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Journal articles on the topic 'Xerophthalmia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Chandan, C., Harshitha Arun Pardhe, Krishnaveni Nagappan, B. V. Sushma, and M. R. Jeyaprakash. "Formulation and stability enhancement using vitamin A encapsulation in ocular abnormalities: A scientific review." International Food Research Journal 30, no. 3 (June 21, 2023): 564–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ifrj.30.3.02.

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The relationship between vitamin A, retinol activity, and eye health has been briefly elucidated. Based on certain reports, vitamin A and retinol activity can help overcome vitamin A insufficiency i.e., xerophthalmia. The present review assesses vitamin A sources, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin in vitamin A metabolism, retinol and xerophthalmia, and new application of vitamin A in mitigating xerophthalmia. Vitamin A and its precursors are sensitive, and could lose their biological activity when exposed to light or oxygen. In this context, encapsulation may act as a protection strategy for enhancing vitamin A's biological functions under adverse conditions. With the belief that vitamin A and retinol activity have a long-term association with xerophthalmia, the present review discusses the relationship between vitamin A consumption and its precursors, as well as the physiological effects of vitamin A on xerophthalmia. In conclusion, further research using free and encapsulated forms of vitamin A to prevent vitamin A deficiency and manage xerophthalmia should be emphasised.

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2

Belete, Gizachew Tilahun, Assefa Lake Fenta, and Mohammed Seid Hussen. "Xerophthalmia and Its Associated Factors among School-Age Children in Amba Giorgis Town, Northwest Ethiopia, 2018." Journal of Ophthalmology 2019 (November 22, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5130904.

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Introduction. Xerophthalmia is a general term applied to all the ocular manifestations from night blindness through complete corneal destruction (keratomalacia) due to vitamin A deficiency. Xerophthalmia is the main contributing factors for childhood blindness in developing countries. However, there is limited evidence that can implicate the current situation. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of xerophthalmia and associated factors among school-age children in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 490 children, age range of 6 to 12 years. The study participants were selected through systematic random sampling method. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and ophthalmic examination with different ophthalmic instruments. The analyzed result was summarized and presented using descriptive statistics. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with xerophthalmia. Variables with a p value of <0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression analysis were considered as statistically significant. Results. A total of 484 study participants with a response rate of 98.8 were involved in this study, and their median age was 8 years with IQR of 4 years. The prevalence of xerophthalmia was 8.26% (95% CI: 5.8, 10.7). Family income less than 1000 Ethiopian birr (AOR = 4.65, 95% CI: 1.31, 16.4), presence of febrile illness (AOR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.49, 6.11), poor consumption of fruits and vegetables (AOR = 3.18, 95% CI: 1.30, 7.80), and nonimmunized status (AOR = 3.43, 95% CI: 1.49, 7.89) were significantly associated with xerophthalmia. Conclusions and recommendations. The prevalence of xerophthalmia was high as compared to the World Health Organization criteria for public health significance. Factors identified for xerophthalmia in this study are low income, the poor dietary practice of fruits and vegetables, and the presence of febrile illness and not immunized. Hence, it is a public problem that needs attention.

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Al Kubaisy, W., M. G. Al Rubaiy, and H. A. Nassief. "twitter sharing button linkedin sharing button facebook sharing button whatsapp sharing button email sharing button print sharing button Xerophthalmia among hospitalized Iraqi children." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 8, no. 4-5 (June 15, 2002): 496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2002.8.4-5.496.

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To determine the impact of sanctions on the nutritional status of Iraqi children aged < 6 years, a random sample of 700 patients [age range: 0-6 years] from the Saddam Paediatric Hospital, Diyala Province, Iraq were examined ophthalmologically for evidence of xerophthalmia. Data on the history of infection, feeding and night blindness were also collected. The prevalence of xerophthalmia was 29%, mostly among children aged 1-3 years. Xerophthalmia was significantly inversely associated with breastfeeding and highly associated with common childhood infections such as measles, diarrhoea and respiratory tract infection. Xerophthalmia is a common problem among sick Iraqi children. Efforts to identify, evaluate and monitor vitamin A deficiency and to advocate and plan its eradication should be implemented.

