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Journal articles on the topic 'Xerophytic adaptations'
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Sreeremya, S. "Analysing the multidrug resistance of microbes against three different ecological adaptations.Hydrophytic adaptation (Nymphaea nouchali), Xerophytic adaptation (Aloe vera), Mesophytic adaptation (Tridax procumbens)." Journals of Pharma and Drug Regulatory Affairs 1, no. 1 (2018): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1919879.
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Multidrug resistance is the ability of microorganisms to be resistant to more than two drugs. In this study, the multidrug resistance of microbes against three different ecological adaptations, Hydrophytic adaptations. The study indicated that the plants from xerophytic adaptation shows the higher antimicrobial activity than that of hydrophytic and mesophytic adaptations.
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Krug, John C., and James A. Scott. "The genus Bombardioidea." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 9 (1994): 1302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-159.
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The taxonomy and ecology of the fungal genus Bombardioidea (Ascomycotina, Lasiosphaeriaceae) are discussed. Descriptions and illustrations are provided for the four accepted species: Bombardioidea anartia n.sp., Bombardioidea bombardioides, Bombardioidea serignanensis, and Bombardioidea stercoris. Observations from axenic culture are provided for B. bombardioides, and an Angulimaya (Phialophora-like) anamorph is reported. The coriaceous and gelatinous aspects of the peridium are considered to be adaptations to xerophytic environments. Key words: Bombardioidea, Angulimaya, Phialophora, coprophilous, ecology, taxonomy.
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Lindorf, Helga. "Eco-Anatomical Wood Features of Species from a Very Dry Tropical Forest." IAWA Journal 15, no. 4 (1994): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001370.
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In 19 species of a very dry forest in Venezuela vessel diameter, vessel frequency, vessel grouping, vessel element length, and intervessel pit size, were studied and compared with data from other habitats. A predominance of characters that presumably contribute to hydraulic safety was observed: numerous grouped vessels of small diameter, short vessel elements, and minute intervessel pits. In some species, a xeromorphic wood anatomy coexists together with adaptations such as deciduousness, xeromorphic foliage, deep or superficially-extended roots, and succulence. In other species studied, the presence of xerophytic adaptations such as assimilating stems, succulence, and deep roots, seem to mitigate the xeromorphic wood appearance and, to some extent, lend it a mesomorphic character.
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Andrus, Richard E. "Some aspects of Sphagnum ecology." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 2 (1986): 416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-057.
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Sphagnum species are ecologically prominent wetland plants with xerophytic adaptations and succession-directing acidification capabilities. Species are organized along environmental gradients of pH, cation concentrations, hummock and hollow, wet versus dry, shade versus sun, coastal versus inland, and cold versus warm. The known factors responsible for this organization include cation-exchange capacity, desiccation tolerance, desiccation resistance, water-holding capacity, drying rates, and photosynthetic response at differing water contents. Small-scale distribution of Sphagnum species can be better explained for ombrotrophic sites than for minerotrophic sites.
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Lishtva, A. V. "Lichens of carbonate substrates of the Patom Highlands (Eastern Siberia)." Проблемы ботаники Южной Сибири и Монголии 22, no. 2 (2023): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/pbssm.2023121.
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The study of lichens of carbonate substrates of the Patom Highlands was carried out. 177 samples were collected and 28 species of lichens were identified. Among the discovered species there are representatives of both strictly calciphilous flora and lichens of the eurysubstrate group. Calciphilic species constitute a special group of lichens, usually xerophytic or even ultraxerophytic, and have a complex of adaptations to life on carbonate substrates, and adaptation strategies affect not only the fungal component, but also the photobiont. As adaptations to xerothermic habitat conditions, lichens are considered to have a squamous thallus, the presence of pruritus, an epinecral corteх of the thallus, as well as cyanoprokaryotes as a photobiont. Some of the discovered species of cyanobiotic lichens are rare in Russia, among such species are Synalissa symphorea (Weber) Poelt and Racodium rupestre Pers. Increased resistance to adverse climatic conditions is provided to them by blue-green algae as a photobiont, or rather, their mucous membranes surrounding cells and leveling the effects of high humidity - dryness, as well as temperature fluctuations. The carbonate substrates of the Patom Highlands are inhabited by a peculiar complex of lichens, among which there are both ecologically plastic, occurring quite often and under various conditions, and specific species with a narrow ecological amplitude. It is carbonates that are «guides» to the northern latitudes of heat-loving species that have a number of specific adaptations.
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Adame-González, Ana Belén, María Eugenia Muñíz-DL, and Susana Valencia-A. "Comparative leaf morphology and anatomy of six Selaginella species (Selaginellaceae, subgen. Rupestrae) with notes on xerophytic adaptations." Flora 260 (November 2019): 151482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2019.151482.
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Konaś, J. "Tuber production and fire-resistance in Lycopodium carolinianum L. in Zambia." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 44, no. 4 (2015): 653–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1975.060.
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The seasonal periodicity of <i>Lycopodium carolinianum</i> L. var. <i>tuberosum</i> (Welw. et A. Braun ex Kuhn) Nessel in a dambo grassland in the Central Province of Zambia is described. Cauline tubers were formed on the apices of the creeping stems at the end of each growing season. Because of the downward curving of their initials the tubers became buried c. l cm underground. They were often the only parts of the plant which survived the grass fires occurring each year in the dry season. Hence, L. <i>carolinianum</i> var. <i>tuberosum</i> is a facultative geophyte in which the original, most probably xerophytic, adaptations became an effective means of protection against fire.
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Gao, Yinghao, Chuan Yuan, Yafeng Zhang, et al. "Rainfall Partitioning Dynamics in Xerophytic Shrubs: Interplays Between Self-Organization and Meteorological Drivers." Forests 16, no. 4 (2025): 605. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16040605.
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Rainfall partitioning, a crucial process in shaping the local hydrological cycle, governs canopy interception and subsequent soil water recharge. While canopy structure and meteorological conditions fundamentally regulate this process, the role of plant self-organization and its interactions with meteorological drivers (non-precipitation variables in particular) remain underexplored. To address this gap, we investigated rainfall partitioning components, including the amount, intensity, efficiency, and temporal dynamics of throughfall and stemflow, in clumped and scattered Vitex negundo L. var. heterophylla (Franch.) Rehder shrubs in the Yangjuangou catchment of the Chinese Loess Plateau during the 2021–2022 rainy seasons. Despite comparable net precipitation (clumped: 83.5% vs. scattered: 84.2% of incident rains), divergent rainfall partitioning strategies emerged. Clumped V. negundo exhibited greater stemflow (8.6% vs. 5.2%), characterized by enhanced intensity, efficiency, and favorable temporal dynamics. Conversely, scattered shrubs favored throughfall generation (79.0% vs. 74.9%). Consistent with previous research, rainfall amount was recognized as the primary control on partitioning rains. Furthermore, our integrated analysis, combining machine learning with variance decomposition, highlighted the critical roles of antecedent canopy wetness (4 h pre-event leaf wetness) and wind speed thresholds (e.g., low wind vs. gust) in regulating partitioning efficiency and temporal dynamics. These findings advance the mechanistic understanding of the interplay between plant self-organization and hydrological processes, demonstrating how morphological adaptations in V. negundo optimize water harvesting in semi-arid ecosystems. This addressed the need to incorporate dynamic interplays between plant structure (specifically, self-organized patterns) and meteorological factors (particularly non-precipitation variables) into ecohydrological models, especially for improved predictions in water-limited regions.
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Wang, Qinglang, Xing’er Chen, Yue Meng, et al. "The Potential Role of Genic-SSRs in Driving Ecological Adaptation Diversity in Caragana Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 4 (2024): 2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042084.
