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Journal articles on the topic 'Xenophobism'
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1
Adetiba, Toyin Cotties. "Migration policy implementation and its politics in South Africa." EUREKA: Social and Humanities, no. 3 (May 31, 2022): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2022.002383.
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Globally, migration is to a certain degree an important and highly debated political topic among scholars because of its peculiarity to human movement and relationship between states. Migration is fundamental to liberal democracies and a function of the international system of states. Following the demise of the apartheid system and the adoption of inclusive governance in South Africa in 1994, the country has continued to witness an influx of migrants. However, the call for the deportation and rejection of migrants amongst South Africans has continued to increase with black foreign nationals at the receiving end, sometimes openly or clandestinely done by government officials. Using a qualitative research method, underpinned by the following questions (i) Is South Africa playing politics with its migration policies, while surreptitiously legalizing xenophobism? (ii) Can well-managed migration policies allay the fears of foreign nationals, particularly the blacks in South Africa? (iii) What effects would anti-immigrants’ laws and attitudes have on South Africa’s relations with other [African] countries? The paper argued that South Africa’s preoccupation with restrictionism policies, driven by xenophobism and political interest, seems to have compromised inroads for immigrants that are very important to its economic growth, concluding that unless the rhetoric of a perceived socio-economic threat, posed by migrants, is countered effectively, South Africa’s economies stand to lose out substantially from the implementation of anti-immigration policies.
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Adetiba, Toyin Cotties. "Migration policy implementation and its politics in South Africa." EUREKA: Social and Humanities, no. 3 (May 31, 2022): 91–103. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2022.002383.
Full textAbstract:
Globally, migration is to a certain degree an important and highly debated political topic among scholars because of its peculiarity to human movement and relationship between states. Migration is fundamental to liberal democracies and a function of the international system of states. Following the demise of the apartheid system and the adoption of inclusive governance in South Africa in 1994, the country has continued to witness an influx of migrants. However, the call for the deportation and rejection of migrants amongst South Africans has continued to increase with black foreign nationals at the receiving end, sometimes openly or clandestinely done by government officials. Using a qualitative research method, underpinned by the following questions (i) Is South Africa playing politics with its migration policies, while surreptitiously legalizing xenophobism? (ii) Can well-managed migration policies allay the fears of foreign nationals, particularly the blacks in South Africa? (iii) What effects would anti-immigrants' laws and attitudes have on South Africa's relations with other [African] countries? The paper argued that South Africa's preoccupation with restrictionism policies, driven by xenophobism and political interest, seems to have compromised inroads for immigrants that are very important to its economic growth, concluding that unless the rhetoric of a perceived socio-economic threat, posed by migrants, is countered effectively, South Africa's economies stand to lose out substantially from the implementation of anti-immigration policies.
3
Gweryina, Reuben Iortyer, Emilian Chinwendu Madubueze, and Simon James Ogaji. "Modeling the Phenomenon of Xenophobia in Africa." Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental Sciences 53, no. 2 (2021): 261–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/j.math.fund.sci.2021.53.2.7.
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In this study, we applied the principle of a competitive predator-prey system to propose a prey-predator-like model of xenophobia in Africa. The boundedness of the solution, the existence and stability of equilibrium states of the xenophobic model are discussed accordingly. As a special case, the coexistence state was found to be locally and globally stable based on the parametric conditions of effective group defense and anti-xenophobic policy implementation. The system was further analyzed by Sotomayor’s theory to show that each equilibrium point bifurcates transcritically. However, numerical proof showed period-doubling bifurcation, which makes the xenophobic situation more chaotic in Africa. Further numerical simulations support the analytical results with the view that tolerance, group defense and anti-xenophobic policies are critical parameters for the coexistence of foreigners and xenophobes.
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Salman and Dr. Rani Tiwari. "Antisemitism in Umberto Eco’s The Prague Cemetery." Creative Launcher 7, no. 2 (2022): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2022.7.2.08.
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The present paper focuses on the history of antisemitism and exploring it in the novel, The Prague Cemetery by Umberto Eco. Gradual development of antisemitism and conspiracy theories related to it will also be analysed in this paper. Umberto Eco's realistic portrayal of the then European society and various conspiratorial events and cover ups will also be dealt in the paper. The comparison between forging of the antisemitic text Protocols of The Learned Elders of Zion and its hate spreading message and use of it by Hitler as well as the main character Simone Simonini will also be done. A comparison will also be made between the condition of 19th century Italy and 20th century Germany. Simone Simonini's acquired antisemitism, xenophobism and conspiracy theory against the secret society The Freemasonry will also be analysed through the textual lines of the novel.
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Chtouris, Sotiris, Anastasia Zissi, George Stalidis, and Kostas Rontos. "Understanding Xenophobia in Greece: A Correspondence Analysis." European Journal of Sociology 55, no. 1 (2014): 107–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975614000058.
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AbstractStudies of xenophobia have focused either on socio-economic context that accentuates xenophobic attitudes or on perceptions of immigrants, namely symbolic and realistic threats as well as on social distance from immigrants. This study examines closely the relationship among various components of xenophobia and their contribution in the formation of particular xenophobic groups. The analysis identified four different xenophobic groups, i.e. a) The distant xenophobic group, b) The core xenophobic group, c) The subtle xenophobic group and d) The ambivalent xenophobic group. The groups’ profiles are synthesized through negative, neutral and positive properties of overall attitudes towards immigrants, perceived threats, political xenophobia, social distance, authoritarian attitudes and individual social characteristics. The survey results demonstrate that a multidimensional conceptualization of xenophobia is needed both at the level of objective social condition and of individual and collective perceptions.
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Tocar, Sebastian. "CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: NATIONALIST-XENOPHOBIC ATTITUDES." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 8, no. 2 (2022): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-2-146-152.
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Cultural characteristics related to the values of national identity (patriotism, nationalism) and attitudes toward other peoples (xenophobia) represent important elements of cultural specificity that influence various dimensions of socioeconomic life, including economic processes. Unfortunately, these specific characteristics are not often investigated, especially in this context, probably because of the difficulty of quantifying them and the general sensitivity of the topic. This study presents an original approach to the study of nationalist-xenophobic attitudes and their relationship to foreign direct investment (FDI). The aim of this study is to identify theoretical benchmarks for approaching the topic of nationalism-xenophobia, to develop a synthetic indicator to quantify nationalism-xenophobic attitudes, and to highlight the mechanism of their influence on FDI attraction. The methodology used for conducting this research comprises the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction (for logical connections and theoretical argumentation), weighted average technique (for the elaboration of Nationalism-xenophobia Index), Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of internal consistency (to test the reliability of the construct) and Pearson correlation coefficient (for the correlation analysis). The author's contributions include a study of the relationship between nationalist and xenophobic sentiments, the development of the Nationalism-xenophobia Index, an indicator of the intensity of these sentiments in society, an analysis of the relationship between nationalism-xenophobia relations and the amount of FDI attracted per capita, the identification and explanation of the cultural mechanism by which nationalist and xenophobic sentiments influence various phenomena, including FDI. Logical-theoretical assumptions and arguments are confirmed by the results of quantitative data analysis. The findings of the study confirm that the cultural characteristics associated with nationalism and xenophobia represent important elements of cultural specificity that influence economic processes, including FDI. Numerous studies show that the nationalist dimension of ethnocentrism is closely related to xenophobia. Analysis of countries' scores on the nationalism-xenophobia index depending on the dominant Christian denomination and the presence of a communist past shows a link between nationalist-xenophobic, Orthodox (and, to a lesser extent, Catholic) values and the values of communist ideology, which negatively affect FDI attraction. Furthermore, nationalist-xenophobic attitudes have a negative impact on FDI attraction, both directly and indirectly, showing a strong negative impact.
