Academic literature on the topic 'Xian tan xiao xia lu'

Statement of the problem. The twentieth century marked an increased interest in polyphonic music. The geography of polyphonic works for piano expanded significantly and a creative development of many Chinese composers, writing polyphonic piano pieces, took place. Today, polyphonic pieces make up a significant part of the piano repertoire in China, but they are little studied by musicologists and performers. The objective of this study – to reveal the contribution of Chinese composers to the creation of polyphonic piano repertoire of the XX – early XXI century. Analysis of the research and publications on the theme. А large number of modern authors study polyphony from the point of physical and mathematical research methods (Igarashi, Yu. & Ito, Masashi & Ito, Akinori, 2013; Weiwei, Zhang & Zhe, Chen, & Fuliang, Yin, 2016; Li, Xiaoquan et al. others, 2018). This approach does not reveal the factual musical component of polyphonic genres. In the 20th century, musicologists explored polyphony in musical folklore (Wiant, 1936; Fan Zuyin, 2004; Li Hong, 2015) and in professional Chinese composing (Sun Wei-bo, 2006, Winzenburg, 2018). The scientific novelty. This article studies the role of Chinese composers in the development of the world polyphonic piano repertoire of the XX – early XXI century. The methodological basis for the analysis of polyphonic works was the theoretical concepts of P. Hindemith, Peng Cheng, Fang Zuin, Li Hong, Sun Wei-bo. The results of the study. The research outcomes demonstrate the evolutionary development of the genre diversity of Chinese piano polyphony as well as those composers who created magnificent musical pieces. Conclusions. Chinese composers have fully mastered the art of modern counterpoint, represented by the genres of polyphonic program pieces (He Lu Ting), invention (Xiao Shu Xian, Du Qian, Sun Yun Yin, Chen Chen Quang), polyphonic suite (Ma Gui), large polyphonic cycle ( He Shao, Chen Hua Do, Xiao Shu Xian), fugue (Li Jun Yong, Yu Su Yan, Chen Gang, Tian Lei Lei, Duan Ping Tai, Zheng Zhong, Xiao Shu Xian) and small cycle “Prelude and Fugue” (Ding Shan Te, Chen Zhi Ming, Wang Li Shan). Creatively assimilating and rethinking the experience of Western polyphonists, Chinese composers have filled their polyphonic works with national features, firmly linking them with the origins of Chinese traditional and folk music. The polyphonic way of transmitting musical material becomes the most expressive at the moments of profound creativity and musical dramatization.

Abstract Growing evidence indicates that tumor cells exhibit characteristics similar to their lineage progenitor cells. We found that S100 calcium binding protein A10 (S100A10) exhibited an expression pattern similar to that of liver progenitor genes. However, the role of S100A10 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression is unclear. Furthermore, extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes are critical mediator of tumorigenesis and metastasis, but the extracellular functions of S100A10, particularly those related to EVs (EV-S100A10), are unknown. In this study, we observed that S100A10 was upregulated at mRNA level in patients’ HCC tumors as compared to the corresponding non-tumorous livers, associated with a copy-number gain. Overexpression of S100A10 was correlated with more aggressive tumor features and poor prognosis. Furthermore, functional assays demonstrated it promoted HCC initiation and progression, including increased sphere forming ability in vitro, enhanced chemoresistance, upregulated liver cancer stemness markers and activated AKT and ERK pathways. In addition, in orthotopic injection mouse model, S100A10 enhanced both the intrahepatic and pulmonary metastasis of HCC xenografts, with upregulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) changes. Of significance, we found that S100A10 was present in EVs secreted by HCC cells. Functionally, the EVs secreted by HCC cells promoted the migratory and invasive abilities of recipient HCC cells. Consistent with the oncogenic role of S100A10 in HCC, EVs from S100A10-overexpressing HCC cells enhanced the tumor promoting effects, while the S100A10-depleted HCC cells abrogated the effects, as compared to the vector control group. To further consolidate the tumor promoting role of S100A10-EV, we blocked the effects using neutralizing antibody (NA) by pretreating HCC cells with S100A10 NA together with EV. Indeed, the NA significantly abrogated the stemness and metastatic properties induced by S100A10-EVs both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the EMT changes and activation of AKT and ERK were also validated in the recipient HCC cells with the S100A10-EV treatment, while they were abolished with the NA treatment. Moreover, we found that S100A10 governed the protein cargos in EVs and mediated the binding of MMP2, fibronectin and EGF to EV membranes through physical binding with integrin αV to promote the motility of recipient cells. Of note, we observed a simultaneous change of p-EGFR, indicating potential activation of AKT and ERK induced by EGFR. On the other hand, we found the plasma EV-S100A10 level was relatively higher in HCC patients than healthy donors. Collectively, the data showed that S100A10 could be transferred among cells through EVs and activated signaling pathways to facilitate metastasis. Targeting S100A10 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for HCC. Citation Format: Lu TIAN, Xia WANG, Jingyi LU, HongYang Huang, Goofy Yu-Man Tsui, Karen Man-Fong Sze, Tan-To Cheung, Irene Oi-Lin NG. S100A10 promotes HCC development and progression via transfer in extracellular vesicles and regulating their protein cargos. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3985.

The high gravimetric and volumetric capacity of silicon makes it an attractive anode material for lithium-ion solid-state batteries (SSBs). [1,2] However, silicon suffers from high volume changes during cycling and requires high stack pressures to stabilize the interfaces. [3-5] Herein, we present different approaches to minimize the breathing of silicon-based anodes leading to stabilized cycling. Silicon carbon void structures (Si-C) obtain a void between the silicon nanoparticle and the surrounding carbon matrix to compensate the volume changes already within the anode structure. As a result, excellent cycling performance in solid-state cells with areal loadings as high as 7.4 mAh cm-2 can be demonstrated. Thereby, Si-C composite electrodes show higher lithiation capacities, better rate stability and higher capacity retentions than pristine silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs), which rapidly degrade due to the immense mechanical stress upon charging and discharging. Hence, the volume changes of the SiNPs are well compensated by the carbon matrix, which also stabilizes the entire electrode. In full cells with nickel-rich NCM (LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2, 210 mAh g-1) as cathode, higher initial discharge capacities and coulombic efficiencies (72.7 % vs. 31.0 %) can be achieved compared to the liquid system. The solid electrolyte (Li6PS5Cl, 3 mS cm-1) does not penetrate the whole carbon matrix of the Si-C particles resulting in less side reactions. Consequently, prelithiation of the Si-C anodes is not required in SSBs. By applying either a low (1.1) or rather high n/p ratio (2.0) capacity retentions of up to 87.7 % after 50 cycles can be reached. [6] Especially for industrial fabrication of SSB anodes other procedures than the complex multi-step synthesis of e.g. Si-C composites are needed. [7] Consequently, we evaluated low-cost silicon microparticles (µm-Si) as partially lithiated electrode material (800 mAh g-1) in SSB half- and full cells. By reducing the utilized fraction of silicon, the breathing during cycling is reduced from 300 % to 66 %, which reduces the armorphization of the active material. In addition, the grain boundaries of silicon are connected by a matrix of solid electrolyte and carbon additive, which drastically reduces the need for a high stack pressure. After limiting the charge cut-off potential of NCM|SE|µm-Si full cells, significant increased capacity retentions from 32 % to 71 % after 50 cycles can be reached. In addition, similar performance compared to the Si-C electrodes can be demonstrated making it to an auspicious alternative. [8] Overall, the herein presented silicon materials achieved decent electrochemical performance without active pressure control on the cells being beneficial for electric vehicle and other applications. Hence, both Si-C and µm-Si particles are promising concepts for stable, high-capacity SSB anodes. Literature: [1] A. Mukanova, A. Jetybayeva, S.-T. Myung, S.-S. Kim, Z. Bakenov, Mater. Today Energy 2018, 9, 49. [2] N. Nitta, G. Yushin, Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 2014, 31, 317. [3] X. Su, Q. Wu, J. Li, X. Xiao, A. Lott, W. Lu, B. W. Sheldon, J. Wu, Adv. Energy Mater. 2014, 4, 1300882. [4] D. H. S. Tan, Y.-T. Chen, H. Yang, W. Bao, B. Sreenarayanan, J.-M. Doux, W. Li, B. Lu, S.-Y. Ham, B. Sayahpour et al., Science (N.Y.) 2021, 373, 1494. [5] S. Cangaz, F. Hippauf, F. S. Reuter, S. Doerfler, T. Abendroth, H. Althues, S. Kaskel, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 3, 2001320. [6] S. Poetke, F. Hippauf, A. Baasner, S. Dörfler, H. Althues, S. Kaskel, Batteries Supercaps 2021, 4, 1323. [7] D. Jantke, R. Bernhard, E. Hanelt, T. Buhrmester, J. Pfeiffer, S. Haufe, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2019, 166, A3881. [8] S. Poetke, S. Cangaz, F. Hippauf, S. Haufe, S. Dörfler, H. Althues, S. Kaskel, Energy Technol. 2022 submitted.

Abstract Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the largest immune cell population in many cancers and play a key role in establishing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that enables tumor progression. However, TAMs are phenotypically plastic and have the potential to be reprogrammed into immunostimulatory cells that enhance innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity. To this end, we developed BDC-3042, an agonistic antibody targeting an immune-activating receptor expressed on TAMs known as Dectin-2 (CLEC6A). Dectin-2 is a C-type lectin receptor (CLR) known best for its role in pathogen recognition and induction of protective immune responses against fungi and other microbes. We previously demonstrated that Dectin-2 agonism with natural ligands stimulates pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and antigen presentation by TAMs, resulting in robust CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity in syngeneic mouse models. Here we present our preclinical studies demonstrating the therapeutic potential of the Dectin-2 agonistic antibody, BDC-3042, as a novel TAM-directed immunotherapy for diverse human cancers. BDC-3042 exhibits strong binding to Dectin-2-expressing macrophages generated in vitro and to primary human TAMs from a range of solid tumor types. In contrast, BDC-3042 binds weakly to peripheral monocytes and minimally to other immune cells in blood and tumor tissues. Macrophages exposed to cytokines and growth factors commonly found in the TME exhibit increased Dectin-2 expression and BDC-3042 binding. Treatment with BDC-3042 activates in vitro-generated macrophages and primary TAMs to produce an array of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with anti-tumor immunity. Consistent with low target expression, BDC-3042 elicits little to no activation of peripheral monocytes or cells in whole blood. BDC-3042 activity is dependent on both Dectin-2 and FcγRs, as indicated through studies utilizing Fc variants with enhanced or attenuated effector function. In mice with humanized immune systems, BDC-3042 elicits activation of TAMs, as evidenced by modulation of key activation markers. Systemically administered BDC-3042 mediates anti-tumor efficacy as a monotherapy, and combination with checkpoint blockade therapy enhances anti-tumor efficacy. The data presented demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeting Dectin-2 expressed by TAMs with the agonistic antibody BDC-3042 as a novel pan-cancer approach for myeloid cell-directed tumor immunotherapy. Citation Format: Justin A. Kenkel, Fang Xiao, Po Y. Ho, Jess L. Nolin, Rishali K. Gadkari, Laughing Bear Torrez, David T. Omstead, Katelynn A. McEachin, Jason Ptacek, Rachel Grgich, Cecelia I. Pearson, Stefan Chun, Cindy L. Kreder, Karla A. Henning, Han K. Kim, Lu Xu, Steven J. Chapin, Michael N. Alonso, Shelley E. Ackerman. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages to enhance anti-tumor immunity with the Dectin-2 agonistic antibody BDC-3042 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2964.

