Relevant bibliographies by topics / XLT4

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Academic literature on the topic 'XLT4'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "XLT4"

1

MILLER, R. G., C. R. TATE, and E. T. MALLINSON. "Improved XLT4 Agar: Small Addition of Peptone to Promote Stronger Production of Hydrogen-Sulfide by Salmonellae." Journal of Food Protection 58, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.1.115.

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Xylose lysine tergitol4 agar (XLT4) is a highly selective plating medium used for isolating salmonellae. Studies have shown that XLT4 increases the recovery of salmonellae found in food, environmental and clinical samples. Further testing demonstrated that the addition of low concentrations of proteose peptone No. 3 (pp3) to XLT4 produced blacker Salmonella colonies in shorter incubation times (increased hydrogen sulfide production), while still maintaining strong inhibition of competing bacteria. The increased black colony formation facilitates prompt recognition of the weaker hydrogen sulfide-producing Salmonella strains. Test concentrations of pp3 at 0.5, 1.2 and 1.8 g/L were added to XLT4 and compared with plain XLT4 using pure bacterial cultures. In addition, these four plating media, plus xylose lysine desoxycholate agar (XLD) were evaluated using nonspiked chicken liver and pork sausage samples. The concentration of 1.2 g/L of pp3 in XLT4 gave the best overall results. In virtually all cases, the Salmonella colonies were larger and more black than on plain XLT4 without pp3. The improved XLT4 is recommended for more reliable detection of salmonellae from food, environmental and clinical samples.
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MILLER, R. G., C. R. TATE, and E. T. MALLINSON. "Improved XLT4 Agar: Small Addition of Peptone to Promote Stronger Production of Hydrogen-Sulfide by Salmonellae." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 854–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.10.854.

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Xylose lysine tergitol4 agar (XLT4) is a highly selective plating medium used for isolating salmonellae. Studies have shown that XLT4 increases the recovery of salmonellae found in food, environmental and clinical samples. Further testing demonstrated that the addition of low concentrations of proteose peptone No. 3 (pp3) to XLT4 produced blacker Salmonella colonies in shorter incubation times (increased hydrogen sulfide production), while still maintaining strong inhibition of competing bacteria. The increased black colony formation facilitates prompt recognition of the weaker hydrogen sulfide-producing Salmonella strains. Test concentrations of pp3 at 0.5, 1.2 and 1.8 g/L were added to XLT4 and compared with plain XLT4 using pure bacterial cultures. In addition, these four plating media, plus xylose lysine desoxycholate agar (XLD) were evaluated using nonspiked chicken liver and pork sausage samples. The concentration of 1.2 g/L of pp3 in XLT4 gave the best overall results. In virtually all cases, the Salmonella colonies were larger and more black than on plain XLT4 without pp3. The improved XLT4 is recommended for more reliable detection of salmonellae from food, environmental and clinical samples.
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CHAMPAGNE, MARIE-JOSÉE, ANDRÉ RAVEL, and DANIELLE DAIGNAULT. "A Comparison of Sample Weight and Culture Methods for the Detection of Salmonella in Pig Feces." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 1073–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.5.1073.

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Five protocols were compared to determine the combined effects of different sample weights and culture methods for the recovery of Salmonella from 310 pig cecal samples taken in abattoirs as part of the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance. Sample weights evaluated were 1 and 10 g. Culture methods used with each sample weight were modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis agar (MSRV) and brilliant green agar with sulfa and novobiocin (BGSN) and xylose-lysine-tergitol-4 agar (XLT4). A preliminary sample preparation step in saline was also evaluated using a 10-g sample and MSRV. The Salmonella recovery rate varied from 20% for the saline MSRV 10-g protocol to 32% for the MSRV 10-g and the BGSN-XLT4 10-g protocols. A good agreement (κ > 0.8) was observed between pairs of protocols except whenever the saline MSRV 10-g and the MSRV 1-g protocols were compared. Larger samples (10 g) yielded higher detection of Salmonella than 1-g samples for the MSRV protocol (32 versus 25%), whereas the differences were not statistically significant for the BGSN-XLT4 protocols. Protocols using the BGSN-XLT4 agar yielded higher detection rates of Salmonella compared with MSRV with 1-g samples (30 versus 25%), whereas it was equivalent with 10-g samples. Considering a greater recovery rate, the ease of use, and a better time and resource efficiency, the MSRV 10-g protocol was therefore adopted by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance.
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CARLI, K. TAYFUN, AYSEGUL EYIGOR, and VILDAN CANER. "Prevalence of Salmonella Serovars in Chickens in Turkey." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 1832–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.11.1832.