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Khumalo, Matheogela J., and Emeka E. Obioha. "Role of Tshwane Metropolitan Police in The Prevention and Control of Xenophobia-Related Crimes." Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (2023): 105–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.62343/cjss.2016.160.
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The purpose of the study is to analyze the role of Tshwane Metropolitan Police in prevention and control of xenophobic related crimes in Tshwane. Based on a simple random sampling approach, a structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from the sample of forty-five respondents who have once been involved in xenophobia in South Africa. Results derived from partici-pants’ responses were presented and reported based on frequencies. For both the primary dimensions and the overall sample, the Keiser-Meyer Olkin values indicate that the instrument items were structurally valid. Based on the frequencies, data analysis was conducted on the historical roots of xenophobia, methods and techniques for combating xenophobic attacks, effectiveness of Metro Police in preventing xenophobia as well as challenges and limitations of the Metropolitan Police. Results from the study indicate that the majority of respondents perceived that culture proved to be part of the historic roots xenophobic violence in South Africa and methods and techniques used to combat xenophobia were indeed not effective; hence the Tshwane Metropolitan Police face limitations in combating violence.
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Okolie, Ikechukwu Stephen. "Xenophobic Attacks: Their Effects on the Economic and Diplomatic Affairs of Nigeria and South Africa." International Journal of Contemporary Issues and Trends in Research 2, no. 2 (2024): 24–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10958978.
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<strong>Abstract </strong> The push factors of xenophobic attacks against migrants in South Africa are enormous. This paper looks at the aftermath of xenophobic attacks on the South Africa-Nigeria economic and diplomatic affairs. It seeks to examine the causes, the implications of xenophobic attacks on Nigeria-South Africa diplomatic and economic affairs, and the effects of xenophobia and xenophobic attacks against Nigerian residents in South Africa. Lack of access to economic opportunities, poverty, and lack of jobs and means of livelihood were some of the triggers of xenophobic attacks in South Africa. The paper used secondary sources such as articles, unpublished dissertations and tabloids for presentation. The study showed that the xenophobic attack on migrants in South Africa has claimed the lives of over 117 Nigerians; and that it will take political will from Pretoria to tackle the menace of xenophobia in South Africa. The paper recommended, among others, that Nigerian government should employ carrot and stick diplomacy when dealing with South Africa on issues affecting the interest of Nigeria and Nigerians.
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A Peter, Olowonihi, Gloria Chigbu, and Christopher M Osazuwa. "XENOPHOBIA IN AFRICA: ORIGINS AND ITS MANIFESTATIONS." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research 6, no. 8 (2024): 13–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume06issue08-03.
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Xenophobia, a persistent issue in Africa, is defined by dread, hatred, or discrimination against foreigners. This study aims to comprehend the fundamental causes, social impact, and potential solutions of xenophobia in Africa by examining its origins and manifestations. It analyzes the numerous manifestations of xenophobia, evaluates its impact on individuals, communities, and societies, and investigates the historical, social, economic, and political factors contributing to it. This study employs a historical research design, with the Xenowatch interface as the primary data source. It is founded on social identity theory. The dashboard comprehensively overviews the frequency, location, and impact of xenophobic incidents in South Africa. The study analyzes this data to identify trends, patterns, and correlations, providing a comprehensive overview of the country's xenophobia manifestations. The study's results indicate a concerning prevalence of xenophobic discrimination in South Africa, with a concentration of incidents in urban centers. The data emphasizes the influence of historical legacies, economic disparities, political manipulation, and social factors on the development of xenophobic sentiments. The study also emphasizes the catastrophic repercussions of xenophobia, which include economic harm, displacement, loss of life, and violence. This investigation concludes that a comprehensive approach, which includes legal reforms, economic empowerment, education, community engagement, and regional cooperation, is necessary to combat African xenophobia. The complexity of the issue demands multifaceted solutions. Policymakers, practitioners, and civil society organizations are crucial in creating effective strategies to address this issue and promote more inclusive and harmonious societies by comprehending xenophobia's underlying causes and manifestations. Their involvement is vital in implementing these strategies and fostering a more inclusive society.
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Nwaechefu, Hilary, Nnawulezi Uche, Mary-Ann O. Ajayi, and Ogah Chinyere Constance. "Addressing the Emerging Issues of Xenophobic Attack and Human Rights Violations in South Africa: Adopting a Human Rights-Based Approach." Age of Human Rights Journal, no. 21 (September 18, 2023): e7806. http://dx.doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.v21.7806.
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Human Rights abuses in South Africa occasioned by xenophobic attacks in South Africa had occurred intermittently for over a decade despite the hue and cry against xenophobia. Driven primarily by efforts to protect human life and overcome the challenges of xenophobia, some international human rights organisations expressed their views on the curtailment of human rights abuses perpetrated in South Africa. Contextually, South- Africa has notable human rights organisations, yet human rights abuses happen through xenophobic attacks in some parts of the country. The primary objective of this paper is to identify human rights challenges brought about by xenophobic attacks, including the right to human dignity and the right to life. This methodology adopted in this paper included reference to statutes, internet sources, and newspaper publications. This paper finds, amongst others, that despite the United Nations conventions and other international laws guaranteeing the human rights of all persons, the South African government appeared overwhelmed by the xenophobic attacks in dealing with the situation. This paper made useful recommendations towards preventing future xenophobic attacks and avoiding human rights violations.
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Mohammed Abdullah, Mustafa, Hardev Kaur, Ida Baizura Bt Bahar, and Manimangai Mani. "XENOPHOBIA AND CITIZENSHIP IN MEG VANDERMERWE’S ZEBRA CROSSING." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 2 (2020): 756–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8284.
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Purpose of the study: In the past two decades several researchers have explored the concern of xenophobia in South African fiction. Studies sought to determine the reasons behind the prevalence of xenophobic violence in South Africa. Previous research on xenophobia claims that xenophobic violence is prevalent in the state is, in fact, due to economic and social reasons only. Yet, this article aims to correct the misconception of the Rainbow Nation that South Africa was supposed to have been achieved after 1994. 
 Methodology: The text Zebra Crossing (2013) by the South African novelist Meg Vandermerwe is under the focus. The concept of Michael Neocosmos of Citizenship from the postcolonial theory is applied to the selected text. A close reading of the text and qualitative research is the method of my analysis. The article will focus on the acts of violence reflected in the text in an attempt to find the reasons behind such acts. Neocosmos' valid conceptualization about the outbreaks of xenophobia in South Africa in the post-apartheid is applied to the selected text.
 Main Findings: the article will conclude that the notion of the rainbow nation in South Africa is no more than a dream due to the outbreaks of xenophobia and the ongoing violence against foreigners. It will also prove that the continuous xenophobic violence in South Africa is not because of social or economic reasons only yet, there is a political discourse that engenders and triggers the natives to be more xenophobic. Thus, the state politics of exclusion, indigeneity, and citizenship are the stimuli for citizens to be more aggressive and violent against foreigners.
 Applications of this study: the study will add new insight to the domain of English literature generally and the South African literature specifically. The study will be valuable in immigration literature as it deals with the plights of migrants in South Africa and their suffering from xenophobic violence. The study is located in the postcolonial approach.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: the study offers new insight towards xenophobia in South Africa. The concept applied in the study has not been explored so far in the selected text. Previous research claimed that xenophobia in South Africa is due to economic and social reasons but did not focus on the legacies of postcolonialism nor the new political system. The study is original and new as it discusses an ongoing and worldwide phenomenon utilizing a new concept.
