Academic literature on the topic 'Xhosa (African people) – Health and hygiene'
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Journal articles on the topic "Xhosa (African people) – Health and hygiene"
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Matshabane, Olivia P., Megan M. Campbell, Marlyn C. Faure, et al. "The role of causal knowledge in stigma considerations in African genomics research: Views of South African Xhosa people." Social Science & Medicine 277 (May 2021): 113902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113902.
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Jordaan, Esmè R., Dana J. H. Niehaus, Liezl Koen, Cathlene Seller, Irene Mbanga, and Robin A. Emsley. "Season of Birth, Age and Negative Symptoms in a Xhosa Schizophrenia Sample from the Southern Hemisphere." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 8 (2006): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01870.x.
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Objectives: Seasonality of birth, more specifically winter/spring births, has been implicated as a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether schizophrenia patients of Xhosa ethnicity born in autumn/ winter have different symptom profiles to those born in spring/summer. The secondary aim was to determine whether the autumn/winter and spring/summer birth rates for schizophrenia patients of Xhosa ethnicity were similar to that of the general Xhosa population. Method: Individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, born in the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa (n = 386), were categorized as autumn/winter-born (March to August) patients or summer/spring-born (September to February) patients. Negative global scores of the schedules for the assessment of negative symptoms were categorized as normal (rating of 0 and 1) or positive (rating of 2 to 5). Results: Patients born in autumn/winter were more likely to have avolition/apathy than those born in summer/spring. The results also showed that the age of the patients played a significant role in modifying the effect of the season of birth on symptoms of schizophrenia. Especially older people (more than 30 years old) born in autumn/winter had a higher incidence of avolition/apathy than those born in summer/spring (p = 0.026). Furthermore, in the relationship of birth season and avolition/apathy, the marital status of the patient was a significant independent explanatory variable, while gender was not. The study also showed a spring excess of 4% in birth rate compared with the general Xhosa population. Conclusion: The results from our study support the existence of a seasonal birth pattern in an African schizophrenia population and suggest that avolition/apathy may underpin this seasonal pattern.
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Campbell, Megan M., Olivia P. Matshabane, Sibonile Mqulwana, et al. "Evaluating Community Engagement Strategies to Manage Stigma in Two African Genomics Studies Involving People Living with Schizophrenia or Rheumatic Heart Disease." Global Health 2021 (June 26, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9926495.
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In global health research and genomics research specifically, community engagement has gained prominence in enhancing ethical conduct, particularly in managing the risk of stigmatization, but there is minimal scientific evidence on how to do this effectively. This article reports on community engagement evaluation strategies in two African genomics studies: the Stigma in African Genomics Research study and the Genomics of Schizophrenia in South African Xhosa People (SAX) study. Within the Stigma in African Genomics Research study, a self-report rating scale and open-ended questions were used to track participant responses to an experiential theatre workshop. The workshop focused on participant experiences of living with schizophrenia or rheumatic heart disease (RHD). While the schizophrenia group reported more alienation and less stigma resistance than the RHD group, both groups demonstrated increased stigma resistance over time, after participating in the workshops. Hearing from others living with and managing the same illness normalised participants’ own experiences and encouraged them. Within the SAX study, a short rating scale and qualitative feedback methods were used to evaluate a Mental Health Literacy Day targeting mental health stigma. Information talks about (i) the symptoms of schizophrenia and treatment options and (ii) the illness experiences of a patient in recovery were rated as the most helpful on the day. Audience members reported that these talks challenged negative perceptions about severe mental illness. Three important learnings emerged from these evaluations: firstly, integration of evaluation strategies at the research study planning phase is likely to promote more effective community engagement. Secondly, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods that draw on simple descriptive statistics and thematic analysis can provide nuanced perspectives about the value of community engagement. Thirdly, such evidence is necessary in establishing and promoting the science of community engagement in genomics research and health research more broadly.
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Mall, Sumaya, Jonathan M. Platt, Henk Temmingh, et al. "The relationship between childhood trauma and schizophrenia in the Genomics of Schizophrenia in the Xhosa people (SAX) study in South Africa." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 9 (2019): 1570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719001703.