A organização mundial de saúde definiu o surto do novo coronavírus como uma emergência de saúde pública de interesse internacional. A média de idade da ocorrência da doença ocasionada pelo vírus está na faixa de 49 a 59 anos. Os sintomas da infecção da COVID-19 incluem febre, tosse e doença respiratória aguda. Muitos procedimentos bucomaxilofaciais hospitalares produzem aerossóis e gotículas contaminados por sangue, bactérias e vírus. O objetivo desse estudo é reunir recomendações de órgãos de saúde e artigos científicos para orientação do cirurgião quanto aos procedimentos de atendimento e tratamentos em cirurgia bucomaxilofacial. A finalidade é prevenir a transmissão da Covid-19 durante o tratamento de paciente em situação de urgência e emergência. A metodologia utilizou as orientações do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Buco-maxilo-facial, além de recomendações e dados epidemiológicos de órgãos de saúde nacionais e internacionais e artigos científicos publicados. Os cirurgiões bucomaxilofaciais, por natureza correm alto risco de exposição a doenças infecciosas. O surgimento da COVID-19 impôs novos desafios quanto a compreensão da transmissão do vírus por meio de gotículas de saliva e aerossóis.Descritores: Infecções por Coronavirus; Emergências; Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Bucais.ReferênciasGuo H, Zhou Y, Liu X, Tan J. The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the utilization of emergency dental services. J Dent Sci. 2020;10.1016/j.jds.2020.02.002.Ge ZY, Yang LM, Xia JJ, Fu XH, Zhang YZ. Possible aerosol transmission of COVID-19 and special precautions in dentistry. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2020;21(5):361-68. Rodrigues MFB, Rocha LLDA, Acioly RDF, Souza DDD, Carvalho DDC, Rocha RCLD, Rocha CCLD. Special precautions in oral and maxillofacial surgeries regarding COVID-19 transmission. Preprints 2020, 2020050135 (doi: 10.20944/preprints202005.0135.v1).Meng L, Hua F, Bian Z. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine. J Dent Res. 2020;99(5):481-87.Sabino-Silva R, Jardim ACG, Siqueira WL. Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis. Clin Oral Investig. 2020;24(4):1619-21. Tuñas ITC, Silva ET, Santiago SBS, Maia KD, Silva-Júnior GO. Doença pelo Coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19): Uma abordagem preventiva para Odontologia. Rev Bras Odontol. 2020;77(1):1-6.Spagnuolo G, De Vito D, Rengo S, Tatullo M. COVID-19 Outbreak: An Overview on Dentistry. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(6):2094.Yang Y, Lu Q, Liu M, Wang Y, Zhang A, Jalali N et al. Epidemiological and clinical features of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. medRxiv 2020. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1101/2020.02.10.20021675.To KKW, Tsang OTY, Leung WS, Tam AR, Wu TC, Lung DC et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):565-74.Wang WK, Chen SY, Liu IJ, Chen YC, Chen HL, Yang CF et al. Detection of SARS-associated coronavirus in throat wash and saliva in early diagnosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1213-19.Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira. Conselho Federal de Odontologgia. Recomendações A, para atendimento odontológico COVID C. Comitê de Odontologia AMIB/CFO de enfrentamento ao COVID-19 Departamento de Odontologia AMIB–1 Atualização 25/03/2020. São Paulo: AMIB; 2020.Brasil. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Nota técnica GVIMS/GGTES/ANVISA Nº 04/2020. Orientações para Serviços de Saúde: Medidas de Prevenção e Controle que devem ser adotadas durante a assistência aos casos suspeitos ou confirmados de infecção pelo novo Coronavírus (SARS-COV-2). Brasília: ANVISA; 2020.Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial. COVID-19 - Guia de Práticas em CTBMF. Disponível em: https://www.bucomaxilo.org.br/site/noticiasdetalhes.php?cod=344amp;q=COVID19%2B%20%2BGuia%2Bde%2BPr%C3%A1ticas%2Bem%2BCTBMFamp;bsc=ativar. Acesso em: 07 de abr. de 2020.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 據史實所可考知，中國古代自殷商時代已傳衍一種存祀的國際關係思想。可以命之為存祀主義。相傳殷商高宗武丁時代已有這種思想。 惟在後世聖賢學者與君后諸侯普遍信持的歷史記載，則多以周武王克商故事為根據。成為歷代傳承的丈事典範。故事內容十分具體而顯明。就是在武王克商之後除了殺掉妲己，並把纣王懸首在白旗上。同時散發鹿台（地名）之財，分發鉅橋（地名）之粟，分给黎民百姓。並派人釋放被囚的箕子（人名）和眾百姓，派人封比干（人名）之墓，表彰商容（人名）的門閭。更封紂的兒子武庚旅父（人名）保存原有的殷商政權。此外更分神農、黃帝、唐堯、虞舜、夏禹等帝王的後人立為封國。因是古代聖賢俱頌稱為王道。 在古代的學術思想名家，先後普遍頌揚武王的存祀主義的王道。有孔子、子思、荀子、以及儒家後學，一致宏揚孔子所説：「興滅國，繼絕世，舉逸民，天下之民歸心焉。」而法家的管子，更是幫助齊桓公實質履行存祀主義，儒家經典盛讚齊桓公的三存亡國，一繼絕世。因是使春秋時代的霸業，有一個存祀主義 王道思想。我人尚可以在《左傳》、《國語》書中發現此一實殘的例子。 存祀主義進入秦漢大一統之世，已在政治運行上消褪。然至明清兩代，更成為封貢體制(Tributary System)中一個政治信念。明清帝君對於朝貢國多有履踐。仍不廢王道。中國最後一次履行存祀主義，是在光緒五年(1879)在日本呑併琉球的交涉中，主張為琉球保存其所據大島，以延績琉球宗廟血祀。此為帝國主義者暗笑中國的迂闊愚昧。然而今世爭殺是尚，弱小民族如何避免征服，逃脱被奴役命運。此是世界人 類共同思考之大問題。According to historical records, since the Shang era, a nationally related ideology regarding the worship of royal ancestors had existed in ancient China. It was believed that such kind of thoughts existed in as early as the Gao-zhong Wu Ding period in the ancient Shang Dynasty. However scholars, kings, queens and the noblemen in later years generally tended to believe in records about inheritance that were based on the story of King Zhou Wu who conquered Shang. This had become the paradigm of historical inheritance. The story was very concrete and its message obvious. After King Wu conquered Shang, apart from killing the Shang King’s concubine Tan Ji and hanging up the head of the infamous King Zhou on a white flag, he also distributed the wealth in Lu-tai and the food in Ju Qiao to civilians; moreover he sent people to release the imprisoned Qi Zi and other civilians; he sent someone to honor the tomb of Bi Gan and decorate the door of Shang Rong; King Zhou s son Wu Gang Lu Fu was allowed to maintain Shang’s political power. In addition, the descendants of Shen Nong, Huang Di, Tang Yao, Yu Shun and Xia Yu were awarded territories. Many ancient scholars lauded such generosity as regal benevolence. Renowned thinkers and philosophers in ancient China had been praising King Wu's regal benevolence ideology. Confucius, Zi Si, Xun Zi and other confucius followers unanimously upheld what Confucius proclaimed, “Assist defeated states to recover, let political regimes of the ousted rulers continue, give glory to hermits of the previous dynasty, then all the people would whole-heartedly render support to the ruling power.” Guan Zi of the Legalistic School helped Qi Wun Gong (Duke of Qi) implement ancestral inheritance. In the Confucius classics, Qi Wun Gong was much acclaimed for rendering help to defeated states three times, and helping to perpetuate ancestral worship of ousted states. Thus we can tell that during the hegemony of the war-tom Spring-autumn era, such royal inheritance thoughts existed. Concrete examples can be found in classics such as “Zou Zhuan" and "Guoyu". The regal benevolence tenet faded out politically in the unified Qin and Han era. Nevertheless, in the Ming and Qing dynasty, it had evolved into a political ideology in the Tributary System The kings of Ming and Qing Dynasty upheld regal benevolence through pledging to protect their protege states. The last ancestral worship tenet was seen in the fifth year of Guang Xu's rule (1879) when Japan had taken Ryukyu Island. The Emperor of the Qing Dynasty insisted that Ryukyu Island should keep Da Dao (Big Island) so as to allow it to maintain its ancestral worship practice and blood-line. The imperialists sneered at China as ignorant and stupid. However, in contemporary time, amidst fighting and killings, how vulnerable tribes could avoid being conquered and enslaved is actually an important issue for all people to ruminate.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus , is causing a serious worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of strains with rapid spread and unpredictable changes is the cause of the increase in morbidity and mortality rates. A number of drugs as well as vaccines are currently being used to relieve symptoms, prevent and treat the disease caused by this virus. However, the number of approved drugs is still very limited due to their effectiveness and side effects. In such a situation, medicinal plants and bioactive compounds are considered a highly valuable source in the development of new antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes medicinal plants and bioactive compounds that have been shown to act on molecular targets involved in the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2. Keywords: Medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, antivirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 References [1] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. Wu et al., Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019, Novel Coronavirus: Implications for Virus Origins and Receptor Binding, The Lancet, Vol. 395, 2020, pp. 565-574, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.[2] World Health Organization, WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, https://covid19.who.int, 2021 (accessed on: August 27, 2021).[3] H. Wang, P. Yang, K. Liu, F. Guo, Y. Zhang et al., SARS Coronavirus Entry into Host Cells Through a Novel Clathrin- and Caveolae-Independent Endocytic Pathway, Cell Research, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2008, pp. 290-301, https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2008.15.[4] A. Zumla, J. F. W. Chan, E. I. Azhar, D. S. C. Hui, K. Y. Yuen., Coronaviruses-Drug Discovery and Therapeutic Options, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Vol. 15, 2016, pp. 327-347, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2015.37.[5] A. Prasansuklab, A. Theerasri, P. Rangsinth, C. Sillapachaiyaporn, S. Chuchawankul, T. Tencomnao, Anti-COVID-19 Drug Candidates: A Review on Potential Biological Activities of Natural Products in the Management of New Coronavirus Infection, Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Vol. 11, 2021, pp. 144-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.12.001.[6] R. E. Ferner, J. K. Aronson, Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Covid-19, BMJ, Vol. 369, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1432[7] J. Remali, W. M. Aizat, A Review on Plant Bioactive Compounds and Their Modes of Action Against Coronavirus Infection, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 11, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.589044.[8] Y. Chen, Q. Liu, D. Guo, Emerging Coronaviruses: Genome Structure, Replication, and Pathogenesis, Medical Virology, Vol. 92, 2020, pp. 418‐423. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681.[9] B. Benarba, A. Pandiella, Medicinal Plants as Sources of Active Molecules Against COVID-19, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01189.[10] N. T. Chien, P. V. Trung, N. N. Hanh, Isolation Tribulosin, a Spirostanol Saponin from Tribulus terrestris L, Can Tho University Journal of Science, Vol. 10, 2008, pp. 67-71 (in Vietnamese).[11] V. Q. Thang Study on Extracting Active Ingredient Protodioscin from Tribulus terrestris L.: Doctoral dissertation, VNU University of Science, 2018 (in Vietnamese).[12] Y. H. Song, D. W. Kim, M. J. C. Long, H. J. Yuk, Y. Wang, N. Zhuang et al., Papain-Like Protease (Plpro) Inhibitory Effects of Cinnamic Amides from Tribulus terrestris Fruits, Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, Vol. 37, No. 6, 2014, pp. 1021-1028, https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b14-00026.