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Caragana, a xerophytic shrub genus widely distributed in northern China, exhibits distinctive geographical substitution patterns and ecological adaptation diversity. This study employed transcriptome sequencing technology to investigate 12 Caragana species, aiming to explore genic-SSR variations in the Caragana transcriptome and identify their role as a driving force for environmental adaptation within the genus. A total of 3666 polymorphic genic-SSRs were identified across different species. The impact of these variations on the expression of related genes was analyzed, revealing a significant linear correlation (p < 0.05) between the length variation of 264 polymorphic genic-SSRs and the expression of associated genes. Additionally, 2424 polymorphic genic-SSRs were located in differentially expressed genes among Caragana species. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis, the expressions of these genes were correlated with 19 climatic factors and 16 plant functional traits in various habitats. This approach facilitated the identification of biological processes associated with habitat adaptations in the studied Caragana species. Fifty-five core genes related to functional traits and climatic factors were identified, including various transcription factors such as MYB, TCP, ARF, and structural proteins like HSP90, elongation factor TS, and HECT. The roles of these genes in the ecological adaptation diversity of Caragana were discussed. Our study identified specific genomic components and genes in Caragana plants responsive to heterogeneous habitats. The results contribute to advancements in the molecular understanding of their ecological adaptation, lay a foundation for the conservation and development of Caragana germplasm resources, and provide a scientific basis for plant adaptation to global climate change.
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Al Shaye, Najla A. "Comparative morpho-anatomical study on Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Apocynaceae) growing in the hyper-arid and arid habitats of Saudi Arabia." PeerJ 11 (May 22, 2023): e15320. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15320.
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The use of wild plants is considered to be an eco-friendly and promising natural resource. In sandy desert habitats, Leptadenia pyrotechnica flourishes as a xerophytic shrub with high biomass production. As a dominant shrub in the arid sand dune habitats of Saudi Arabia, Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne (Asclepiadaceae) is one of the most common xerophytes; the many medicinal uses of this plant include treating allergies, productive coughs, abortions, diabetes, stomach disorders, fevers, kidney disorders, and stones. In such a distribution, morpho-anatomical characteristics, among other adaptive traits, play an important role. This study aims to characterize some morpho-anatomical adaptations of L. pyrotechnica in two stressful habitats: the hyper-arid inland sand dunes of the Empty Quarter (EQ) and the arid coastal sand dunes of Jazan. A morpho-anatomical analysis of plant stems and roots from both habitats was conducted using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The outcomes indicated similar characteristics, a low surface-to-volume ratio (S/V), a thin boundary layer (δbl), an epidermis with many layers of hypodermis, bundles of sclerenchymatous cells around vascular tissue, and storage starch grains in ray parenchyma between xylem conduits. On the other hand, the L. pyrotechnica stem from the hyper-arid habitat of the Empty Quarter revealed more encrypted stomata, more elongated palisade cells, less calcium oxalate crystals with low Ca percentage, and a high vulnerability index of xylem vessels compared with the same traits of the stem from the Jazan coastal sand dunes habitat. Roots of L. pyrotechnica from both habitats revealed similar features of general anatomy. However, differences in specific anatomical traits were observed, especially in xylem vessel characters. The vulnerability index of root xylem vessels from the Empty Quarter habitat was more than that from the Jazan coastal sand dunes habitat. Furthermore, vestured bordered pits in root xylem walls were more abundant in the Empty Quarter habitat than in the Jazan coastal sand dunes habitat. As a result, these characteristics in the morpho-anatomy of L. pyrotechnica from both habitats provide practical adaptations to highly stressful conditions, along with specific anatomical traits relating to each habitat.
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Imanbayeva, Akzhunis, Margarita Ishmuratova, Nurzhaugan Duisenova, Meruert Sagyndykova, Aidyn Orazov, and Ainur Tuyakova. "Floristic and Anatomical Diversity of Crataegus ambigua C.A.Mey. ex A.K.Becker Populations in Different Areas of the Arid Mangystau Region (Kazakhstan)." Forests 16, no. 4 (2025): 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16040585.
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This study investigates the anatomical adaptations and ecological plasticity of C. ambiguus in extreme environmental conditions by analyzing the structural characteristics of its leaves and annual shoots collected from 12 populations in the arid regions of Mangystau, including Western Karatau, Northern Aktau, and the Tyubkaragan Peninsula. Microscopic and statistical analyses revealed significant variability in key anatomical traits, including epidermal thickness, collenchyma, primary cortex, and vascular bundle area, highlighting the species’ adaptive responses to drought, high solar radiation, and limited water availability. The epidermal thickness ranged from 14.85 µm (Pop_12 Botakan) to 22.51 µm (Pop_6 Samal), demonstrating xeromorphic adaptations for reducing transpiration. At the same time, the vascular bundle area varied from 286.06 × 10−3 mm2 (Pop_3 Emdikorgan) to 528.51 × 10−3 mm2 (Samal), indicating differences in water transport efficiency across populations. Despite substantial anatomical variation, the low coefficients of variation (0.31%–6.31%) suggested structural stability, reinforcing C. ambigua’s ability to maintain functional integrity under environmental stress. Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) confirmed that environmental factors such as soil type, elevation, and water availability significantly influenced anatomical traits. Floristic analysis revealed distinct patterns of species richness, with the highest diversity recorded in Pop_4 and Pop_7, while Pop_12 and Pop_9 exhibited lower diversity, indicating potential vulnerability. Furthermore, the identified anatomical traits could serve as key markers for selecting drought-resistant genotypes in afforestation and restoration programs. This study also highlighted the need for the long-term monitoring of C. ambigua populations to assess the impact of climate change on structural adaptations. These findings offer a framework for integrating ecological and genetic studies to refine conservation strategies for xerophytic species.
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Stpiczyńska, Małgorzata, Magdalena Kamińska, and Kevin L. Davies. "Nectar secretion in a dry habitat: structure of the nectary in two endangered Mexican species of Barkeria (Orchidaceae)." PeerJ 9 (August 2, 2021): e11874. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11874.
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Barkeria scandens and B. whartoniana are endangered, endemic taxa from Mexico. They are epiphytes adapted to dry habitats. Since these plants are xerophytic, their flowers were investigated for structural adaptations to nectar secretion. The flowers of both species are structurally similar, and contrary to most claims for the genus, have functional floral nectaries comprising a nectary chamber and a narrow tubular cuniculus. Nectar is present in both these structures, and contains sugars and lipid-like compounds. The nectary tissue is composed of a single-layered epidermis overlying 1–2 layers of subepidermal secretory parenchyma. The outer tangential wall of the epidermal cells is thick and multi-layered, whereas the cuticle, which often shows blistering, is lamellate and possesses micro-channels. Lipid-like material occurs both between the microfibrils of the cell wall and in the micro-channels. Robust secretory tissue, thick cell walls, and lipid-like nectar components limit nectar evaporation. Moreover, the rigidity of the nectary potentially makes it possible for red-flowered B. scandens to switch from entomophily to ornithophily.
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Hazzazi, Yehia, Uzma Hanif, Zainib Binte Zia, Jotyar J. Muhammed, Nidal Shaban, and A. El Shabasy Shabasy. "Comparative anatomy of Salvadora oleoides Decne. and Salvadora persica L. from Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 54, no. 1 (2025): 83–90. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v54i1.80286.
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Comparative anatomical studies of Salvadora oleoides Decne. and Salvadora persica L. belonging to the family Salvadoraceae were performed for their better adaptations and survival. The results showed that hairs were only present on the outer surface of epidermis in S. oleoides Decne. due to its xerophytic conditions. In S. oleoides Decne. vascular bundles were arranged in circle while in S. persica, they were arranged in rays. In transverse section of stem, length and width of parenchyma were greater in S. oleoides Decne. while other tissues were greater in S. persica L. In T.S. of petiole, the length and width of metaxylem and protoxylem were greater in S. oleoides Decne. while other tissues were greater in S. oleoides Decne. In leaf epidermis, the length of epidermal cells was greater on the adaxial surface of S. persica L. These differences on the basis of anatomical characters and statistical analysis (correlation & Simple Regression Linear equations) can be helpful for their identification and classification of species. Bangladesh J. Bot. 54(1): 83-90, 2025 (March)
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Puglisi, Marta, Patrizia Campisi, Maria Privitera, and Giovanni Spampinato. "Bryophyte diversity in the gypsum outcrops of Sicily (Italy)." Nova Hedwigia 111, no. 3 (2020): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2020/0602.
