ σ-bond and the Aro or Alp side chains (succeeding cisPro). Chapter 3 Section B: Evidence for the Van der Waals nature of Inter Side Chain (Acyl•••S.C.Aro/Alp) interactions- Determination of Interactions energies In Section B, a thorough investigation of both aliphatic•••aliphatic and aliphatic•••aromatic interactions on the background of homologous Acyl-Pro-Aro/Alp-OMe peptide models is undertaken. These models uniquely allow the delineation of contribution of the van der Waals interactions and the ring current effects to the cis/trans isomerization in these peptides. We see that the energy of the van der Waals component of these aliphatic•••aliphatic and aliphatic…aromatic interactions increase linearly with increase in Kc/t, in both DMSO-d6 and D2O. On other hand, energy from the ring current effects largely remains invariant. The Acyl•••Aro/Alp interactions are not hydrophobic and are facilitated by conformational effects. Chapter 4: Crystallographic evidence for van der Waals interaction-mediated stabilization of cisPro conformers Chapter 4 Section A: Systematic crystallization and crystal structure analyses of homologous Xaa-cisPro-Alp and Xaa-cisPro-Aro rotamers: Evidence for van der Waals interactions Chapter 4 has two sections, both of which present crystallographic evidence for the van der Waals nature of the Xaa•••Aro interactions at Xaa-cisPro-Aro sequences. Section A describes the unique crystal structures of five of the Acyl-Pro-Alp-OMe analogues that have been synthesized in the current study. All of them remarkably crystallize with two features: 1) the Acyl-Pro peptide bond adopts the cisPro rotamer in all; and 2) the aliphatic side chains of the acyl group and the Alp side chain are involved in van der Waals type interactions. The cisPro rotamers of even the bulkiest motifs, namely Ibu-Pro-Val-OMe, Piv-Pro-Ile-OMe and Piv-Pro-Leu-OMe crystallize, stabilized by van der Waals packing between aliphatic groups of the acyl and the Leu/Ile/Val side chains. Where the side chains are not long enough to make sub-van der Waals contacts with each other, their acyl C′-Cα σ-bond rotations are restricted due to Oσ* interactions involving the charge on the acyl carbonyl O. Where this occurs, the short space between the acyl and Alp side chains are filled in by aliphatic groups from neighbouring molecules at sub van der Waals distances. The Pro, Alp and χ1(Alp) dihedral angles are restricted to narrow range of values, irrespective of the length of Alp side chain, indicating that this backbone conformation is a conformational minimum when i+3i backbone H-bond is removed, with Pro at the i+1st position. This is further substantiated in Piv-Pro-Gly-OMe, which crystallizes in trans-Pro form, but still adopts similar backbone dihedral angles in spite of lacking any Alp side chain for interactions with the acyl group. Three of the Acyl-Pro-Aro-OMe models also crystallize in cisPro rotamer forms – both exhibit van der Waals type contacts between the Acyl group and backbone of Phe, rather than the aromatic ring of Phe. The phenyl ring of Phe may or may not form intramolecular Ph•••Pro inter-side chain contacts – which is not a pre-requisite for cisPro stabilization. No C-H••• interactions are observed anywhere in these peptides – van der Waals type contacts alone predominate in all cases. There are no abnormal distortions in bond angles or lengths even in the most sterically hindered cases, signifying that the conformations of these cisPro rotamers involving aliphatic•••aliphatic type contacts are natural minima. Chapter 4 Section B: Mining the PDB for Statistical Evidence of van der Waals interactions Section B of chapter 4 describes the data mining and statistical analyses of Xaa-cisPro-Phe, Xaa-cisPro-Val and Xaa-cisProLeu sequences in the PDB. The PEARL program was used to mine the PDB data. The overall frequency of 5.3% for appearance of cisPro among all Xaa-Pro peptide bonds, improves when Xaa is Phe or Tyr. However, several anomalies highlight the need for refining the analyses set to only those sequences where the side chains of Xaa and Aro/Alp face each other. In this refined set, clearly, inter side chain Xaa•••Alp/Aro contacts take precedence over even Aro•••Pro interactions at Aro-cisPro sequences (where Xaa is Aro). The Phe and the Leu side chains induce similar conformational effects on the preceding Xaa-Pro backbone. So does Val. Strong aliphatic•••aliphatic inter side chain contacts at van der Waals distances are observed to flank cisPro in several proteins. Substitution at the Cα of Xaa governs the proximity of the approaching side chain of Alp / Aro residue. The Cα-H of Xaa steers away from the Aro side chain at Xaa-Pro-Phe sequences, as the Aro group gets closer to it – implying the absence of ordered C-H••• contacts between them. There is consistent parallel alignment between Cα-Cβ -bond of Xaa and the C -C bond of the approaching side chain of Alp or Aro group – clearly highlighting the presence of van der Waals type interactions between them. All these evidences clearly point towards the van der Waals nature of local interactions at cisPro-Aro/Alp peptide sequences. Chapter 5: A novel 4-carbon covalent surrogate model for peptide H-Bond Chapter 5 describes the design and synthesis of novel 4-carbon covalent surrogates for the peptide H-bond (HBS). These surrogates would allow the unique constraining of two peptide strands in their extended conformations. The covalent HBS contain four orthogonal functional groups for independent extension at all of the four ends – similar to an endogenous inter-strand peptide H-bond. The synthesis of the surrogate is achieved by directly using natural chiral amino acid derivatives, beginning from amino alcohols obtained from reduction of desired amino acids. Suitably N-protected alcohols undergo oxidation to aldehyde followed by Grignard addition of allyl magnesium bromide, TBDMS protection of the homoallylic alcohol and reductive ozonolysis of the olefin to get a primary alcohol which is subject to Fukuyama-Mitsunobu reaction with desire protected peptide. The residue preferences that produce strongest inter-strand H-bonds were explored. The designed 4-carbon covalent HBS was incorporated using this methodology in a Gramicidin-S analogue, its first structural mimic containing only a single turn motif. This HBS model will have wide applications for constraining peptides in a number of secondary structures.

