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Niehaus, Dana, Esme Jordaan, Riana Laubscher, Taryn Sutherland, Liezl Koen, and Felix Potocnik. "Do South African Xhosa-Speaking People with Schizophrenia Really Fare Better?" GeroPsych 33, no. 1 (2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000217.
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Abstract. Objectives: Results from multinational WHO studies suggest that schizophrenia patients in developing countries may have more favorable prognoses and morbidity outcomes than those in developed settings. This study serves to establish whether mortality outcomes in South African Xhosa-speaking schizophrenia patients are more favorable than in the general South African population. Methods: We recruited a group of 981 patients from September 1997 to March 2005 as part of a genetic study in the Western, Southern, and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa. For this substudy, participants were included when they reached the age of 60 years during the study period (8–15 years). We examined factors associated with the probability of dying and computed survival times using national census data as reference. Results: At the time of follow-up, 73 individuals were 60 years or older (21.9% could not be traced); some 40% of the sample had died at the time of the follow-up assessment (mean age at death = 60.12 years, SD = 4.97). Univariate survival analysis, using duration of disorder, revealed that the number of hospitalizations and psychotic episodes impacted survival time. Compared to the age-specific death rates of the general South African population, the death rate in the Xhosa-speaking schizophrenia sample was higher than expected in the 60–69 years category, but lower than expected in the 70+ years category. Conclusion: This study suggests that increased exposure to inpatient mental healthcare (expressed as number of hospitalizations) at baseline, and number of psychotic episodes, improve survival probability in a group of older South African Xhosa-speaking schizophrenia patients.
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Guana, E. W. M., J. Louw, and N. C. Manganyi. "Thoughts about Death and Dying in an African Sample." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 20, no. 3 (1990): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/prxn-6yhe-d36u-g7t0.
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The attitudes toward death and dying of 163 Xhosa-speaking respondents living in Transkei, South Africa were assessed by means of semi-structured interviews. Eight aspects of death were studied: personal death, death of others, the right to know about one's impending death, preferred length of life span, preferences for manner of dying, and place of death, euthanasia, and suicide. A number of critical factors in the formation of attitudes were related to the above: age, gender, belief in life after death, educational level, and exposure to death and dying. The findings concerning the salient aspects of death and dying were in many ways similar to those from previous studies in African as well as western societies. Age, gender, belief in life after death, and education influenced the number of respondents reporting certain attitudes in a number of cases.
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Dyers, Charlyn. "Xhosa students' attitudes towards Black South African languages at the University of the Western Cape." South African Journal of African Languages 19, no. 2 (1999): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.1999.10587384.
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Smith, Timothy B., Christopher R. Stones, and Anthony Naidoo. "Racial Attitudes among South African Young Adults: A Four-year Follow-up Study." South African Journal of Psychology 33, no. 1 (2003): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630303300105.
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The many social changes that have occurred in South Africa since the first democratic elections in 1994 warrant that careful scrutiny be given to the racial attitudes of South Africa's young adults. Their degree of acceptance of the doctrine of deracialisation and reconciliation represents a hope or a warning about the possibility of a stable future. A follow-up study was thus carried out in order to update data collected in 1995, with the hypothesis that, over time, greater acceptance of other racial groups would be reported. In this follow-up study, the authors examined differences among a new sample of 122 Xhosa-speaking Black, 73 so-called coloured, and 234 English-speaking White young adults. Data were collected using a questionnaire that assessed aspects of these groups' perceptions of themselves (identities) and their attitudes toward other racial groups (their prejudice). Statistical significance was found between groups and over time across measures.
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Matshabane, Olivia P., Megan M. Campbell, Marlyn C. Faure, et al. "The role of causal knowledge in stigma considerations in African genomics research: Views of South African Xhosa people." Social Science & Medicine 277 (May 2021): 113902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113902.
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Klemz, Bruce R., Christo Boshoff, and Noxolo‐Eileen Mazibuko. "Emerging markets in black South African townships." European Journal of Marketing 40, no. 5/6 (2006): 590–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090560610657859.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to assess differences between the guidance offered by cultural studies in the services literature and the retailing literature for emerging markets. To research these differences, the role that the contact person has towards South African township residents' willingness to buy is to be assessed.Design/methodology/approachA services quality survey of black (ethnic Xhosa) township residents was performed for two different retail types: new, small, independently owned grocery retailers located within the townships, and established, large, national chains located within the city centres. The influence of these services quality measures on willingness to buy was assessed using the partial least squares method for each of the two retail types. Differences between the model parameters for these two retail types were assessed using ANOVA.FindingsThe results show that, consistent with the retailing literature, the contact people in these new, small, local and independently owned retailers focus extensively on empathy to influence willingness to buy, while the contact people in the large, traditionally white‐owned national retailers jointly focus on assurance and responsiveness to influence willingness to buy, and spend very little effort on empathy.Research limitations/implicationsResearch implications are based on the usefulness of supporting theory, namely that the guidance offered by the cultural studies in the retailing literature is more predictive than that in the services literature for the emerging South African retailing market.Practical implicationsIt is found that core elements in relationship marketing are well ingrained in collectivist Xhosa cultural norms. The results suggest that these cultural norms can, and should, be leveraged by the new independently owned grocery retailers.Originality/valueThe research addresses a key concern within emerging markets and offers practical help for retail development within this dynamic economic setting.
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Mathiyalakan, Sathasivam, George E. Heilman, and Sharon D. White. "Facebook Privacy Attitudes." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2, no. 11 (2014): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol2.iss11.266.
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Because of Facebook’s ubiquitous nature, users who fail to properly configure their Facebook account privacy settings could be unintentionally revealing personal information to millions of people. This study analyzes data collected from African American and Hispanic college students regarding Facebook privacy setting attitudes and use. The findings indicate African American students have been members of Facebook longer and have more “Friends” than Hispanic students. Both ethnic groups spend about the same amount of time on Facebook during each session, although Hispanics log on more frequently. Virtually all the students claim awareness and use Facebook privacy settings. Hispanics have more restrictive Facebook privacy settings than African Americans. Neither ethnic group trusts Facebook to protect privacy, but African Africans show less concern while Hispanics indicate greater worry about Facebook privacy and data security. Both ethnic groups are more concerned about Internet privacy than Facebook privacy, Hispanics significantly more so.
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Chapman, Michael. "Red People and School People from Ntsikana to Mandela: The Significance of ‘Xhosa Literature’ in a General History of South African Literature." English Academy Review 10, no. 1 (1993): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10131759385310061.