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A study on the bryophyte diversity of 12 Sicilian gypsum outcrops, falling in 4 Nature Reserves and 5 Special Areas of Conservation (SAC), is presented in order to increase knowledge about this peculiar flora for which conservation efforts need to be addressed. The bryoflora consists of a total of 85 taxa, 8 liverworts and 77 mosses, most of them belonging to the Pottiaceae family and characterized by xero-morphological adaptations. The bio-ecological analysis has emphasized the prevalence of xerophytic and basiphytic species with life form turf and life strategy colonist. Regarding the gypsicolous character, only one species, Tortula revolvens, behaves as a strict gypsophyte, and a small group of species ( Aloina spp., Crossidium spp.) as wide gypsophytes. The bryofloras of the sites show a quite high diversity level in species composition and include some rare and interesting taxa for Italy, e. g. Acaulon triquetrum, Aloina brevirostris, Syntrichia handelii, Tortula brevissima , Tortula revolvens, Tortula solmsii, Petalophyllum ralfsii. This study, which improves the information on the gypsum flora, represents a contribution to the knowledge of a habitat which is today considered a priority for conservation.
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Pyurko, O. E., T. E. Khrystova, V. E. Pyurko, and L. I. Arabadzhi-Tipenko. "Structural and functional content of xerophytic plants of Elytrigia repens L. genus." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1415, no. 1 (2024): 012052. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1415/1/012052.
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Abstract In the modern conditions of the ecological crisis, the study of adaptive changes in xerophyte plants, which form natural and cultural phytocenoses, has important theoretical and practical significance. Steppe phytocenoses of the Zaporizhia region, especially the Melitopol city and the Melitopol district, are represented by xerophytic associations. The research aim was to find out the histological and physiological rearrangements of the organs of the genus Elytrigia L. to determine adaptation features at the tissue level to water and temperature stresses. The subject of the study was the study of the structural and functional features of plant organs of the genus Elytrigia repens L. during adaptation to environmental factors (on the example of the Zaporizhzhia region, in particular the Melitopol city). The theoretical and methodological basis of the work was the synergistic use of a systemic approach, which led to a transparent approach to the choice of research methods, in particular: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, systematization, generalization of literary sources); general biological (experimental method, quantitative-anatomical, physiological and system-structural analysis, methods of mathematical statistics. It was established that the adaptation of xerophytes of the genus Elytrígia L. to arid habitats is characterized by structural and functional rearrangements of vegetative organs, in particular, the presence of unicellular trichomes, which ensures a decrease in transpiration, an increase in the share of storage tissues in the leaf and conductive and mechanical elements in the stem, as well as a decrease in intensity photosynthesis under drought conditions. As a result of finding out the functional disturbances in the leaf under the influence of drought, in particular the intensity of photosynthesis and the specificity of the pigment composition of the experimental plant, it was proved that the experimental plants under normal conditions have a parabolic curve of photosynthesis, and under the influence of atmospheric drought these indicators have a hyperbolic shape, and the analysis of the results of daily of the dynamics of photosynthesis established that the most intense photosynthesis occurs in plants under normal conditions, and under the influence of drought in plants there is a decrease and inhibition of the process of photosynthesis.
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Butenkova, Alina N., Alexey S. Prokopyev, and Mikhail S. Yamburov. "Anatomical and morphological features of leaves of Rhodiola rosea L. in natural conditions of the mountains in Southern Siberia (Altai Mountains)." Acta Biologica Sibirica 10 (June 22, 2024): 583–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12188668.
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The study of natural coenopopulations of the rare medicinal species <em>Rhodiola rosea</em> is of highest relevance for conservation of this valuable plant species. Analysis of the adaptive response of the species growing under different environmental conditions is basically used to elaborate recommendations for its protection and rational use. The aim of this work was to study the anatomical and morphological features of the leaf blades of<em> Rh. rosea</em> growing under different environmental and coenotic conditions of the Altai Mountains. We studied the anatomical features of leaves of <em>Rh. rosea</em> from 7 coenopopulations (in one coenopopulation, both female and male plants were studied) and assessed the adaptive response of plants to different growing conditions by conventional methods. The values of indicators from different coenopopulations were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the correlation coefficient was calculated to estimate the correlation between different indicators. The study revealed a reserve of adaptive plasticity for <em>Rh. rosea</em>, which allows the species to grow under different light and water conditions. For specimens from one geographic location studied, statistically significant differences in the indicator values were fewer compared with specimens from different areas. Heliophytic and xerophytic adaptations of the studied plants varied depending on coenopopulation. The analysis of male and female <em>Rh. rosea</em> species from the Kurai ridge (CP 3) revealed that the most photosynthetically active layer and vascular tissue are better developed in leaves of females compared to males. It was found that <em>Rh. rosea </em>growing in the mountains bear shorter and thicker leaves; the thickness of integumentary tissue with cuticle increases at higher altitudes, the number of stomata and cells on integumentary tissue per epidermis unit area decreases, and the thickness of photoassimilating tissue grows. Changes in anatomical and morphological characteristics are adaptive responses to increased insolation at higher altitudes and, probably, to decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
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Aliyeva, I. "Morphological and Anatomical Analysis of Vegetative Organs of Avena pilosa (Roem. & Schult.) Bieb." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 4 (2021): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/65/03.
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The article provides information about the structural features of the fodder plant — Avena pilosa (Roem. & Schult.) Bieb., which is widespread on winter pastures in Azerbaijan. As a result of the morphological-anatomical analysis, important structural elements were identified, as well as the morphophysiology and adaptation of this species. As a result of adaptation to drought conditions, this plant showed signs of strong xerophilization. Xerophytes — plants for which the aridity of the norm. Common symptoms of xerophytes — a small evaporating surface, and other structural and physiological symptoms are very diverse. Reduction of leaf area is the main morphological feature of xerophytes
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Aliyeva, I. "Morphological and Anatomical Analysis of Vegetative Organs of Avena pilosa (Roem. & Schult.) Bieb." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 4 (2021): 28–31. https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/65/03.
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The article provides information about the structural features of the fodder plant — Avena pilosa (Roem. & Schult.) Bieb., which is widespread on winter pastures in Azerbaijan. As a result of the morphological-anatomical analysis, important structural elements were identified and the morphophysiology and adaptation of this species. As a result of adaptation to drought conditions, this plant showed signs of strong xerophilization. Xerophytes — plants for which the aridity of the norm. Common symptoms of xerophytes — a small evaporating surface, and other structural and physiological symptoms are very diverse. The reduction of leaf area is the main morphological feature of xerophytes.
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Yang, Shu-min, and Ikuo Furukawa. "Anatomical adaptations of three species of Chinese xerophytes (Zygophyllaceae)." Journal of Forestry Research 17, no. 3 (2006): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-006-0056-7.
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Rieger, Mark. "COMPARISON OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE AMONG PRUNUS SPECIES FROM DIVERGENT HABITATS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (1992): 572g—572. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.572g.
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Root and shoot characteristics related to drought tolerance were studied for Prunus persica, P. andersonii, P. besseyi, P. maritima, P. subcordata, and P. tomentosa. In general, shoot characteristics were more closely associated with drought adaptation than root characteristics across species. The most xeric species, andersonii, had the most xerophytic leaf morphology, highest rates of leaf gas exchange, high root length/leaf area and root weight/leaf area ratios, but had root length and hydraulic conductivity similar to that of more mesic species. Water use efficiency (WUE) increased as water potentials (ψ) dropped to -3.0 to -4.0 Mpa during a 5-7 day drought for the xeric andersonii and subcordata. However, after an initial increase, WUE decreased with declining ψ in the other 4 species, indicating that carboxylation was affected by stress in the -1.5 to -3.0 range of ψ for besseyi, maritima, persica and tomentosa. CO2 assimilation (A) decreased linearly with ψ during drought in all species, but the ψ at which A reached zero was not well correlated with drought adaptation. Root hydraulic conductivity was similar for all species, indicating a lack of importance of this parameter for drought tolerance. The data suggest that introduction of xerophytic shoot characteristics into commercial cultivars of Prunus would improve drought tolerance to a greater extent than using drought tolerant species as rootstocks.
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Martinson, Richard, John Lambrinos, and Ricardo Mata-González. "Water Stress Patterns of Xerophytic Plants in an Urban Landscape." HortScience 54, no. 5 (2019): 818–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13498-18.