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AbstractBackgroundEvidence from high-income countries suggests that childhood trauma is associated with schizophrenia. Studies of childhood trauma and schizophrenia in low and middle income (LMIC) countries are limited. This study examined the prevalence of childhood traumatic experiences among cases and controls and the relationship between specific and cumulative childhood traumatic experiences and schizophrenia in a sample in South Africa.MethodsData were from the Genomics of Schizophrenia in the South African Xhosa people study. Cases with schizophrenia and matched controls were recruited from provincial hospitals and clinics in the Western and Eastern Cape regions in South Africa. Childhood traumatic experiences were measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Adjusted logistic regression models estimated associations between individual and cumulative childhood traumatic experiences and schizophrenia.ResultsTraumatic experiences were more prevalent among cases than controls. The odds of schizophrenia were 2.44 times higher among those who experienced any trauma than those who reported no traumatic experiences (95% CI 1.77–3.37). The odds of schizophrenia were elevated among those who experienced physical/emotional abuse (OR 1.59, CI 1.28–1.97), neglect (OR 1.39, CI 1.16–1.68), and sexual abuse (OR 1.22, CI 1.03–1.45) compared to those who did not. Cumulative physical/emotional abuse and neglect experiences increased the odds of schizophrenia as a dose–response relationship.ConclusionChildhood trauma is common in this population. Among many other benefits, interventions to prevent childhood trauma may contribute to a decreasing occurrence of schizophrenia.
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Khoza, Nduduzo, Therisha Moodley, Sinenhlanhla Sokhulu, et al. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices of contact lens use in a South African adolescent population." African Health Sciences 20, no. 2 (2020): 768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i2.29.
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Background: Contact lens usage is becoming increasingly popular amongst young people. Assessing their knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to contact lens wear is therefore important, so that gaps in understanding or incorrect practices can be rectified to promote continued safety and success of contact lens wear.
 Objectives: This study aimed to assess and describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices of contact lens wearers aged 18 to 30 years, in the greater Durban area of South Africa.
 Methods: A semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practice of the participants.
 Results: Two hundred and forty six participants completed the survey. Young contact lens wearers in this sample generally had poor knowledge with regards to appropriate hygiene and contact lens wear complications. Despite wearers exhibiting a positive attitude with satisfactory hand hygiene and lens cleaning practices, important aspects such as lens case hygiene, storage and lens removal practices were found to be unsatisfactory. Compliance with after-care visits was also unsatisfactory.
 Conclusion: There is a need for contact lens practitioners to educate young contact lens wearers regarding appropriate contact lens-related care, to promote long term ocular health and contact lens-related safety.
 Keywords: Contact lens use; adolescent population; South Africa.
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Aloui-Zarrouk, Zohra, Lahcen El Youssfi, Kingsley Badu, et al. "The wearing of face masks in African countries under the COVID-19 crisis: luxury or necessity?" AAS Open Research 3 (August 5, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13079.1.
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The unforeseeable global crisis of the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused almost all affected countries to adopt a range of protective measures as recommended by the World Health Organization. However, the speed, type and level of adoption of these protective measures have been remarkably different. Social distancing and quarantine were the main measures adopted in addition to observing basic hygiene. Based on the available evidences, WHO continues to recommend wearing of face masks for healthcare workers and for those people caring for COVID-19 patients. However, some countries and organisations have recommended, and some have even made it mandatory, for their citizens to wear face masks. Particularly in low- and middle-income countries, protecting by wearing face masks is viewed as an affordable yet proactive preventive measure to avoid and slow down viral spread based on the experience of other affected countries. However, the wearing of face masks is controversial due to shortages in their stocks and uncertainty around the quality of masks, as well as their efficiency as a protective mechanism. Masks should be used based on appropriate use and management guidelines. This paper discusses the wearing of face masks from the perspective of low- and middle-income countries, particularly in Africa; and then makes some recommendations that will greatly inform policy makers on epidemic mitigation strategies throughout the African continent.
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Fleishman, Aaron Julian, Julia Wittig, Jason Milnes, Andrew Baxter, Jennifer Moreau, and Khanjan Mehta. "Validation Process for a Social Entrepreneurial Telemedicine Venture in East Africa." International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship 5, no. 1 (2010): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijsle.v5i1.2344.
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Mashavu (“chubby-cheeked” in Swahili) is a telemedicine system that connects medical professionals around the world with people in developing communities in East Africa. Mashavu kiosks are computer-based systems that collect medical information including weight, body temperature, lung capacity, pulse rate, blood pressure, stethoscope rhythms, photographs and basic hygiene and nutrition information. Mashavu kiosks transmit this information over a cell-phone link to a secure Internet website. Medical professionals and public health officials can view the patient’s information and respond to the person/operator and the nearest doctor(s) with recommendations. An imperative part of complex product design, especially when working in international contexts, is to gain validation. Validation ensures that the product being designed accurately fits the needs of the population for which it is being designed. The Mashavu team used methodologies from the world of engineering, business, and the social sciences to validate the concept, business plan, technology and usability of the system. This paper discusses the Mashavu venture and the methodologies employed for getting validation and uncovering the "sticky" information related to the East African context that is critical to the design and commercialization of the Mashavu telemedicine system.