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Akinrinde, Olawale Olufemi, and Usman Tar. "An Empirical-Causative Analysis of the Politics of Xenophobia in South Africa." Law Research Review Quarterly 7, no. 4 (2021): 383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lrrq.v7i4.48055.
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Several scholarly and scientific attentions have indeed been geared towards the studies on xenophobia in South Africa, but little and very limited interrogation have been devoted to its precipitating politics. Extant works and studies on xenophobia in South Africa, in addition to their differing perspectives, have focused more on how to address the xenophobic reality rather than trying to understand why the politics of xenophobia has persisted unabatedly despite several remedial interventions from government and key stakeholders. This study bridges the gap by attempting to, very importantly, understand and advance reasons as to why the politics has continued against all efforts geared towards addressing it. While Brown Harry’s scapegoating thesis, Pillay’s relative deprivation of South African blacks and Crush’s cultural explanation amongst many others have attempted to offer empirical views on the manifestation of xenophobia in South Africa, that which is central to the understanding of the xenophobic phenomenon was innocently overlooked. The study therefore sees “politics” has been central to any attempt to understanding the manifestation of xenophobia in South Africa. The overwhelming scientific discourses and perspectives offered by this study on the politics of xenophobia would therefore help in bridging the gap in the extant literature and the body of knowledge.
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Ζήση, Αναστασία, Σωτήρης Χτουρής, Μιχαλίτσα Χίου та Μάλαμα Ρενταρή. "Η ανάδυση του ξενοφοβικού εαυτού στην τρέχουσα ελληνική κοινωνική εμπειρία: Ευρήματα από ομάδες εστίασης". Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 20, № 1 (2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23520.
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The present paper provides a theoretical discussion of the qualitative findings generated by 14 focus groups conducted as a means to study phenomena of xenophobia and racism, individual and collective reactions of host majority members towards immigrants under the contemporary conditions of economic crisis that the country is facing.The focus groups were organized in order to examine how these social and economic conditions shape the ways host majority members and immigrants coexist, their daily experiences, the type and quality ofintergroup relations. Content analysis was focused on the host society members’ lines of arguments, beliefs and perceptions that they developed on issues related to immigrants and immigration. The analysis revealed four different themes; a) xenophobia as negation and rejection of the foreigners, b) xenophobia as a reaction that derives from the idea of the “indigenous citizen” who is entitled to his/her resources, c) xenophobia as an ambivalent reaction, and d) the political production of xenophobia. The contemporary conditions of the country characterized by structural violence contribute in the emergence of a new type struggling xenophobic self as a generator of a negative dialectic relationship between an individual xenophobic reaction and acollective one.
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Massay, Emmanuel Michael, and Novri Susan. "The Xenophobic Attacks on African Immigrants." Journal of Contemporary Sociological Issues 3, no. 2 (2023): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/csi.v3i2.25327.
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Since the country's xenophobic violence in 2008, the 2019 xenophobic assaults are a new reminder of South Africa's anti-immigrant prejudice. Xenophobia threatens refugees, asylum seekers, economic migrants, and other designated geographical "outsiders," including internal migrants and minority ethnic groups. This study will provide an overview of xenophobia in South Africa and insights into its occurrence by examining the conflict profile, including the background, actors, causes, and the present dynamic of the conflict. In this qualitative study, the exploratory analysis concentrates on a thorough examination of available secondary data. Issues regarding economic tensions, hatred, and hate speech surfaced as a reality of conflict. The Generalized Deterrence Theory (GDT) will support this research and explain why certain people behave criminally, oddly, or anti-socially. Thus, this study argues that measuring economic improvement and improving land policy is a potential treatment for xenophobia. Until the problems of unemployment and poverty are resolved, xenophobia will decrease proportionately. Nevertheless, political games, which tend to take the form of hate speech, have proven to impact disputes and should be avoided.
 Keywords: Xenophobia, Conflict, hate speech, economic tension, South Africa
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Kerr, Philippa, Kevin Durrheim, and John Dixon. "Xenophobic Violence and Struggle Discourse in South Africa." Journal of Asian and African Studies 54, no. 7 (2019): 995–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619851827.
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This paper argues that xenophobia in South Africa is entangled in discourses of liberation struggle, which are often used to justify anti-foreigner violence. We first examine some existing academic explanations for xenophobia, namely internalised racism, poverty/inequality, nationalism, and township and informal settlement politics. To avoid deterministically explaining xenophobia as ‘caused’ by any of these factors, however, we introduce a concept from social psychology, the concept of ‘working models of contact’. These are common frames of reference in which contact between groups is understood in terms of shared meanings and values. Xenophobic violence is not caused but instantiated in ways that are explained and justified according to particular understandings of the meaning of the ‘citizen-foreigner’ relationship. We then review three case studies of xenophobic violence whose perpetrators constructed a model of contact in which African ‘foreigners’ were undermining the struggles of South Africans in various socio-economic contexts. We also examine three cases where xenophobic violence was actively discouraged by invoking an inclusive rather than divisive form of struggle discourse. Thus the nature of the struggle itself becomes contested. We conclude by considering some dilemmatic implications that our analysis provokes.
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Bozdağ, Faruk. "Xenophobia and Social Contact in University Students." International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies 8, no. 4 (2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.8n.4p.87.
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Due to increasing human mobility in today’s world, relations among groups are becoming more and more important. As people with different cultures come in close contact they begin to influence inter-group attitudes (Barni et al., 2020; Turner et al., 2020). Xenophobia, which can be described as negative attitudes towards migrants, is one of the most serious problems between groups caused by migration (Peterie & Neil, 2020). This study aims to investigate the relationship between social contact and xenophobic attitudes towards Syrian migrants among university students in Turkey. Data were collected from 142 university students through the Xenophobia Scale and the Revised Social Contact Scale. The data obtained were analyzed by multiple linear regression technique. The findings show that while the quality of social contact significantly predicts the xenophobic attitudes of university students, the quantity of social contact does not. The quality of social contact explains 43% of university students’ xenophobic attitudes. It is understood that the quality of social contact is highly effective in reducing xenophobic attitudes towards migrants.
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Olufemi Akinrinde, Olawale. "Why unending? Migrations and the political economy of the xenophobic conflict in South Africa: a systematic review." Technology audit and production reserves 4, no. 4(72) (2023): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2023.286635.
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The object of the research is the interaction between unending migrations and the political economy as significant drivers of xenophobic conflicts. The phenomenon of xenophobic conflict in South Africa has garnered increasing attention due to its recurrent violent nature and socio-political implications. This study delves, systematically, into the intricate connection between migration and the politics of xenophobia in South Africa. It examines how migrations, both internal and external, have influenced the development of xenophobic conflict within South Africa, alongside the historical context of the entrenched apartheid system. It further explores the underlying motives of those engaging in xenophobic acts while examining the responses of civil society and the government. By analyzing existing literature and conducting qualitative reviews of the experiences of the victims of xenophobic violence, this study contends that xenophobia in South Africa, among other factors, is a lasting legacy of the apartheid era that has created unequal economic power relations between the South African blacks and the few dominant whites. Findings further underscore the significance of understanding contemporary migration patterns in the 21st century from the context of entrenched economic inequalities, economic disenfranchisements, rising poverty among the indigenous black South African community in South Africa. In addition, economic disparities, resource scarcity, and competition for employment opportunities have emerged for being pivotal catalysts of conflict, thereby exacerbating tensions between native black South Africans and the African immigrant populations in South Africa. Relying on findings, this study thus argues that xenophobia remains an ongoing and persistent challenge that demands urgent attention from policymakers in South Africa. In conclusion, this study underscores the necessity of addressing the xenophobic conflict in South Africa through a multidimensional approach. Policymakers, civil society, and academia must collaborate to formulate strategies that target both the economic and socio-political drivers of such conflicts. By acknowledging the historical context, rectifying inequalities, and promoting accurate narratives, it becomes possible to foster a more inclusive and harmonious society, thereby mitigating the unending cycle of xenophobic tensions, phobia and violence.