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Efficient water use in urban landscapes is a common objective throughout the western United States. Vegetative species promoted for their drought tolerance characteristics are often included in landscapes designed for resource conservation. However, water requirements of most common landscape species have not been quantified. This is especially true for xerophytic species. This lack of landscape plant water requirement data is a significant constraint on the design of efficient irrigation systems and management practices affecting urban landscape water use. Current irrigation practices often fail to consider the unique physiology of xerophytic species, and irrigation scheduling models may not be appropriate for xeric landscapes using xerophytic vegetation as the primary method of reducing water use. This work describes the seasonal patterns of growth and xylem water status for four regionally native xeric shrub species planted in an unirrigated urban landscape in the semi-arid environment of central Oregon. The four species (Artemisia tridentata, Holodiscus microphyllus, Ericameria nauseosa, and Ribes cereum) exhibited substantial growth over the course of 18 months without irrigation in a heavily modified urban soil profile. Water potential of the four species was strongly correlated with surface (10 cm) soil moisture (r ≥ 0.90), less so with reference monthly evapotranspiration (r ≤ 0.55), and only weakly with water vapor deficit (r ≤ 0.22). In A. tridentata and H. microphyllus, xylem water potential became more negative during the growing season and tracked the seasonal decline in soil moisture. In contrast, the xylem water potential of E. nauseosa and R. cereum tracked soil moisture early in the season but became less responsive to soil moisture in the driest months, suggesting different drought adaptation strategies in these species. Three of the four species showed no visual signs of drought stress and maintained acceptable aesthetics even as soil moisture decreased to less than 10%. However, R. cereum exhibited a drought dormancy strategy that made it less aesthetically desirable. These results suggest that extreme xerophytic shrubs provide an opportunity for significant reductions in water use in urban landscapes.
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Taia, Wafaa K. "Wide Scene on Halophytes." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 11, no. 01 (2020): 20219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v11i01.777.
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This work dealt with the different types of halophytes; obligate, facultative, and habitat-indifferent halophytes with the indication of the main angiosperm families containing each category. In the same time it summarizes the most dominant halophyte species and their belonging families and their degree of adaptation to salt habitats. These genera and species, which are more than five hundred, were belonging to more than 70 Angiosperm families. These species can be further classified according to their life span into perennial herbs or shrubs and annuals and according to their ecological habitats and adaptations to salinity into: Halophytes, Hygrophytes, Phanerophytes, Xerophytes and Succulents. Genera belonging to the major angiosperm families containing the maximum number of taxa are the Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae (34 taxa; 22.08%), Poaceae (21 taxa; 13.64%), Fabaceae (14 taxa; 9.09%), and Asteraceae (13 taxa; 8.44%). Meantime the main halophytic adaptations have been mentioned, with the indication to the mangrove plants which share some common characteristics based upon physiological, reproductive and morphological adaptations. Mangrove has approximately 54 species of plants belonging to about 20 genera in 16 families. This work high lighting the taxonomic revision of genus Salsola as one of the most important halophytic genus within the Chenopodiaceae. Hints on the pollen grains characters, anatomical features and chemical constituents of halophytes, in general, in Salsola specified were mentioned.
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Gulnara, Badridze, Chkhubianishvili Eva, Rapava Luara, Kikvidze Medea, Chigladze Lali, and Tsilosani Ketevan. "Study of Antioxidants in Leaves of Xerophytes of Georgia." International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research 9, no. 2 (2023): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7685038.
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<strong>Abstract</strong><strong>—</strong> Climate warming may appear fatal for many plant species. Thanks to evolutionary formed mechanisms of resistance xerophytes possess high ability of adaptation to elevated temperature and water deficiency. That is why the knowledge of biology of drought resistant species seems very important for possible recovering of deserted regions in future. Antioxidant system is regarded to play an essential role in plant resistance against water deficiency. On the base of analysis of antioxidant system, stress-adaptation strategies of xerophytes, growing at two arid habitats of Georgia – v. Udabno (Iori plateau) and Kotsakhura gorge (Kvernaqi hill), has been investigated. It was established that several mechanisms of antioxidant system are involved in stress-resistance of studied xerophytes. In some cases these mechanisms were similar in species of the same habitat and may be linked with environmental conditions; while in some cases the specific peculiarities of plants were revealed. In particular, ascorbate-tocopherol system was activated in most experimental species. Protective mechanism of phenolic substances accumulation was active in all species as well. Udabno plants were distinguished by the accumulation of osmoprotective soluble carbohydrates; while accumulation of another osmoprotectant - proline was common in both habitat plants.
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Plyaskina, Irina Nikolaevna, Evgeniy Aleksandrovich Bondarevich, Natalia Nikolaevna Kotsyurzhinskaya, and Igor Anatolyevich Boriskin. "Adaptive mechanisms of xerophytic cereals seeds germination in Eastern Transbaikalia." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 1 (2018): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201871118.
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The paper deals with the study of adaptation mechanisms of Eastern Transbaikalia wild cereals to environmental conditions at the initial ontogenesis stages. The authors have determined the germination of three species xerophytic cereals seeds ( Agropyron cristatum (L.) Beauv, Stipa krylovii Roshev, Tripogon chinensis (Franch.) Hack.). The authors have noted differences in rates of seed germination of these cereals depending on the relation to moisture deficiency. More mesophilic species ( A. cristatum ) had the highest rates of germination. A large contribution to the process of germination is made by storage nutrients, proteins in particular. The total amount of protein is related to the rate of germination. Seeds with more protein sprout faster, which may be due to the appearance of osmotically active substances as a result of hydrolysis, which makes it possible to effectively use soil moisture. Seeds of one type of cereal collected in different populations may differ in the content of storage proteins. The ratio of different fractions of storage proteins can characterize the origin of the species. A higher content of glutelin fraction was found in the seeds of S. krylovii . There is also a more effective use of glutelins in the seeds of A. cristatum , which can also provide intensive germination. In general, the studied species have a difference in the rates of mobilization of various fractions of storage proteins.
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Pashkevych, N. "The evaluation of adaptation of Eragrostis minor Host. (Poaceae) coenopopulations to the conditions of transformed environment." Modern Phytomorphology 7 (May 20, 2015): 103–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.160374.
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Structural and functional features of E. minor, using morphometric traits and phytomass fractions of model coenopopulations are studied to determine adaptive capacity of species in different environments transformed the environment of forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones. Depending on edaphic conditions plants and organs of plants may increase several times in size and weight. The index of morphological integration of model coenopopulations indicates the uniformity of vegetative and generative organs of plants at different environmental conditions. In various conditions significant value to coenopopulations differentiation contribute signs of individual length as well as length and number of generative organs. Formation of the maximum number of spikelets (feature with the highest contribute to dispersion of data) corresponds to extreme edaphic conditions of growth combined with a high degree of recreation. However, decreasing environmental transformation is accompanied by double fulfillment of breeding potential of E. minor coenopopulations, while setting density of individuals reduce in almost 5-15 times. Thus, E. minor has mixed competitive Stress-tolerant Ruderal type as adaptation to condition of secondary areal.
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Cui, Yan-Nong, Fang-Zhen Wang, Cheng-Hang Yang, et al. "Transcriptomic Profiling Identifies Candidate Genes Involved in the Salt Tolerance of the Xerophyte Pugionium cornutum." Genes 10, no. 12 (2019): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10121039.
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The xerophyte Pugionium cornutum adapts to salt stress by accumulating inorganic ions (e.g., Cl−) for osmotic adjustment and enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, but the associated molecular basis remains unclear. In this study, we first found that P. cornutum could also maintain cell membrane stability due to its prominent ROS-scavenging ability and exhibits efficient carbon assimilation capacity under salt stress. Then, the candidate genes associated with the important physiological traits of the salt tolerance of P. cornutum were identified through transcriptomic analysis. The results showed that after 50 mM NaCl treatment for 6 or 24 h, multiple genes encoding proteins facilitating Cl− accumulation and NO3− homeostasis, as well as the transport of other major inorganic osmoticums, were significantly upregulated in roots and shoots, which should be favorable for enhancing osmotic adjustment capacity and maintaining the uptake and transport of nutrient elements; a large number of genes related to ROS-scavenging pathways were also significantly upregulated, which might be beneficial for mitigating salt-induced oxidative damage to the cells. Meanwhile, many genes encoding components of the photosynthetic electron transport pathway and carbon fixation enzymes were significantly upregulated in shoots, possibly resulting in high carbon assimilation efficiency in P. cornutum. Additionally, numerous salt-inducible transcription factor genes that probably regulate the abovementioned processes were found. This work lays a preliminary foundation for clarifying the molecular mechanism underlying the adaptation of xerophytes to harsh environments.