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Messenger, Louisa Alexandra, Joanna Furnival-Adams, Bethanie Pelloquin, and Mark Rowland. "Vector control for malaria prevention during humanitarian emergencies: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (2021): e046325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046325.
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IntroductionHumanitarian emergencies, of either natural or anthropogenic origins, are equivalent to major disasters, which can lead to population displacement, food insecurity and health system disruptions. Almost two-thirds of people affected by humanitarian emergencies inhabit malaria endemic regions, particularly the WHO African Region, which currently accounts for 93% and 94% of malaria cases and deaths, respectively. As of late 2020, the United Nations Refugee Agency estimates that there are globally 79.5 million forcibly displaced people, including 45.7 million internally displaced people, 26 million refugees, 4.2 million asylum-seekers and 3.6 million Venezuelans displaced abroad.Methods and analysesA systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted to evaluate the impact of different vector control interventions on malaria disease burden during humanitarian emergencies. Published and grey literatures will be systematically retrieved from 10 electronic databases and 3 clinical trials registries. A systematic approach to screening, reviewing and data extraction will be applied based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Two review authors will independently assess full-text copies of potentially relevant articles based on inclusion criteria. Included studies will be assessed for risk of bias according to Cochrane and certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Eligible studies with reported or measurable risk ratios or ORs with 95% CIs will be included in a meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses, including per study design, emergency phase and primary mode of intervention, may be performed if substantial heterogeneity is encountered.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine to perform secondary analyses of existing anonymous data. Study findings will be disseminated via open-access publications in peer-reviewed journals, presentations to stakeholders and international policy makers, and will contribute to the latest WHO guidelines for malaria control during humanitarian emergencies.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020214961.
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Allers, Eugene, Christer Allgulander, Sean Exner Baumann, et al. "13th National Congress of the South African Society of Psychiatrists, 20-23 September 2004." South African Journal of Psychiatry 10, no. 3 (2004): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v10i3.150.
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List of abstacts and authors:1. Integrating the art and science of psychiatryEugene Allers2. Chronic pain as a predictor of outcome in an inpatient Psychiatric populationEugene Allers and Gerhard Grundling3. Recent advances in social phobiaChrister Allgulander4. Clinical management of patients with anxiety disordersChrister Allgulander5. Do elephants suffer from Schizophrenia? (Or do the Schizophrenias represent a disorder of self consciousness?) A Southern African perspectiveSean Exner Baumann6. Long term maintenance treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Preventing relapseCharles L. Bowden7. Predictors of response to treatments for Bipolar DisorderCharles L. Bowden8. Aids/HIV knowledge and high risk behaviour: A Geo-graphical comparison in a schizophrenia populationP Buckley, S van Vuuren, L Koen, J E Muller, C Seller, H Lategan, D J H Niehaus9. Does Marijuana make you go mad?David J Castle10. Understanding and management of Treatment Resistant SchizophreniaDavid J Castle11. Workshop on research and publishingDavid J Castle12. From victim to victor: Without a self-help bookBeatrix Jacqueline Coetzee13. The evaluation of the Gender Dysphoric patientFranco Colin14. Dissociation: A South African modelA M Dikobe, C K Mataboge, L M Motlana, B F Sokudela, C Kruger15. Designated smoking rooms...and other "Secret sins" of psychiatry: Tobacco cessation approaches in the severely mentally illCharl Els16. Dual diagnosis: Implications for treatment and prognosisCharl Els17. Body weight, glucose metabolism and the new generation antipsychoticsRobin Emsley18. Neurological abnormalities in first episode Schizophrenia: Temporal stability and clinical and outcome correlatesRobin Emsley, H Jadri Turner, Piet P Oosthuizen, Jonathan Carr19. Mythology of depressive illnesses among AfricansSenathi Fisha20. Substance use and High school dropoutAlan J. Flisher, Lorraine Townsend, Perpetual Chikobvu, Carl Lombard, Gary King21. Psychosis and Psychotic disordersA E Gangat 22. Vulnerability of individuals in a family system to develop a psychiatric disorderGerhard Grundling and Eugene Allers23. What does it Uberhaupt mean to "Integrate"?Jürgen Harms24. Research