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In this study, 151 (18.6%) of 814 ceca obtained during in-line processing of 28 broiler (Hybro G, Avian, Arbor acres, and Cobb breeds) and 5 layer (Ross, Tetra SL, Isa Brown, and Brown Nick breeds) flocks in Turkey were found to be contaminated with four different Salmonella serovars. Only Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) was recovered from layer birds, whereas Salmonella Enteritidis (81.5%), Salmonella Agona (7.6%), Salmonella Thompson (10.1%), and Salmonella Sarajane (0.8%) were isolated from broiler birds. Isolations of Salmonella Agona and Salmonella Thompson from poultry are reported for the first time in Turkey. The isolation of Salmonella Sarajane from chickens is the first report in the world. The standard method of National Poultry Improvement Plan, U.S. Department of Agriculture, was used to detect Salmonella from chicken cecal samples. Primary and delayed secondary enrichments (PE and DSE) were done in tetrathionate-Hajna broth (TTHB). Two different agar media, xylose lysine tergitol 4 (XLT4) and brilliant green with novobiocin (BGN) were used to observe, and compared for their isolation and selective differentiation of, Salmonella-suspected colonies. Isolated salmonellae were then biotyped and serotyped. Ninety-one and 151 salmonellae were isolated with XLT4 agar after PE and DSE, respectively. From the same samples, BGN agar was able to detect only 50 and 131 Salmonella after PE and DSE, respectively. The isolation rate with XLT4 was 11.2% (P < 0.01) with PE, and this rate increased to 18.6% after DSE. Also, the PE isolation rate (11.2%) with XLT4 agar was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than PE with BGN agar (6.1%). Salmonella was isolated from 39.3% (11 of 28) of the broiler flocks and from 60.0% (3 of 5) of the layers. The detection sensitivity of the isolation method was determined as 1 CFU g−1 experimentally. These data demonstrate the presence of Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Thompson, Salmonella Agona, and Salmonella Sarajane in chicken flocks in Turkey.
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DiPERSIO, PATRICIA A., PATRICIA A. KENDALL, MEHMET CALICIOGLU, and JOHN N. SOFOS. "Inactivation of Salmonella during Drying and Storage of Apple Slices Treated with Acidic or Sodium Metabisulfite Solutions." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 2245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.12.2245.