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Aguilar, Dana Lucía, María Cristina Acosta, Matías Cristian Baranzelli, et al. "Ecophylogeography of the disjunct South American xerophytic tree species Prosopis chilensis (Fabaceae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 129, no. 4 (2020): 793–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa006.
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Abstract The intraspecific evolutionary history of South American xerophytic plant species has been poorly explored. The tree species Prosopis chilensis has a disjunct distribution in four South American regions: southern Peru, southern Bolivia, central–western Argentina and central Chile. Here, we combined phylogeographical (based on chloroplast and nuclear markers), morphological and climatic data to evaluate the relative contribution of historical demo-stochastic and adaptive processes in differentiating the disjunct areas of distribution. The results obtained with the two molecular markers revealed two closely related phylogroups (Northern and Southern, predominating in Bolivian Chaco and in Argentine Chaco/Monte, respectively), which would have diverged at ~5 Mya, probably associated with transgression of the Paranaense Sea. Bolivia and Argentina have a larger number of exclusive haplotypes/alleles and higher molecular diversity than Chile, suggesting a long-lasting in situ persistence in the former and a relatively recent colonization in the latter, from the Bolivian and Argentinian lineages. The two main lineages differ in morphology and climatic niche, revealing two significant, independent evolutionary units within P. chilensis promoted by local adaptation and geographical isolation.
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Petruccelli, Raffaella, Giorgio Bartolini, Tommaso Ganino, et al. "Cold Stress, Freezing Adaptation, Varietal Susceptibility of Olea europaea L.: A Review." Plants 11, no. 10 (2022): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11101367.
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Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an evergreen xerophytic tree characterizing vegetative landscape and historical-cultural identity of the Mediterranean Basin. More than 2600 cultivars constitute the rich genetic patrimony of the species cultivated in approximately 60 countries. As a subtropical species, the olive tree is quite sensitive to low temperatures, and air temperature is the most critical environmental factor limiting olive tree growth and production. In this present review, we explored the detrimental effects caused of low temperatures on olive cultivars, and analyzed the most frequently experimental procedures used to evaluate cold stress. Then, current findings freezing stress physiology and gene are summarized in olive tree, with an emphasis on adaptive mechanisms for cold tolerance. This review might clear the way for new research on adaptive mechanisms for cold acclimation and for improvement of olive growing management.
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Song, Xiaotong, Jiqi Gu, Yanhui Ye, et al. "Exploring Intraspecific Trait Variation in a Xerophytic Moss Species Indusiella thianschanica (Ptychomitriaceae) across Environmental Gradients on the Tibetan Plateau." Plants 13, no. 7 (2024): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13070921.
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Investigating intraspecific trait variability is crucial for understanding plant adaptation to various environments, yet research on lithophytic mosses in extreme environments remains scarce. This study focuses on Indusiella thianschanica Broth. Hal., a unique lithophytic moss species in the extreme environments of the Tibetan Plateau, aiming to uncover its adaptation and response mechanisms to environmental changes. Specimens were collected from 26 sites across elevations ranging from 3642 m to 5528 m, and the relationships between 23 morphological traits and 15 environmental factors were analyzed. Results indicated that coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from 5.91% to 36.11%, with gametophyte height (GH) and basal cell transverse wall thickness (STW) showing the highest and lowest variations, respectively. Temperature, elevation, and potential evapo-transpiration (PET) emerged as primary environmental drivers. Leaf traits, especially those of the leaf sheath, exhibited a more pronounced response to the environment. The traits exhibited apparent covariation in response to environmental challenges and indicated flexible adaptive strategies. This study revealed the adaptation and response patterns of different morphological traits of I. thianschanica to environmental changes on the Tibetan Plateau, emphasizing the significant effect of temperature on trait variation. Our findings deepen the understanding of the ecology and adaptive strategies of lithophytic mosses.
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Suissa, Jacob S., and Walton A. Green. "CO2 starvation experiments provide support for the carbon-limited hypothesis on the evolution of CAM-like behaviour in Isoëtes." Annals of Botany 127, no. 1 (2020): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa153.
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Abstract Background and Aims Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is an adaptation to increase water use efficiency in dry environments. Similar biochemical patterns occur in the aquatic lycophyte genus Isoëtes. It has long been assumed and accepted that CAM-like behaviour in these aquatic plants is an adaptation to low daytime carbon levels in aquatic ecosystems, but this has never been directly tested. Methods To test this hypothesis, populations of Isoëtes engelmannii and I. tuckermanii were grown in climate-controlled chambers and starved of atmospheric CO2 during the day while pH was measured for 24 h. Key Results We demonstrate that terrestrial plants exposed to low atmospheric CO2 display diel acidity cycles similar to those in both xerophytic CAM plants and submerged Isoëtes. Conclusions Daytime CO2 starvation induces CAM-like nocturnal acid accumulation in terrestrial Isoëtes, substantiating the hypothesis that carbon starvation is a selective pressure for this physiological behaviour.
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Xu, Mingze, Tianshan Zha, Yun Tian, et al. "The Physiological Adjustments of Two Xerophytic Shrubs to Long-Term Summer Drought." Agronomy 14, no. 5 (2024): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050975.
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Adaptive characteristics of plants, such as those associated with photosynthesis and resource use efficiency, are usually affected by synthesis costs and resource availability. The impact of extreme climate events such as long-term drought on plant physiological functions needs to be examined, particularly as it concerns the internal management of water and nitrogen (N) resources. In this study, we evaluated the resource management strategies for water and N by xerophytic shrubs, Artemisia ordosica and Salix psammophila, under extreme summer drought. This was carried out by comparing the plants’ physiological status during periods of wet and dry summer conditions in 2019 and 2021. Compared with the wet period, A. ordosica and S. psammophila both decreased their light-saturated net carbon (C) assimilation rate (Asat), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), leaf N content per leaf area (Narea), and photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE) during the summer drought. Whether in wet or dry summers, the gas-exchange parameters and PNUE of A. ordosica were generally greater than those associated with S. psammophila. The instantaneous water use efficiency (IWUE) response to drought varied with species. As a drought-tolerant species, the A. ordosica shrubs increased their IWUE during drought, whereas the S. psammophila shrubs (less drought-tolerant) decreased theirs. The divergent responses to drought by the two species were largely related to differences in the sensitivity of gs, and as a result, E. Compared with A. ordosica, S. psammophila’s inferior plasticity regarding gs response affected its ability to conserve water during drought. Our research illustrates the need for assessing plasticity in gs when addressing plant adaptation to long-term drought. A high dry-season IWUE in xerophytic shrubs can benefit the plants by augmenting their C gain.
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Dang, Zhenhua, Lei Huang, Yuanyuan Jia, Peter J. Lockhart, Yang Fong, and Yunyun Tian. "Identification of Genic SSRs Provide a Perspective for Studying Environmental Adaptation in the Endemic Shrub Tetraena mongolica." Genes 11, no. 3 (2020): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11030322.
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Tetraena mongolica is a xerophytic shrub endemic to desert regions in Inner Mongolia. This species has evolved distinct survival strategies that allow it to adapt to hyper-drought and heterogeneous habitats. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) may provide a molecular basis in plants for fast adaptation to environmental change. Thus, identifying SSRs and their possible effects on gene behavior has the potential to provide valuable information for studies of adaptation. In this study, we sequenced six individual transcriptomes of T. mongolica from heterogeneous habitats, focused on SSRs located in genes, and identified 811 polymorphic SSRs. Of the identified SSRs, 172, 470, and 76 were located in 5′ UTRs, CDSs, and 3′ UTRs in 591 transcripts; and AG/CT, AAC/GTT, and AT/AT were the most abundant repeats in each gene region. Functional annotation showed that many of the identified polymorphic SSRs were in genes that were enriched in several GO terms and KEGG pathways, suggesting the functional significance of these genes in the environmental adaptation process. The identification of polymorphic genic SSRs in our study lays a foundation for future studies investigating the contribution of SSRs to regulation of genes in natural populations of T. mongolica and their importance for adaptive evolution of this species.
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Mandizvo, Takudzwa, Alfred Oduor Odindo, and Jacob Mashilo. "Citron Watermelon Potential to Improve Crop Diversification and Reduce Negative Impacts of Climate Change." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (2021): 2269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042269.