issues in South African child and adolescent psychiatryS M Hawkridge25. New religious movements and psychiatry: The Good NewsV H Hitzeroth26. The pregnant heroin addict: Integrating theory and practice in the development and provision of a service for this client groupV H Hitzeroth, L Kramer27. Autism spectrum disorderErick Hollander28. Recent advances and management in treatment resistanceEric Hollander29. Bipolar mixed statesM. Leigh Janet30. Profile of acute psychiatric inpatients tested for HIV - Helen Jospeh Hospital, JohannesburgA B R Janse van Rensburg31. ADHD - Using the art of film-making as an education mediumShabeer Ahmed Jeeva32. Treatment of adult ADHD co-morbiditiesShabeer Ahmed Jeeva33. Needs and services at ward one, Valkenberg HospitalDr J. A. Joska, Prof. A.J. Flisher34. Unanswered questions in the adequate treatment of depressionModerator: Dr Andre F JoubertExpert: Prof. Tony Hale35. Unanswered questions in treatment resistant depressionModerator: Dr Andre F JoubertExpert: Prof. Sidney Kennedy36. Are mentally ill people dangerous?Sen Z Kaliski37. The child custody circusSean Z. Kaliski38. The appropriatenes of certification of patients to psychiatric hospitalsV. N. Khanyile39. HIV/Aids Psychosocial responses and ethical dilemmasFred Kigozi40. Sex and PsychiatryB Levinson41. Violence and abuse in psychiatric in-patient institutions: A South African perspectiveMarilyn Lucas, John Weinkoove, Dean Stevenson42. Public health sector expenditure for mental health - A baseline study for South AfricaE N Madela-Mntla43. HIV in South Africa: Depression and CD4 countM Y H Moosa, F Y Jeenah44. Clinical strategies in dealing with treatment resistant schizophreniaPiet Oosthuizen, Dana Niehaus, Liezl Koen45. Buprenorphine/Naloxone maintenance in office practice: 18 months and 170 patients after the American releaseTed Parran Jr, Chris Adelman46. Integration of Pharmacotherapy for Opioid dependence into general psychiatric practice: Naltrexone, Methadone and Buprenorphine/ NaloxoneTed Parran47. Our African understanding of individulalism and communitarianismWillie Pienaar48. Healthy ageing and the prevention of DementiaFelix Potocnik, Susan van Rensburg, Christianne Bouwens49. Indigenous plants and methods used by traditional African healers for treatinf psychiatric patients in the Soutpansberg Area (Research was done in 1998)Ramovha Muvhango Rachel50. Symptom pattern & associated psychiatric disorders in subjects with possible & confirmed 22Q11 deletional syndromeJ.L. Roos, H.W. Pretorius, M. Karayiorgou51. Duration of antidepressant treatment: How long is long enough? How long is too longSteven P Roose52. A comparison study of early non-psychotic deviant behaviour in the first ten years of life, in Afrikaner patients with Schizophrenia, Schizo-affective disorder and Bipolar disorderMartin Scholtz, Melissa Janse van Rensburg, J. Louw Roos53. Treatment, treatment issues, and prevention of PTSD in women: An updateSoraya Seedat54. Fron neural networks to clinical practiceM Spitzer55. Opening keynote presentation: The art and science of PsychiatryM Spitzer56. The future of Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disordersDan J. Stein57. Neuropsychological deficits pre and post Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT) thrice a week: A report of four casesUgash Subramaney, Yusuf Moosa58. Prevalence of and risk factors for Tradive Dyskinesia in a Xhosa population in the Eastern CapeDave Singler, Betty D. Patterson, Sandi Willows59. Eating disorders: Addictive disorders?Christopher Paul Szabo60. Ethical challenges and dilemmas of research in third world countriesGodfrey B. Tangwa61. The interface between Neurology and Psychiatry with specific focus on Somatoform dissociative disordersMichael Trimble62. Prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety in doctors and teachersH Van der Bijl, P Oosthuizen63. Ingrid Jonker: A psychological analysisL. M. van der Merwe64. The strange world we live in, and the nature of the human subjectVasi van Deventer65. Art in psychiatry: Appendix or brain stem?C W van Staden66. Medical students on what "Soft skills" are about before and after curriculum reformC W van Staden, P M Joubert, A-M Bergh, G E Pickworth, W J Schurink, R R du Preez, J L Roos, C Kruger, S V Grey, B G Lindeque67. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - Medical management. Methylphenidate (Ritalin) or Atomoxetine (Strattera)Andre Venter68. A comprehensive guide to the treatment of adults with ADHDW J C Verbeeck69. Treatment of Insomnia: Stasis of the Art?G C Verster70. Are prisoners vulnerable research participants?Merryll Vorster71. Psychiatric disorders in the gymMerryl Vorster72. Ciprales: Effects on anxiety symptoms in Major Depressive DisorderBruce Lydiard
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Adesokan, A., and M. MacLean. "Africa’s COVID-19 story: cheap innovation technology and climate protective effect to her rescue?" African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 22, no. 1 (2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v22i1.1.