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trapido, anna. "The Struggle for Sunday Lunch: Gastropolitics in the Life of Nelson Mandela." Gastronomica 11, no. 1 (2011): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2011.11.1.53.
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This paper explores the political, economic, and social life of Nelson Mandela through his food choices from 1918 to the present. A description of the minutiae of one particular 1950s Sunday lunch is used to examine the broader role of first colonial and later apartheid legislation in determining the dietary choices and options of South Africans past and present. How such policies shaped attitudes and access to Nelson Mandela’s ancestral Xhosa cuisine is assessed. The long-term cultural, economic, and political impact of a lack of access to core indigenous African ingredients is evaluated. Most of all this paper offers a snapshot portrayal of two families (one white, one black) trying to sustain a normal friendship within a grossly abnormal society.
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Jordaan, Esmè R., Dana J. H. Niehaus, Liezl Koen, Cathlene Seller, Irene Mbanga, and Robin A. Emsley. "Season of Birth, Age and Negative Symptoms in a Xhosa Schizophrenia Sample from the Southern Hemisphere." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 8 (2006): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01870.x.
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Objectives: Seasonality of birth, more specifically winter/spring births, has been implicated as a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether schizophrenia patients of Xhosa ethnicity born in autumn/ winter have different symptom profiles to those born in spring/summer. The secondary aim was to determine whether the autumn/winter and spring/summer birth rates for schizophrenia patients of Xhosa ethnicity were similar to that of the general Xhosa population. Method: Individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, born in the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa (n = 386), were categorized as autumn/winter-born (March to August) patients or summer/spring-born (September to February) patients. Negative global scores of the schedules for the assessment of negative symptoms were categorized as normal (rating of 0 and 1) or positive (rating of 2 to 5). Results: Patients born in autumn/winter were more likely to have avolition/apathy than those born in summer/spring. The results also showed that the age of the patients played a significant role in modifying the effect of the season of birth on symptoms of schizophrenia. Especially older people (more than 30 years old) born in autumn/winter had a higher incidence of avolition/apathy than those born in summer/spring (p = 0.026). Furthermore, in the relationship of birth season and avolition/apathy, the marital status of the patient was a significant independent explanatory variable, while gender was not. The study also showed a spring excess of 4% in birth rate compared with the general Xhosa population. Conclusion: The results from our study support the existence of a seasonal birth pattern in an African schizophrenia population and suggest that avolition/apathy may underpin this seasonal pattern.
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O'Sullivan, Deirdre, and Stephen J. Notaro. "Racial Identity and Perceptions of People with Disabilities as Romantic Partners: A Pilot Study." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 40, no. 4 (2009): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.40.4.27.
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This study explored the relationship between racial groups, racial identity, and attitudes toward dating a person with a physical disability. It was hypothesized that African Americans would have higher levels of racial identity than Caucasian Americans. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that because of shared minority group status, African Americans would have more positive attitudes than Caucasians toward dating someone described as having a physical disability. African American participants were found to have higher levels of racial identity than Caucasian participants, but had significantly more negative attitudes regarding dating a person with a physical disability than Caucasians. A discussion of racial identity, as well as implications for rehabilitation counselors, is included.
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Gordon, Steven Lawrence. "Understanding semantic differential measures in modern South Africa: attitudes of Black Africans towards White South Africans." South African Journal of Psychology 48, no. 4 (2017): 526–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246317725921.
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The future success of South Africa’s unique democracy depends on the development of harmonious race relations. Understanding the factors underlying the country’s interracial attitudes is, consequently, important. Social identity theory suggests that Black African attitudes towards White people are connected to their evaluations of South Africa’s other racial minorities. This thesis seems counterintuitive given that White people are associated with a long history of political, economic, and social oppression in the collective memory of many Black African communities. Nationally representative data from the South African Social Attitudes Survey were used to validate the thesis that Black Africans’ evaluations of White people correlated with their assessments of other racial groups. Pairwise correlation analysis was employed to test the article’s hypothesis. The results presented in this article showed that Black Africans’ evaluations towards the White minority correlated with their evaluations of other racial minorities in South Africa. Multivariate analysis, specifically a standard (ordinary least squares) linear regression, was used to confirm the bivariate analysis. Black Africans’ attitudes towards White people were strongly correlated with attitudes towards the country’s two other major racial minorities. This finding held even controlling for contact with White people as well as a range of socio-economic characteristics. The outcomes of this article invite closer examination of the factors that underlie the generality of outgroup evaluations among South Africa’s Black African majority.
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Slaughter-Defoe, Diana T., Valerie Shahariw Kuehne, and Jane K. Straker. "African-American, Anglo-American, and Anglo-Canadian Grade 4 Children's Concepts of Old People and of Extended Family." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 35, no. 3 (1992): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/wpcf-1yrq-qkeh-fuq4.
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A cross-national study of 104 fourth grade children's concepts of old people and extended family was conducted in Canada and the United States, using the Children's Attitudes Toward the Elderly Scale (CATE), and a modified version of the Gilby and Pederson (1982) Family Concept Interview. Both Anglo-American and African-American children were included in the U.S. sample. Results indicated that Anglo-American and Anglo-Canadian children were significantly more similar in their attitudes toward the elderly and their concepts of family than African-American and Anglo-American children. In comparison with the other two cultural groups, Anglo-American children were significantly more likely to include extended family members in their concept of who is family; Anglo-Canadian children had a significantly higher level of age discrimination ability; and African-American children showed a trend toward more positive attitudes toward older people. Overall findings of negative attitudes toward old people were consistent with earlier studies. The implications of children's ageist attitudes for increasingly aging Western societies are noted, particularly given impoverished children's potential need for extrafamilial social supports.
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Zungu, Evangeline Bonisiwe, and Nomvula Maphini. "Out with old, in with the new: Negotiating identity in re-naming a Xhosa umtshakazi." AFRREV LALIGENS: An International Journal of Language, Literature and Gender Studies 9, no. 1 (2020): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/laligens.v9i1.6.
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Umtshakazi (singular) is a bride and abatshakazi (plural) are brides in isiXhosa language. The word is derived from the word ‘tsha’ which means new in isiXhosa. The word is popularly known as Makoti in other African languages, such as isiZulu. In short, a bride is a woman about to be married or newly married and thus a “new member” of the husband’s family. In a South African context, naming is not reserved for new-born children as there are circumstances whereby older people get new names. In Xhosa re-naming of abatshakazi, is a religious practice where name-givers bestow a name on a newlywed and then expect brides to live up to their newly acquired names. Like most things cultural, the brides have no choice but to accept the new name, embrace what the name entails and live up to the family’s expectations. Through the re-naming process the bride assumes a new identity which means taking the responsibility that comes with it. This article examines how such a process gives brides new roles to play; how brides make a conscious effort to live up to the name and how this changes their identity. This article is going to take a phenomenology stance. The phenomenology theory is a theoretical proposition which focuses on people’s perceptions of the world in which they live and what it means to them. It focuses on people’s lived experiences. This theory is essential in this article as the article focuses on the individual experiences of Xhosa abatshakazi in the naming process.