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4

Taylor, Joseph. "Nutritional Blindness – Xerophthalmia." Tropical Doctor 15, no. 4 (October 1985): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947558501500411.

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5

Guobis, Žygimantas, Nomeda Basevičienė, Pajauta Paipalienė, Irena Niedzelskienė, and Giedrė Januševičiūtė. "Aspects of xerostomia prevalence and treatment among rheumatic inpatients." Medicina 44, no. 12 (October 7, 2008): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina44120120.

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Objectives. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of xerostomia among inpatients with rheumatic disorders at the Hospital of Kaunas University of Medicine (HKUM) and its association with age, sex, and xerophthalmia. Determining adequate treatment for xerostomia was also important, because untreated xerostomia may become aggravated and thus significantly impair patient’s quality of life. Material and methods. The authors designed a special questionnaire for conducting all studyrelated enquiries. Patients for this study were selected according to their case records ranging from 1998 to 2004. In total, there were 483 cases chosen based on prevalent rheumatic diseases, which were most conducive to xerostomia. Results. The results showed no significant evidence that the prevalence of xerostomia increased with age. Also, women were more susceptible to rheumatic diseases than men (W:M = 10:1) and are more likely to be affected by xerostomia and xerophthalmia (W:M = 2.5:1). A significant correlation was found between xerostomia and xerophthalmia. Only 17.7% of xerostomia-positive patients were treated for xerostomia, in comparison with xerophthalmia-positive patients who were treated for xerophthalmia in 84.8% of cases. It was shown that the modalities of treatment administered for xerostomia were neither sufficient nor up-to-date according to current recommendations found in medical literature. Conclusions. Xerostomia is closely correlated with xerophthalmia in rheumatic diseases. Xerostomia is more prevalent in older segments of population, especially in women, but we failed to prove statistical significance of older age in prevalence of sicca symptoms. Treatment administered to rheumatic patients for xerostomia in the HKUM is neither sufficient nor adequate.

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6

Curtale, F., H. Tammam, E. S. Hammoud, and A. Aloi. "Prevalence of xerophthalmia among children in Beheira governorate, Egypt." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 5, no. 5 (October 15, 1999): 984–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1999.5.5.984.

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A survey was conducted on a sample representative of the entire Beheira governorate to identify high-risk areas of vitamin A deficiency [VAD] and assess xerophthalmia prevalence. The study also tested the reliability of a household cluster survey for assessing xerophthalmia prevalence. A trained ophthalmologist examined 10, 664 children. The results showed that VAD was present in the region, but did not appear to be a public health problem. Ocular signs of VAD were more prevalent among older children, suggesting an improvement in socioeconomic conditions and health care over the past few years. The household cluster survey appeared to be a reliable method for assessing xerophthalmia prevalence in the region

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7

MCLAREN, D. S. "XEROPHTHALMIA: A NEGLECTED PROBLEM." Nutrition Reviews 22, no. 10 (April 27, 2009): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1964.tb07483.x.

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8

de Sole, G. "Xerophthalmia in Rwandan refugees." British Journal of Ophthalmology 79, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.79.4.395-c.

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9

Sommer, Alfred. "Xerophthalmia, the Deadly Disease." American Journal of Ophthalmology 99, no. 2 (February 1985): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9394(85)90234-x.

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10

UPADHYAY, MADAN P., BHUPENDRA J. GURUNG, K. KESAVA PILLAI, and BHAGAWAT P. NEPAL. "XEROPHTHALMIA AMONG NEPALESE CHILDREN1." American Journal of Epidemiology 121, no. 1 (January 1985): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113985.

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11

Brooks, H. Logan. "Xerophthalmia and Cystic Fibrosis." Archives of Ophthalmology 108, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1990.01070050052029.

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12

Wang, Rui, and Jing Yuan. "Regulation of Autophagy and Inflammation Improves the Corneal Injury in the Model of Rats with Xerophthalmia." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 1620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2022.3085.