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Thinane, Jonas Sello. "Xenophobia in South Africa: Alignment of policy-making with the aim of the Missio Dei (Mission of God)." Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya 7, no. 1 (2022): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jw.v7i1.17408.
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Generally, the problem of xenophobia remains a complex and challenging topic for most countries of the world, for Africans and South Africans in particular. Constructed upon existing literature, this paper contributes to the discourse on anti-immigrant or xenophobic feelings in South Africa. This paper uses Missio Politica as a missiological framework combined with political theology to examine xenophobia. Although alluring further extensive research, it represents the neglected step in organising the vast body of missiological perspectives on the subject of xenophobia regarding the objective of the Missio Dei. It is entirely devoted to seeking answers to the question of xenophobia by appealing to the correct understanding of Missio Dei’s goal as demonstrated in the account of Noah's Ark in Genesis 6-9. Consequently, it concludes that to circumvent xenophobic incidents, African countries must first prioritise salvation for their local citizens, just as Noah did with his own family, before attempting to invite the entire continent into the tiny ark of salvation. Correspondingly, it concludes that South African policy-makers should familiarise themselves with important religious ideologies of their constituencies to shape public policies that are compatible with societal religious aspirations. Xenophobia has become an issue of great concern, particularly in South Africa. In the discipline of missiology, the current literature does not provide a clear methodology for solving xenophobia. This study represents the first missio politica analysis of the impact of xenophobia on the goal of Missio Dei.
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Yakushko, Oksana. "Xenophobia." Counseling Psychologist 37, no. 1 (2008): 36–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000008316034.
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The current xenophobic cultural environment in the United States makes it imperative that psychologists understand the nature of xenophobia and recognize its consequences. This article explores sociological, social psychological, and multicultural research to examine the causes of negative attitudes toward immigrants. Xenophobia is presented as a concept descriptive of a socially observable phenomenon. Historical and contemporary expressions of xenophobia in the United States are examined and compared with cross-cultural scholarship on negative attitudes toward immigrants. Last, suggestions are provided for how counseling psychologists can integrate an understanding of xenophobia into their clinical practice, training, research, and public policy advocacy.
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Ariely, Gal. "Globalization, immigration and national identity: How the level of globalization affects the relations between nationalism, constructive patriotism and attitudes toward immigrants?" Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 15, no. 4 (2011): 539–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430211430518.
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Arguing that globalization is an important factor in shaping intergroup relations, this paper examines its impact on xenophobic attitudes towards immigrants and on the relationship between nationalism, constructive patriotism, and xenophobia. While multilevel analysis of data from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) National Identity II (2003) across 31 countries indicates no direct effect of globalization on xenophobia, the relationship between nationalism, constructive patriotism, and xenophobia does appear to be affected. The negative relationship between constructive patriotism and xenophobia is obtained in countries with higher levels of globalization, and the positive relationship between nationalism and xenophobia is also stronger in such countries. A comparison of globalization and economic explanations for xenophobia indicates the unique effect of globalization. The common economic explanations of xenophobia are discussed in light of these findings.
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Kaungu, Gideon Muchiri. "Reflections on the Role of Ubuntu as an Antidote to Afro-Phobia." Journal of African Law 65, S1 (2021): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855321000024.
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AbstractThis article argues that xenophobic acts towards black foreigners remain a human rights challenge in South Africa. Foreign nationals, mostly black Africans, continue to experience physical attacks, discrimination and looting of businesses, as well as targeted crime. Prevalent xenophobic attitudes continue to trouble the conscience of all well-meaning South Africans. There is ample evidence that xenophobia has morphed into afro-phobia, the hatred of black foreigners. Xenophobia continues to evolve and attackers are increasingly linking the presence of foreign nationals to socio-economic challenges facing the country. This article argues that, even though South Africa's Constitution does not expressly identify Ubuntu as a national value, it does recognize customary law and many of its provisions are anchored in Ubuntu philosophy. This article proposes Ubuntu, or African “humanness” whose “natural home” should be located in South Africa, as a pragmatic social intervention and a morally sustainable solution to address xenophobia that would be acceptable to both South Africans and foreign nationals.
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Timofeev, Sergey, and Anna Astahova. "Pedagogical effectiveness of xenophobic prevention model for future teachers in the higher education system." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 19011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021019011.
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Previous studies determine the importance of pedagogical tolerance and the need to prevent xenophobia in future teachers. The purpose of this research was the analysis of efficiency of realization of xenophobic prevention model for future teachers. The experiment involved 120 students of the Southern Federal University studying for bachelor's and master's degrees in pedagogical training programs. The results have shown positive dynamics in overcoming xenofobia on cognitive, emotionally estimated and behavioural levels. The basic idea behind the xenophobic prevention model implementation included pedagogical support for students to form a critically meaningful space of their own knowledge and relationships. The developed pedagogical conditions for the prevention of xenophobia have proved to be effective, as evidenced by the results of statistical processing of diagnostic data.
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Chang, BS, Crystal, Anthony Salerno, MSc, and Edbert B. Hsu, MD, MPH. "Perspectives on xenophobia during epidemics and implications for emergency management." Journal of Emergency Management 18, no. 7 (2020): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2020.0521.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that traces its earliest known cases to the Hubei region of China in late 2019. As the COVID-19 pandemic has spread across the globe wreaking unprecedented disruption, increasing levels of xenophobia and racial discrimination have been documented against those of Asian descent. We investigate the historical connections between disease and rise of xenophobia as described in the peer-reviewed literature addressing prior epidemics, such as Ebola and the Hong Kong Flu, in conjunction with concurrent cases of prejudice toward certain groups of people. Attempts to better understand why such attitudes emerge are examined in the context of xenophobic actions during pandemics. Prevailing views suggest that xenophobia ultimately leads to increased stigmatization of those afflicted by disease, which in turn leads to decreased trust in the medical system, resulting in a negative feedback loop. Accurate disseminated information and improved public education on sources and modes of transmission of infectious diseases are essential to check xenophobic tendencies, reduce negative effects and foster greater cooperation.
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Shapovalova, Inna, Sergey Lebedev, and Mirko Blagojevic. "Religious xenophobia in the everyday consciousness of Russian progressive youth: Risk assessment." Stanovnistvo 60, no. 1 (2022): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv2201097s.
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This article is devoted to the sociological analysis of the attitudes of religious xenophobia among the most socially and culturally developed part of modern Russian youth, represented by students. The research discourse is formed at the intersection of the problems of ?risk society?, revitalisation of religion, and xenophobia. The main purpose of the study is to obtain a reflexive assessment of the religious characteristics of Russian students in terms of xenophobic reactions, discrimination, and violations of citizens? rights on religious grounds. The method of data collection was a mass survey of Russian students from one of the regions of the Russian Federation. It was revealed that at least 20% of students find some extremist practices around them. The internet is the leading platform for xenophobic and extremist antisocial practices. In the environment that young people observe, religious xenophobia has a much larger scope than it would seem, and the ?isthmus? that brings it into a position of extremism is much narrower than it appears at first glance. The lack of understanding of the continuity between the phenomena of xenophobia and extremism constricts the area of management of the situation and creates the possibility of critical risks of conflicts with destructive consequences.