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Citron watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (L.H. Bailey) Mansf. ex Greb.) is an underexploited and under-researched crop species with the potential to contribute to crop diversification in Sub-Saharan Africa. The species is cultivated in the drier parts of Southern Africa, mainly by smallholder farmers who maintain a wide range of landrace varieties. Understanding the molecular and morpho-physiological basis for drought adaptation in citron watermelon under these dry environments can aid in the identification of suitable traits for drought-tolerance breeding and improve food system resilience among smallholder farmers, thus adding to crop diversification. This paper reviews the literature on drought adaptation of Citrullus lanatus spp. (C3 xerophytes), using the systematic review approach. The review discusses the potential role of citron watermelon in adding to crop diversification, alternative food uses, and potential by-products that can be processed from the crop, and it analyzes the role of Sub-Saharan African farmers play as key actors in conserving citron watermelon germplasm and biodiversity. Finally, the review provides a summary of significant findings and identifies critical knowledge gaps for further research.
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Herrera, Ana, Marcia Escala, and Elizabeth Rengifo. "Leaf anatomy changes related to physiological adaptations to flooding in Amazonian tree species." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 21, no. 4 (2009): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202009000400006.
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In trees of the seasonally flooded forest of the Mapire River in Venezuela, early flooding induces a reversible diminution in leaf conductance and photosynthetic rate. With the aim of finding an anatomical explanation for the observed responses of leaf gas exchange, the characteristics of emerged leaves developed under drainage or after three months of flooding were examined in the tree species Acosmium nitens, Campsiandra laurifolia, Duroia fusifera, Eschweilera tenuifolia, Pouteria orinocoensis and Symmeria paniculata and in leaves developed only under flooding in Inga spuria and Tachigali davidsei. Anatomy was remarkably similar among species and families and consisted of a bi-layered palisade parenchyma, a 5-6-cell-thick spongy parenchyma and large whole-leaf thickness. Anatomy also resembled that of xerophytes or evergreen species by possessing thick cuticles, large epidermal cells, thickened anticlinal epidermal cell walls and an abundance of sclerenchyma. Leaves of flooded v. un-flooded trees were not qualitatively different. Specific leaf area resembled values of deciduous species in tropical dry forests. No quantitative differences were found between leaves developed in un-flooded and flooded trees, with the exception of a reduction in whole-leaf thickness of E. tenuifolia, P. orinocoensis and S. paniculata and a change in the contribution of palisade parenchyma to leaf thickness in E. tenuifolia. Both stomatal size and density in these exclusively hypostomatous species remained unaffected by flooding. A decrease under flooding in whole-leaf thickness may have resulted in an increase in mesophyll conductance and therefore photosynthetic rate.
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Shi, Yong, Xia Yan, Pengshan Zhao, et al. "Transcriptomic Analysis of a Tertiary Relict Plant, Extreme Xerophyte Reaumuria soongorica to Identify Genes Related to Drought Adaptation." PLoS ONE 8, no. 5 (2013): e63993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063993.
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Muvunyi, Blaise, Qi Yan, Fan Wu, et al. "Mining Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) Family Genes in Cleistogenes songorica, a Xerophyte Perennial Desert Plant." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 11 (2018): 3430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113430.
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Plant growth and development depends on its ability to maintain optimal cellular homeostasis during abiotic and biotic stresses. Cleistogenes songorica, a xerophyte desert plant, is known to have novel drought stress adaptation strategies and contains rich pools of stress tolerance genes. Proteins encoded by Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) family genes promote cellular activities by functioning as disordered molecules, or by limiting collisions between enzymes during stresses. To date, functions of the LEA family genes have been heavily investigated in many plant species except perennial monocotyledonous species. In this study, 44 putative LEA genes were identified in the C. songorica genome and were grouped into eight subfamilies, based on their conserved protein domains and domain organizations. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that C. songorica Dehydrin and LEA_2 subfamily proteins shared high sequence homology with stress responsive Dehydrin proteins from Arabidopsis. Additionally, promoter regions of CsLEA_2 or CsDehydrin subfamily genes were rich in G-box, drought responsive (MBS), and/or Abscisic acid responsive (ABRE) cis-regulatory elements. In addition, gene expression analyses indicated that genes from these two subfamilies were highly responsive to heat stress and ABA treatment, in both leaves and roots. In summary, the results from this study provided a comprehensive view of C. songorica LEA genes and the potential applications of these genes for the improvement of crop tolerance to abiotic stresses.
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Bagale, Suman. "CLIMATE READY CROPS FOR DROUGHT STRESS: A REVIEW IN NEPALESE CONTEXT." Reviews in Food and Agriculture 2, no. 2 (2021): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/rfna.02.2021.83.87.
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The global population is increasing at an alarming rate. Meeting food and nutritional demand of this increased population has become a major issue for agronomist and agricultural researchers. On the top of that, overall agricultural productions are constrained by global climate change resulting several biotic and abiotic stress. Among the abiotic stress, drought has become a problematic issues in arid and semi-arid regions of the world leading towards the dire future, questioning on food sufficiency and affordability for future world. Though several adaptation and mitigation strategies are practiced at local and global level, these seems redundant with increased demand of foods crops. To address the problem of climate change on drought in a sustainable way, climate ready crops are been developed through selection, breeding and genetic engineering techniques. These crops are tailored for drought prone areas pooling all the traits that are responsible for tolerating the water stress condition. This review article discuss some of the released climate ready crops, their xerophytic traits and mechanism of gene expression of such crops. Climate ready crops seems to surpass the effect of climate change on drought stress through sustained productivity that could meet the need of future generation. Development and management of these crops could help to maintain the stability on food production that could become a real boon for agriculture which is hindered by climate change.
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Abrams, Marc D. "Genetic Variation in Leaf Morphology and Plant and Tissue Water Relations During Drought in Cercis canadensis L." Forest Science 34, no. 1 (1988): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/34.1.200.
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Abstract Genetic variation in plant and tissue water relations in response to drought, and in leaf morphology, were examined in greenhouse-grown Cercis canadensis L. (eastern redbud) seedlings originating from seed obtained in three contrasting habitats: a relatively xeric Kansas prairie, a Kansas gallery forest understory, and a relatively mesic Indiana understory. Kansas prairie redbud maintained significantly greater leaf conductance (gwv) during a 13-day drought than did Kansas and Indiana understory redbud, despite similar decreases in leaf water potential (Ψleaf) in all three sources. Moreover, Kansas prairie redbud had significantly lower osmotic potentials at full and zero turgor compared to Indiana redbud at both the early and later stages of drought. Kansas understory redbud was the only source to undergo a significant decrease in relative water content at zero turgor and the bulk modulus of elasticity during drought. Kansas prairie redbud leaves were smaller and thicker and had higher specific leaf mass (i.e., more xerophytic) than understory redbud leaves. Kansas understory redbud had intermediate characteristics in terms of gwv; at the early to middle stages of drought, osmotic potentials at high and low Ψleaf and leaf area and thickness compared to Kansas prairie and Indiana understory redbud. These results suggest that genetically controlled physiological and morphological adaptation has occurred in redbud that should facilitate its survival in greatly contrasting habitats. For. Sci. 34(1):200-207.
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Tartally, András, Anna Ágnes Somogyi, Tamás Révész, and David R. Nash. "Host Ant Change of a Socially Parasitic Butterfly (Phengaris alcon) through Host Nest Take-Over." Insects 11, no. 9 (2020): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090556.
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The socially parasitic Alcon blue butterfly (Phengaris alcon) starts its larval stage by feeding on the seeds of gentians, after which it completes development in the nests of suitable Myrmica ant species. The host plant and host ant species can differ at the population level within a region, and local adaptation is common, but some host switches are observed. It has been suggested that one mechanism of change is through the re-adoption of caterpillars by different ant species, either through occupation of abandoned nests or take-over of established nests by competitively superior colonies. To test this question in the lab we introduced relatively strong colonies (50 workers) of alien Myrmica species to the arenas of weaker colonies (two caterpillars with six workers), and to orphaned caterpillars (two caterpillars without ants). We used caterpillars from a xerophylic population of P. alcon, and both local hosts, M. sabuleti and M. scabrinodis, testing the possibility of host switch between these two host ant species during larval development. Most of the caterpillars were successfully readopted by alien ants, and survived well. Our results suggest higher ecological plasticity in host ant usage of this butterfly than generally thought.