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This study assessed the mechanism of regulation of autophagy and inflammation on corneal injury in the model of rats with xerophthalmia. The level of inducer and inhibitor of autophagy in the model of rats with xerophthalmia was detected and cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay together with analysis of colony formation, cell apoptosis and cycle by FCM. The effect of inducer on the corneal injury and inflammation was assessed. The level of autophagy marker LC3 was elevated significantly after treatment with autophagy inducer along with increased cell proliferation and migration and strengthened sensibility of corneal epithelial cells on corneal injury and inflammation and autophagy rate. In addition, cells in the established model was blocked at G2/M phase. Moreover, autophagy inducer significantly upregulated MMP-10 expression. Furthermore, there was a target relationship between LC3 and P62. In conclusion, the cell migration, growth and autophagy is induced with autophagy inducer in the model of rats with xerophthalmia, indicating that autophagy inducer might be a brand-new therapeutic target spot for the treatment of xerophthalmia.

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13

Agrawal, VK, P. Agrawal, and Dr Dharmendra. "Prevalence and determinants of xerophthalmia in rural children of Uttarpradesh, India." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 5, no. 2 (September 25, 2013): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i2.8733.

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Introduction: Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is recognized as a major cause of blindness among children in India. Objective: To find out the prevalence of VAD in rural children of Uttar Pradesh, India. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken amongst children (0-15 years) in a rural area of Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh) where the study population was selected by simple random sampling out of villages under a Primary Health Centre. Out of 844 children, 802 participated in the study. The WHO classification of xerophthalmia was used. Results: Overall, the prevalence of xerophthalmia was 5.4 %. The prevalence of Bitot’s spots was 0.9 % in children under six years of age and 3.3 % in children above six years. The prevalence of xerophthalmia was significantly more in older children. Overall, the prevalence of anemia was found to be 11.8 % in the study population. A significantly high prevalence of xerophthalmia (OR= 5.7; 95 % CI = 2.8 - 11.5) was observed in children suffering from anemia. Conclusion: The presence of a milder manifestation of xerophthalmia and a 0.9 % prevalence of Bitot’s spot in children under six years of age in the present study shows a declining trend of VAD although it is still a public health problem. The higher prevalence in children above six years of age shows that apart from strengthening of Vitamin A prophylaxis programs, health education is needed for dietary diversification to include vegetables and fruits in the diet for long-term sustainability in improving the vitamin A status of children of all age groups. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(10): 226-229 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i2.8733

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14

Jaworowski, Sol, Elena Drabkin, and Yaacov Rozenman. "Xerophthalmia and Undiagnosed Eating Disorder." Psychosomatics 43, no. 6 (November 2002): 506–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.43.6.506-a.

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15

Moisseiev, Elad, Shlomi Cohen, and Gadi Dotan. "Alagille Syndrome Associated with Xerophthalmia." Case Reports in Ophthalmology 4, no. 3 (December 19, 2013): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000357642.

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16

Sommer, Alfred. "Xerophthalmia and vitamin a status." Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 17, no. 1 (January 1998): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-9462(97)00001-3.

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17

MOKETE, B., and R. DE COCK. "Xerophthalmia and short bowel syndrome." British Journal of Ophthalmology 82, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 1339b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.82.11.1339b.

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18

Khan, Arif O. "Xerophthalmia occurring after strabismus surgery." Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 8, no. 2 (April 2004): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2003.11.003.

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19

Hussain, M. A. M., S. M. Ahmed, and E. H. A. El Sheikh. "Xerophthalmia in Malnourished Sudanese Children." Tropical Doctor 21, no. 4 (October 1991): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559102100402.

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20

Khatry, Subarna K. "Epidemiology of Xerophthalmia in Nepal." Archives of Ophthalmology 113, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1995.01100040039024.

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21

Sommer, Alfred. "Xerophthalmia, keratomalacia and nutritional blindness." International Ophthalmology 14, no. 3 (May 1990): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00158318.

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22

Sommer, Alfred. "Vitamin A Deficiency and Xerophthalmia." Archives of Ophthalmology 108, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1990.01070050041026.

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23

Sapkota, Jyoti, and Rachana Rana. "Bilateral keratomalacia secondary to xerophthalmia." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v14i2.43679.

