Academic literature on the topic 'Xin li fang mian'

Lithium metal is considered as one of the most promising anode candidates for high-energy batteries [1-3]. However, safety concerns induced by the formation of Li dendrites largely hinder the practical application of lithium-metal batteries [4]. It is anticipated that the use of non-flammable inorganic solid-state electrolytes can resolve these safety issues [5], but solid ceramic electrolytes generally suffer from poor physical contact with the electrode and poor electro-/chemical stability at the electrolyte|electrode interface [6]. Herein, we report on a thin and flexible hybrid electrolyte composed of NASICON-type Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP), a polymer binder, and a small amount of an ionic liquid-based electrolyte. To reinforce the interfacial stability between LATP and Li, we coat an ultrathin polysiloxane-based single-ion conducting polymer (PSiO) on the Li metal surface via a simple dip-coating method. The implementation of PSiO-coated Li (PSiO@Li) in symmetric PSiO@Li||PSiO@Li cells enables a substantial extension of the cycle life, yielding >2,000 h of stable lithium stripping-plating. The full-cells comprising PSiO@Li as the negative electrode, LiNi0.88Co0.09Mn0.03O2 (NCM88) as the positive electrode active material, and the aforementioned hybrid electrolyte exhibit substantially enhanced rate capability at high dis-/charge rates above 0.5C and greatly prolonged cycle life at 1C. The superior performance achieved herein is mainly attributed to: (1) the prevented direct contact between LATP and Li, thus avoiding the reduction of LATP and the formation of mixed ion-electron conducting interphases; (2) the regulated Li+ flux at the electrode|electrolyte interface, ensuring homogeneous Li+ stripping-plating; and (3) the promoted intimate contact between PSiO and Li via the formation of Si−O−Li bonds. References [1] T. Li, X.-Q. Zhang, P. Shi, Q. Zhang, Joule, 3 (2019) 2647-2661. [2] B. Horstmann, J. Shi, R. Amine, M. Werres, X. He, H. Jia, F. Hausen, I. Cekic-Laskovic, S. Wiemers-Meyer, J. Lopez, D. Galvez-Aranda, F. Baakes, D. Bresser, C.-C. Su, Y. Xu, W. Xu, P. Jakes, R.-A. Eichel, E. Figgemeier, U. Krewer, J.M. Seminario, P.B. Balbuena, C. Wang, S. Passerini, Y. Shao-Horn, M. Winter, K. Amine, R. Kostecki, A. Latz, Energy Environ. Sci., 14 (2021) 5289-5314. [3] S. Wang, P. Xiong, J. Zhang, G. Wang, Energy Storage Materials, 29 (2020) 310-331. [4] Z. Yu, Y. Cui, Z. Bao, Cell Rep. Phy. Sci., 1 (2020) 100119. [5] S. Xin, Y. You, S. Wang, H.-C. Gao, Y.-X. Yin, Y.-G. Guo, ACS Energy Lett., 2 (2017) 1385-1394. [6] A. Banerjee, X. Wang, C. Fang, E.A. Wu, Y.S. Meng, Chem. Rev., 120 (2020) 6878-6933.

Many types of tumors are organized in a hierarchy of heterogeneous cell populations, with only a small proportion of cancer stem cells (CSCs) capable of sustaining tumor formation and growth, giving rise to differentiated cells, which form the bulk of the tumor. Proof of the existence of CSC comes from clinical experience with germ-cell cancers, where the elimination of a subset of undifferentiated cells can cure patients (Horwich et al., 2006), and from the study of leukemic cells (Bonnet and Dick, 1997; Lapidot et al., 1994; and Yilmaz et al., 2006). The discovery of CSC in leukemias as well as in many solid malignancies, including breast carcinoma (Al-Hajj et al. 2003; Fang et al., 2005; Hemmati et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2005; Lawson et al., 2007; Li et al., 2007; Ricci-Vitiani et al., 2007; Singh et al., 2003; and Xin et al., 2005), has suggested a unifying CSC theory of cancer development. The reported general insensitivity of CSC to chemotherapy and radiation treatment (Bao et al., 2006) has suggested that current anticancer drugs, which inhibit bulk replicating cancer cells, may not effectively inhibit CSC. The clinical relevance of targeting CSC-associated genes is supported by several recent studies, including CD44 targeting for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (Jin et al., 2006), CD24 targeting for treatment of colon and pancreatic cancer (Sagiv et al., 2008), and CD133 targeting for hepatocellular and gastric cancer (Smith et al., 2008). One promising approach is to target CSC survival signaling pathways, where leukemia stem cell research has already made some progress (Mikkola et al., 2010).