[13] D. Dermawan, B. A. Prabowo, C. A. Rakhmadina, In Silico Study of Medicinal Plants with Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex as The Potential Inhibitors Against SARS-Cov-2 Main Protease (Mpro) and Spike (S) Receptor, Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, Vol. 25, 2021, pp. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2021.100645.[14] R. Dang, S. Gezici, Immunomodulatory Effects of Medicinal Plants and Natural Phytochemicals in Combating Covid-19, The 6th International Mediterranean Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MESMAP-6), Izmir, Selcuk (Ephesus), Turkey, 2020, pp. 12-13.[15] G. Jiangning, W. Xinchu, W. Hou, L. Qinghua, B. Kaishun, Antioxidants from a Chinese Medicinal Herb–Psoralea corylifolia L., Food Chemistry, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005, pp. 287-292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.04.029.[16] B. Ruan, L. Y. Kong, Y. Takaya, M. Niwa, Studies on The Chemical Constituents of Psoralea corylifolia L., Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2007, pp. 41-44, https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020500289618.[17] D. T. Loi, Vietnamese Medicinal Plants and Herbs, Medical Publishing House, Hanoi, 2013 (in Vietnamese).[18] S. Mazraedoost, G. Behbudi, S. M. Mousavi, S. A. Hashemi, Covid-19 Treatment by Plant Compounds, Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2021, pp. 23-33, https://doi.org/10.47277/AANBT/2(1)33.[19] B. A. Origbemisoye, S. O. Bamidele, Immunomodulatory Foods and Functional Plants for COVID-19 Prevention: A Review, Asian Journal of Medical Principles and Clinical Practice, 2020, pp. 15-26, https://journalajmpcp.com/index.php/AJMPCP/article/view/30124[20] A. Mandal, A. K. Jha, B. Hazra, Plant Products as Inhibitors of Coronavirus 3CL Protease, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 12, 2021, pp. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.583387[21] N. H. Tung, V. D. Loi, B. T. Tung, L.Q. Hung, H. B. Tien et al., Triterpenen Ursan Frame Isolated from the Roots of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge Growing in Vietnam, VNU Journal of Science: Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2016, pp. 58-62, https://js.vnu.edu.vn/MPS/article/view/3583 (in Vietnamese).[22] J. Y. Park, J. H. Kim, Y. M. Kim, H. J. Jeong, D. W. Kim, K. H. Park et al., Tanshinones as Selective and Slow-Binding Inhibitors for SARS-CoV Cysteine Proteases. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 20, No. 19, 2012, pp. 5928-5935, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.038.[23] F. Hamdani, N. Houari, Phytotherapy of Covid-19. A Study Based on a Survey in North Algeria, Phytotherapy, Vol. 18, No. 5, 2020, pp. 248-254, https://doi.org/10.3166/phyto-2020-0241.[24] P. T. L. Huong, N. T. Dinh, Chemical Composition And Antibacterial Activity of The Essential Oil From The Leaves of Regrowth Eucalyptus Collected from Viet Tri City, Phu Tho Province, Vietnam Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2020, pp. 54-61 (in Vietnamese).[25] M. Asif, M. Saleem, M. Saadullah, H. S. Yaseen, R. Al Zarzour, COVID-19 and Therapy with Essential Oils Having Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Properties, Inflammopharmacology, Vol. 28, 2020, pp. 1153-1161, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-020-00744-0.[26] I. Jahan, O. Ahmet, Potentials of Plant-Based Substance to Inhabit and Probable Cure for The COVID-19, Turkish Journal of Biology, Vol. 44, No. SI-1, 2020, pp. 228-241, https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-2005-114.[27] A. D. Sharma, I. Kaur, Eucalyptus Essential Oil Bioactive Molecules from Against SARS-Cov-2 Spike Protein: Insights from Computational Studies, Res Sq., 2021, pp. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.21203/ rs.3.rs-140069/v1. [28] K. Rajagopal, P. Varakumar, A. Baliwada, G. Byran, Activity of Phytochemical Constituents of Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) and Andrographis Paniculata Against Coronavirus (COVID-19): An in Silico Approach, Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-020-00126-x[29] J. Lan, J. Ge, J. Yu, S. Shan, H. Zhou, S. Fan et al., Structure of The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Bound to The ACE2 Receptor, Nature, Vol. 581, No. 7807, 2020, pp. 215-220, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5.[30] M. Letko, A. Marzi, V. Munster, Functional Assessment of Cell Entry and Receptor Usage for SARS-Cov-2 and Other Lineage B Betacoronaviruses, Nature Microbiology, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2020, pp. 562-569, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y.[31] C. Yi, X. Sun, J. Ye, L. Ding, M. Liu, Z. Yang et al., Key Residues of The Receptor Binding Motif in The Spike Protein of SARS-Cov-2 That Interact with ACE2 and Neutralizing Antibodies, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2020, pp. 621-630, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0458-z.[32] N. T. Thom, Study on The Composition and Biological Activities of Flavonoids from The Roots of Scutellaria baicalensis: Doctoral Dissertation, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 2018 (in Vietnamese).[33] Y. J. Tang, F. W. Zhou, Z. Q. Luo, X. Z. Li, H. M. Yan, M. J. Wang et al., Multiple Therapeutic Effects of Adjunctive Baicalin Therapy in Experimental Bacterial Meningitis, Inflammation, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2010, pp. 180-188, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-009-9172-9.[34] H. Liu, F. Ye, Q. Sun, H. Liang, C. Li, S. Li et al., Scutellaria Baicalensis Extract and Baicalein Inhibit Replication of SARS-Cov-2 and Its 3C-Like Protease in Vitro, Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2021, pp. 497-503, https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2021.1873977.[35] Z. Iqbal, H. Nasir, S. Hiradate, Y. Fujii, Plant Growth Inhibitory Activity of Lycoris Radiata Herb. and The Possible Involvement of Lycorine as an Allelochemical, Weed Biology and Management, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2006, pp. 221-227, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2006.00217.x.[36] S. Y. Li, C. Chen, H. Q. Zhang, H. Y. Guo, H. Wang, L. Wang et al., Identification of Natural Compounds with Antiviral Activities Against SARS-Associated Coronavirus, Antiviral Research, Vol. 67, No. 1, 2005, pp. 18-23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.02.007.[37] S. Kretzing, G. Abraham, B. Seiwert, F. R. Ungemach, U. Krügel, R. Regenthal, Dose-dependent Emetic Effects of The Amaryllidaceous Alkaloid Lycorine in Beagle Dogs, Toxicon, Vol. 57, No. 1, 2011, pp. 117-124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.10.012.[38] Y. N. Zhang, Q. Y. Zhang, X. D. Li, J. Xiong, S. Q. Xiao, Z. Wang, et al., Gemcitabine, Lycorine and Oxysophoridine Inhibit Novel Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) in Cell Culture, Emerging Microbes & Infections, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1170-1173, https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1772676.[39] Y. H. Jin, J. S. Min, S. Jeon, J. Lee, S. Kim, T. Park et al., Lycorine, a Non-Nucleoside RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitor, as Potential Treatment for Emerging Coronavirus Infections, Phytomedicine, Vol. 86, 2021, pp. 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153440.[40] H. V. Hoa, P. V. Trung, N. N. Hanh, Isolation Andrographolid and Neoandrographolid from Andrographis Paniculata Nees, Can Tho University Journal of Science, Vol. 10, 2008, pp. 25-30 (in Vietnamese)[41] S. K. Enmozhi, K. Raja, I. Sebastine, J. Joseph, Andrographolide as a Potential Inhibitor Of SARS-Cov-2 Main Protease: An in Silico Approach, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 9, 2021, pp. 3092-3098, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1760136.[42] S. A. Lakshmi, R. M. B. Shafreen, A. Priya, K. P. Shunmugiah, Ethnomedicines of Indian Origin for Combating COVID-19 Infection by Hampering The Viral Replication: Using Structure-Based Drug Discovery Approach, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 13, 2020, pp. 4594-4609, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1778537.[43] N. P. L. Laksmiani, L. P. F. Larasanty, A. A. G. J. Santika, P. A. A. Prayoga, A. A. I. K. Dewi, N. P. A. K. Dewi, Active Compounds Activity from The Medicinal Plants Against SARS-Cov-2 Using in Silico Assay, Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2020, pp. 873-881, https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1953.[44] N. A. Murugan, C. J. Pandian, J. Jeyakanthan, Computational Investigation on Andrographis Paniculata Phytochemicals to Evaluate Their Potency Against SARS-Cov-2 in Comparison to Known Antiviral Compounds in Drug Trials, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 12, 2020, pp. 4415-4426, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1777901.[45] S. Hiremath, H. V. Kumar, M. Nandan, M. Mantesh, K. Shankarappa,V. Venkataravanappa et al., In Silico Docking Analysis Revealed The Potential of Phytochemicals Present in Phyllanthus Amarus and Andrographis Paniculata, Used in Ayurveda Medicine in Inhibiting SARS-Cov-2, 3 Biotech, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2021, pp. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02578-7.[46] K. S. Ngiamsuntorn, A. Suksatu, Y. Pewkliang, P. Thongsri, P. Kanjanasirirat, S. Manopwisedjaroen, et al., Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Extract and Its Major Component Andrographolide in Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Cytotoxicity Evaluation in Major Organ Cell Representatives, Journal of Natural Products, Vol. 84, No. 4, 2021, pp. 1261-1270, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01324.[47] D. X. Em, N. T. T. Dai, N. T. T. Tram, D. X. Chu, Four Compounds Isolated from Azadirachta Indica Jus leaves. F., Meliaceae, Pharmaceutical Journal, Vol. 59, No. 7, 2019, pp. 33-36 (in Vietnamese).[48] V. V Do, N. T. Thang, N. T. Minh, N. N. Hanh, Isolation, Purification and Investigation on Antimicrobial Activity of Salanin from Neem Seed Kernel (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) of The Neem Tree Planted in Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam, Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2006, pp. 24-31 (in Vietnamese).[49] P. I. Manzano Santana, J. P. P. Tivillin, I. A. Choez Guaranda, A. D. B. Lucas, A. Katherine, Potential Bioactive Compounds of Medicinal Plants Against New Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2): A Review, Bionatura, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2021, pp. 1653-1658, https://doi.org/10.21931/RB/2021.06.01.30[50] S. Borkotoky, M. Banerjee, A Computational Prediction of SARS-Cov-2 Structural Protein Inhibitors from Azadirachta Indica (Neem), Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Vol. 39, No. 11, 2021, pp. 4111-4121, https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1774419.[51] R. Jager, R. P. Lowery, A. V. Calvanese, J. M. Joy, M. Purpura, J. M. Wilson, Comparative Absorption of Curcumin Formulations, Nutrition Journal, Vol. 13, No. 11, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-11.[52] D. Praditya, L. Kirchhoff, J. Bruning, H. Rachmawati, J. Steinmann, E. Steinmann, Anti-infective Properties of the Golden Spice Curcumin, Front Microbiol, Vol. 10, No. 912, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00912.