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Introduction: Vitamin A deficiency leads to a wide spectrum of ocular manifestations ranging from conjunctival xerosis to corneal ulceration and perforation. Penetrating keratoplasty along with vitamin A supplementation can save the eye and useful vision. Case: A 10-year-old boy presented with decreased vision in both eyes for 3 months. Slit-lamp examination with diffuse light revealed bilateral corneal thinning with iris prolapse at inferior aspect of cornea. He underwent therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty in both eyes. Vitamin A supplementation was given as per national protocol. Till 1 year postoperatively visual acuity in RE was 6/18 and LE was pre-phthisical. Conclusion: Vitamin A deficiency is potentially a sight threatening condition, which may lead to keratomalacia and corneal perforation if neglected. Timely management with Vitamin A supplementation and penetrating keratoplasty can save the eye and vision.

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24

BLOCH, C. E. "CLINICAL INVESTIGATION OF XEROPHTHALMIA AND DYSTROPHY IN INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN (XEROPHTHALMIA ET DYSTROPHIA ALIPOGENETICA)." Nutrition Reviews 32, no. 6 (April 27, 2009): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1974.tb06316.x.

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25

Dunaeva, N. V., M. Yu Pervakova, A. S. Mazing, and S. V. Lapin. "Incidence and risk factors of extrahepatic manifestations in patients with chronic HCV and HCV/HIV infection." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 13, no. 4 (January 28, 2022): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2021-13-4-53-63.

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Purpose. To study the incidence and risk factors for the development of extrahepatic manifestations like arthralgias, cutaneous manifestations of vasculitis, polyneuropathy, xerophthalmia, Raynaud’s syndrome, chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with chronic HCV infection, and HCV/HIV co-infection.Materials and methods. The cohort study included 331 patients: 254 people with HCV, 77 — with HCV/HIV.Results. Extrahepatic manifestations were detected in 50% of HCV patients and 70% of HCV/HIV patients (p=0,002). Among patients with HCV and HCV/HIV the most common were joint lesions (42% vs 46%, p=0,563), skin rashes (20% vs 25%, p=0,345), polyneuropathy (13% vs 17%, p=0,441), CKD (11% vs 35%, p<0,001), less often Raynaud’s syndrome (3% vs 8%, p=0,076) and xerophthalmia (5% vs 4%, p=0,661). The logistic regression model revealed a significant relationship between the development of one or more extrahepatic manifestations in patients with chronic HCV infection with cryoglobulinemia (p<0,001), the presence of HIV infection (p<0,001), and age (p=0,007). However, logistic regression models tested for each of the studied manifestations revealed a significant effect of HIV infection only on the development of CKD (p<0,001), while cryoglobulinemia possessed significant risk factors for each of the manifestations, except xerophthalmia. Conclusion. The data obtained indicate a high incidence of extrahepatic manifestations in patients with chronic HCV and HCV/HIV infection, also a significant role of HIV co-infection for the development of CKD, and the role of cryoglobulinemia in the development of extrahepatic manifestations, except xerophthalmia.

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Davitt, Bradley V., Gregg J. Berdy, and Robert E. Kane. "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Presenting as Xerophthalmia." Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus 38, no. 5 (September 2001): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0191-3913-20010901-15.

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Cella, Wener, Andreia Peltier Urbano, Willian Santos Vinhadelli, Maurício Donatti, and Eduardo Melani Rocha. "Xerophthalmia Secondary to Short Bowel Syndrome." Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 39, no. 2 (March 1, 2002): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0191-3913-20020301-17.

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Oomen, H. A. P. C. "Vitamin A Deficiency, Xerophthalmia and Blindness." Nutrition Reviews 32, no. 6 (April 27, 2009): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1974.tb06312.x.

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29

Katz, J. "Sampling designs for xerophthalmia prevalence surveys." International Journal of Epidemiology 26, no. 5 (October 1, 1997): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/26.5.1041.

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30

Gudjónsson, Sk V. "XEROPHTHALMIA IN RATS AND “PERIOCULAR REACTION”." Acta Ophthalmologica 8, no. 1-4 (May 27, 2009): 184–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1930.tb06195.x.