 Key Words: gender, culture, names, identity, marriage
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Paruk, Zubeda, Sitti Djamela Mohamed, Cynthia Patel, and Sarojini Ramgoon. "Compassion or condemnation? South African Muslim students' attitudes to people with HIV/AIDS." SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS 3, no. 3 (2006): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17290376.2006.9724878.
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Campbell, Megan M., Olivia P. Matshabane, Sibonile Mqulwana, et al. "Evaluating Community Engagement Strategies to Manage Stigma in Two African Genomics Studies Involving People Living with Schizophrenia or Rheumatic Heart Disease." Global Health 2021 (June 26, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9926495.
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In global health research and genomics research specifically, community engagement has gained prominence in enhancing ethical conduct, particularly in managing the risk of stigmatization, but there is minimal scientific evidence on how to do this effectively. This article reports on community engagement evaluation strategies in two African genomics studies: the Stigma in African Genomics Research study and the Genomics of Schizophrenia in South African Xhosa People (SAX) study. Within the Stigma in African Genomics Research study, a self-report rating scale and open-ended questions were used to track participant responses to an experiential theatre workshop. The workshop focused on participant experiences of living with schizophrenia or rheumatic heart disease (RHD). While the schizophrenia group reported more alienation and less stigma resistance than the RHD group, both groups demonstrated increased stigma resistance over time, after participating in the workshops. Hearing from others living with and managing the same illness normalised participants’ own experiences and encouraged them. Within the SAX study, a short rating scale and qualitative feedback methods were used to evaluate a Mental Health Literacy Day targeting mental health stigma. Information talks about (i) the symptoms of schizophrenia and treatment options and (ii) the illness experiences of a patient in recovery were rated as the most helpful on the day. Audience members reported that these talks challenged negative perceptions about severe mental illness. Three important learnings emerged from these evaluations: firstly, integration of evaluation strategies at the research study planning phase is likely to promote more effective community engagement. Secondly, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods that draw on simple descriptive statistics and thematic analysis can provide nuanced perspectives about the value of community engagement. Thirdly, such evidence is necessary in establishing and promoting the science of community engagement in genomics research and health research more broadly.
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Martinez-Ebers, Valerie, Brian Robert Calfano, and Regina Branton. "Bringing People Together: Improving Intergroup Relations via Group Identity Cues." Urban Affairs Review 57, no. 1 (2019): 104–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087419853390.
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Many U.S. cities pursue a “human relations” strategy in response to racial and ethnic group conflict. Reflective of Common Ingroup Identity theory, human relations practitioners emphasize a superordinate community identity among residents from different groups for the purpose of “bringing people together” in an effort to improve intergroup relations. Practitioners also encourage intergroup contact to promote positive change in attitudes. Herein, we test the influence of group identity cues and intergroup contact as predictors of perceived intergroup commonality. The findings suggest emphasizing a superordinate community identity increases feelings of commonality in the attitudes of Anglos and Latinos toward one another and toward African-Americans and Asians, while intergroup contact has no significant influence on intergroup attitudes. These findings contribute to the extant literature by simultaneously testing the relative effect of salient group identities on intergroup attitudes and expanding the focus beyond the binary comparison found in most studies of racial–ethnic relations.
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Choga, Ireen, Arthur Mapanga, and Elias Munapo. "Factors impeding the use of banking services in rural Southern African states." Banks and Bank Systems 12, no. 3 (2017): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(3-1).2017.07.
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The paper presents factors why people are reluctant to bank money in rural Southern African countries. Six countries namely Botswana, Namibia, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe were used in the study. A focus group of 10 people from each of the stated Southern African countries was composed and used to obtain perceptions, views, reactions, attitudes, experiences among others on why people are reluctant to bank their money. People are unwilling to bank their money in rural Southern Africa and the reasons behind this seem to be many. If no correctional measures are put in place, rural Southern Africa will continue to be unbanked for the next five decades.
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Suzman, Susan M. "Names as pointers: Zulu personal naming practices." Language in Society 23, no. 2 (1994): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500017851.
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ABSTRACTChildren in many African societies have meaningful names – unlike their Western counterparts, whose names are primarily labels. In Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Tswana, and many other cultures, namegivers traditionally chose personal names that pointed to a range of people and circumstances that were relevant at the time of the child's birth. These highly individual or unique names were part of particular social frameworks that have long been evolving with Western acculturation. Like the social frameworks within which they are embedded, naming practices are in the process of change.This article investigates change in Zulu naming practices as a reflection of wider social changes. Taking historical accounts as the source of traditional namegiving, an analysis of rural, farm, and urban names shows quantitative and qualitative differences in naming practices. Contemporary names differ significantly from traditional ones, and provide evidence that the world view within which names are given is in the process of redefinition. (Anthropological linguistics, naming, South Africa, Zulu)
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Ellingsen, Mark. "WHAT DID THE REFORMERS THINK OF AFRICA AND ITS PEOPLE?" REFLEXUS - Revista Semestral de Teologia e Ciências das Religiões 12, no. 19 (2018): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.20890/reflexus.v12i19.732.
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Scholars have long been aware since the 16th century of the Reformers’ indebtedness to African theology (esp. Augustine, but also to the pre-Augustinian African Fathers). However, with regard to the Reformers’ attitudes toward African culture and their African contemporaries the scholarly community has remained silent. Considering that, this paper endeavors to make some first tentative steps in addressing this range of issues. Its primary agenda is to provide a text study of the writings of Luther, Zwingli, Anabaptists (esp. Simons), and Calvin regarding what they wrote about Africa, the African people of their day, and the institution of slavery.Os estudiosos sabem da dívida dos reformadores para com a teologia africana, especialmente com Agostinho e os Pais da Igreja Africanos anteriores a Agostinho. Entretanto, no que diz respeito às atitudes dos reformadores para com a cultura e seus contemporâneos africanos, a comunidade acadêmica permaneceu em silêncio. Considerando isto, este artigo busca oferecer alguns passos preliminares na abordagem deste tema. Seu foco principal é fornecer um estudo dos escritos de Lutero, Zwinglio, Anabatistas (especialmente M. Simons) e Calvino que falam sobre a África, o povo africano de sua época e a instituição da escravidão.