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As the COVID-19 pandemic sweeps the globe, causing tens of thousands of deaths in most Western countries with economies round the world in turmoil, Africa has so far been largely spared the kind of impact that has thrown the United States, South America and Europe into crisis. Most African countries remain seriously unprepared to handle the pandemic of the nature the Western world is dealing with; Africa, from Mali to Ethiopia to Libya and down to South Africa, have insufficient ventilators or intensive care beds to cope with COVID-19 should it strike with ferocity as it is doing in the Western world. As COVID-19 reaches the shores of Africa, despite poor health facilities, poor living conditions and inadequate availability of clean water across the continent, Africans are still putting up a fight taking COVID-19 head on with use of cheap technology, and help from the continent’s protective climate. However, Africa cannot afford to be complacent. African countries must continue to adopt strict social distancing measures, educate their people on the importance of intake of regular vitamin D, good exercising habit, good sleep pattern, adequate hand hygiene measures, as well as strictly enforcing the “test, trace and isolate“ model to the letter for the continent to take on the fight head on and wage a proper war against COVID-19.
 Keywords: SARS-COV-2; COVID-19; innovation; technology; climate; Africa
 
 English title: L'histoire du COVID-19 en Afrique: une technologie d'innovation bon marché et un effet protecteur du climat à sa rescousse?
 Alors que la pandémie du COVID-19 balaie le globe, causant des dizaines de milliers de morts dans la plupart des pays occidentaux avec des économies du monde entier en crise, l'Afrique a jusqu'à présent été largementépargnée par le type d'impact qui a jeté les États-Unis, l'Amérique du Sud et l'Europe en crise. La plupart despays africains ne sont pas vraiment préparés à faire face à la pandémie de la nature à laquelle le monde occidental est confronté; L'Afrique, du Mali à l'Éthiopie en passant par la Libye et jusqu'en Afrique du Sud, ne dispose pas de ventilateurs ou de lits de soins intensifs insuffisants pour faire face au COVID-19 s'il frappe avec férocité comme dans le monde occidental. Alors que le COVID-19 atteint les rives de l'Afrique, malgré des installations de santé médiocres, des conditions de vie médiocres et une disponibilité insuffisante d'eau potable à travers le continent, les Africains continuent de se battre en prenant le COVID-19 de front avec l'utilisation d'une technologie bon marché et l'aide de le climat protecteur du continent. Cependant, l'Afrique ne peut pas se permettre d'être complaisante. Les pays africains doivent continuer à adopter des mesures de distanciation sociale strictes, éduquer leur population sur l'importance de l'apport régulier de vitamine D, de bonnes habitudes d'exercice, un bon sommeil, des mesures d'hygiène des mains adéquates, ainsi que l'application stricte du «test, traçage et isolement». modèle à la lettre pour que le continent se batte de front et mène une véritable guerre contre le COVID-19.
 Mots clés: SRAS-COV-2; COVID-19; innovation; La technologie; climat; Afrique
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Xhosa (African people) – Health and hygiene"
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Hitzeroth, Angelika. "Association of genetic variants and the susceptibility to abnormal involuntary movements and tardive dyskinesia (TD) in Xhosa schizophrenia patients." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2147.
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Thesis (MSc (Genetics))—University of Stellenbosch, 2007.<br>No obvious explanations exist for the development of abnormal involuntary movements (AIM), but
several hypotheses have been proposed for tardive dyskinesia (TD) development. Since TD seems
to have a genetic basis, several genetic variants have been investigated in TD development in
various populations. Few studies have focused on African populations. This study focused on
genetic variants (previously investigated in other populations) and the development and severity of
AIM and TD in a Xhosa schizophrenia population. Genotype and allele frequencies determined
were compared to those described in the literature for other populations. Following a report of an
association between Ala-9Val and schizophrenia in a Turkish population, this study subsequently
investigated this association in the Xhosa population.