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GAO, Hui, Xiao-dong ZHAO, Guo-juan MA, Huan-li LI, and Huai-dong LIU. "Acupuncture combined with pyonex for xerophthalmia." World Journal of Acupuncture - Moxibustion 26, no. 2 (June 2016): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-5257(17)30008-9.

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32

Roncone, David P. "Xerophthalmia secondary to alcohol-induced malnutrition." Optometry - Journal of the American Optometric Association 77, no. 3 (March 2006): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optm.2006.01.005.

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Desai, N. C., Sanjiv Desai, and Rajiv Desai. "Xerophthalmia clinics in rural eye camps." International Ophthalmology 16, no. 3 (May 1992): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00916432.

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34

Paniello, Randal C. "Submandibular Gland Transfer for Severe Xerophthalmia." Laryngoscope 117, no. 1 (January 2007): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mlg.0000246953.44163.81.

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35

Shankar, Anita V., Joel Gittelsohn, Elizabeth K. Pradhan, Chandra Dhungel, and Keith P. West. "Home Gardening and Access to Animals in Households with Xerophthalmic Children in Rural Nepal." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 19, no. 1 (January 1998): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659801900106.

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This case–control study compares the home garden and animal husbandry practices of households with and without xerophthalmic children in south-central Nepal, focusing on the relationship between these practices and household intake of vitamin A–rich foods. Eighty-one households with a child between the ages of one and six years diagnosed with xerophthalmia (cases) and 81 households with an age-matched, non-xerophthalmic child (controls) were studied. There was little difference between case and control households in the size of their gardens. However, case households were significantly less likely to plant carotenoid-rich vegetables from October to March than were control households (odds ratio, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.16 to 0.96). The mean consumption of non-carotenoid-rich vegetables, but not of carotenoid-rich vegetables, increased linearly with garden size. Case households were significantly more likely than control households to rent domesticated animals from others (χ2 = 5.91; p < .05). Control households were more likely than case households to own chickens and pigeons (χ2 = 6.6–9.2; p < .05). During specific seasons, household meat consumption was significantly lower in case households, regardless of access to animals. Case households appeared to have significantly lower intakes of key vitamin A–rich foods, particularly green leaves and meat, regardless of their socio-economic level (as determined by ownership of material goods), access to animals, or availability of home gardens.

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36

Gong, Lan, Xinghuai Sun, and William J. Chapin. "Clinical Curative Effect of Acupuncture Therapy on Xerophthalmia." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 38, no. 04 (January 2010): 651–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x10008123.

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This study observes changes in symptoms of xerophthalmia pre- and post-acupuncture therapy and compares the results of the acupuncture therapy (AT) group and the artificial tear control (ATC) group. Parallel comparative studies were carried out on 44 patients with xerophthalmia, who were divided into the AT group (n = 20) and the ATC group (n = 24). A 10-session acupuncture therapy program was performed for the AT group while Dextran 70 was used for the ATC group with each course of treatment lasting 21 day. Examinations were made on the day when a patient was chosen to join the study, 1 hour after completion of treatment, and 3 weeks after stopping treatment. There was no statistically significant difference in terms of the reduction of the symptoms and sign score (SSS) 1 hour after completion of treatment between the AT group and the ATC group. Three weeks after completion of treatment, the reduction of SSS for the AT group was larger than that of the ATC group, with the difference achieving statistical significance. Both acupuncture therapy and artificial tear therapy have an immediate positive effect on the symptoms of xerophthalmia, but acupuncture therapy has a longer continuous effect than that of artificial tears.

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37

Semba, Richard D. "Risk Factors for Xerophthalmia Among Mothers and Their Children andfor Mother-Child Pairs With Xerophthalmia in Cambodia." Archives of Ophthalmology 122, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.122.4.517.

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38

Schémann, JF, A. Banou, D. Malvy, A. Guindo, L. Traore, and G. Momo. "National immunisation days and vitamin A distribution in Mali: has the vitamin A status of pre-school children improved?" Public Health Nutrition 6, no. 3 (June 2003): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2002432.