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Akeem, Amodu Adekunle. "Xenophobia and Africa in the 21st Century: Towards a Xenophilial Framework For Sustainable Development*." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 6, no. 10 (2019): 5679–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v6i10.04.
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Africa and in fact all of the globe is experiencing unprecedented and fast-paced changes at virtually all fronts; political, ecological and economic, among others. The almost inseparable twin phenomena of globalization and digitalization have created what can best be described an Heraclitean global society of constant flux; a society of constant change that reminds us of the Greek Logos of Heraclitus. The continent Africa in particular finds itself in a constantly evolving globe where time is of the essence and where no one waits for the other to catch up. Africa in the 21st century exists within a framework of global competitiveness and knowledge economy; a world where what you bring to the global table determines or defines your identity or place in the global village. The germane question is: is the continent Africa ready to take its place in the emergent globalized society of the 21st century? Put differently, is the continent Africa on the path to sustainable development? Are the dynamics playing out on the contemporary African continent supportive of the kind of roadmap capable of engendering growth and development? Against the background of the prevalent and contemporary experiences of xenophobia and xenophobic attacks in Africa, the paper attempts to interrogate the phenomenon xenophobia vis-à-vis the desideratum for sustainable development in Africa. The paper comes in three overlapping parts. In the first part we conceptualize the phenomenon xenophobia. With particular reference to South Africa, the second part of the paper discusses the content and consequences of the African experience of xenophobia and xenophobic behaviors and tendencies. Against a background of the need to address the threats poised by contemporary xenophobic trends and tendencies, the paper, in the third part, develops an epistemological construct xenophilia as a veritable opposite to counter narrative to xenophobia. The fourth and concluding part of the paper prescribes a xenophilial framework, which the paper argues provides a veritable tool for positioning Africa for development in the 21st century.
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Michalopoulou, Catherine, and Maria Symeonaki. "Improving Likert Scale Raw Scores Interpretability with K-means Clustering." Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 135, no. 1 (2017): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0759106317710863.
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In this article, by applying k-means clustering, cut-off points are obtained for the recoding of raw scale scores into a fixed number of groupings that preserve the original scoring. The method is demonstrated on a Likert scale measuring xenophobia that was used in a large-scale sample survey conducted in Northern Greece by the National Centre for Social Research. Applying split-half samples and fuzzy c-means clustering, the stability of the proposed solution is validated empirically. Testing its performance against three single indicators of xenophobia shows that it differentiates well between non-xenophobic and xenophobic respondents. The proposed method may be easily applied to facilitate interpretation by providing a more concise and meaningful “profile” of Likert scale (or subscale) raw scores especially the negative and positive ends of the scale for evaluation and social policy purposes.
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Ibrahim, Yusuf Kamaluddeen, Abdullahi Ayoade Ahmad, and Usman Sufyan Duguri. "The Complexities of South African Xenophobia on Nigerian Nationals." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 4, no. 2 (2020): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/4.2.7.
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The Nigerian-South African relationship is couched in the paradigm of intricate interdependence. The elements that brought the two African major powers closer include political, cultural, and economic dimensions. Therefore, any dissimilarity of interest between both countries would ruin their relationship and implicate the whole African Union concept that unites Abuja/Pretoria relations. Over 100 South African companies permeate the Nigerian market in several economic sectors and most are successfully operating in Nigeria. Nigerian companies such as First Bank, among others, are also operating in South Africa. As long as South Africa and Nigeria are both dominant powers in their respective sub-regions, a threat like xenophobia needs to be eradicated and coordinate some effective policies for Africa's development. The study employed a qualitative method and library sources, past literature on different xenophobic trends noted in the journal articles, books, and others, on the South African xenophobia and its implications on Nigeria/South African relationship. The study adopted the frustration-aggression theory and it found that incessant xenophobic attacks on Nigerian nationals and other foreigners in South Africa are based on prejudices. The study went further with suggestion to provide some panacea to the catastrophe of South African xenophobia.
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Zewdu, Aklilu Dessalegn, and Abiye Daniel. "Xenophobia in Niq Mhlongo’s Dog Eat Dog and Kopano Matlwa’s Period Pain." Jurnal Lingua Idea 14, no. 1 (2023): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jli.2023.14.1.8269.
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Xenophobia has been thematized in South African literature by post-apartheid novelists, and they addressed it in different manners. Two post-apartheid authors who dealt with the issue of xenophobia are Niq Mhlongo and Kopano Matlwa in their novels Dog Eat Dog and Period Pain, respectively. This paper aims to examine how Mhlongo and Matlwa portray xenophobia in their novels and explore the ways they employ to neutralize xenophobia. The paper also discusses the causes of xenophobia pointed out in the novels. Therefore, a critical analysis of the novels has been made by the writer using detailed reading and textual evidence. The analysis indicates that South Africans view black foreigners as job stealers, criminals, drug dealers, witches, and bringers of disease. The writers infused the view of black foreign characters on xenophobia to debunk the negative stereotype and attempted to neutralize it by featuring non-xenophobic protagonists. The article also concludes that Mhlongo and Matlwa reveal the role of the media and the scapegoating hypothesis as the causes of xenophobia.
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Ebrahim, Haseenah. "A poetics of sensuality: Xenophobia and same-sex intimacy in cane/cain." Queer Studies in Media & Popular Culture 6, no. 2 (2021): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/qsmpc_00050_1.
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This article offers a reading of the ways in which the short film, cane/cain (directed by Jordache Ellapen, adopts a poetics of sensuality to both unsettle and undergird its themes of South Asian migration, sexual intimacy and xenophobia in South Africa. While both homosexuality and xenophobia are not uncommon sites of public discourses in South Africa, cane/cain unearths the less visible faces of both by centring Brown bodies in corporeal collisions of sexual intimacy and of xenophobic violence to disrupt normative and binary categories of sex, race and citizenship in post-apartheid South Africa. Utilizing the symbolic currency of sugarcane as an aesthetic and narrative pivot, cane/cain constructs a tension between the cinematic pleasure elicited by its poetics of sensuality and its discomfiting themes of homosexual intimacy and xenophobic intolerance to insert the South Asian subject into the discourses of race, sexuality and nationality in South Africa.
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Eyo, Emmanuel Bassey, and Emmanuel E. Etta. "Ubuntu’s philosophy and the challenge of Xenophobia: towards peace in Africa." International Journal of Humanities and Innovation (IJHI) 3, no. 1 (2020): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33750/ijhi.v3i1.70.
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Xenophobic attacks in South Africa have put to question the authenticity and veracity of Ubuntu philosophy. Remarkably, Ubuntu as a normative philosophy, promotes and conveys the openness and availability of the individuals for the benefits of others, especially in the paradigm of “I” and “others.” This philosophy unequivocally presents an African world view of care for others, the affirmation of the existence of others and the participation of others. Altruism, which is the western version of Ubuntu, encourages show of compassion, generosity, care and living with others. Yet, the resurgence of the xenophobic attack is a signpost of misguided individuals who have lost the traits of personhood and otherness, which are central in Ubuntu. Xenophobia breeds violence, hate, destruction of lives and property and threatens peace in Africa. Cognizant of this asymmetry between Ubuntu philosophy and xenophobia lineaments, this work attempts to restate a mutual need for African togetherness and maps a commitment to Ubuntu norms.