[53] C. C. Wen, Y. H. Kuo, J. T. Jan, P. H. Liang, S. Y. Wang, H. G. Liu et al., Specific Plant Terpenoids and Lignoids Possess Potent Antiviral Activities Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 50, No. 17, 2007, pp. 4087-4095, https://doi.org/10.1021/jm070295s.[54] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. Wu et al., Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019 Novel Coronavirus: Implications for Virus Origins and Receptor Binding, The Lancet, Vol. 395, No. 10224, 2020, pp. 565-574, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.[55] M. Kandeel, M. Al Nazawi, Virtual Screening and Repurposing of FDA Approved Drugs Against COVID-19 Main Protease, Life Sciences, Vol. 251, No. 117627, 2020, pp. 1-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117627.[56] V. K. Maurya, S. Kumar, A. K. Prasad, M. L. B. Bhatt, S. K. Saxena, Structure-Based Drug Designing for Potential Antiviral Activity of Selected Natural Products from Ayurveda Against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein and Its Cellular Receptor, Virusdisease, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2020, pp. 179-193, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-020-00598-8.[57] M. Hoffmann, H. Kleine Weber, S. Schroeder, N. Kruger, T. Herrler, S. Erichsen et al., SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor, Cell, Vol. 181, No. 2, 2020, pp. 271-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.[58] S. Katta, A. Srivastava, R. L. Thangapazham, I. L. Rosner, J. Cullen, H. Li et al., Curcumin-Gene Expression Response in Hormone Dependent and Independent Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cells, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 19, 2019, pp. 4891-4907, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194891.[59] D. Ting, N. Dong, L. Fang, J. Lu, J. Bi, S. Xiao et al., Multisite Inhibitors for Enteric Coronavirus: Antiviral Cationic Carbon Dots Based on Curcumin, ACS Applied Nano Materials, Vol. 1, No. 10, 2018, pp. 5451-5459, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b00779.[60] T. Huynh, H. Wang, B. Luan, In Silico Exploration of the Molecular Mechanism of Clinically Oriented Drugs for Possibly Inhibiting SARS-CoV-2's Main Protease, the Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 11, No. 11, 2020, pp. 4413-4420, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00994.[61] D. D'Ardes, A. Boccatonda, I. Rossi, M. T. Guagnano, COVID-19 and RAS: Unravelling an Unclear Relationship, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 21, No. 8, 2020, pp. 3003-3011, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21083003. [62] X. F. Pang, L. H. Zhang, F. Bai, N. P. Wang, R. E. Garner, R. J. McKallip et al., Attenuation of Myocardial Fibrosis with Curcumin is Mediated by Modulating Expression of Angiotensin II AT1/AT2 Receptors and ACE2 in Rats, Drug Design Development Therapy, Vol. 9, 2015, pp. 6043-6054, https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S95333.[63] Y. Yao, W. Wang, M. Li, H. Ren, C. Chen, J. Wang et al., Curcumin Exerts its Anti-Hypertensive Effect by Down-Regulating the AT1 Receptor in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, No. 25579, 2016, pp. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25579.[64] V. J. Costela Ruiz, R. Illescas Montes, J. M. Puerta Puerta, C. Ruiz, L. Melguizo Rodríguez, SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Role of Cytokines in COVID-19 Disease, Cytokine Growth Factor Reviews, Vol. 54, 2020, pp. 62-75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.001.[65] H. Valizadeh, S. Abdolmohammadi Vahid, S. Danshina, M. Ziya Gencer, A. Ammari, A. Sadeghi et al., Nano-Curcumin Therapy, a Promising Method in Modulating Inflammatory Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients, International Immunopharmacology, Vol. 89 (PtB), No. 107088, 2020, pp. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107088.[66] Y. H. Lo, R. D. Lin, Y. P. Lin, Y. L. Liu, M. H. Lee, Active Constituents from Sophora Japonica Exhibiting Cellular Tyrosinase Inhibition in Human Epidermal Melanocytes, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 124, No. 3, 2009, pp. 625-629, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.053.[67] A. Robaszkiewicz, A. Balcerczyk, G. Bartosz, Antioxidative and Prooxidative Effects of Quercetin on A549 Cells, Cell Biology International, Vol. 31, No. 10, 2007, pp. 1245-1250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.04.009[68] N. Uchide, H. Toyoda, Antioxidant Therapy as a Potential Approach to Severe Influenza-associated Complications, Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), Vol. 16, No. 3, 2011, pp. 2032-2052, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16032032.[69] M. P. Nair, C. Kandaswami, S. Mahajan, K. C. Chadha, R. Chawda, H. Nair et al., The Flavonoid, Quercetin, Differentially Regulates Th-1 (IFNgamma) and Th-2 (IL4) Cytokine Gene Expression by Normal Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Cell Research, Vol. 1593, No. 1, 2002, pp. 29-36, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00328-2.[70] X. Chen, Z. Wang, Z. Yang, J. Wang, Y. Xu, R. X. Tan et al., Houttuynia Cordata Blocks HSV Infection Through Inhibition of NF-κB Activation, Antiviral Research, Vol. 92, No. 2, 2011, pp. 341-345, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.09.005.[71] T. N. Kaul, E. J. Middleton, P. L. Ogra, Antiviral Effect of Flavonoids on Human Viruses, Journal of Medical Virology, Vol. 15. No. 1, 1985, pp. 71-79, https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890150110.[72] K. Zandi, B. T. Teoh, S. S. Sam, P. F. Wong, M. R. Mustafa, S. AbuBakar, Antiviral Activity of Four Types of Bioflavonoid Against Dengue Virus Type-2, Virology Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2011, pp. 560-571, https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-560.[73] J. Y. Park, H. J. Yuk, H. W. Ryu, S. H. Lim, K. S. Kim, K. H. Park et al., Evaluation of Polyphenols from Broussonetia Papyrifera as Coronavirus Protease Inhibitors, Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2017, pp. 504-515, https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2016.1265519.[74] S. C. Cheng, W. C. Huang, J. H. S. Pang, Y. H. Wu, C. Y. Cheng, Quercetin Inhibits the Production of IL-1β-Induced Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines in ARPE-19 Cells via the MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 12, 2019, pp. 2957-2981, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122957. [75] O. J. Lara Guzman, J. H. Tabares Guevara, Y. M. Leon Varela, R. M. Álvarez, M. Roldan, J. A. Sierra et al., Proatherogenic Macrophage Activities Are Targeted by The Flavonoid Quercetin, The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 343, No. 2, 2012, pp. 296-303, https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.112.196147.[76] A. Saeedi Boroujeni, M. R. Mahmoudian Sani, Anti-inflammatory Potential of Quercetin in COVID-19 Treatment, Journal of Inflammation, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2021, pp. 3-12, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12950-021-00268-6.[77] M. Smith, J. C. Smith, Repurposing Therapeutics for COVID-19: Supercomputer-based Docking to the SARS-CoV-2 Viral Spike Protein and Viral Spike Protein-human ACE2 Interface, ChemRxiv, 2020, pp. 1-28, https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.11871402.v4.[78] S. Khaerunnisa, H. Kurniawan, R. Awaluddin, S. Suhartati, S. Soetjipto, Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) from Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Study, Preprints, 2020, pp. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0226.v1.[79] J. M. Calderón Montaño, E. B. Morón, C. P. Guerrero, M. L. Lázaro, A Review on the Dietary Flavonoid Kaempferol, Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2011, pp. 298-344, https://doi.org/10.2174/138955711795305335.[80] A. Y. Chen, Y. C. Chen, A Review of the Dietary Flavonoid, Kaempferol on Human Health and Cancer Chemoprevention, Food Chem, Vol. 138, No. 4, 2013, pp. 2099-2107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.139.[81] S. Schwarz, D. Sauter, W. Lu, K. Wang, B. Sun, T. Efferth et al., Coronaviral Ion Channels as Target for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Forum on Immunopathological Diseases and Therapeutics, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2012004378.[82] R. Zhang, X. Ai, Y. Duan, M. Xue, W. He, C. Wang et al., Kaempferol Ameliorates H9N2 Swine Influenza Virus-induced Acute Lung Injury by Inactivation of TLR4/MyD88-mediated NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie, Vol. 89, 2017, pp. 660-672, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.081.[83] K. W. Chan, V. T. Wong, S. C. W. Tang, COVID-19: An Update on the Epidemiological, Clinical, Preventive and Therapeutic Evidence and Guidelines of Integrative Chinese-Western Medicine for the Management of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease, The American Journal of Chinese medicine, Vol. 48, No. 3, 2020, pp. 737-762, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X20500378.[84] Y. F. Huang, C. Bai, F. He, Y. Xie, H. Zhou, Review on the Potential Action Mechanisms of Chinese Medicines in Treating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Pharmacological Research, Vol. 158, No. 104939, 2020, pp. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104939.[85] L. Xu, X. Zheng, Y. Wang, Q. Fan, M. Zhang, R. Li et al., Berberine Protects Acute Liver Failure in Mice Through Inhibiting Inflammation and Mitochondria-dependent Apoptosis, European Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 819, 2018, pp. 161-168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.013.[86] X. Chen, H. Guo, Q. Li, Y. Zhang, H. Liu, X. Zhang et al., Protective Effect of Berberine on Aconite‑induced Myocardial Injury and the Associated Mechanisms, Molecular Medicine Reports, Vol. 18, No. 5, 2018, pp. 4468-4476, https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9476.[87] K. Hayashi, K. Minoda, Y. Nagaoka, T. Hayashi, S. Uesato, Antiviral Activity of Berberine and Related Compounds Against Human Cytomegalovirus, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2007, pp. 1562-1564, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.085.[88] A. Warowicka, R. Nawrot, A. Gozdzicka Jozefiak, Antiviral Activity of Berberine, Archives of Virology, Vol. 165, No. 9, 2020, pp. 1935-1945, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04706-3.[89] Z. Z. Wang, K. Li, A. R. Maskey, W. Huang, A. A. Toutov, N. Yang et al., A Small Molecule Compound Berberine as an Orally Active Therapeutic Candidate Against COVID-19 and SARS: A Computational and Mechanistic Study, FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2021, pp. e21360-21379, https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202001792R.[90] A. Pizzorno, B. Padey, J. Dubois, T. Julien, A. Traversier, V. Dulière et al., In Vitro Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of Single and Combined Repurposable Drugs Against SARS-CoV-2, Antiviral Research, Vol. 181, No. 104878, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104878.[91] B. Y. Zhang, M. Chen, X. C. Chen, K. Cao, Y. You, Y. J. Qian et al., Berberine Reduces Circulating Inflammatory Mediators in Patients with Severe COVID-19, The British Journal of Surgery, Vol. 108, No. 1, 2021, pp. e9-e11, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjs/znaa021.