MnSOD Ala-9Val was genotyped using HEX-SSCP analysis and the DRD3 Ser9Gly variant was
genotyped using restriction enzyme digestion by MscI. Genotyping was followed by statistical
comparisons of the various groups, as well as association analyses between the variant and
schizophrenia (only for MnSOD), AIM, or TD development and severity. The groups included a
Xhosa schizophrenia group, a subgroup of the Xhosa schizophrenia group that had AIM (AIM+)
and did not have AIM (AIM-), a subgroup of the AIM+ group that had TD (TD+), and a healthy
Xhosa control group. A possible interaction between Ala-9Val and Ser9Gly in the development of
AIM and TD was also investigated. Lastly, it was attempted to genotype CYP2D6*4, CYP2D6*10
and CYP2D6*17 using various PCR methods followed by restriction enzyme analysis.
MnSOD Ala-9Val genotype and allele frequencies were similar to those of the Turkish population,
but differed to those of the Asian populations. No association between Ala-9Val and the
development and severity of schizophrenia was found. However, a relationship between genotype
and AIM or TD development was observed, as well as an association between TD severity and Ala-
9Val genotype. DRD3 Ser9Gly genotype and allele frequencies were similar to those of the African
American population, but differed from other populations. No significant association between
Ser9Gly and the development and severity of AIM or TD was detected, nor was an interactive
effect between Ala-9Val and Ser9Gly in AIM or TD development observed. The genotyping of
CYP2D6 proved difficult and these variants could therefore not be analysed. The CYP2D6*4
genotype and allele frequencies that could be determined from some samples, were similar to the
frequencies described previously for African populations.
While we did not find an association between Ser9Gly in TD or AIM development and severity, nor
an interaction between Ala-9Val and Ser9Gly, we did observe a relationship between Ala-9Val and AIM or TD development and TD severity. The effect of this variant is probably small and other
variants, specifically those in genes involved in free radical removal should be investigated in
combination with Ala-9Val. With regard to CYP2D6 it is suggested that high-throughput
genotyping methods (e.g. microarray technology) should be used in the future. This will enable
simultaneous genotyping of several variants and can be used in various populations.
This study is the first of its kind by focusing on the unique South African Xhosa population and TD
or AIM development.
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Lombo, Nocawa Philomina. "Mental health care practitioners' perceptions of mental illness within the isiXhosa cultural context." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1179.
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This study sought to explore the perceptions of mental health care practitioners’ perceptions on mental illness within the isiXhosa cultural context. A qualitative exploratory descriptive and contextual design was used for the study. A non-probability purposive sampling method was used to select eight participants from Komani Hospital in Queenstown. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The services of an Independent Interviewer were used to avoid any bias as interviews took place where the researcher is employed. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and the data collected was analyzed according to Tesch’s eight steps of data analysis as described in Cresswell (1994:155). The researcher utilized services of an Independent Coder who verified the identified major themes. Four major themes emerged from the analysis of the interview: Mental health care practitioner’s perceptions of mental illness, perception of the causes of mental illness within the isiXhosa cultural context, mental health care practitioners’ views in the management and treatment of mental illness and suggestions put forward to improve the services to mental health care users. The major findings of this study were the lack of knowledge of culture of mental health care users. It is recommended that it would be proper if there could be co-operation between mental health care practitioners and traditional healers by working together as a team.
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Koen, Liezl. "Chromosomal aberrations in the Xhosa schizophrenia population." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1189.
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Thesis (PhD (Psychiatry))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.<br>BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous illness resulting from complex gene-environment interplay. The majority of molecular genetic work done has involved Caucasian populations, with studies in these and Asian populations showing 2-32% of sufferers to have chromosomal aberrations. So far the discovery of a specific susceptibility mechanism or gene still eludes us, but the use of endophenotypes is advocated as a useful tool in this search. No cytogenetic studies of this nature have been reported in any African schizophrenia population.
AIM: The aim of the study was to combine genotypic and phenotypic data, collected in a homogenous population in a structured manner, with the hope of characterising an endophenotype that could be used for more accurate identification of individuals with possible chromosomal abnormalities.
METHODOLOGY: A structured clinical interview was conducted on 112 Xhosa schizophrenia patients. (Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies, including Schedules for the Assessment of Negative and Positive Symptoms.) Blood samples (karyotyping and/or FISH analysis) as well as urine samples (drug screening) were obtained and nine head and facial measurements were performed. Descriptive statistics were compiled with reference to demographic, clinical and morphological variables. Comparisons between mean differences for these variables were made.
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Niehaus, Daniel Jan Hendrik. "Limiting clinical heterogeneity in schizophrenia : can affected Xhosa sib pairs provide valid subtypes?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1435.