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Ntozini, Anathi Nomanzana, and Ali Arazeem Abdullahi. "Perceptions of Traditional Male Circumcision among University Male Students at a South African University." Men and Masculinities 21, no. 2 (2016): 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x16652657.
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In the past decade, traditional male circumcision, known as ulwaluko among the Xhosa-speaking people in the Eastern Cape Province, has become a burning issue in South Africa. The discourse has led to the emergence of two opposing camps: the supporters of ulwaluko who rely on “traditional ideology” to justify the cultural relevance of the practice, and the opposing camp who believe that ulwaluko is no longer in tandem with the reality of the twenty-first century. Amid the ongoing debate, this study investigated the perceptions of ulwaluko among South African university students at the University of Fort Hare, South Africa. Open-ended individual interviews were conducted among nine male students at the university. The study relied on “hegemonic masculinity” as the theoretical framework. The study revealed mixed feelings about the ulwaluko ritual among the students interviewed. In spite of the exposure to modernization and Western education, the students interviewed were still emotionally and culturally attached to ulwaluko, especially as a rite of passage. While some doubted the ability of the ritual to change “bad boys” into “good boys,” virtually all the participants believed that morbidity and mortality recorded during and after ulwaluko were not sufficient grounds to abolish it. This finding suggests ulwaluko may have, over the years, consciously or unconsciously, constructed an idealized masculine identity that is morally upright, faced with challenges to the ritual and burdened by a prescriptive set of masculine role expectations.
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Mall, Sumaya, Jonathan M. Platt, Henk Temmingh, et al. "The relationship between childhood trauma and schizophrenia in the Genomics of Schizophrenia in the Xhosa people (SAX) study in South Africa." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 9 (2019): 1570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719001703.
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AbstractBackgroundEvidence from high-income countries suggests that childhood trauma is associated with schizophrenia. Studies of childhood trauma and schizophrenia in low and middle income (LMIC) countries are limited. This study examined the prevalence of childhood traumatic experiences among cases and controls and the relationship between specific and cumulative childhood traumatic experiences and schizophrenia in a sample in South Africa.MethodsData were from the Genomics of Schizophrenia in the South African Xhosa people study. Cases with schizophrenia and matched controls were recruited from provincial hospitals and clinics in the Western and Eastern Cape regions in South Africa. Childhood traumatic experiences were measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Adjusted logistic regression models estimated associations between individual and cumulative childhood traumatic experiences and schizophrenia.ResultsTraumatic experiences were more prevalent among cases than controls. The odds of schizophrenia were 2.44 times higher among those who experienced any trauma than those who reported no traumatic experiences (95% CI 1.77–3.37). The odds of schizophrenia were elevated among those who experienced physical/emotional abuse (OR 1.59, CI 1.28–1.97), neglect (OR 1.39, CI 1.16–1.68), and sexual abuse (OR 1.22, CI 1.03–1.45) compared to those who did not. Cumulative physical/emotional abuse and neglect experiences increased the odds of schizophrenia as a dose–response relationship.ConclusionChildhood trauma is common in this population. Among many other benefits, interventions to prevent childhood trauma may contribute to a decreasing occurrence of schizophrenia.
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OGBOLU, MICHAEL N., ROBERT P. SINGH, and ANTHONY WILBON. "LEGITIMACY, ATTITUDES AND INTENDED PATRONAGE: UNDERSTANDING CHALLENGES FACING BLACK ENTREPRENEURS." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 20, no. 01 (2015): 1550007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946715500077.
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Traditional research on the reasons for the depressed rate of black entrepreneurship has focused on differences between black [note: The term "blacks" is used to represent the broader groups of blacks in the United States, which include African-Americans and also black people from African countries, the Caribbean and other countries.] and white entrepreneurs. In this paper, we move beyond the individual entrepreneur and study consumers' perceptual differences of black and white entrepreneurs. Using a multi-disciplinary theoretical framework to study 846 participants, we found empirical evidence that there are significant relationships between perceptions of legitimacy and consumer attitudes toward entrepreneurs and intended patronage. In addition, there appears to be differences in the way consumers perceive black and white entrepreneurs, which suggest significant challenges facing black entrepreneurs. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
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Kirpitchenko, Liudmila, and Fethi Mansouri. "Social Engagement among Migrant Youth: Attitudes and Meanings." Social Inclusion 2, no. 2 (2014): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v2i2.163.
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This article explores migrant young people’s engagement, participation and involvement in socially meaningful activities, events and experiences. This type of social participation is approached in the social inclusion literature using the notions of social capital and active citizenship (Bourdieu, 1986; Coleman, 1988; Putnam, 1993; Putnam, 2000). A key objective, therefore, is to explore the attitudes, values and perceptions associated with social participation for young people. They include the meanings that social engagement has for migrant young people, along with drivers and inhibitions to active participation. The article focuses on both the motives for being actively engaged as well as perceived barriers to social engagement. It is based on a large study conducted among migrant young people of African, Arabic-speaking and Pacific Islander backgrounds in Melbourne and Brisbane, and presents both quantitative and qualitative (discursive) snapshots from the overall findings, based on interviews and focus groups. While many studies have centred on the management of migration and migrants, this article draws attention to the individuals’ active position in negotiating, interpreting and appropriating the conditions of social inclusion. Accounting for the multidimensional and multilayered nature of social inclusion, the paper highlights the heuristic role of social engagement in fostering the feelings of belonging and personal growth for migrant youth.
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Rodríguez-Bailón, Rosa, Josefa Ruiz, and Miguel Moya. "The Impact of Music on Automatically Activated Attitudes: Flamenco and Gypsy People." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 12, no. 3 (2009): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430209102849.
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The two studies reported in this article agree in demonstrating that activating a positive side of the stereotype of a traditionally prejudiced group could be a useful strategy to improve the implicit attitude toward that group. The goal of the current research was to explore whether activating the present association between Flamenco music and Gypsy people would decrease the negative view of this group in Spain, using the IAT measure. In the first study, when a stereotype-consistent but positive feature of Gypsies (i.e. Flamenco music) was used as a positively valued attribute in the IAT measure, the IAT effect was lower than when a different positive stimulus was used (classical music clips). The findings of Study 2 showed that for the North African community—another highly discriminated group in Spain—the use of Flamenco or classical music clips did not have any effect on the implicit attitudes of participants toward them. The implications for attitudes toward discriminated groups and the use of music to improve intergroup relationships are discussed.