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Ommundsen, Reidar, Oksana Yakushko, Kees Van Der Veer, and Pål Ulleberg. "Exploring the Relationships between Fear-Related Xenophobia, Perceptions of Out-Group Entitativity, and Social Contact in Norway." Psychological Reports 112, no. 1 (2013): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/17.07.21.pr0.112.1.109-124.
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An internet-related survey distributed to Norwegian students explored predictors of fear-related xenophobia toward immigrants. Specifically, this study examined a new social construct called “entitativity” (i.e., the extent to which out-group members are perceived as bonded together in a cohesive or organized unit), as well as frequency of informal social contact and valence of a recent encounter in relation to certain xenophobic attitudes. Correlational and multiple regression analyses indicated that perceived out-group entitativity was a moderate predictor of fear-related xenophobia. Voluntary informal contact was a weak predictor of fear-related xenophobia, whereas negative evaluation of an encounter in the recent past was a strong predictor. Further analysis indicated that the effect of entitativity on xenophobia was strongest when informal social contact was low. Moreover, analysis indicated that the effect of valenced contact was partly mediated through perception of entitativity.
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Fasya, Amanda Nur, and Ariya Jati. "The Flare of Xenophobia in America during Covid-19 Pandemic." E3S Web of Conferences 317 (2021): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131704008.
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Covid-19 pandemic contribute in creating xenophobic attitudes among American people. Recently, there are many reports about Asian-American people or Chinese people in America facing racisms and xenophobic attitudes; moreover there are also reports that Asian-American and Chinese people attacked by Americans. The aim of this study is to know how bad xenophobia in the middle of pandemic in America by analysing the data and what kinds of xenophobic attitudes do Asian-American and Chinese people frequently received during Covid-19 pandemic by society in America. This study uses descriptive research method to know the phenomena of xenophobic attitudes and its circumstance that happen at the present. We collect the data from reports on the various articles or news regarding to Asian-American and Chinese people experiencing racisms and xenophobic attitudes. The results are show that Asian-American and Chinese people received verbal and non-verbal attacks by American people, that is Hate-speech and physical Attacks. Xenophobic attitudes through verbal and non-verbal attacks, such as hate-speech and physical attacks have been surfaced by Asian-American people.
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Romadhon, Aditya, and Margaretha Hanita. "Rasisme dan Xenofobia pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Sebagai Bentuk Ketidak-Adilan Sosial di Amerika Serikat." Wajah Hukum 7, no. 1 (2023): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v7i1.1143.
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Racism and Xenophobia are several forms of action that represent injustice to ethnicities and races. However, although it is clear that this action is a form of social injustice, racism and xenophobia still occur frequently. During the Covid-19 pandemi, the United States of America (USA) also experienced an unstable condition where the situation heated up due to racist and xenophobic actions called “Asian-Hate” as a form of social injustice where Asian-Americans never even came or went to the area where the virus spread. Blamed and treated arbitrarily and inhumanely and this condition was exacerbated by President Trump's statements. This study aimed to explore how the social condition of society towards social injustice were being manifested in racism and xenophobia. This research uses a methodology in the form of literature study by collecting data from various relevant articles and documents. The results of the study showed that during the Covid-19 pandemic, America was proven to have carried out very intense racist and xenophobic acts with a variety of varied actions. Racist treatment was more widely accepted by the Asian race, especially the Asian-American group, which is "sealed" as the race that causes and spreads the Covid-19 virus.
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Onor, Kester Chuwuma. "Xenophobia In South Africa and the Realities of Actualizing SDG 8." JPPUMA Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Sosial Politik Universitas Medan Area 12, no. 1 (2024): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jppuma.v12i1.12092.
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This study dwells on xenophobia and the realities of actualizing the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) eight in South Africa. It argues that since the emergence of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000, which transited to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, there has been a proliferation of literature from scholars of diverse disciplinary orientations. However, none of these studies deal with the phenomenon of xenophobia as a milestone for the attainment of the SDGs in South Africa. This paper, therefore, serves as an intervention to discuss how xenophobia affects the realization/ actualization of the UN’s SDG eight in the area under consideration. Using extant literature and the rational choice theory, it affirms that without peace and partnership with other countries, it would be very difficult for South Africa to attain the UN SDGs it envisages to achieve. To be focused and in-depth in the analysis of the phenomena under consideration the study centers exclusively on the UN SDG eight (even though there are seventeen SDGs of the UN) which hinges on decent work and economic growth. The evidence thrown up led to the major conclusion that the persistent xenophobic attacks and the resultant massive destruction of lives and businesses of foreigners, South Africa’s quest for the full-fledged realization of United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal eight would remain mere paperwork. Given the increasing prevalence of xenophobic attacks in the study area, the paper suggests, among others, the building of meaningful, lasting, and effective partnerships. This entails that xenophobia in the country will be nipped in the bud.
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Danielová, Kateřina. "Racism and xenophobia in the Czech Republic." Geografie 108, no. 2 (2003): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2003108020115.
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The aim of this article is to describe and to explain racism and xenophobia in the Czech Republic. The paper is based on some contemporary theories which explain racism and xenophobia as a consequence of a bad economic situation, of an increasing inflow of immigrants, of cultural differences between the majority and the immigrants coming from a different social environment, of modernization, urbanization and globalization which make people feel unsure and weak what leads them finally to intolerance towards the others. Some authors explain racism and xenophobia as an effort to safeguard the existing hierarchy in the society in view to justify the exploitation of immigrants. To describe and to explain racism and xenophobia, I analysed data describing prejudice, racially motivated crime and support of extremist movements by the Czech population. I found that the current level of racism in the Czech Republic is not very high but that the Czech population is rather xenophobic. Racism and xenophobia are mainly influenced by the social climate of the locality and by the cultural distance between minorities and the majority.
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Onoma, Ato Kwamena. "Xenophobia’s Contours During an Ebola Epidemic: Proximity and the Targeting of Peul Migrants in Senegal." African Studies Review 63, no. 2 (2019): 353–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2019.38.
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Abstract:This article examines the effect of geographical proximity on targeting patterns during Ebola-era xenophobic outbursts by Senegalese against a migrant Peul population of Guinean origins. It highlights the limited extent to which epidemics shape the micro-dynamics of outbreaks of xenophobia during public health crises, demonstrating that epidemics are not defining events that inflect inter-group relations. They mostly reinforce long-persisting patterns of exclusion. The conclusion is that the contours of xenophobia in contexts marked by public health crises and in those situations in which these issues of public health do not constitute a major concern tend to mirror each other.
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Huang, Mingwei. "The foreign and the familiar: Reading the China bag in South Africa." International Journal of Cultural Studies 22, no. 4 (2019): 536–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877919831015.
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This article explores the China bag, the iconic red-white-blue plaid bag, as a global commodity, material object, and art object in the context of racialized xenophobia in South Africa. With multiple meanings, the bag is simultaneously familiar and foreign, ubiquitous in its circulation and associated with migration. I consider the ways it is imbued with xenophobic sentiment and its agential capacity for marking racialized bodies as foreign. Through close readings of artworks by Nobukho Nqaba, Dan Halter, and Ronald Muchatuta, I show how artists deploy the China bag to critique xenophobia, and in so doing, make visible its agency.
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Marsh, Nina, Dirk Scheele, Justin S. Feinstein, et al. "Oxytocin-enforced norm compliance reduces xenophobic outgroup rejection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 35 (2017): 9314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705853114.