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Thesis (DMed (Psychiatry))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.<br>BACKGROUND
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder, which has been shown to have both environmental and genetic risk factors. Since family history (genetic loading) of psychosis appears to be one of the strongest risk factors for the development of schizophrenia, the investigation of affected sib pairs can be used to explore shared familial factors. The Xhosa-speaking inhabitants in the Western, Eastern and Southern Cape provinces, an African population of relatively homogeneous ethnicity, provided a sample of the first large clinical phenotype of schizophrenia.
AIM
The main aim of this study was to identify shared symptoms or symptom clusters in a sample of Xhosa-speaking sib pairs, with the aid of structured assessment tools.
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Nyirenda, Makandwe. "Ageing with HIV : an investigation of the health and well-being of older people in a rural South African population with a severe HIV epidemic." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366476/.
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This study aims to describe the living and informal care circumstances of older people in an area of rural South Africa severely affected by HIV, and examine how those circumstances may influence the physical health, emotional well-being and survival of older people. Using longitudinal surveillance and cross-sectional survey data this thesis is built around four separate but related papers. Specific study objectives were to: 1) investigate household living arrangements and informal care (financial, physical or emotional assistance) by or towards older people in rural South Africa; 2) describe the self-reported health and emotional well-being status of older people by HIV status; and 3) examine the association between self-reported health, emotional well-being and informal care and mortality in older people. Surveillance data for 2005-2010 showed living arrangements remained stable, with over 85% of older people aged 60 years and above living in multi-generational households; over this period employment rates in both older and young people declined, but government grants receipt increased. Being co-resident with own children, household structure and size were important determinants of whether financial support flowed downward (from older to younger) or upward (from young to older person); while peer support (from one older person to another) was rare. Adjusting for age, marital status, education, place of residency and household socio-economic status, exchanges of financial resources in the study population are most likely to be downward or at best reciprocal (bidirectional with young people). Of the cross-sectional study participants (n=422) aged 50+, over 60% were care-givers (provided help with activities of daily living) to at least one adult (18-49 years) or child (below 18 years); around 84% (n=356) of older people were care-receivers; of whom over 92% (n=329) were receiving assistance with fetching water. Spouse, adult child, and grandchildren were the main sources of physical or emotional care for care-recipients. As expected health deteriorated with advancing age and women were less likely to be in good health. Further, care-giving was associated with improved functional ability but decreased emotional well-being. HIV-infected older participants reported better functional ability, quality of life and overall health state than HIV-affected (had an HIV-infected or HIV-related death of adult child) study participants. These differentials in health and well-being were also evident in mortality patterns over three years of follow-up. Mortality was higher among non-care-givers than in care-givers, in older people with poor self-rated health and in participants who had experienced a major depressive episode. Findings suggest there is an intricate relationship between living arrangements, informal care and health, emotional well-being and survival of older people in severely HIV-affected settings. More crucially, with the considerable resources devoted to HIV Care and Treatment programmes, uninfected older persons may be highly vulnerable to poor health. A multifaceted intervention to improving older people’s health and well-being is urgently required.
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Wright, Galen Egan Buckley. "Molecular genetic analysis of two genes, CYP2D6 and COMT, in the schizophrenia-susceptibility locus on chromosome 22q in the Xhosa population." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20366.
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Skota, Bekisisa Andrew. "The quality of life needs of Xhosa speaking learners with Down Syndrome : two case studies." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/463.
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Huerta, Serina. "Evaluating Social Factors in Diabetes Management by Mexican American Ethnicity." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33167/.
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Differences in Mexican American ethnicity, family and friend social support, and importance of diabetes self-management as related to diabetes management in the older adult population were evaluated with the University of Michigan Health and Retirement Study (HRS) 2003 Diabetes Study. Comparisons were made between Mexican Americans with Type II diabetes and similar non-Hispanic Caucasian and African American individuals with Type II diabetes. Neither family/friend social support nor importance of diabetes self-management were significant predictors of HbA1c levels. Results did not support the idea that perception of receiving support from family/friends or placing importance on diabetes self-management covaried with lower HbAlc level (family/friend: beta = -.13, t = -1.47, p = .143; self management: beta = .08, t = .55, p = .584).
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Bottoman, Brian. "The experience of indigenous circumcision by newly initiated Xhosa men in East London in the Eastern Cape province." Diss., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2228.