Lipset (1960) denotes legitimacy as “the capacity of the system to engender and maintain the belief that the existing political institutions are the most appropriate ones for the society.” All political powers, including Chinese dynasties in history, needed legitimacy to ensure their governance. In general, Western thinkers who discuss political legitimacy could be identified into two groups (Habermas, 1979). The “empiricists”, likes Max Weber, studies legitimacy in an empirical method, focusing on the types, constitutions, functions, and evolutions of legitimacy. The second group consists of “normativists”, such as Plato and John Rawls, who tend to base legitimacy on various normative values such as justice or democracy. Pre-modern Chinese views on political legitimacy have the similar approaches like west. The first one pays attention to different empirical factors of legitimacy. For instance, the pre-Qin philosopher Zou Yan (305-240 BCE), and Western Han thinker Liu Xin (50 BCE-23 CE) view a dynasty’s legitimate by its adoption of rightful dynastic phase (Wang 2006). The Song Dynasty (960–1279) historian Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072) argues that the just position and the unification of China make a legitimate dynasty (Rao 1996). The second approach bases legitimacy on normative values. For example, Confucius (551-479 BCE) indicates that the rightfulness of a ruler relies on his properly practicing both “benevolence” (ren ), and “rites” (li ). Many present scholars give us their studies on the legitimacy in Chinese history. For instance, Rao Zong (1996) provides the general overviews of legitimacy in the Chinese tradition, with an extensive collection of relevant primary sources. Hou Deren (2009) introduces most relevant present-day Chinese studies on that issue. For English readers, general studies of traditional Chinese views on legitimacy can be found in the writings of Hok-lam Chan (1984) and Richard Davis (1983). Nevertheless, it is notable that the question of legitimacy became pressing from the 13th century onwards in China, when China was ruled by non-Chinese ruling houses, such as the Yuan Dynasty 元 (1272-1368) and Qing Dynasty (1889-1912). Scholars during that period showed a great interest in discussing the question of what makes a legitimate ruler of China. In general, these scholars approached that question in two ways; they introduced the prevailing Neo-Confucianism to define the virtuous rule as the principal value of legitimacy (Bol, 2009), or they defined a Chinese ruled dynasty as legitimate. To reveal these scholars’ distinct views on legitimacy, this paper investigates two of them, the Yuan literatus Yang Weizhen (1296-1370) and the Ming (1368-1644) scholar-official Fang Xiaoru (1357-1402). For English readers, only Richard Davis (1983) gives a brief introduction on Yang Weizhen’s views on legitimacy. Few studies focus on Fang Xiaoru’s relevant views. Following the text analysis way, this article proves that Yang Weizhen and Fang Xiaoru acted as two representatives of scholars in the late imperial China. Both of them adopted Neo-Confucianism to discuss legitimacy, viewing the discussion of legitimacy as a moral evaluation of the dynasty and monarch. They also shared the idea that Chinese ruled dynasty should be viewed as legitimate.

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high incidence and mortality. In CRC, the lung is the most common extra-abdominal site of metastasis. Understanding the genetic characteristics and clonal evolution of primary tumor and lung metastases (LM) will help oncologists better outline treatments. To date, few studies for CRC with LM exist. As such, revealing the genetic characteristics and clonal evolution of resectable CRC with LM was the goal of this study. Methods From January 2012 to July 2019, clinical data and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples were collected from 33 Chinese CRC patients. Nineteen (19) primary tumors and 10 matched LM samples were examined using a 450 cancer gene next-generation sequencing assay. Genomic alterations, including single base substitutions, indels, copy number variations (CNVs), and gene fusion and rearrangement, were assessed. A phylogenetic reconstruction of sequencing data using LICHeE was also performed for each patient. Results Median patient age was 60 years old (48-67 years), with most having right lung metastasis. A significant difference existed between single (21/33, 63.6%) and multiple LM (12/33, 36.4%) (P < 0.01). Median disease-free survival was 20 months (95% CI, 0-84), from primary CRC to LM. The most frequently mutated genes were TP53 (90%), APC (90%), KRAS (53%), MUC16 (26%), ARID1A (21%). A comparison of mutational profiles for primary and matched LM samples revealed that 65.70% of alterations were consistent and that the most frequently mutated genes, including APC, TP53, and KRAS, of the primary tumor were completely consistent with LM. However, some differences between metastatic and primary samples were determined. More CNVs were found in primary samples (11.4% vs. 4.6%), indicating that CNVs are early molecular events for tumorigenesis and disease progression. SMAD4 was only present in two primary samples, while LRP1B was only present in two LM samples. Clonal evolution for eight patients indicated that phylogenetic structure was similar across patients. All patients had at least seven mutations on trunks. In trunks, TP53 (87.5%), APC (87.5%), KRAS (50%), and LRP2 (37.5%) were frequently identified. A new actionable gene (BRCA2) emerged in LM sample was identified in one patient. The mean value of TMB for the primary was almost the same as that for the LM site (5.3 vs. 5 muts/Mb, P > 0.05). Conclusions Our data indicated that the genetic characteristics and clonal evolution of LM are highly consistent with those of the primary tumor, suggesting that suitable treatments can be selected based on the genetic characteristics of primary tumor in CRC patients with LM that cannot be surgically treated. Citation Format: Yong Cheng, Ming-Jian Ge, Peng Dong, Yan-Yu Qiu, Xin-Peng Shu, Jin-Dou Li, Jun-Wei Wang, Xiao-Fang Qi. Genetic characteristics & clonal evolution of Chinese resectable colorectal cancer patients with lung metastases [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5133.

IntroductionXin-Li-Fang (XLF), a representative Chinese patent medicine, was derived from years of clinical experience by academician Chen Keji, and is widely used to treat chronic heart failure (CHF). However, there remains a lack of high-quality evidence to support clinical decision-making. Therefore, we designed a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of XLF for CHF.Methods and designThis multicenter, double-blinded RCT will be conducted in China. 300 eligible participants will be randomly assigned to either an XLF group or a control group at a 1:1 ratio. Participants in the XLF group will receive XLF granules plus routine care, while those in the control group will receive placebo granules plus routine care. The study period is 26 weeks, including a 2-week run-in period, a 12-week treatment period, and a 12-week follow-up. The primary outcome is the proportion of patients whose serum NT-proBNP decreased by more than 30%. The secondary outcomes include quality of life, the NYHA classification evaluation, 6-min walking test, TCM symptom evaluations, echocardiography parameters, and clinical events (including hospitalization for worsening heart failure, all-cause death, and other major cardiovascular events).DiscussionThe results of the study are expected to provide evidence of high methodological and reporting quality on the efficacy and safety of XLF for CHF.Clinical trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registration Center (www.chictr.org.cn). The trial was registered on 13 April 2022 (ChiCTR2200058649).