Online shopping gained importance with the increase in Internet adoption. The development in the e-commerce industry, with opportunities created for retailers, demanded research on factors influencing online shopping behaviour. The purpose of the study is to determine factors influencing consumers’ behaviour towards online shopping for consumer electronics in Gauteng, South Africa. The study employs a descriptive research methodology involving a quantitative research design. The study adopts a convenience sampling method for collecting data by intercepting individuals in Cresta Mall in Johannesburg and Sunnypark Shopping Centre in Pretoria. Self-administered, printed questionnaires were distributed, and data were collected from 207 respondents. This research followed the correct protocol for administering surveys, questionnaire design, measures to ensure data integrity and appropriate analysis strategy, providing reliable and valid research. The data were subjected to factor analysis and the descriptive statistics were also conducted. The parametric, independent sample T-test and Analysis of variance tests were employed for hypothesis testing. The study results suggested that demographic, utilitarian and hedonic factors affect consumers’ online shopping behaviour. This study concludes that demographic factors affect online shopping consumer behaviour traits of electronic goods. It also found statistical differences amongst demographic factors, against hedonic and utilitarian factors. The study also tested whether utilitarian values influence consumer behaviour towards online buying of electronic goods, concluding the existence of a significant relationship between utilitarian values towards online shopping behaviour. Lastly, the study determined if hedonic factors influence consumer behaviour when shopping online. It is concluded that hedonic factors influence consumer behaviour when shopping online. Findings of this study provide a positive contribution to e-commerce research in South Africa by assessing practices of online consumers and factors influencing online shopping adoption. The study recommends further longitudinal research concerning customer behaviour towards online shopping while supporting further studies to focus on the identified factors influencing online shopping.
Ku xava eka inthanete ku vile ka nkoka ku ya hi engetelo wa inthanete. Nhluvukiso eka swa indhasitiri yo xava hi inthanete, ni ku tumbuluxiwa ka miintirho ka vaxavisi, ndzavisiso wa swilo swo kucetela mahanyelo yo xava hi xielekitironiki. Nkongomelo wa dyondzo leyi i ku kumisisa swilo leswi kucetelaka mahanyelo ya vatirhisi loko va xava eka inthanete switirisi swa xielekitironiki eGautengi, Afirika-Dzonga. Dyondzo yi tirhisa endlelo ya ndzavisiso wo hlamusela hi ku hlawulekisa ku katsa na dizayini ya ndzavisiso wa nhlayonhlayo. Dyondzo yi tirhisa endlelo ra kahle ro sampula ku hlengeleta data hi ku vutisisa vanhu emolweni wa le Joni wa Cresta na Senthara ya Sunnypark yo Xava ePitori. Swivutiso leswi u swi lawulaka, no swi kandziyisa swi hangalasiwile, na swona data yi hlengeletiwile ku sukela ka 207 wa vavutisiwa. Ndzavisiso wu landzelerile maendlelo yo hetiseka ku lawula milavisisontsongo, tidizayini ta swivutiso, swipimelo ku endlela leswaku data yi va hi xiyimo xa kahle na xitirateji analysis lexinene, lexi nyikaka ndzavisiso lowu kamberiweke no khorwisa. Data a yi fanele ku analayiziwa na nhlayonhlayo wo hlamusela hi ku hlawulekisa wu endliwile. Mimbuyelo ya ndzavisiso yi nyikile miehleketo ya leswaku nhlayonhlayo ya vanhu na swilo swa utilitarian na hedonic swi khumbaka mahanyelo ya vatirhisi yo xava emolweni hi xielekitironiki. Dyondzo leyi yi gimeta leswaku swilo swa nhlayo ya vanhu hinkwavo swi khumbanaka mahanyelo yo xava tinhundzu Ku kumeka na ku hambana ka nhlayonhlayo exikarhi ka nhlayo ya vanhu hinkwawo mayelano na timhaka ta hedonic no tirhiseka. Dyondzo yi kamberile loko mikoka ya swithirisiwa yi kucetela mahanyelo ya vanhu eku xaveni ka tinhundzu hi xielekitironiki, no gimeta vukona bya nkoka wa vuxaka exikarhi ka mikoka yo tirhiseka ka mahanyelo yo xava hi xielekitironiki. Xo hetelela, dzondzo yi kumisisa loko timhaka ta hedonic ti kucetela mahanyelo ya vatirhisi loko va ri ku xaveni hi xielekitironiki. Ku gimetiwile leswaku timhaka ta hedoniki ti kucetela mahanyelo ya vatirhisi loko vax ava hio xielekitironiki. Leswi swi nga kumeka ka dyondzo swi na xiave xa kahle ka ndzavisiso wa e-commerce eAfirika-Dzonga hi ku xopaxopa mintolovelo ya vatirhisi ya xielekitironiki na timhaka to kucetela ku tirhisa ku xava ka xielekitironiki. Dyondzo yi bumabumela ku yisa emahlweni na ndzavisiso wa longitudinal mayelana mahanyelo ya vashavi eka ku xava hi xielekitironiki na ku seketela ku yisa emahlweni tidyondzo to kongomisa ka timhaka to kucetela ku xava eka inthanete.
Business Management
M. Com (Business Management)