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The practise of male traditional circumcision is severely challenged with enormous problems ranging from hospitalisation of the initiates as well as deaths of the initiates. The background of the problem is focused in the Eastern Cape Province where the researcher has noted several initiates being treated in hospitals for physical and as well for psychological problems. The objective of this study was to explore and describe newly initiated Xhosa men's experiences of traditional circumcision rites at East London in the Eastern Cape Province and to describe the guidelines for support of these newly initiated Xhosa men by public health professionals. A qualitative explorative, descriptive contextual and phenomenological design was followed. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the participants. Fourteen participants volunteered to participate in the study after they met the eligible criteria. Focused group interviews were used as a method for data collection. Data analysis of the study showed that there are several factors affecting newly initiated men whilst undergoing circumcision rites. These factors can present at any of the three circumcision stages i.e. pre-circumcision, peri-circumcision and post-circumcision. The recommendations of the study strongly suggest a cultural competence in rendering effective health care services to culturally and ethnically diverse clients. All the five constructs of cultural competence are entailed in the support guidelines that have been developed by the researcher. They are cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounter and cultural desire. Finally limitation of the study and the need for a further research has been clearly stated.<br>Health Studies<br>M.A.
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Mdhluli, Tsetselani Decide. "An examination of challenges experienced at Male Initiation Schools: The case study of Mthatha District in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/872.
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MAAS<br>Centre for African Studies<br>The aim of the study was to examine the challenges experienced at male initiation schools in the Eastern Cape Province, Mthatha District. It is alleged that during the month of June every year, some boys die at initiation schools mostly in Eastern Cape Province. One of the reasons of the cause of death is because some of them attend illegal initiation schools. The overall objectives were to explore the role of initiation schools, to assess the regulations that govern the opening and running of initiation schools, to identify palliatives that can be put in place to curb negative implications at initiation schools. The study was founded on the following theoretical framework to attain its findings; the socio-cultural theory. This study utilised the qualitative research design. Data collection methods included one-on-one interviews, un-structured interviews and focus groups. The study informants were selected using purposeful sampling technique and snow-balling sampling. The study of examining the challenges experienced at male initiation schools submits appropriate recommendations which may help in the effective indigenous knowledge management, curb unethical practices and challenges associated with the running of male initiation schools and sharing strategies in South Africa, other African countries and the world at large, particularly communities that still follow the cultural practice of male initiation. The study recommends that parliamentary legislative framework (policy) on initiation rite should be standardised and promulgated. Also, traditional leadership must have the powers over all matters of initiation rite and initiation schools in particular. Lastly, the study recommends that for future research, the use of male researchers would be advisable to allow more probing.
Books on the topic "Xhosa (African people) – Health and hygiene"
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Funani, Lumka Sheila. Circumcision among the Ama-Xhosa: A medical investigation. Skotaville Publishers, 1990.
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Meintjes, Graeme. Manhood at a price: Socio-medical perspectives on Xhosa traditional circumcision. Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University, 1998.
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Lubbe, A. J. 'n Kommunikasie-analise met betrekking tot gesondheidvoorligtingsdienste: Stedelike en nie-stedelike Xhosas se kennis van verskillende siektes. Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike Navorsing, 1986.
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Lubbe, A. J. ʼn Kommunikasie-analise met betrekking tot gesondheidvoorligtingsdienste: Stedelike en nie-stedelike Tswanas se kennis van verskillende siektes. Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike Navorsing, 1986.
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Lubbe, A. J. ʼn Kommunikasie-analise met betrekking tot gesondheidvoorligtingsdienste: Stedelike en nie-stedelike Tswanas se kennis van enkele gesondheidsaangeleenthede. Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike Navorsing, 1986.
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Lubbe, A. J. ʼn Kommunikasie-analise met betrekking tot gesondheidvoorligtingsdienste: Die benutting van mediese dienste deur stedelike en nie-stedelike Tswanas. Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike Navorsing, 1986.
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Lubbe, A. J. 'n Kommunikasie-analise met betrekking tot gesondheidvoorligtingsdienste. Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike Navorsing, 1986.
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Lubbe, A. J. 'n Kommunikasie-analise met betrekking tot gesondheidvoorligtingsdienste, stedelike en nie-stedelike Xhosas se kennis van enkele gesondheidsaangeleenthede. Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike Navorsing, 1986.
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Kambon, Kamau. Food, health, and you: Why Black people die so young!! K. Kambon, 1988.
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Lubbe, A. J. 'n Kommunikasie-analise met betrekking tot gesondheidvoorligtingsdienste, die benutting van mediese dienste deur stedelike en nie-stedelike Xhosas. Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike Navorsing, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Xhosa (African people) – Health and hygiene"
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M. Makaudze, Ephias. "Understanding the Hygiene Needs of People Living with HIV and AIDs in Southern African Developing Community (SADC) Countries." In The Relevance of Hygiene to Health in Developing Countries. IntechOpen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.80356.
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