[92] K. P. Latté, K. E. Appel, A. Lampen, Health Benefits and Possible Risks of Broccoli - an Overview, Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, Vol. 49, No. 12, 2011, pp. 3287-3309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.08.019.[93] C. Sturm, A. E. Wagner, Brassica-Derived Plant Bioactives as Modulators of Chemopreventive and Inflammatory Signaling Pathways, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 9, 2017, pp. 1890-1911, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18091890.[94] R. T. Ruhee, S. Ma, K. Suzuki, Sulforaphane Protects Cells against Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Inflammation in Murine Macrophages, Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), Vol. 8, No. 12, 2019, pp. 577-589, https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120577.[95] S. M. Ahmed, L. Luo, A. Namani, X. J. Wang, X. Tang, Nrf2 Signaling Pathway: Pivotal Roles in Inflammation, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Molecular Basis of Disease, Vol. 1863, No. 2, 2017, pp. 585-597, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.005.[96] Z. Sun, Z. Niu, S. Wu, S. Shan, Protective Mechanism of Sulforaphane in Nrf2 and Anti-Lung Injury in ARDS Rabbits, Experimental Therapeutic Medicine, Vol. 15, No. 6, 2018, pp. 4911-4951, https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6036.[97] H. Y. Cho, F. Imani, L. Miller DeGraff, D. Walters, G. A. Melendi, M. Yamamoto et al., Antiviral Activity of Nrf2 in a Murine Model of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 179, No. 2, 2009, pp. 138-150, https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200804-535OC.[98] M. J. Kesic, S. O. Simmons, R. Bauer, I. Jaspers, Nrf2 Expression Modifies Influenza A Entry and Replication in Nasal Epithelial Cells, Free Radical Biology & Medicine, Vol. 51, No. 2, 2011, pp. 444-453, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.027.[99] A. Cuadrado, M. Pajares, C. Benito, J. J. Villegas, M. Escoll, R. F. Ginés et al., Can Activation of NRF2 Be a Strategy Against COVID-19?, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 9, 2020, pp. 598-610, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2020.07.003.[100] J. Gasparello, E. D'Aversa, C. Papi, L. Gambari, B. Grigolo, M. Borgatti et al., Sulforaphane Inhibits the Expression of Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 Induced in Bronchial Epithelial IB3-1 Cells by Exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein, Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology, Vol. 87, No. 53583, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153583.

IntroductionIn this article, I set out to accomplish two tasks. The first is to map coffee and cafés in Mainland China in different historical periods. The second is to focus on coffee and cafés in the socio-cultural milieu of contemporary China in order to understand the symbolic value of the emerging coffee/café-scape. Cafés, rather than coffee, are at the centre of this current trend in contemporary Chinese cities. With instant coffee dominating as a drink, the Chinese have developed a cultural and social demand for cafés, but have not yet developed coffee palates. Historical Coffee Map In 1901, coffee was served in a restaurant in the city of Tianjin. This restaurant, named Kiessling, was run by a German chef, a former solider who came to China with the eight-nation alliance. At that time, coffee was reserved mostly for foreign politicians and military officials as well as wealthy businessmen—very few ordinary Chinese drank it. (For more history of Kiessling, including pictures and videos, see Kiessling). Another group of coffee consumers were from the cultural elites—the young revolutionary intellectuals and writers with overseas experience. It was almost a fashion among the literary elite to spend time in cafés. However, this was negatively judged as “Western” and “bourgeois.” For example, in 1932, Lu Xun, one of the most important twentieth century Chinese writers, commented on the café fashion during 1920s (133-36), and listed the reasons why he would not visit one. He did not drink coffee because it was “foreigners’ food”, and he was too busy writing for the kind of leisure enjoyed in cafés. Moreover, he did not, he wrote, have the nerve to go to a café, and particularly not the Revolutionary Café that was popular among cultural celebrities at that time. He claimed that the “paradise” of the café was for genius, and for handsome revolutionary writers (who he described as having red lips and white teeth, whereas his teeth were yellow). His final complaint was that even if he went to the Revolutionary Café, he would hesitate going in (Lu Xun 133-36). From Lu Xun’s list, we can recognise his nationalism and resistance to what were identified as Western foods and lifestyles. It is easy to also feel his dissatisfaction with those dilettante revolutionary intellectuals who spent time in cafés, talking and enjoying Western food, rather than working. In contrast to Lu Xun’s resistance to coffee and café culture, another well-known writer, Zhang Ailing, frequented cafés when she lived in Shanghai from the 1920s to 1950s. She wrote about the smell of cakes and bread sold in Kiessling’s branch store located right next to her parents’ house (Yuyue). Born into a wealthy family, exposed to Western culture and food at a very young age, Zhang Ailing liked to spend her social and writing time in cafés, ordering her favourite cakes, hot chocolate, and coffee. When she left Shanghai and immigrated to the USA, coffee was an important part of her writing life: the smell and taste reminding her of old friends and Shanghai (Chunzi). However, during Zhang’s time, it was still a privileged and elite practice to patronise a café when these were located in foreign settlements with foreign chefs, and served mainly foreigners, wealthy businessmen, and cultural celebrities. After 1949, when the Chinese Communist Party established the People’s Republic of China, until the late 1970s, there were no coffee shops in Mainland China. It was only when Deng Xiaoping suggested neo-liberalism as a so-called “reform-and-open-up” economic policy that foreign commerce and products were again seen in China. In 1988, ten years after the implementation of Deng Xiaoping’s policy, the Nestlé coffee company made the first inroads into the mainland market, featuring homegrown coffee beans in Yunnan province (China Beverage News; Dong; ITC). Nestlé’s bottled instant coffee found its way into the Chinese market, avoiding a direct challenge to the tea culture. Nestlé packaged its coffee to resemble health food products and marketed it as a holiday gift suitable for friends and relatives. As a symbol of modernity and “the West”, coffee-as-gift meshed with the traditional Chinese cultural custom that values gift giving. It also satisfied a collective desire for foreign products (and contact with foreign cultures) during the economic reform era. Even today, with its competitively low price, instant coffee dominates coffee consumption at home, in the workplace, and on Chinese airlines. While Nestlé aimed their product at native Chinese consumers, the multinational companies who later entered China’s coffee market, such as Sara Lee, mainly targeted international hotels such as IHG, Marriott, and Hyatt. The multinationals also favoured coffee shops like Kommune in Shanghai that offered more sophisticated kinds of coffee to foreign consumers and China’s upper class (Byers). If Nestlé introduced coffee to ordinary Chinese families, it was Starbucks who introduced the coffee-based “third space” to urban life in contemporary China on a signficant scale. Differing from the cafés before 1949, Starbucks stores are accessible to ordinary Chinese citizens. The first in Mainland China opened in Beijing’s China World Trade Center in January 1999, targeting mainly white-collar workers and foreigners. Starbucks coffee shops provide a space for informal business meetings, chatting with friends, and relaxing and, with its 500th store opened in 2011, dominate the field in China. Starbucks are located mainly in the central business districts and airports, and the company plans to have 1,500 sites by 2015 (Starbucks). Despite this massive presence, Starbucks constitutes only part of the café-scape in contemporary Chinese cities. There are two other kinds of cafés. One type is usually located in universities or residential areas and is frequented mainly by students or locals working in cultural professions. A representative of this kind is Sculpting in Time Café. In November 1997, two years before the opening of the first Starbucks in Beijing, two newlywed college graduates opened the first small Sculpting in Time Café near Beijing University’s East Gate. This has been expanded into a chain, and boasts 18 branches on the Mainland. (For more about its history, see Sculpting in Time Café). Interestingly, both Starbucks and Sculpting in Time Café acquired their names from literature, Starbucks from Moby Dick, and Sculpting in Time from the Russian filmmaker Andrei Tarkovsky’s film diary of the same name. For Chinese students of literature and the arts, drinking coffee is less about acquiring more energy to accomplish their work, and more about entering a sensual world, where the aroma of coffee mixes with the sounds from the coffee machine and music, as well as the lighting of the space. More importantly, cafés with this ambience become, in themselves, cultural sites associated with literature, films, and music. Owners of this kind of café are often lovers of foreign literatures, films, and cultures, and their cafés host various cultural events, including forums, book clubs, movie screenings, and music clubs. Generally speaking, coffee served in this kind of café is simpler than in the kind discussed below. This third type of café includes those located in tourist and entertainment sites such as art districts, bar areas, and historical sites, and which are frequented by foreign and native tourists, artists and other cultural workers. If Starbucks cultivates a fast-paced business/professional atmosphere, and Sculpting in Time Cafés an artsy and literary atmosphere, this third kind of café is more like an upscale “bar” with trained baristas serving complicated coffees and emphasising their flavour. These coffee shops are more expensive than the other kinds, with an average price three times that of Starbucks. Currently, cafés of this type are found only in “first-tier” cities and usually located in art districts and tourist areas—such as Beijing’s 798 Art District and Nanluo Guxiang, Shanghai’s Tai Kang Road (a.k.a. “the art street”), and Hangzhou’s Westlake area. While Nestlé and Starbucks use coffee beans grown in Yunnan provinces, these “art cafés” are more inclined to use imported coffee beans from suppliers like Sara Lee. Coffee and Cafés in Contemporary China After just ten years, there are hundreds of cafés in Chinese cities. Why has there been such a demand for coffee or, more accurately, cafés, in such a short period of time? The first reason is the lack of “third space” environments in Mainland China. Before cafés appeared in the late 1990s, stores like KFC (which opened its first store in 1987) and McDonald’s (with its first store opened in 1990) filled this role for urban