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This study was undertaken to determine whether pretreating inoculated Gala apple slices with metabisulfite or acidic solutions enhanced the inactivation of Salmonella during dehydration and storage. Apple slices inoculated with a five-strain mixture of Salmonella (7.6 log CFU/g) were pretreated, dried for 6 h at 60°C, and stored aerobically at 25°C for 28 days. Predrying treatments included (i) no treatment, (ii) 10 min of immersion in sterile water, (iii) 10 min of immersion in a 4.18% sodium metabisulfite solution, (iv) 10 min of immersion in a 3.40% ascorbic acid solution, and (v) 10 min of immersion in a 0.21% citric acid solution. Samples were plated on tryptic soy agar with 0.1% pyruvate (TSAP), brilliant green sulfa (BGS) agar, and xylose lysine tergitol 4 (XLT4) agar for the enumeration of bacteria. Populations were not significantly (P > 0.05) reduced by immersion in water but were reduced by 0.7 to 1.1 log CFU/g by immersion in acidic solutions. Immersion in the sodium metabisulfite solution reduced populations by 0.4, 1.3, and 5.4 log CFU/g on TSAP, BGS agar, and XLT4 agar, respectively. After 6 h of dehydration at 60°C, populations on untreated and water-treated slices were reduced by 2.7 to 2.8, 2.7 to 2.9, and 4.0 to 4.2 log CFU/g as determined with TSAP, BGS agar, and XLT4 agar, respectively. In contrast, populations on slices treated with sodium metabisulfite, ascorbic acid, and citric acid were reduced after 6 h of dehydration by 4.3, 5.2, and 3.8 log CFU/g, respectively, as determined with TSAP; by 4.7, 5.5, and 3.9 log CFU/g, respectively, as determined with BGS agar; and by 5.5, 5.7, and 5.6 log CFU/g, respectively, as determined with XLT4 agar. Bacteria were still detectable by direct plating after 28 days except on slices treated with ascorbic acid. Immersion in metabisulfite or acidic solutions prior to dehydration should enhance the inactivation of Salmonella during the dehydration and storage of Gala apple slices.
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Borsoi, Anderlise, Hamilton Luis de Souza Moraes, Carlos Tadeu Pippi Salle, and Vladimir Pinheiro do Nascimento. "Número mais provável de Salmonella isoladas de carcaças de frango resfriadas." Ciência Rural 40, no. 11 (November 2010): 2338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782010001100014.

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A Salmonella permanece um importante problema na avicultura e, considerando os patógenos transmitidos por alimentos, aparece como um dos agentes principais em surtos de toxinfecções alimentares. Para auxiliar na avaliação de riscos em adquirir infecção alimentar via carne de frangos que sofreram cocção inadequada, ou através de contaminação cruzada a partir desses animais, torna-se importante determinar a extensão de contaminação por patógenos em carne crua. No presente trabalho, foram analisadas 180 carcaças de frangos resfriadas, adquiridas em varejos, para pesquisa de Salmonella com determinação do número de células da bactéria. Foi utilizado o método do número mais provável (NMP) nos ágares para isolamento verde brilhante com novobiocina (BGN) e xilose-lisina tergitol 4 (XLT4). Os resultados mostraram 12,2% de ocorrência de Salmonella nas carcaças de frangos resfriadas e a média de NMP de Salmonella por mL, na leitura pelo ágar XLT4 foi de 2,7 células e no ágar BGN foi de 1,3 células. Os sorovares de Salmonella isolados das carcaças de frangos no estudo foram S. Enteritidis, S. Agona, S.Rissen, S. Heidelberg e S. Livingstone. A análise dos resultados demonstrou existir um número variável de células de Salmonella contaminando as carcaças de frango resfriadas que estão à venda ao consumidor.
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KORNACKI, JEFFREY L., JOSHUA B. GURTLER, ZHINONG YAN, and CHAD M. COOPER. "Evaluation of Several Modifications of an Ecometric Technique for Assessment of Media Performance." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.9.1727.