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Never before have individuals had to adapt to social environments defined by such magnitudes of ethnic diversity and cultural differentiation. However, neurobiological evidence informing about strategies to reduce xenophobic sentiment and foster altruistic cooperation with outsiders is scarce. In a series of experiments settled in the context of the current refugee crisis, we tested the propensity of 183 Caucasian participants to make donations to people in need, half of whom were refugees (outgroup) and half of whom were natives (ingroup). Participants scoring low on xenophobic attitudes exhibited an altruistic preference for the outgroup, which further increased after nasal delivery of the neuropeptide oxytocin. In contrast, participants with higher levels of xenophobia generally failed to exhibit enhanced altruism toward the outgroup. This tendency was only countered by pairing oxytocin with peer-derived altruistic norms, resulting in a 74% increase in refugee-directed donations. Collectively, these findings reveal the underlying sociobiological conditions associated with outgroup-directed altruism by showing that charitable social cues co-occurring with enhanced activity of the oxytocin system reduce the effects of xenophobia by facilitating prosocial behavior toward refugees.
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Mubangizi, John C. "Xenophobia in the labour market: A South African legal and human rights perspective." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 21, no. 2 (2021): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13582291211014412.
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This article focuses on xenophobia in the South African labour market and the effect it can and does have on foreign employees. In contrast to current scholarship that portrays xenophobia in South Africa as a consequence of anti-immigrant sentiments and stereotypes that stem from social, political, economic and cultural misconceptions, this paper argues that the causes of xenophobia are much more complex than that. In addition to those misconceptions, it is argued, xenophobia in South Africa may well have its genesis in the pre-1994 apartheid and colonialism era which sought to impose segregation and instill hatred between and among black people. The main argument in the paper, however, is that the South African legal framework and its implementation do not go far enough in addressing the problem of xenophobia in the workplace. As a result, the rights of foreign employees are negatively impacted and not sufficiently protected. To underscore this point, the paper undertakes a discussion on the legal framework and the pertinent human rights implications of xenophobia in the South African labour market before making some recommendations on what can be done to protect the rights of foreign employees better and reduce or prevent xenophobic attacks against them.
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Oyelana, Akeem Adewale. "The Role of Governments, International Organisations and Non-Governmental Organisations on Xenophobia in South Africa." Artha Journal of Social Sciences 23, no. 1 (2024): 79–105. https://doi.org/10.12724/ajss/68.4.
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This literary study argues that South Africa’s three government tiers have failed the majority of the country’s citizens in their efforts to provide adequate security and combat xenophobia. The study upon which this article is based focused on non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and some international organisations (IOs) collaborating with governments to address xenophobia, particularly in South Africa. The study aimed to critically analyse and discuss the government’s, IOs’ and NGOs’ role in combating xenophobia in South Africa. The study utilised a qualitative approach with a historical design. Data were collected from secondary sources, which included books, journals and the Internet and were discussed in themes after performing textual analysis. The available published, reviewed articles were utilised to debate, argue and discuss governments’, IOs’ and NGOs’ role in xenophobia in some African countries. The results revealed that governments, NGOs, IOs and other stakeholders have provided support to ensure economic and social stability, but xenophobia persists in South Africa and several other African countries. One of the government's roles in preventing xenophobia is the provision of adequate security where xenophobic violence occurs. The study explained governments’, IOs’ and NGOs’ role in addressing xenophobia in South Africa and other African countries with a focus on issues relevant to addressing xenophobia in South Africa. The study was anticipated to inform government programmes and IOs’ and NGOs’ efforts to alleviate poverty among local citizens in South Africa and prevent hostility towards foreign nationals.
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Rabotata, Enoch, Jabulani Makhubele, Themba Baloyi, et al. "The Impact of Xenophobic Attacks on the Livelihoods of Migrants in Selected Provinces of South Africa." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (December 31, 2020): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.31.
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Migration and xenophobia are realities that cannot be ignored globally. Recently, there has been a plethora of xenophobic attacks as a result of structural and socio-economic conditions in South Africa. This paper aimed to establish the impact of xenophobic attacks on the livelihoods of migrants in selected provinces of South Africa. Researchers opted for a qualitative study using a case study design. Participants were drawn from the population in Limpopo, North-West and Mpumalanga Province. A snowball sampling technique was used to sample seven migrants from Zimbabwe, India, and Ethiopia using semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed thematically. The study revealed that most migrants who reside in the rural areas of South Africa seldom experience xenophobic attacks, and therefore their livelihoods are not always negatively affected. The study concluded that displacement, deportation, and loss of income due to xenophobic attacks are experiences of undocumented migrants in the cities and not in the rural areas. This study also makes recommendations that migration management policies be implemented fully in the rural areas because this is where undocumented migrants find comfort.
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Umarova, Khonzoda, Oluchi Okorafor, Pinxian Lu, et al. "Xenophobia Meter: Defining and Measuring Online Sentiment toward Foreigners on Twitter." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 18 (May 28, 2024): 1517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v18i1.31406.
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Xenophobia, a form of hatred directed at foreigners, immigrants, and sometimes even people who are just perceived as foreigners, has been flooding social media in recent political climates. In order to capture language related to foreigners and those perceived-as-foreigners (F&PAF) we present the 7-scale Xenophobia Meter, ranging from anti– to pro- F&PAF sentiments with examples and application rationale. We also publish a dataset of over 7,000 tweets labeled according to this meter, from 11 U.S.-based accounts that are on the forefront of defining the rhetoric related to immigration and policy. We apply a number of models to automatically identify xenophobic and F&PAF-related language. We also present findings from qualitative interviews with human annotators about their labeling experiences. While we find xenophobia is a complex social phenomenon to identify by both humans and machine learning algorithms, we hope that our work inspires researchers, policymakers, and the public to learn about xenophobia and to make efforts to shift the rhetoric and policies toward allyship, equity and inclusion.
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Hasković, Edita. "The Rise of Racism and Xenophobia During the COVID-19 Pandemic as an Expression of Their Centuries-Old History – A Sociological and Security Aspect." Kriminalističke teme 22, no. 1 (2022): 45–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.51235/kt.2022.22.1.45.
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Extremely complex crisis that occurred after the proclamation of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, contributed to the escalation of racism and xenophobia in the international arena. Their current rise must be observed from the perspective of the historically established pattern of connecting minorities, racial groups and certain communities with infectious diseases, which has made racist and xenophobic approaches and narratives indispensable constituents of responses to them. The stigma of the disease, as history confirms, is a permanent companion to the outbreak of infectious diseases, thus the coronavirus pandemic was no exception.
 The radicalization of public discourse through nativism, hatred and fear during the current health crisis, with the significant support of some mainstream media, was in the forefront contributed to by neo-nationalist forces. They exploited the insecurity and uncertainty generated by the pandemic to project fear of the other and different with their obligatory emanation as potential threats.
 Even though the COVID-19 pandemic contributed primarily to the reaffirmation of racism and xenophobia against the Chinese and Asians, which was supported by the coronavirus provenance, it undoubtedly paved the way for a general racist and xenophobic discourse.
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Pérez-Landa, Gabriel Ichcanziho, Octavio Loyola-González, and Miguel Angel Medina-Pérez. "An Explainable Artificial Intelligence Model for Detecting Xenophobic Tweets." Applied Sciences 11, no. 22 (2021): 10801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112210801.