residents, providing locations where customers could experience Western food, meet friends, work, or read. In fact, KFC and McDonald’s were once very popular with college students looking for a place to study. Both stores had relatively clean food environments and good lighting. They also had air conditioning in the summer and heating in the winter, which are not provided in most Chinese university dormitories. However, since neither chain was set up to be a café and customers occupying seats for long periods while ordering minimal amounts of food or drink affected profits, staff members began to indirectly ask customers to leave after dining. At the same time, as more people were able to afford to eat at KFC and McDonald’s, their fast foods were also becoming more and more popular, especially among young people. As a consequence, both types of chain restaurant were becoming noisy and crowded and, thus, no longer ideal for reading, studying, or meeting with friends. Although tea has been a traditional drink in Chinese culture, traditional teahouses were expensive places more suitable for business meetings or for the cultural or intellectual elite. Since almost every family owns a tea set and can readily purchase tea, friends and family would usually make and consume tea at home. In recent years, however, new kinds of teahouses have emerged, similar in style to cafés, targeting the younger generation with more affordable prices and a wider range of choices, so the lack of a “third space” does not fully explain the café boom. Another factor affecting the popularity of cafés has been the development and uptake of Internet technology, including the increasing use of laptops and wireless Internet in recent years. The Internet has been available in China since the late 1990s, while computers and then laptops entered ordinary Chinese homes in the early twenty-first century. The IT industry has created not only a new field of research and production, but has also fostered new professions and demands. Particularly, in recent years in Mainland China, a new socially acceptable profession—freelancing in such areas as graphic design, photography, writing, film, music, and the fashion industry—has emerged. Most freelancers’ work is computer- and Internet-based. Cafés provide suitable working space, with wireless service, and the bonus of coffee that is, first of all, somatically stimulating. In addition, the emergence of the creative and cultural industries (which are supported by the Chinese government) has created work for these freelancers and, arguably, an increasing demand for café-based third spaces where such people can meet, talk and work. Furthermore, the flourishing of cafés in first-tier cities is part of the “aesthetic economy” (Lloyd 24) that caters to the making and selling of lifestyle experience. Alongside foreign restaurants, bars, galleries, and design firms, cafés contribute to city branding, and link a city to the global urban network. Cafés, like restaurants, galleries and bars, provide a space for the flow of global commodities, as well as for the human flow of tourists, travelling artists, freelancers, and cultural specialists. Finally, cafés provide a type of service that contributes to friendly owner/waiter-customer relations. During the planned-economy era, most stores and hotels in China were State-owned, staff salaries were not related to individual performance, and indifferent (and even unfriendly) service was common. During the economic reform era, privately owned stores and shops began to replace State-owned ones. At the same time, a large number of people from the countryside flowed into the cities seeking opportunities. Most had little if any professional training and so could only find work in factories or in the service industry. However, most café employees are urban, with better educational backgrounds, and many were already familiar with coffee culture. In addition, café owners, particularly those of places like Sculpting in Time Cafe, often invest in creating a positive, community atmosphere, learning about their customers and sharing personal experiences with their regular clients. This leads to my next point—the generation of the 1980s’ need for a social community. Cafés’ Symbolic Value—Community A demand for a sense of community among the generation of the 1980s is a unique socio-cultural phenomenon in China, which paradoxically co-exists with their desire for individualism. Mao Zedong started the “One Child Policy” in 1979 to slow the rapid population growth in China, and the generations born under this policy are often called “the lonely generations,” with both parents working full-time. At the same time, they are “the generation of me,” labelled as spoiled, self-centred, and obsessed with consumption (de Kloet; Liu; Rofel; Wang). The individuals of this generation, now aged in their 20s and 30s, constitute the primary consumers of coffee in China. Whereas individualism is an important value to them, a sense of community is also desirable in order to compensate for their lack of siblings. Furthermore, the 1980s’ generation has also benefitted from the university expansion policy implemented in 1999. Since then, China has witnessed a surge of university students and graduates who not only received scientific and other course-based knowledge, but also had a better chance to be exposed to foreign cultures through their books, music, and movies. With this interesting tension between individualism and collectivism, the atmosphere provided by cafés has fostered a series of curious temporary communities built on cultural and culinary taste. Interestingly, it has become an aspiration of many young college students and graduates to open a community-space style café in a city. One of the best examples is the new Henduoren’s (Many People’s) Café. This was a project initiated by Wen Erniu, a recent college graduate who wanted to open a café in Beijing but did not have sufficient funds to do so. She posted a message on the Internet, asking people to invest a minimum of US$316 to open a café with her. With 78 investors, the café opened in September 2011 in Beijing (see pictures of Henduoren’s Café). In an interview with the China Daily, Wen Erniu stated that, “To open a cafe was a dream of mine, but I could not afford it […] We thought opening a cafe might be many people’s dream […] and we could get together via the Internet to make it come true” (quoted in Liu 2011). Conclusion: Café Culture and (Instant) Coffee in China There is a Chinese saying that, if you hate someone—just persuade him or her to open a coffee shop. Since cafés provide spaces where one can spend a relatively long time for little financial outlay, owners have to increase prices to cover their expenses. This can result in fewer customers. In retaliation, cafés—particularly those with cultural and literary ambience—host cultural events to attract people, and/or they offer food and wine along with coffee. The high prices, however, remain. In fact, the average price of coffee in China is often higher than in Europe and North America. For example, a medium Starbucks’ caffè latte in China averaged around US$4.40 in 2010, according to the price list of a Starbucks outlet in Shanghai—and the prices has recently increased again (Xinhua 2012). This partially explains why instant coffee is still so popular in China. A bag of instant Nestlé coffee cost only some US$0.25 in a Beijing supermarket in 2010, and requires only hot water, which is accessible free almost everywhere in China, in any restaurant, office building, or household. As an habitual, addictive treat, however, coffee has not yet become a customary, let alone necessary, drink for most Chinese. Moreover, while many, especially those of the older generations, could discern the quality and varieties of tea, very few can judge the quality of the coffee served in cafés. As a result, few Mainland Chinese coffee consumers have a purely somatic demand for coffee—craving its smell or taste—and the highly sweetened and creamed instant coffee offered by companies like Nestlé or Maxwell has largely shaped the current Chinese palate for coffee. Ben Highmore has proposed that “food spaces (shops, restaurants and so on) can be seen, for some social agents, as a potential space where new ‘not-me’ worlds are encountered” (396) He continues to expand that “how these potential spaces are negotiated—the various affective registers of experience (joy, aggression, fear)—reflect the multicultural shapes of a culture (its racism, its openness, its acceptance of difference)” (396). Cafés in contemporary China provide spaces where one encounters and constructs new “not-me” worlds, and more importantly, new “with-me” worlds. While café-going communicates an appreciation and desire for new lifestyles and new selves, it can be hoped that in the near future, coffee will also be appreciated for its smell, taste, and other benefits. Of course, it is also necessary that future Chinese coffee consumers also recognise the rich and complex cultural, political, and social issues behind the coffee economy in the era of globalisation. References Byers, Paul [former Managing Director, Sara Lee’s Asia Pacific]. Pers. comm. Apr. 2012. China Beverage News. “Nestlé Acquires 70% Stake in Chinese Mineral Water Producer.” (2010). 31 Mar. 2012 ‹http://chinabevnews.wordpress.com/2010/02/21/nestle-acquires-70-stake-in-chinese-mineral-water-producer›. Chunzi. 张爱玲地图[The Map of Eileen Chang]. 汉语大词典出版 [Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe], 2003. de Kloet, Jeroen. China with a Cut: Globalization, Urban Youth and Popular Music. Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2010. Dong, Jonathan. “A Caffeinated Timeline: Developing Yunnan’s Coffee Cultivation.” China Brief (2011): 24-26. Highmore, Ben. “Alimentary Agents: Food, Cultural Theory and Multiculturalism.” Journal of Intercultural Studies, 29.4 (2008): 381-98. ITC (International Trade Center). The Coffee Sector in China: An Overview of Production, Trade And Consumption, 2010. Liu, Kang. Globalization and Cultural Trends in China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2004. Liu, Zhihu. “From Virtual to Reality.” China Daily (Dec. 2011) 31 Mar. 2012 ‹http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2011-12/26/content_14326490.htm›. Lloyd, Richard. Neobohemia: Art and Commerce in the Postindustrial City. London: Routledge, 2006. Lu, Xun. “Geming Kafei Guan [Revolutionary Café]”. San Xian Ji. Taibei Shi: Feng Yun Shi Dai Chu Ban Gong Si: Fa Xing Suo Xue Wen Hua Gong Si, Mingguo 78 (1989): 133-36. Rofel, Lisa. Desiring China: Experiments in Neoliberalism, Sexuality, and Public Culture. Durham and London: Duke UP, 2007: 1-30. “Starbucks Celebrates Its 500th Store Opening in Mainland China.” Starbucks Newsroom (Oct. 2011) 31 Mar. 2012. ‹http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=580›. Wang, Jing. High Culture Fever: Politics, Aesthetics, and Ideology in Deng’s China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: U of California P, 1996. Xinhua. “Starbucks Raises Coffee Prices in China Stores.” Xinhua News (Jan. 2012). 31 Mar. 2012 ‹http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-01/31/c_131384671.htm›. Yuyue. Ed. “On the History of the Western-Style Restaurants: Aileen Chang A Frequent Customer of Kiessling.” China.com.cn (2010). 31 Mar. 2012 ‹http://www.china.com.cn/culture/txt/2010-01/30/content_19334964.htm›.