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Kelbessa, Workineh. "Environmental Philosophy in African Traditions of Thought." Environmental Ethics 40, no. 4 (2018): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics201840431.
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Besides normative areas, African environmental philosophy should pay attention to the epistemological and metaphysical dimensions of the worldviews of the African people in order to understand the environmental attitudes and values in African traditions of thought. Unlike mainstream Western ethics, African environmental philosophy has renounced anthropomorphism, anthropocentrism, and ethnocentrism and recognizes the interconnectedness of human beings with the natural environment and its component parts. In African worldviews, the physical and the metaphysical, the sacred and the secular, the natural and the supernatural are interrelated. Human beings are part of the natural environment. African philosophers should continue to explore the potential for a strong African environmental philosophy in African traditions of thought that can contribute to the solution of current environmental crises.
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Blackman, Elizabeth, Natalie Thurman, Darron Halliday, et al. "Multicenter Study of Human Papillomavirus and the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Knowledge and Attitudes among People of African Descent." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/428582.
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Objective. To compare knowledge and attitudes of human papillomavirus (HPV) and the vaccine between different cultures of African descent.Methods. A cross-sectional survey of 555 African-Americans and Afro-Caribbeans residing in the US and the Bahamas (BHM) was conducted.Results. General knowledge about HPV and the HPV vaccine differed between the two countries significantly. Bahamian respondents were less likely to have higher numbers of correct knowledge answers when compared to Americans (Adjusted Odds Ratio [Adj. OR] 0.47, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.30–0.75). Older age, regardless of location, was also associated with answering fewer questions correctly (Adj. OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40–0.92). Attitudes related to HPV vaccination were similar between the US and BHM, but nearly 80% of BHM respondents felt that children should not be able to receive the vaccine without parental consent compared to 57% of American respondents.Conclusions. Grave lack of knowledge, safety and cost concerns, and influence of parental restrictions may negatively impact vaccine uptake among African-American and Afro-Caribbean persons. Interventions to increase the vaccine uptake in the Caribbean must include medical provider and parental involvement. Effective strategies for education and increasing vaccine uptake in BHM are crucial for decreasing cervical cancer burden in the Caribbean.
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Hiller, Rachel M., Sarah L. Halligan, Mark Tomlinson, Jackie Stewart, Sarah Skeen, and Hope Christie. "Post-trauma coping in the context of significant adversity: a qualitative study of young people living in an urban township in South Africa." BMJ Open 7, no. 10 (2017): e016560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016560.
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ObjectiveCompared with knowledge of the post-trauma needs of young people living in developed countries, little is known about the needs of those in low-middle-income countries. Such information is crucial, particularly as young people in these environments can be at increased risk of experiencing trauma, coupled with less available resources for formal support. The aim of this study was to explore post-trauma coping and support-seeking of young people living in a high-adversity settlement in South Africa.DesignSemistructured qualitative interviews analysed using thematic analysis.SettingAn urban settlement (‘township’) in Cape Town, South Africa.Participants25 young people, aged 13–17 years, who had experienced trauma. Events included serious car accidents, hearing of a friend’s violent death, and rape, and all reported having experienced multiple traumatic events. All participants identified as black South African and spoke Xhosa as their first language.ResultsSocial support was considered key to coping after trauma, although the focus of the support differed depending on the source. Parents would most commonly provide practical support, particularly around safety. Peers often provided an avenue to discuss the event and young person’s emotional well-being more openly. Outside of social support another key theme was that there were numerous community-level barriers to participants receiving support following trauma. Many young people continued to be exposed to the perpetrator of the event, while there was also the realistic concern around future traumas and safety, community stigma and a perceived lack of justice.ConclusionThis study provides insight into how young people cope and seek support following trauma when they are living in a context of significant adversity and risk. Overall, most young people identified helpful sources of support and thought talking about the event was a useful strategy, but concerns around safety and trust could impede this process.
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Rüther, Kirsten. "'Sekukuni, Listen!, Banna!, and to The Children of Frederick the Great and Our Kaiser Wilhelm': Documents in The Social and Religious History Of The Transvaal, 1860-1890." Journal of Religion in Africa 34, no. 3 (2004): 207–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570066041725439.
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AbstractEncountering colonialism and Christianity, African people became intertwined with the development of a documentary culture in the Northern Transvaal. In the second half of the nineteenth century Africans, missionaries and settlers produced and read Bibles, codes of law, newspaper articles, translations of religious texts and church declarations. As a result of multifaceted social interaction, African people's attitudes were never an exclusively African business. The article shows how certain peoples cherished the technical skills of reading and writing, while others defined literacy as a subordinate instrument employable only for the attainment of religious goals. It argues that especially missionaries' and Africans' attitudes towards documents changed as a response to the broader economic and social transformations in the area. It also points out how the new Christian elite tried to use literacy as a window to the European reading public and how they produced documents of their own in which they ixed important parameters of African Christianity.
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Fossouo, Pascal. "Missionary Challenges Faced by the First African Church Leaders in Cameroon and Ghana." Exchange 37, no. 3 (2008): 263–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157254308x311983.
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AbstractThe practice of the Christian faith in Ghana and Cameroon changes in details according to the leaders exercising power in church and in the religious traditional system of government known as Sacral Rule. African church leaders were expected to show more understanding in affirming African tradition or in undermining white missionaries' attitudes, thought and rules. They were called to fill the omissions of their predecessors and to solve the problem of spiritual emptiness of the modern state bequeathed to Africa by the colonial practices. More of all, African leaders have to manage the presence of people with dual responsibility in Church as well as in the traditional African system of government.
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Asadi Faezi, Nasim, Pourya Gholizadeh, Moussa Sanogo, et al. "Peoples’ attitude toward COVID-19 vaccine, acceptance, and social trust among African and Middle East countries." Health Promotion Perspectives 11, no. 2 (2021): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2021.21.
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Background: To end the COVID-19 pandemic, a large part of the world must be immune to the virus by vaccination. Therefore, this study aimed to gauge intent to be vaccinated against COVID-19 among ordinary people and to identify attitudes towards vaccines and barriers for vaccine acceptance. Methods: The study population comprises 1880 people residing in different countries that answer a prepared questionnaire. The questionnaire topics are demographics, historical issues, participants’ attitudes and beliefs regarding vaccines, concerns, and vaccine hesitancy. Results: Attitudes and beliefs relating to vaccines in general, and the COVID-19 vaccine, were ascertained. Overall, 66.81% of the contributors would like to be vaccinated against COVID-19, while %33.19 did not intend to be vaccinated. Reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy included concern regarding vaccine side effects, fear of getting sick from the uptake of the vaccine, and the absence of accurate vaccine promotion news. Individuals with higher education believe that India (68.6%) produces the best vaccine (P<0.001), while healthcare workers think the Chinese vaccine (44.2%) is the best (P=0.020). Individuals with higher education have not been vaccinated, not be healthcare workers, and females were the most contributors to effective of the vaccine in reducing mortality from COVID-19 disease. Conclusion: Given the degree of hesitancy against COVID-19 vaccination, a multifaceted approach to facilitate vaccine uptake that includes vaccine education, behavioral change strategies, and health promotion, is paramount.