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Xenophobia is a social and political behavior that has been present in our societies since the beginning of humanity. The feeling of hatred, fear, or resentment is present before people from different communities from ours. With the rise of social networks like Twitter, hate speeches were swift because of the pseudo feeling of anonymity that these platforms provide. Sometimes this violent behavior on social networks that begins as threats or insults to third parties breaks the Internet barriers to become an act of real physical violence. Hence, this proposal aims to correctly classify xenophobic posts on social networks, specifically on Twitter. In addition, we collected a xenophobic tweets database from which we also extracted new features by using a Natural Language Processing (NLP) approach. Then, we provide an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) model, allowing us to understand better why a post is considered xenophobic. Consequently, we provide a set of contrast patterns describing xenophobic tweets, which could help decision-makers prevent acts of violence caused by xenophobic posts on Twitter. Finally, our interpretable results based on our new feature representation approach jointly with a contrast pattern-based classifier obtain similar classification results than other feature representations jointly with prominent machine learning classifiers, which are not easy to understand by an expert in the application area.
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Chinwendu, Nwanganga Michael, Nwawube Arinze Victo, and Sabastine Ediba. "Xenophobic Attacks and Nigerian-South African Relations: Investigating the Cause." Indiana Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 11 (2022): 70–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7405285.
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<strong>Abstract:</strong> The Nigeria South African Relations has been affected by xenophobic attacks against Nigerians and other foreign nationals living in South Africa. Xenophobia is gradually becoming a tradition in South Africa due to the inability of the South African government to reduce the spate of xenophobic attacks against foreign nationals. Therefore, this study pursued one objective: to analyze the link between the deepening poverty situation of South Africans and the rising incidence of xenophobic attacks on Nigerians within the periods of study. The study employed the documentary method of data collection and content analysis method of data analysis. The Trend research design was used to observe changes in the variables of study at different points in time. Utilizing the Theory of social production of material wealth was advocated by Marxian scholars. The study found that there is a link between the deepening poverty situation of South Africans and the rising incidence of xenophobic attacks on Nigerians. Consequently, the study recommended that there should be a proper reorientation of South African citizens by the government of South Africa, the African Union, the United Nations and other relevant bodies on the need to accommodate their African brothers and the implications of xenophobic violence on the economy of South Africa.
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Mthombeni, Zama. "Xenophobia in South Africa." Thinker 93, no. 4 (2022): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/the_thinker.v93i4.2207.
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Despite the human rights principles established in South Africa’s Constitution, there have been recurrent waves of xenophobia throughout the country’s history. Foreigners who live in South Africa have been perceived as the victims of xenophobia and South Africans as the perpetrators. This paper aims to problematise the usage of the ‘ubuntu’ ideology as a utopian African ethic to promote ‘universal’ African humanism. It seems that apartheid’s heritage, which produced the present-day South Africa in which these xenophobic events occur, is often overlooked when South Africans are characterised as xenophobic and in need of ubuntu salvation. The study makes the case that colonial and political issues, which continue to have an impact on high levels of poverty and unemployment, should be considered as ongoing contributors to xenophobia. Several anti-immigration organisations have emerged as discussion points in the country. This study will only concentrate on one of these: Operation Dudula. This paper critically examines the reasons why Operation Dudula is continuing to expand despite protests from civil society organisations. This paper demonstrates, via media stories, how the media primarily portrays the organisation as vigilante that vex ubuntu and African unification. The paper makes the claim that marginalised South Africans are ‘Native Foreigners’, as opposed to simply perpetrators, drawing on Neocosmos’ idea of native foreigners. Instead of being considered as a problem that needs ubuntu’s salvation, the paper argues that anti-immigrant organisations should be understood as a sign of unsolved colonial and political problems that need to be addressed.
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Ngcamu, Bethuel Sibongiseni. "Understanding Xenophobic Attacks in South Africa: A Systematic Literature Review." Modern Africa: Politics, History and Society 12, no. 2 (2025): 83–113. https://doi.org/10.26806/modafr.v12i2.246.
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South Africa is seen as an intolerant country when it comes to black immigrants of African origin. The existing literature agrees with this narrative on the hostility and resentment faced by immigrants, but there is limited empirical data on the effectiveness of government interventions. This study, therefore, systematically reviews the literature on the common themes that define xenophobia in South Africa. It examines the literature on the impact of xenophobic attacks on victims and the effectiveness of government response strategies. The study’s findings demonstrate that peer pressure, failure to provide the promised basic needs to the citizens, and denialism by the government all contribute to the xenophobic attacks in South Africa. The government’s ineffective interventions and scapegoating are seen as exacerbating the impact of attacks against immigrants.
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Bond, Patrick. "In South Africa, “Rhodes Must Fall” (while Rhodes’ Walls Rise)." New Global Studies 13, no. 3 (2019): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ngs-2019-0036.
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AbstractThe African borders established in Berlin in 1884–85, at the peak of Cecil John Rhodes’ South African ambitions, were functional to the main five colonial-imperial powers, but certainly not to African societies then, nor to future generations. The residues of Rhodes’ settler-colonial racism and extractive-oriented looting include major cities such as Johannesburg, which are witnessing worse inequality and desperation, even a quarter of a century after apartheid fell in 1994. In South Africa’s financial capital, Johannesburg, a combination of post-apartheid neoliberalism and regional subimperial hegemony amplified xenophobic tendencies to the boiling point in 2019. Not only could University of Cape Town students tear down the hated campus statue of Rhodes, but the vestiges of his ethnic divide-and-conquer power could be swept aside. Rhodes did “fall,” in March 2015, but the South African working class and opportunistic politicians took no notice of the symbolic act, and instead began to raise Rhodes’ border walls ever higher, through ever more violent xenophobic outbreaks. Ending the populist predilection towards xenophobia will require more fundamental changes to the inherited political economy, so that the deep structural reasons for xenophobia are ripped out as convincingly as were the studs holding down Rhodes’ Cape Town statue.
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Manshur, Fadlil Munawwar. "The Connection between Arabic and Western Culture in the Rise of Populism." Jurnal Humaniora 31, no. 3 (2019): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jh.44770.
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This article discusses the rise of populism in Arabic and Western cultures as well as the connection between them. This study shows that populism in the Arab and Western world have several common characteristics: resistance against the mainstream, xenophobia, isolation, intolerance, hostility towards strangers, extremism, radicalism, anti-multiculturalism, and anti-globalization. The rise of populism has affected Arabic and Western cultures, as well as their interactions. Because of populism, Western culture’s views of the outside world, strangers, immigrants, and Islam has changed significantly. Western culture, influenced by populism, tend to be intolerant, isolated, xenophobic, and lack trust in multiculturalism. Meanwhile, populism in Arabic culture tends to be more anti-Western, anti-capitalist, and anti-liberalist. With the rise of populism, relations between these two cultural entities have become colored by tension, distrust, suspicion, and xenophobia.
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Faturrachman, Muhammad Alif. "NARRATOR’S XENOPHOBIA AS SEEN ON THE CALL OF CTHULU BY H.P LOVECRAFT: PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH." eScience Humanity Journal 1, no. 1 (2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37296/esci.v1i1.2.
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This study titled Narrator Xenophobia as seen in The Call of Cthulu by H.P Lovecraft: A Psychological Approach is a psychoanalytical analysis of Howard Phillips Lovecraft’s The Call of Cthulu (1928), the study aimed to identify the personality of Francis Wayland Thurston, the main narrator of the story, xenophobia and self-defense mechanism issues and also figure out the characterization of this character. As a literary research, this study utilized the use of psychoanalytic criticism by Sigmund Freud as the analytical tool and also the concept of self-defense mechanism proposed by Berger. In addition, this study utilized the descriptive qualitative research method, where the writer read the short story thoroughly to obtain the data needed for the discussion. The finding of this research is that the character of Francis Wayland Thurston does has some issues with xenophobia which causes him to utilized the self-defense mechanism needed to ensure his safety. Therefore, the writer concluded that Francis Wayland Thurston in this short story does represent the characteristic of a xenophobic person.