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Yudina, P. K., L. A. Ivanova, D. A. Ronzhina, S. V. Migalina, I. V. Kalashnikova, and L. A. Ivanov. "Increasing the size of mesophyll cells as a mechanism for adaptation to climate aridity of two steppe plant species in Kazakhstan." Проблемы ботаники Южной Сибири и Монголии 22, no. 1 (2023): 432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/pbssm.2023083.
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We studied the leaf traits of steppe species - Artemisia austriaca Jacq. (Asteraceae) and Stipa lessingiana Trin. et Rupr. (Poaceae) in two communities of true steppe and desert steppe in Kazakhstan. The whole-leaf traits changed differently within species, mesophyll traits had similar changes with aridity. The leaf thickness and the leaf mass area increased in desert steppe in Artemisia, while in grass species these leaf traits did not change. However, mesophyll cell sizes increased in desert steppe in both species. An increase in cell sizes, as well as in the chloroplast number per cell in A. austriaca and in the cell number per leaf area in S. lessingiana, led in both species to a rise of the total chloroplasts’ surface per leaf area unit being important to carbon dioxide diffusion. We concluded that despite the generally accepted stereotype about «small-cell mesophyll» in steppe xerophytes, namely in some species an increase in cell size, aimed at increasing the internal assimilation surface of the leaf, can be considered as a mechanism for adapting the photosynthetic apparatus of steppe plants to climate aridity.
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Mapelli, Francesca, Valentina Riva, Lorenzo Vergani, Redouane Choukrallah, and Sara Borin. "Unveiling the Microbiota Diversity of the Xerophyte Argania spinosa L. Skeels Root System and Residuesphere." Microbial Ecology 80, no. 4 (2020): 822–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-020-01543-4.
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Abstract The microbiota associated to xerophyte is a “black box” that might include microbes involved in plant adaptation to the extreme conditions that characterize their habitat, like water shortage. In this work, we studied the bacterial communities inhabiting the root system of Argania spinosa L. Skeels, a tree of high economic value and ecological relevance in Northern Africa. Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing and cultivation techniques were applied to unravel the bacterial microbiota’s structure in environmental niches associated to argan plants (i.e., root endosphere, rhizosphere, root-surrounding soil), not associated to the plant (i.e., bulk soil), and indirectly influenced by the plant being partially composed by its leafy residue and the associated microbes (i.e., residuesphere). Illumina dataset indicated that the root system portions of A. spinosa hosted different bacterial communities according to their degree of association with the plant, enriching for taxa typical of the plant microbiome. Similar alpha- and beta-diversity trends were observed for the total microbiota and its cultivable fraction, which included 371 isolates. In particular, the residuesphere was the niche with the highest bacterial diversity. The Plant Growth Promotion (PGP) potential of 219 isolates was investigated in vitro, assessing several traits related to biofertilization and biocontrol, besides the production of exopolysaccharides. Most of the multivalent isolates showing the higher PGP score were identified in the residuesphere, suggesting it as a habitat that favor their proliferation. We hypothesized that these bacteria can contribute, in partnership with the argan root system, to the litter effect played by this tree in its native arid lands.
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I.I., Krokhmal', and Kudina G.O. "Outcomes of ornamental species introduction from perennial herbs collection at Donetsk Botanical Gardens of the NAS of Ukraine." Plant Introduction 40 (December 1, 2008): 41–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2561445.
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There are plants of almost all vegetation types and ecological groups, and from the most part of provinces of 5 floristic regions such as Circumboreal, Iran-Turanium, Mediterranean, Atlantic-North American, and Eastern Asiatic ones, and plants of many life forms in collection of perennial herbs ornamental species of the Donetsk Botanical Gardens. It is revealed that species of the different ecobiomorphes, species of ecological and geographical distribution are characterised by the different level of adaptation to the Ukrainian south-east conditions. Thirty one species of ornamental perennial plants which can be recommended for cultivation in the Ukrainian south-east are chosen. It is established that species of geophyte and hemicrytophyte life form, species of mesophyte and xerophyte ecological groups, species of meadow, forest and steppe cenotic association obtained the highest introduction assessment. Species of cohesive, holarctic and pluriregional geoelement and some endemic species turned out to be the most adapted to the Ukrainian south-east conditions.
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Gurbanov, Elshad, and Faiqa Aslanova. "ROCK AND SCREE VEGETATION OF THE ATROPATAN PROVINCE (WITHIN THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN)." Annali d'Italia 60 (October 25, 2024): 13–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13993001.
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Rock vegetation usually consists of plants living directly on the rock surface, in cracks and in areas that are more or less weathered. Specificity of environmental conditions leads to the emergence of a number of adaptations in rock vegetation. They consist, first of all, in the formation of compact above-ground parts. In this respect, pillowshaped and rosette-shaped plants are particularly characteristic morphological features. Cushion-shaped growth protects plants from mechanical as well as drying effect of wind, promotes accumulation of dust and humus inside the cushion, leads to reduction of temperature fluctuations, promotes accumulation of moisture and reduction of its evaporation.
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Haevermans, Thomas, Dulce Mantuano, Meng-Yuan Zhou, et al. "Discovery of the first succulent bamboo (Poaceae, Bambusoideae) in a new genus from Laos' karst areas, with a unique adaptation to seasonal drought." PhytoKeys 156 (August 21, 2020): 125–37. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.51636.
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Lush jungle flagship species, woody bamboos (Poaceae–Bambusoideae) are famed for their synchronous flowering as well as the extensive "bamboo forests" some species can form in tropical or temperate environments. In portions of their natural distribution, Bambusoideae members developed various adaptations to seasonality in environmental parameters, such as frost or seasonal drought. A new taxon, Laobambos calcareus, described here, is extremely novel in showing the first documented case of succulence in bamboos, with its ability to seasonally vary the volume of its stem depending on the quantity of water stored. Anatomical studies presented in this paper document this specificity at the cellular level. Though no flowers or fruits are known yet, unique morphological characteristics along with an investigation of its phylogenetic affinities using molecular data show that this new taxon should belong to a new genus herein described.
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S.V., Klymenko, and Klymenko E.N. "Leaves anatomy of family Cornaceae Bercht. et J. Presl representatives under conditional of Forest-Steppe of Ukraine." Plant Introduction 71 (September 1, 2016): 23–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2386856.
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The objective – to compare of the leaves anatomy of the family <em>Cornaceae </em>Bercht. et J. Presl representetives from different geographic regions. The species <em>Cornus mas</em> L. and <em>Swida sanguinea</em> Opiz. are originated from Europe, <em>Cornus sessilis</em> Torr. and <em>Cynoxylon florida</em> (L.) Raf. – from North America, <em>Cornus officinalis</em> Sieb. et Zuss. and <em>Cynoxylon japonica</em> (DC) Nakai – from East Asia. We determined the similar anatomy of evaluated plants leaves. All species have dorsoventral type of leaf structure. The palisade parenchyma consists of 1–3 layers of cylindrical cells; the spongy parenchyma consists of oval cells, irregular shape cells, and intercellular spaces. In spite of similarity of the leaf anatomy all leaves are different in the quantitative parameters: size and amount of stomata, their density on the leaf surface, size of epidermal and parenchyma cells, leaf thickness, volume of intercellular area. The leaves of all discovered species except<em> S. sanguinea</em> are covered by flat, unicellular, T-shaped, 2-armed, symmetrical trichomes with short basal stalk.<em> S. sanguinea</em> has filiform, unicellular trichomes that placed along leaf veins. <em>C. florida</em> trichomes have the protruding calcium carbonate crystals. Trichome arms of other species usually have the micro-papillae on their surface. The leaf thick nesses of all discovered species are different. Asian species (<em>C. officinalis</em> and <em>C. japonica</em>) have the thickest leaf blades with 3-4 layers of mesophyll cells and large epidermal cells compared with European and American species.<em> S. sanguinea</em> is a species with width habitat and good adaptation properties: that plant is drought and frost resistant, and has the least leaf thickness among all studied species. All discovered species belong to the ecological group of xeromesophytes – the mesophyte plants those have xerophytic features. They have similar anatomy, what can be explained by their closely-related systematic location. The quantitative anatomy features of plants are consistent with their adaptation in introduction terms.