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Moos, Aziza, and Kelvin Mwaba. "BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES ABOUT TRANSRACIAL ADOPTION AMONG A SAMPLE OF SOUTH AFRICAN STUDENTS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 35, no. 8 (2007): 1115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.8.1115.
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Transracial adoption, defined as the adoption of a child from a race that is different from that of the adoptive parent, has attracted interest among social scientists seeking to understand how the public views adoption. Studies conducted mostly in industrialized countries suggest that most people approve of such adoption, believing it is a better alternative to out-of-home care. Those who are opposed believe that it risks damaging the racial or ethnic identity of the child. In South Africa, it is just over 10 years since the new democratic government repealed all previous laws that prohibited mixing of races including interracial marriage and transracial adoption. In the present study we sought to understand South African students' beliefs and attitudes about transracial adoption. A sample of 72 mostly black undergraduate students was surveyed. The results showed that most of the students approved of transracial adoption and believed that it promoted racial tolerance. Less than 5% believed that transracial adoption could lead to the loss of a child's culture. The results were interpreted as suggesting that young South Africans may be committed to the vision of a multiracial nation.
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Gray, Phyllis, Audrey C. Rule, and Mindy Gordon. "Black Fifth Graders Make Dioramas of Traditional African Cultures to Explore Racial Identity, Cultural Universals, and Spatial Thinking." Urban Education 54, no. 2 (2015): 274–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085915613552.
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This rich, arts- and spatial-thinking-integrated project examined the effects of making three-dimensional dioramas of traditional African cultures on Black fifth graders at an urban school on students’ racial identities, knowledge of cultural universals, and spatial thinking skills. Pretest and posttest attitudes measured with the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity–Teen evidenced an increase in sense of belonging to other Black people. Students learned social studies content and recognized many cultural universals, allowing them to feel connected to the African groups. Student essays showed admiration for African cultures, connections through similar foods, and links through appreciation of animals.
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Vijayaraghavan, Maya, Pamela Olsen, John Weeks, Karma McKelvey, Claudia Ponath, and Margot Kushel. "Older African American Homeless-Experienced Smokers’ Attitudes Toward Tobacco Control Policies—Results from the HOPE HOME Study." American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 2 (2017): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117117729928.
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Purpose: To examine attitudes toward tobacco control policies among older African American homeless-experienced smokers. Approach: A qualitative study. Setting: Oakland, California. Participants: Twenty-two African American older homeless-experienced smokers who were part of a longitudinal study on health and health-related outcomes (Health Outcomes of People Experiencing Homelessness in Older Middle Age Study). Method: We conducted in-depth, semistructured interviews with each participant to explore beliefs and attitudes toward tobacco use and cessation, barriers to smoking cessation, and attitudes toward current tobacco control strategies including raising cigarette prices, smoke-free policies, and graphic warning labels. We used a grounded theory approach to analyze the transcripts. Results: Community social norms supportive of cigarette smoking and co-use of tobacco with other illicit substances were strong motivators of initiation and maintenance of tobacco use. Self-reported barriers to cessation included nicotine dependence, the experience of being homeless, fatalistic attitudes toward smoking cessation, substance use, and exposure to tobacco industry marketing. While participants were cognizant of current tobacco control policies and interventions for cessation, they felt that they were not specific enough for African Americans experiencing homelessness. Participants expressed strong support for strategies that de-normalized tobacco use and advertised the harmful effects of tobacco. Conclusion: Older African American homeless-experienced smokers face significant barriers to smoking cessation. Interventions that advertise the harmful effects of tobacco may be effective in stimulating smoking cessation among this population.
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Sanders Thompson, Vetta L., Alan Bugbee, John P. Meriac, and Jenine K. Harris. "The utility of cancer-related cultural constructs to understand colorectal cancer screening among African Americans." Journal of Public Health Research 2, no. 2 (2013): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2013.e11.
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<em>Background</em>. Data suggest that colorectal cancer could be cut by approximately 60% if all people aged 50 years or older received regular screening. Studies have identified socio-cultural attitudes that might inform cancer education and screening promotion campaigns. This article applies item response theory (IRT) to a set of survey items selected to assess sociocultural attitudes in order to determine how current measures may affect what we know about how these attitudes affect colorectal cancer screening (CRCS).<br /><em>Design and Methods.</em> A survey of colorectal cancer screening, screening attitudes and cultural beliefs was administered to 1021 African Americans – 683 women and 338 men, ages 50 to 75. Eligibility crite ria for participation included being born in the United States, self-identified African American male or female, age 50 to 75 years. The IRT analysis was performed on 655 individuals with complete data for the 43 observed variables. <br /><em>Results</em>. Twenty-nine items comprise the Multi-construct African American Cultural Survey (MAACS) that addresses seven cultural con- structs: mistrust/distrust, privacy, ethnic identity, collectivism, empowerment, and male gender roles. The items provide adequate information about the attitudes of the population across most levels of the constructs assessed. Among the sociocultural variables considered, empowerment (OR=1.078; 95% CI: 1.008, 1.151) had the strongest association with CRCS adherence and privacy showed promise. <br /><em>Conclusions</em>. The MAACS provides a fixed length questionnaire to assess African American CRCS attitudes, two new constructs that might assist in CRCS promotion, and a suggested focus for identification of additional constructs of interest.<br />
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Apat, Daniel Kwai, and Wellington Digwa. "Mental health data: A case for the African communities in New South Wales." Australasian Review of African Studies 42, no. 1 (2021): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22160/22035184/aras-2021-42-1/64-80.
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This paper examines mental health policies in relation to African communities residing in New South Wales, Australia and the attitudes of African communities toward mental disorders and mental health services. Current mental health policy frameworks have shown an inadequate inclusion of African communities. This may negatively affect the design of mental health interventions and how African communities engage with mental health services. The available mental health literature on African communities showed disjointed and uncoordinated data which focuses on specific community-groups within African communities. Insufficient mental health or suicide data, combined with African community members’ perception toward mental disorders and mental health services, makes it very difficult to progress engagement and interventions. There is a need for proper and sizable data on mental health related to people of African descent in NSW and Australia wide, if positive outcomes are to be realised.