The globe is engulfed by one of the most extensive public health crises as COVID-19 has become a leading cause of death worldwide. COVID-19 was first detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, causing the severe acute respiratory syndrome. This review discusses issues related to Covid-19 vaccines, such as vaccine development targets, vaccine types, efficacy, limitations and development prospects. Keywords: Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, vaccine, spike protein. References [1] C. Wang, P. W. Horby, F. G. Hayden, G. F. Gao, A Novel Coronavirus Outbreak of Global Health Concern, The Lancet, Vol. 395, No. 10223, 2020, pp. 470-473, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9.[2] T. Singhal, A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Vol. 87, 2020, pp. 281-286, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6.[3] World Health Organization, WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, https://covid19.who.int/, (accessed on: August 21st, 2021).[4] A. Alimolaie, A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), Biological Science Promotion Vol. 3, No. 6, 2020, pp. 152-157.[5] J. Yang, Y. Zheng, X. Gou, K. Pu, Z. Chen, Q. Guo et al., Prevalence of Comorbidities and Its Effects in Patients Infected with SARS-Cov-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 94, 2020, pp. 91-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.017.[6] H. E. Randolph, L. B. Barreiro, Herd Immunity: Understanding COVID-19, Immunity, Vol. 52, No. 5, 2020, pp. 737-741, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.012.[7] F. Jung, V. Krieger, F. Hufert, J. H. Küpper, Herd Immunity or Suppression Strategy to Combat COVID-19, Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, Vol. 75, No. 1, 2020, pp. 13-17, https://doi.org/10.3233/CH-209006.[8] O. Sharma, A. A. Sultan, H. Ding, C. R. Triggle, A Review of the Progress and Challenges of Developing a Vaccine for COVID-19, Frontiers in Immunology, Vol. 11, No. 2413, 2020, pp. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.585354.[9] G. D. Sempowski, K. O. Saunders, P. Acharya, K. J. Wiehe, B. F. Haynes, Pandemic preparedness: Developing Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies for COVID-19, Cell, Vol. 181, No. 7, 2020, pp. 1458-1463, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.05. 041.[10] A. J. R. Morales, J. A. C. Ospina, E. G. Ocampo, R. V. Peña, Y. H. Rivera, J. P. E. Antezana et al., Clinical, Laboratory and Imaging Features of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, Vol. 34, 2020, pp. 101-623, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623.[11] C. Huang, Y. Wang, X. Li, L. Ren, J. Zhao, Y. Hu et al., Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China, The Lancet, Vol. 395, No. 10223, 2020, pp. 497-506, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.[12] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. Wu et al., Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019 Novel Coronavirus: Implications for Virus Origins and Receptor Binding, The Lancet, Vol. 395, No. 10224, 2020, pp. 565-574, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.[13] L. Chen, W. Liu, Q. Zhang, K. Xu, G. Ye, W. Wu et al., RNA Based mNGS Approach Identifies a Novel Human Coronavirus From Two Individual Pneumonia Cases in 2019 Wuhan Outbreak, Emerging Microbes & Infections, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2020, pp. 313-319, https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1725399.[14] Y. Chen, Q. Liu, D. Guo, Emerging Coronaviruses: Genome Structure, Replication, and Pathogenesis, Journal of Medical Virology, Vol. 92, No. 4, 2020, pp. 418-423, https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681.[15] D. R. Beniac, A. Andonov, E. Grudeski, T. F. Booth, Architecture of The SARS Coronavirus Prefusion Spike, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Vol. 13, No. 8, 2006, pp. 751-752, https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb1123.[16] B. W. Neuman, G. Kiss, A. H. Kunding, D. Bhella, M. F. Baksh, S. Connelly et al., A Structural Analysis of M Protein in Coronavirus Assembly and Morphology, Journal of Structural Biology, Vol. 174, No. 1, 2011, pp. 11-22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2010.11.021.[17] J. L. N. Torres, M. L. DeDiego, C. V. Báguena, J. M. J. Guardeño, J. A. R. Nava, R. F. Delgado et al., Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Envelope Protein Ion Channel Activity Promotes Virus Fitness and Pathogenesis, Plos Pathogens Vol. 10, No. 5, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004077.[18] A. R. Fehr, S. Perlman. Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis. Coronaviruses, New York, 2015, pp. 1-23.[19] M. Letko, A. Marzi, V. Munster, Functional Assessment of Cell Entry and Receptor Usage for SARS-CoV-2 and Other Lineage B Betacoronaviruses,. Nature Microbiology, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2020, pp. 562-569, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y.[20] A. Grifoni, D. Weiskopf, S. I. Ramirez, J. Mateus, J. M. Dan, C. R. Moderbacher et al., Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-Cov-2 Coronavirus in Humans With COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals, Cell, Vol. 181, No. 7, 2020, pp. 1489-1501, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015.[21] M. Leslie, T Cells Found in Coronavirus Patients Bode Well for Long-Term Immunity, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Vol. 368, No. 6493, 2020, pp. 809-810, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.368.6493.809.[22] N. L. Bert, A. T. Tan, K. Kunasegaran, C. Y. Tham, M. Hafezi, A. Chia et al., SARS-CoV-2-specific T Cell Immunity in Cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and Uninfected Controls, Nature, Vol. 584, No. 7821, 2020, pp. 457-462, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2550-z .[23] E. R. Adams, M. Ainsworth, R. Anand, M. I. Andersson, K. Auckland, J. K. Baillie et al., Antibody Testing for COVID-19: A Report from the National COVID Scientific Advisory Panel, Wellcome Open Research, Vol. 5, 2020, pp. 139-156, https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15927.1.[24] N. Vabret, G. J. Britton, C. Gruber, S. Hegde, J. Kim, M. Kuksin et al., Immunology of COVID-19: current state of the science, Immunity. Vol. 52, No. 6, 2020, pp. 910-941, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.002[25] W. Liu, A. Fontanet, P. H. Zhang, L. Zhan, Z. T. Xin, L. Baril et al., Two-Year Prospective Study of The Humoral Immune Response of Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 193, No. 6, 2006, pp. 792-795, https://doi.org/10.1086/500469.[26] E. Callaway, Coronavirus Vaccines Leap Through Safety Trials-But Which Will Work is Anybody's Guess, Nature, Vol. 583, No. 7818, 2020, pp. 669-671, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02174-y.[27] Y. Dong, T. Dai, Y. Wei, L. Zhang, M. Zheng, F. Zhou. A Systematic Review of SARS-Cov-2 Vaccine Candidates, Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00352-y. [28] E. P. Regalado, Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: Lessons from Other Coronavirus Strains. Infectious Diseases and Therapy, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2020, pp. 255-274, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-020-00300-x.[29] Y. Cai, J. Zhang, T. Xiao, H. Peng, S. M. Sterling, R. M. Walsh et al., Distinct Conformational States of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein, Science, Vol. 369, No. 6511, 2020, pp. 1586-1592, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd4251.[30] M. S. Suthar, M. G. Zimmerman, R. C. Kauffman, G. Mantus, S. L. Linderman, W. H. Hudson et al., Rapid Generation of Neutralizing Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Patients, Cell Reports Medicine, Vol. 1, No. 3, 2020, pp. 100040-100047, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100040.[31] Q. Gao, L. Bao, H. Mao, L. Wang, K. Xu, M. Yang et al., Development of an Inactivated Vaccine Candidate for SARS-CoV-2, Science, Vol. 36, No. 6499, 2020, pp. 77-81, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc1932.[32] L. Ni, F. Ye, M. L. Cheng, Y. Feng, Y. Q. Deng, H. Zhao et al., Detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific Humoral and Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals, Immunity, Vol. 52, No. 6, 2020, pp. 971-977, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.023.[33] B. D. Quinlan, H. Mou, L. Zhang, Y. Guo, W. He, A. Ojha et al., The SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-binding Domain Elicits a Potent Neutralizing Response Without Antibody-dependent Enhancement, Available at SSRN, Vol. 3575134, 2020, pp. 1-24, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3575134.[34] D. B. Melo, B. E. N. Payant, W. C. Liu, S. Uhl, D. Hoagland, R. Moller et al., Imbalanced Host Responseto SARS-Cov-2 Drives Development of COVID-19, Cell, Vol. 181, No. 5, 2020, pp. 1036-1045, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.026.[35] J. Hadjadj, N. Yatim, L. Barnabei, A. Corneau, J. Boussier, N. Smith et al., Impaired Type I Interferon Activity and Inflammatory Responses in Severe COVID-19 Patients, Science, Vol. 36, No. 6504, 2020, pp. 718-724, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc6027.[36] H. Pang, Y. Liu, X. Han, Y. Xu, F. Jiang, D. Wu et al., Protective Humoral Responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-associated Coronavirus: Implications for the Design of an Effective Protein-based Vaccine, Journal of General Virology, Vol. 85, No. 10, 2004, pp. 3109-3113, https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80111-0.[37] Y. Li, R. Tenchov, J. Smoot, C. Liu, S. Watkins, Q. Zhou, A Comprehensive Review of The Global Efforts on COVID-19 Vaccine Development, ACS Central Science , Vol. 7, No. 4, 2021, pp. 512-533, https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.1c00120.[38] J. A. Wolff, R. W. Malone, P. Williams, W. Chong, G. Acsadi, A. Jani et al., Direct Gene Transfer Into Mouse Muscle in Vivo, Science, Vol. 247, No. 4949, 1990, pp. 1465-1468,. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1690918.[39] M. Ingolotti, O. Kawalekar, D. J. Shedlock, K. Muthumani, D. B. Weiner, DNA Vaccines for Targeting Bacterial Infections, Expert Review of Vaccines, Vol. 9, No. 7, 2010, pp. 747-763, https://doi.org/10.1586/erv.10.57.[40] S. Jones, K. Evans, H. M. Johnn, M. Sharpe, J. Oxford, R. L. Williams et al., DNA Vaccination Protects Against an Influenza Challenge in A Double-Blind Randomised Placebo-Controlled Phase 1b Clinical Trial, Vaccine, Vol. 27, No. 18, 2009, pp. 2506-2512, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.061.[41] J. Kim, INOVIO Doses First Subject in Phase 2 Segment of its INNOVATE Phase 2/3 Clinical Trial for INO-4800, its DNA Medicine to Prevent COVID-19, Cision PR Newswire: News Distribution, Targeting and Monitoring Home, https://www.prnewswire.com/newsreleases/inovio-doses-first-subject-in-phase-2-segment-of-its-innovate-phase-23-clinical-trial-for-ino-4800-its-dna-medicine-to-prevent-covid-19-301187002.html/, 2020, (accessed on: December 7th, 2020).[42] P. Tebas, S. Yang, J. D. Boyer, E. L. Reuschel, A. Patel, A. C. Quick et al., Safety and Immunogenicity of INO-4800 DNA Vaccine Against SARS-Cov-2: A Preliminary Report of an Open-Label, Phase 1 Clinical Trial, EClinical Medicine, Vol. 31, No. 1000689, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100689.[43] T. Schlake, A. Thess, M. F. Mleczek, K. J. Kallen. Developing mRNA-vaccine Technologies, RNA Biology, Vol. 9, No. 11, 2012, pp. 1319-1330, https://doi.org/10.4161/rna.22269.[44] K. J. Hassett, K. E. Benenato, E. Jacquinet, A. Lee, A. Woods, O. Yuzhakov et al., Optimization of lipid Nanoparticles for Intramuscular Administration of mRNA Vaccines, Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids, Vol. 15, 2019, pp. 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2019.01.013.[45] A. Bashirullah, R. L. Cooperstock, H. D. Lipshitz, Spatial and Temporal Control of RNA Stability, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 98, No. 13, 2001, pp. 7025-7028. [46] K. Kariko, H. Muramatsu, J. Ludwig, D. Weissman, Generating the Optimal mRNA for Therapy: HPLC Purification Eliminates Immune Activation and Improves Translation of Nucleoside-Modified, Protein-Encoding mRNA, Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 39, No. 21, 2011, pp. 142-152, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr695.