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Chen, Juanli, Yongqing Luo, Xueyong Zhao, Yan Li, and Junpeng Mu. "Effect of Drought and Rehydration on Physiological Characteristics of Agriophyllum squarrosum (L.) Moq. in Different Habitats." Plants 13, no. 18 (2024): 2601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13182601.
Full textAbstract:
Agriophyllum squarrosum (L.) Moq. is a highly prevalent xerophytic species found throughout northern China. It is suitable for cultivation in semi-arid sandy environments and may establish roots in arid desert locations. This species plays a pioneering and exploratory role in the colonization of desert plants. In this study, we selected A. squarrosum from the Urat desert steppe (UD) and Horqin sandy land (HS) to explore their adaptation mechanisms to drought and rehydration environments by using the pot weighing control method to simulate an arid environment. The findings showed that the control (watering to 60–65% of field capacity) exceeded its required amount and the leaves turned yellow. The chlorophyll content was lower than those under moderate and severe drought, and rehydration caused a decrease. However, the contents of malondialdehyde, soluble sugar, and proline in the drought treatment were higher than those in the control. Under moderate and severe drought, the chlorophyll content and the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) of A. squarrosum from UD were higher than those from HS. During drought and rehydration processes, the proline content was relatively lower, while the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) and the content of soluble sugar and soluble protein were higher. However, antioxidant enzymes and osmoregulators from UD were higher than those from HS. The results suggest that the stronger ability of A. squarrosum to endure drought environments in UD is due to the high level of antioxidant enzymes and osmoregulators, which are conducive to relieving cell membrane damage when subjected to drought and rehydration.
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Abd-ElGawad, Ahmed M., Abdulaziz M. Assaeed, Giuliano Bonanomi, and Yasser A. El-Amier. "Ecological Insight, Anatomical Features, and Fiber Characterization of Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forrsk.) Decne. as a Promising Resource." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (2022): 16895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416895.
Full textAbstract:
Wild plants are considered promising natural eco-friendly resources for fibers. Leptadenia pyrotechnica is a xerophytic shrub that flourishes in a sandy desert habitat with high biomass production; therefore, it could be a potential resource for fibers. The present study aimed to investigate the vegetation composition of L. pyrotechnica communities and their correlation with soil variables. Additionally, this study aimed to evaluate the anatomical features of the stem as well as fiber characteristics, including chemical, biometry, morphological, and optical properties. The vegetation analysis showed the presence of 60 species belonging to 22 families, with a prevalence of therophytes. Four communities were determined, dominated by L. pyrotechnica and with co-dominance of the shrubs Haloxylon salicornicum, Ochradenus baccatus, and Retama raetam. The soil organic matter, salinity, texture, and cations were parameters that substantially affect the L. pyrotechnica community. The anatomical investigation showed the structural (anatomical) adaptation of L. pyrotechnica to arid habitats. Chemical analysis of the raw plant material revealed satisfactory levels of cellulose and hemicellulose (48.61% and 18.59%), while lignin and ash contents were relatively low, compared to hardwoods and softwoods. The fiber characterization revealed that fibesr length was 0.72 mm, while width and cell wall thickness were 20.46 and 6.48 μm, respectively. The optical properties revealed a birefringence of 0.028, indicating a good refractive index. These fiber characteristics showed that L. pyrotechnica could be used as raw material for the production of good-quality paper. A further feasibility study is recommended for the evaluation of L. pyrotechnica fibers, as a promising resource for papermaking at a large scale.
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BORUZ, Violeta, Emilia CONSTANTINESCU, Sonia CRUCERU, and Larisa-Marina-Elisabeth CHIRIGIU. "SUCCULENT PLANT SPECIES FROM THE CRASSULACEAE FAMILY PRESENT IN THE GREENHOUSES OF THE BOTANICAL GARDEN "AL. BUIA" FROM CRAIOVA." "Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture Montanology Cadastre Series " 52, no. 2 (2023): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aamc.v52i2.1387.
Full textAbstract:
Dissemination of information regarding the existing plant collections in the Botanical Garden "Al. Buia" from Craiova is a necessity for knowing, understanding and appreciating its plant heritage at its fair value. Through the collections it holds, it can be said that the Botanical Garden effectively contributes to the conservation of plant diversity, as some rare and threatened species from Europe and other regions of the world are also present here. Also, an interesting group of plants grown in the greenhouses of the Craiova Botanical Garden is represented by succulent plants, with representatives from several families, of which species belonging to the Crassulaceae family are presented in this work. This family includes mostly herbaceous species, rarely frutescent plants with succulent leaves that grow spontaneously in dry, rocky, water-poor places in the warm and temperate regions of the globe. The Crassulaceae family is well represented in the greenhouse by species of the genera Adromischus, Aeonium, Aichryson, Bryophyllum, Crassula, Echeveria, Kalanchoe, Monanthes, Pachyphytum, Sedum, Sinocrassula, generally originating in the arid areas of South Africa. Some species are native to the Canary Islands, South America, Central America and Mexico, but all exhibit adaptations to xerophytism, such as covering with trichomes or a wax coating.
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Zhu, Yajuan, Guojie Wang, Zhiming Xin, Aqing Wang, and Yuan Ma. "The Annual Dynamics of the Water Source of an Ammopiptanthus mongolicus Community in the Gobi Desert of the Mongolian Plateau." Forests 15, no. 12 (2024): 2117. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15122117.
Full textAbstract:
The Gobi Desert is one of the harsh terrestrial ecosystems distributed on the Mongolian Plateau and northwest China. Water is the key restricting environmental factor for the Gobi Desert plants’ growth. Exploring the annual dynamic of water sources for the vulnerable plants in the Gobi Desert helps to understand their adaptation to the arid climate and is fundamental for their conservation, e.g., the vulnerable plant Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim. ex Kom.) S. H. Cheng. The water source of the dominant and companion shrubs in a Gobi Desert A. mongolicus community was determined by comparing the δD and δ18O values of their xylem water and different layers of soil water using the MixSIAR model from spring to autumn over two years. The results showed that A. mongolicus mainly utilized 50–150 cm of middle and deep soil water. However, it also used 10 or 25 cm of surface soil water after heavy rains in the early spring and moderate rains in the autumn of 2021 and after heavy rains in the summer of 2022. Three companion shrubs (Nitraria sphaerocarpa Maxim, Caragana korshinskii Kom, and Convolvulus tragacanthoides Turcz.) had similar main water sources, competing for relatively reliable deep soil water with the dominant A. mongolicus during droughts in 2021 and 2022. Moreover, A. mongolicus utilized more deep soil water in 2021 with less rain. However, C. tragacanthoides used more shallow soil water during the growing season of 2022 with more rain. Therefore, four xerophytic shrubs in the A. mongolicus community utilized soil water in different layers based on their ability to adapt to the annual fluctuation of rain in the Gobi Desert.
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Liu, Hui-Liang, Dao-Yuan Zhang, Shi-Min Duan, Xi-Yong Wang, and Ming-Fang Song. "The Relationship between Diaspore Characteristics with Phylogeny, Life History Traits, and Their Ecological Adaptation of 150 Species from the Cold Desert of Northwest China." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/510343.
Full textAbstract:
Diaspore characteristics of 22 families, including 102 genera and 150 species (55 represented by seeds and 95 by fruits) from the Gurbantunggut Desert were analyzed for diaspore biological characteristics (mass, shape, color, and appendage type). The diaspore mass and shape were significantly different in phylogeny group (APG) and dispersal syndromes; vegetative periods significantly affected diaspore mass, but not diaspore shape; and ecotypes did not significantly affect diaspore mass and shape, but xerophyte species had larger diaspore mass than mesophyte species. Unique stepwise ANOVA results showed that variance in diaspore mass and shape among these 150 species was largely dependent upon phylogeny and dispersal syndromes. Therefore, it was suggested that phylogeny may constrain diaspore mass, and as dispersal syndromes may be related to phylogeny, they also constrained diaspore mass and shape. Diaspores of 85 species (56.67%) had appendages, including 26 with wings/bracts, 18 with pappus/hair, 14 with hooks/spines, 10 with awns, and 17 with other types of appendages. Different traits (mass, shape, color, appendage, and dispersal syndromes) of diaspore decided plants forming different adapted strategies in the desert. In summary, the diaspore characteristics were closely related with phylogeny, vegetative periods, dispersal syndromes, and ecotype, and these characteristics allowed the plants to adapt to extreme desert environments.