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Jeewa, Sana, and Stephanie Rudwick. "“English is the best way to communicate” - South African Indian students’ blind spot towards the relevance of Zulu." Sociolinguistica 34, no. 1 (2020): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soci-2020-0010.
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AbstractThe South African University of KwaZulu-Natal has developed an ambitious language policy aiming “to achieve for isiZulu the institutional and academic status of English” (UKZN LP 2006/2014). Part of this ambition is a mandatory Zulu language module that all undergraduate students have to pass if they cannot prove knowledge of the language. In this article, we examine attitudes of South African Indian students towards this compulsory module against the strained history and relationship between Zulu and Indian people in the province. Situated within the approach of Language Management Theory (LMT), our focus is on students as micro level actors who are affected by a macro level policy decision. Methodologically combining quantitative and qualitative tools, we attempt to find answers to the following broad question: What attitudes do South African Indian students have towards Zulu more generally and the UKZN module more specifically? The empirical findings show that students’ motivations to learn Zulu are more instrumental than integrative as the primary goal is to ‘pass’ the module. South African Indian students have developed a blind spot for the prevalence and significance of Zulu in the country which impacts negatively on the general attitudes towards the language more general and the module more specifically. Language ideologies that elevate the status of English in the country further hamper the success of Zulu language learning.
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Khoza, Nduduzo, Therisha Moodley, Sinenhlanhla Sokhulu, et al. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices of contact lens use in a South African adolescent population." African Health Sciences 20, no. 2 (2020): 768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i2.29.
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Background: Contact lens usage is becoming increasingly popular amongst young people. Assessing their knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to contact lens wear is therefore important, so that gaps in understanding or incorrect practices can be rectified to promote continued safety and success of contact lens wear.
 Objectives: This study aimed to assess and describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices of contact lens wearers aged 18 to 30 years, in the greater Durban area of South Africa.
 Methods: A semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practice of the participants.
 Results: Two hundred and forty six participants completed the survey. Young contact lens wearers in this sample generally had poor knowledge with regards to appropriate hygiene and contact lens wear complications. Despite wearers exhibiting a positive attitude with satisfactory hand hygiene and lens cleaning practices, important aspects such as lens case hygiene, storage and lens removal practices were found to be unsatisfactory. Compliance with after-care visits was also unsatisfactory.
 Conclusion: There is a need for contact lens practitioners to educate young contact lens wearers regarding appropriate contact lens-related care, to promote long term ocular health and contact lens-related safety.
 Keywords: Contact lens use; adolescent population; South Africa.
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Richter, Linda M., and Jill Swart-Kruger. "AIDS-Risk among Street Children and Youth: Implications for Intervention." South African Journal of Psychology 25, no. 1 (1995): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639502500105.
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With the co-operation of staff and volunteers from non-governmental programmes in nine South African cities, focus group discussions were held with 141 street children and youth, 79 of whom were enrolled in shelter programmes while 62 were still living independently on the streets. The group discussions focused on knowledge about transmission and prevention, attitudes towards AIDS and people with AIDS, and sexual and other behaviours related to AIDS risk. Both quantitative and qualitative information on the topics covered was extracted from the transcriptions of the discussions. The results indicated that, on a superficial level, South African street youth possessed relatively good knowledge about transmission and prevention. However, a more critical analysis showed that knowledge is obscured by moral imputations. In addition, street youth disclosed extremely negative attitudes to condoms and to people with AIDS. Accounts of sexual behaviour confirmed that street children and youth engage in a number of high-risk behaviours. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for intervention and, in particular, the inadequacies of the Health Belief Model and related theories, as the sole theoretical foundation for the design of intervention programmes.
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Kaplan, Margaret E., and Yvonne Van Den Worm. "The Relationship Between South African Adolescents' Knowledge and Fear of AIDS and Their Attitudes toward People Who Have AIDS." Journal of Social Psychology 133, no. 4 (1993): 581–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1993.9712185.
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TOPPING, SIMON. "“The Dusky Doughboys”: Interaction between African American Soldiers and the Population of Northern Ireland during the Second World War." Journal of American Studies 47, no. 4 (2013): 1131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875812001764.
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This article will examine the ways in which the people of Northern Ireland and African American troops stationed there during the Second World War reacted to each other. It will also consider the effect of institutional racism in the American military on this relationship, concluding that, for the most part, the population welcomed black soldiers and refused to endorse American racial attitudes or enforce Jim Crow segregation. This piece argues that, bearing in mind the latent racism of the time, the response of the Northern Irish to African Americans was essentially colour-blind, and this was true in both the Protestant and Catholic communities.
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Trupej, Janko. "Strategies for translating racist discourse about African-Americans into Slovenian." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 63, no. 3 (2017): 322–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.63.3.02tru.
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Abstract This article examines how racist discourse about African-Americans has been translated from English into Slovenian throughout history. Strategies for translating explicitly racist discourse, racial terminology and African American Vernacular English in translations published between 1853 and 2007 are analyzed. The results of the textual comparison are considered in the light of contemporary Slovenian attitudes towards black people and the socio-political situation in the target culture. The results show that the strategies for translating racist discourse in pre-World War II translations differed significantly from those used after a socialist regime was established in Slovenia. Translation strategies were also influenced by the important role that the Slovenian language played in the development of the national identity, by the target readership of the translations, as well as by contemporary relations between the source and target culture. Ideological interventions sometimes considerably affected the interpretive possibilities of a particular literary work.
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Lance, James. "What the Stranger Brings: The Social Dynamics of Fieldwork." History in Africa 17 (January 1990): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171822.