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AbstractObjective:The impact on vitamin A status of the distribution of vitamin A during national immunisation days (NIDs) has not been well established despite strong promotion by international agencies and donors. Using a pre–post design, the change in prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was examined in pre-school children in Mali.Design:Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in Mopti region, the first in March 1997 before this strategy was adopted and the second in March 1999, four-and-a-half months after a mass distribution of vitamin A during NIDs.Subjects and setting:We compared the vitamin A status of children aged 12 to 66 months targeted in 1999 by NIDs with the status of children in the same age group in 1997. Infectious events of the previous two weeks were concurrently recorded. Within the 1999 sample, the status of recipient and non-recipient children was also compared.Results:In 1997, the prevalence of xerophthalmia (defined by the presence of night blindness and/or Bitot spots) was 6.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.1–9.2) and the modified retinol dose response (MRDR) test proved abnormal in 77.8% of 12–66-month-old children (95% CI 68.27–85.17). In 1999 this picture had improved significantly, both for xerophthalmia prevalence, 3.3% (95% CI 2.1–5.2), and abnormal MRDR test response, 63.1% (95% CI 54.25–71.23). The infectious morbidity rates between 1997 and 1999 tended to decrease. No significant improvement was found among children older than those targeted by NIDs. In 1999, children who received vitamin A had a lower risk for xerophthalmia (3.0% for recipients vs. 8.7% for non-recipients) and experienced fewer infectious events.Conclusions:The clinical and biological vitamin A status of pre-school children improved between 1997 and 1999. Mass distribution of vitamin A appears to reduce the occurrence of xerophthalmia and would seem to be associated with a decrease in other related illnesses. Vitamin A supplementation during NIDs should be given a high priority when vitamin A deficiency remains a public health problem.

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Lulu Kamei, Dr Gaining, and Dr Yumnam Chingsuingamba Meitei. "Anterior Staphyloma following Xerophthalmia-A case report." IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 13, no. 3 (2014): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0853-13328082.

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40

Ajaiyeoba, A. I., I. A. Adeyefa, D. O. Adeyemo, and Y. O. Omotade. "Xerophthalmia and vitamin A deficiency in Nigeria." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 20, no. 2 (June 2000): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724936.2000.11748128.

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41

Tarwotjo, I., J. Katz, K. P. West, J. M. Tielsch, and A. Sommer. "Xerophthalmia and growth in preschool Indonesian children." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/55.6.1142.

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Pizzarello, L. D. "Age specific xerophthalmia rates among displaced Ethiopians." Archives of Disease in Childhood 61, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 1100–1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.61.11.1100.

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McLaren, D. "Age specific xerophthalmia rates among displaced Ethiopians." Archives of Disease in Childhood 62, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.62.5.539-a.

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KATZ, JOANNE, SCOTT L. ZEGER, KEITH P. WEST, JAMES M. TIELSCH, and ALFRED SOMMER. "Clustering of Xerophthalmia within Households and Villages." International Journal of Epidemiology 22, no. 4 (1993): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/22.4.709.

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McLaughlin, S., J. Welch, E. MacDonald, S. Mantry, and K. Ramaesh. "Xerophthalmia—a potential epidemic on our doorstep?" Eye 28, no. 5 (February 14, 2014): 621–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2014.17.

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Costantinos, Saba, and Tseggai Gherezghiher. "Nutritional blindness: Xerophthalmia in Asmara Ophthalmic Hospital." Experimental Eye Research 55 (September 1992): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4835(92)90616-z.

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Wittpenn, J. R., S. C. G. Tseng, and A. Sommer. "Detection of Early Xerophthalmia by Impression Cytology." Archives of Ophthalmology 104, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1986.01050140091027.

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Caccamise, W. C. "Early Detection of Xerophthalmia by Impression Cytology." Archives of Ophthalmology 104, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 970–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1986.01050190028006.

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Djunaedi, Edi. "Impact of Vitamin A Supplementation on Xerophthalmia." Archives of Ophthalmology 106, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1988.01060130228033.

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Kumar, Avdhesh, Malti Mehra, S. K. Badhan, and Saudan Singh. "Xerophthalmia In urban Slum Children Of Delhi." Indian Journal of Community Medicine 23, no. 4 (1998): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.53558.

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