[47] N. Pardi, M. J. Hogan, M. S. Naradikian, K. Parkhouse, D. W. Cain, L. Jones et al., Nucleoside-Modified mRNA Vaccines Induce Potent T Follicular Helper and Germinal Center B Cell Responses, Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol. 215, No. 6, 2018, pp. 1571-1588, https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20171450.[48] L. A. Jackson, E. J. Anderson, N. G. Rouphael, P. C. Roberts, M. Makhene, R. N. Coler et al., An mRNA Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2-Preliminary Report, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 383, No. 20, 2020, pp. 1920-1931, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2022483.[49] K. S. Corbett, D. K. Edwards, S. R. Leist, O. M. Abiona, S. B. Barnum, R. A. Gillespie et al., SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Design Enabled by Prototype Pathogen Preparedness, Nature, Vol. 586, No. 7830, 2020, pp. 567-571, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2622-0.[50] K. S. Corbett, B. Flynn, K. E. Foulds, J. R. Francica, S. B. Barnum, A. P. Werner et al., Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 383, No. 16, 2020, pp. 1544-1555, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2024671.[51] E. E. Walsh, R. Frenck, A. R. Falsey, N. Kitchin, J. Absalon, A. Gurtman et al., RNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccine BNT162b2 Selected for a Pivotal Efficacy Study, Medrxiv, Vol. 2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.17.20176651.[52] M. J. Mulligan, K. E. Lyke, N. Kitchin, J. Absalon, A. Gurtman, S. Lockhart et al., Phase 1/2 Study to Describe the Safety and Immunogenicity of a COVID-19 RNA Vaccine Candidate (BNT162b1) in Adults 18 to 55 Years of Age: Interim Report, Medrxiv, Vol. 586, 2020, pp. 589-593, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2028436.[53] E. J. Anderson, N. G. Rouphael, A. T. Widge, L. A. Jackson, P. C. Roberts, M. Makhene et al., Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Older Adults, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 383, No. 25, 2020, pp. 2427-2438, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2639-4.[54] P. F. McKay, K. Hu, A. K. Blakney, K. Samnuan, J. C. Brown, R. Penn et al., Self-amplifying RNA SARS-CoV-2 Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccine Candidate Induces High Neutralizing Antibody Titers in Mice, Nature Communications, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17409-9.[55] J. H. Erasmus, A. P. Khandhar, A. C. Walls, E. A. Hemann, M. A. O’Connor, P. Murapa et al., Single-dose Replicating RNA vaccine Induces Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates, BioRxiv, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.28.121640.[56] R. D. Alwis, E. S. Gan, S. Chen, Y. S. Leong, H. C. Tan, S. L. Zhang et al., A Single Dose of Self-Transcribing and Replicating RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Produces Protective Adaptive Immunity in Mice, Molecular Therapy, Vol. 29, No. 6, 2021, pp. 1970-1983, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.04.001.[57] M. R. Guroff, Replicating and Non-Replicating Viral Vectors for Vaccine Development, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol. 18, No. 6, 2007, pp. 546-556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2007.10.010.[58] K. Benihoud, P. Yeh, M. Perricaudet, Adenovirus Vectors for Gene Delivery, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol. 10, No. 5,1999, pp. 440-447, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(99)00007-5.[59] Z. Xiang, G. Gao, A. R. Sandoval, C. J. Cohen, Y. Li, J. M. Bergelson et al., Novel, Chimpanzee Serotype 68-Based Adenoviral Vaccine Carrier for Induction of Antibodies to A Transgene Product, Journal of Virology, Vol. 76, No. 6, 2002, pp. 2667-2675, https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.76.6.2667-2675.2002.[60] F. C. Zhu, X. H. Guan, Y. H. Li, J. Y. Huang, T. Jiang, L. H. Hou et al., Immunogenicity and Safety Of A Recombinant Adenovirus Type-5-Vectored COVID-19 Vaccine in Healthy Adults Aged 18 Years or Older: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Trial, The Lancet, Vol. 396, No. 10249, 2020, pp. 479-488, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31605-6.[61] F. C. Zhu, Y. H. Li, X. H. Guan, L. H. Hou, W. J. Wang, J. X. Li et al., Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of A Recombinant Adenovirus Type-5 Vectored COVID-19 Vaccine: A Dose-Escalation, Open-Label, Non-Randomised, First-in-Human Trial, The Lancet. Vol. 395, No. 10240, 2020, pp. 1845-1854.[62] S. Wu, G. Zhong, J. Zhang, L. Shuai, Z. Zhang, Z. Wen, et al. A Single Dose of An Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccine Provides Protection Against SARS-Cov-2 Challenge, Nature Communications Vol. 1, No. 11, 2020, pp. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/s41467-020-17972-1.[63] P. M. Folegatti, K. J. Ewer, P. K. Aley, B. Angus, S. Becker, S. B. Rammerstorfer et al., Safety and Immunogenicity of The Chadox1 Ncov-19 Vaccine Against SARS-Cov-2: A Preliminary Report of A Phase 1/2, Single-Blind, Randomised Controlled Trial, The Lancet, Vol. 396, No. 10249, 2020, pp. 467-478, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31604-4.[64] N. V. Doremalen, T. Lambe, A. Spencer, S. B. Rammerstorfer, J. N. Purushotham, J. R. Port et al., ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine Prevents SARS-Cov-2 Pneumonia in Rhesus Macaques, Nature, Vol. 586, No. 7830, 2020, pp. 578-582, https://doi.org/10.1016/s41586-020-2608-y.[65] D. Y. Logunov, I. V. Dolzhikova, O. V. Zubkova, A. I. Tukhvatullin, D. V. Shcheblyakov, A. S. Dzharullaeva et al., Safety and Immunogenicity of an Rad26 And Rad5 Vector-Based Heterologous Prime-Boost COVID-19 Vaccine in Two Formulations: Two Open, Non-Randomised Phase 1/2 Studies From Russia, The Lancet, Vol. 396, No. 10255, 2020, pp. 887-897, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31866-3.[66] S. Y. Jung, K. W. Kang, E. Y. Lee, D. W. Seo, H. L. Kim, H. Kim et al., Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination with Adenoviral Vector and Protein Nanoparticles Induces Both Th1 and Th2 Responses Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Vaccine, Vol. 36, No. 24, 2018, pp. 3468-3476, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.082.[67] S. Lu, Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination. Current Opinion in Immunology, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2009, pp. 346-351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.016.[68] D. Y. Logunov, I. V. Dolzhikova, D. V. Shcheblyakov, A. I. Tukhvatulin, O. V. Zubkova, A. S. Dzharullaeva et al., Safety and Efficacy of an Rad26 and Rad5 Vector-Based Heterologous Prime-Boost COVID-19 Vaccine: an Interim Analysis of A Randomised Controlled Phase 3 Trial in Russia, The Lancet, Vol. 397, No. 10275, 2021, pp. 671-681, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00234-8.[69] T. Ura, K. Okuda, M. Shimada. Developments in Viral Vector-Based Vaccines, Vaccines, Vol. 2, No. 3, 2014, pp. 624-641, https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines2030624.[70] B. E. Bache, M. P. Grobusch, S. T. Agnandji. Safety, Immunogenicity and Risk-Benefit Analysis of Rvsv-ΔG-ZEBOV-GP (V920) Ebola Vaccine in Phase I-III Clinical Trials Across Regions. Future Microbiology, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2020, pp. 85-106, https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2019-0237.[71] Ebola Vaccines, NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Logo, 2020, https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/ebola-vaccines/, (accessed on: January 9th, 2020).[72] F. Krammer, SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Development, Nature, Vol. 586, No. 7830, 2020, pp. 516-527, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2798-3.[73] Y. Zhang, G. Zeng, H. Pan, C. Li, Y. Hu, K. Chu et al., Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Healthy Adults Aged 18-59 Years: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2021, pp. 181-192, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30843-4.[74] Sinovac Announces Phase III Results of Its COVID-19 Vaccine, Sinovac, 2021. https://www.businessswwire.com/news/home/20210205005496/en/Sinovac-Announces-Phase-III-Results-of-Its-COVID-19-Vaccine/, 2021, (accessed on: February 5th,2021).[75] Sinovac Receives Conditional Marketing Authorization in China for its COVID-19 Vaccine. Sinovac, https://www.businessswwire.com/news/ home/20210208005305/en/Sinovac-Receives-Conditional-Marketing-Authorization-in-China-for-its-COVID-19-Vaccin/, 2021, (accessed on: February 8th, 2021).[76] L. M. Rossen, A. M. Branum, F. B. Ahmad, P. Sutton, R. N. Anderson, Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19, by Age and Race and Ethnicity-United States, January 26-October 3, 2020, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 69, No. 42, 2020, pp. 1522-1527.[77] China Grants Conditional Market Approval for Sinopharm CNBG’s COVID-19 Vaccine. Sinopharm, http://www.sinopharm.com/en/s/1395-4173-38862.html/, 2021, (accessed on: January 2nd, 2021).[78] V. A. Fulginiti, J. J. Eller, A. W. Downie, C. H. Kempe, Altered Reactivity to Measles Virus: Atypical Measles in Children Previously Immunized with Inactivated Measles Virus Vaccines, Jama, Vol. 202, No. 12, 1967, pp. 1075-1080, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1967.03130250057008.[79] H. W. Kim, J. G. Canchola, C. D. Brandt, G. Pyles, R. M. Chanock, K. Jensen et al., Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in Infants Despite Prior Administration of Antigenic Inactivated Vaccine. American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 89, No. 4, 1969, pp. 422-434, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120955.[80] Novavax Confirms High Levels of Efficacy Against Original and Variant COVID-19 Strains in United Kingdom and South Africa Trials, Novavax 2021, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/novavax-confirms-high-levels-of-efficacy-against-original-and-variant-covid-19-strains-in-united-kingdom-and-south-africa-trials-301246019.html/, (accessed on: March 11th, 2021).[81] Our Vaccine, Covaxx, 2020, https://www.gavi.org/covax-vaccine-roll-out/, (accessed on: August 14th, 2021).[82] M. O. Mohsen, G. Augusto, M. F. Bachmann, The 3Ds in Virus‐like Particle Based‐vaccines: Design, Delivery and Dynamics, Immunological Reviews Vol. 296, No. 1, 2020, pp. 155-168, https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12863.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
景觀暨遊憩管理研究所
96
In my opinion, local residents play the most important role of a rural society, and the information about their lifestyle is very important for any kind of advance in the research of rural areas. Although some research has been done in Taiwan about the influence and the impact of rural tourism - including some acknowledgement about its effect on lifestyle, very little research has focused on “rural lifestyle” itself. Since rural tourism is rapidly increasing in popularity, up to now, there hasn’t been any thesis specifically about the influence on the rural lifestyle by the development of rural tourism. This thesis researches the influence on the rural lifestyle of Xian-Ban-Tain, Lu-Gu Township, Nantou County by its rural tourism. This thesis adopted methods of reference research and field research to interpret the phenomena of rural lifestyle on three dimensions: economical, social/cultural, and environmental. I want to research how the effect of rural tourism is reflected in rural lifestyle, and how the lifestyle of local residents is actually being changed by it. The conclusions of this study are the interpretation of these issues: 1) How the increase in development of rural tourism has enhanced rural lifestyle. 2) The acculturation effects of rural tourism on rural lifestyle. 3) The multiple aspects of both direct and indirect influences on the rural lifestyle by the development of rural tourism.