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A major feature of research in African history is the reliance of African historians on oral statements for much of their evidence. Vansina's pathbreaking explorations of African oral traditions and testimonies established criteria for the collection of oral evidence and ushered in the contemporary era of scholarship in African history. Although the publication ofOral Traditionsanctioned the use of oral data, it also prompted considerable reflection about the nature, strengths, and weaknesses of oral evidence. For the most part this scholarly examination of African oral traditions and testimonies has focused on their value as sources. What has not been fully addressed are the social and cultural dynamics of the research process itself: how the interaction between a foreign fieldworker and an indigenous informant involves not only the production of knowledge but the management of asymmetrical power relationships as well. Rarely do researcher and informant interact as equal partners. During the process of fieldwork, sometimes the researcher is favored, sometimes the informant. This brief paper is a reflection on the ways the attitudes of an African people about knowledge, power, and outsiders influence the kind of oral evidence the researcher collects.For much of the past two years I resided in a village in northern Ghana where I was conducting fieldwork among the Mamprusi people. I was seeking information which would embellish and provide an indigenous texture to the archival sources I had collected earlier as part of my efforts to reconstruct the social history of Mampurugu during the colonial period. It soon became apparent, however, that my quest for an indigenous expression of, and perspective on, historical process was mired in a complex host of conflicts and assumptions. As a white stranger in the Mamprusis' midst asking as many questions as I could about the Mamprusi past, I received answers which reflected not only the degree to which I had successfully or unsuccessfully established cordial and trusting relationships with my Mamprusi informants, but also Mamprusi attitudes about historical knowledge and their anxieties in regard to possible consequences if such knowledge were revealed to non-Mamprusi.
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Obasi, Ezemenari M., and Frederick T. L. Leong. "Psychological distress, acculturation, and mental health-seeking attitudes among people of African descent in the United States: A preliminary investigation." Journal of Counseling Psychology 56, no. 2 (2009): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014865.
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Dein, Kalpana, Paul Simon Williams, and Simon Dein. "Ethnic bias in the application of the Mental Health Act 1983." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 13, no. 5 (2007): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.003582.
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There is evidence pointing to a bias in the application of the Mental Health Act 1983 (which is in force in England and Wales). One study found that Black people on in-patient units were four times more likely to have been compulsorily admitted than White people. Furthermore, it has been shown that compulsory admissions to secure units are 2.9–5.6 times higher for Black than for White patients. Any understanding of this bias necessitates an examination of the attitudes of mental health professionals towards Africans and African–Caribbeans. Here we discuss possible contributory factors and examine a number of initiatives that have been instituted in order to tackle this problem.
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Casellas, Jason P., Daniel Q. Gillion, and Sophia Jordán Wallace. "Race, Partisanship, and Attitudes Toward Public Policy Commonality and Legislative Districts." Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 4, no. 1 (2018): 32–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rep.2018.23.
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AbstractThis paper utilizes original survey data to examine whether individuals believe they share views on public policy with members of their own racial or ethnic group and whether they place an importance on living in legislative districts with people from their own racial or ethnic group. We find strong evidence that Latino and African-American respondents have a sense of shared policy preferences within their own group. Our results also indicate white Republicans are very likely to view themselves as having shared policy preferences within their group. Respondents who have a strong sense of shared policy preferences with their racial group are also the most likely to think it is important to live in legislative districts with others from their own racial or ethnic group. This paper affords a deeper understanding of the extent to which voters express commonality with their racial and ethnic minority group on matters related to public policy.
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Kazeem, Fayemi Ademola, and Akintunde Folake Adeogun. "On the myth called 'African Bioethics': further reflections on Segun Gbadegesin's account." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 3, no. 3 (2012): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v3i3.12558.
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This paper examines, and further reflects, on Segun Gbadegesins position on the question of African bioethics. In an attempt to situate bioethical discourse within the garb of cultural appropriateness, Gbadegesin gives an African perspective of bioethics by exploring the attitudes of the Yoruba people (an example of an African culture) towards bioethical issues. Through this, he calls for a transcultural bioethics, which will underscore the universality of bioethics without undermining the significance of cultural identities. This paper challenges as a myth?, the assumptions and positions of Gbadegesin in his recent discourse on African bioethics. By raising and adducing reasons to fundamental questions (such as: How authentic is Gbadegesins reportage on the Yoruba attitude to bioethical issues? How plausible is the possibility of a universal/global bioethics that is anchored on the recognition of all cultures in bioethical discourse? Is there a distinctive African bioethics? If yes, what is the nature of such an inquiry? What are the bioethical principles employed in solving bioethical issues in African culture?), this paper defends the position that there is not yet an African bioethics.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v3i3.12558 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2012; 3(3):4-11
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Franco, Marisa G., and Olivia L. Holmes. "Biracial Group Membership Scale." Journal of Black Psychology 43, no. 5 (2016): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798416657260.
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With individuals of mixed African heritage increasingly identifying as Biracial, it is important to determine whether Black people continue to perceive Biracial people as members of their community. The status of Biracial individuals within the Black community has implications for the political power of the Black community and also for Biracial individuals’ racial identity development and well-being. Thus, the purpose of this study was to create a psychometrically sound measure to assess the degree to which Black people accept Biracial people as members of the Black community: the Biracial Group Membership Scale. Factor analyses were conducted with 328 Black adults. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors: Rejection of Biracial People and Forced Black Identity. A confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the initial factor structure. The scale related to the Attitudes Toward Multiracial Children Scale, essentialism, and items assessing interactions with Biracial individuals. Limitations, suggestions for future research, and implications are discussed.
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Schiff, Miriam, Mary McKay, Carl Bell, Donna Baptiste, Sybil Madison, and Roberta Paikoff. "The role of personal contact with HIV-infected people in explaining urban, African American preadolescents' attitudes toward peers with HIV/AIDS." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 73, no. 1 (2003): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.73.1.101.
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HAZZAH, LEELA, STEPHANIE DOLRENRY, DAVID KAPLAN, and LAURENCE FRANK. "The influence of park access during drought on attitudes toward wildlife and lion killing behaviour in Maasailand, Kenya." Environmental Conservation 40, no. 3 (2013): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892913000040.
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SUMMARYMinimizing the inherent conflict between protecting fauna and flora and accommodating the needs of the local communities is one of the greatest challenges facing protected area (PA) management in developing countries of the world. Allowing pastoralists access to PAs and their resources remains a contentious issue in southern Kenya, where retaliatory killing of African lions (Panthera leo) by Maasai pastoralists has caused a steep decline in the lion population, threatening local extinction. Previous studies that have shown that local people often have negative attitudes toward PAs; here PA policy during times of hardship is linked to attitudes toward lions and behavioural intentions. Different access policies to grazing inside Tsavo and Nairobi National Parks during the 2008/2009 drought influenced Maasai attitudes toward lions and their propensity to kill them. A semi-structured questionnaire (n = 206) and a multivariate model examine the relative importance of PA access and 11 additional predictors on individuals’ attitudes and reported inclination to kill lions. Access for livestock to PAs, benefits from wildlife and higher education were associated with positive attitudes toward lions and a lower reported propensity to kill. The success of lion conservation in Maasailand may depend upon recognizing and accommodating pastoralists’ inherent vulnerability to drought-induced livestock mortality.