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Recovery of Listeria monocytogenes 101M, Jonesia denitrificans, salmonellae, and Pediococcus sp. NRRL B-2354 across nine media was evaluated with three modified versions of an ecometric method. Two approaches involved the use of broth cultures (108 to 109 CFU/ml) of individual strains and either large (10-μl) or small (1-μl) presterilized plastic loops. The third approach involved precultured slants and the inoculation of media with presterilized plastic inoculating needles (104 CFU per needle). Absolute growth indices (AGIs) were compared. No significant differences (P < 0.05) between methods were found when tryptic soy agar supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract (TSAYE) was used for the recovery of L. monocytogenes, J. denitrificans, Pediococcus sp. NRRL B-2354, and Salmonella spp. However, the small loop–broth technique recovered significantly fewer Salmonella enterica Typhimurium DT104 and Salmonella Senftenberg 775W cells than the other two techniques did. The performance of each individual bacterial strain on each of nine media was assayed. The recovery of L. monocytogenes was excellent (AGI > 4.8) with TSAYE, PALCAM, modified Oxford medium (MOX), and Baird-Parker agar and slight with modified PRAB (AGI = 0.4) and deMan Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) agar (<0.1), and the organism was not recovered with the remaining media (modified lysine iron agar [MLIA], xylose lysine desoxycholate [XLD] agar, and xylose lysine tergitol 4 [XLT4] agar). The recovery of J. denitrificans with TSAYE and MOX was excellent, significantly better than that achieved with PALCAM (AGI = 3.0), but the organism was not recovered with Baird-Parker agar or with the other media tested. The recovery of Pediococcus sp. NRRL B-2354 was excellent with TSAYE and modified PRAB medium > Baird-Parker agar > acidified MRS agar, but the organism was not recovered with any of the other media tested. The best recovery of S. enterica Typhimurium DT104 was achieved with TSAYE > MLIA ≥ XLD agar ≥ XLT4 agar > Baird-Parker > PALCAM, MOX, acidified MRS agar, modified PRAB, and MRS agar. The best recovery of Salmonella Senftenberg 775W was achieved with TSAYE, MLIA, and XLD agar > XLT4 agar, but the organism was not recovered with the other media evaluated.
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Bautista, D. A., S. Elankumaran, J. A. Arking, and R. A. Heckert. "Evaluation of an Immunochromatography Strip Assay for the Detection of Salmonella Sp. from Poultry." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 14, no. 5 (September 2002): 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870201400514.

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The present study was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of an immunochromatography-based diagnostic kit for Salmonella. The analytical sensitivity of the test when using pure colonies of different Salmonella species was in the range of 1 × 104 to 1 × 105 colony-forming units per milliliter. The strip detected 19 of 22 strains of Salmonella spp. but failed to detect S. worthington, S. choleraesuis var kunzendorf, and S. johannesburg. The strip did not detect 27 different enteric bacteria, including Escherichia coli O157:H7, Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella sonnei, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In direct testing of feces ( n = 66) from chickens infected with Salmonella typhimurium, the strip had a sensitivity of 12.3% and a specificity of 100%. Evaluation of the strip assay ( n = 510) after sample pre-enrichment in 2% buffered peptone water (BPW) yielded a sensitivity of 93.8% and specificity of 89% when compared to isolation and identification with xylose-lysine-tergitol 4 (XLT4) selective plating media. Subsequent enrichment in Hajna tetrathionate (TT) broth yielded a higher sensitivity (94.7%) and specificity (96.8%). The agreement (kappa) between the strip test and isolation was 0.004 in direct fecal testing, 0.82 in BPW, and 0.89 in TT broth. The assay could detect Salmonella sp. as early as 18–48 hours during pre-enrichment and enrichment compared to isolation on XLT4, which required an overnight incubation step for the presumptive isolation and identification of Salmonella.
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MITAL, SUBODH K. "Quantifying Uncertainties in the Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Particulate Reinforced Composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 19, no. 8 (January 1, 2000): 657–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/u001-xlt4-1d60-77mq.

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ZHANG, LEI, ZHINONG YAN, and ELLIOT T. RYSER. "Comparison of the Reveal Test, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Culture Method, and Selective Media for Recovery of Salmonella Enteritidis from Commercial Egg Layer Flock Environments." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 2766–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.11.2766.

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Salmonella is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses in the United States, and Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is the second most frequently isolated Salmonella serovar. Egg products are most often associated with outbreaks of SE infection. To prevent SE contamination of eggs, many producers are implementing flock inspections for SE at their facilities. A rapid and simple method for detecting SE in poultry environmental samples is critical for effective control of SE. In this study, the Reveal test for SE was compared with the conventional U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) culture method for detecting SE in naturally contaminated environmental samples. The efficacy of two enrichment media, tetrathionate broth (TT) and Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium (RV), and three selective plating media, brilliant green agar with novobiocin (BGN), xylose lysine tergitol 4 agar (XLT4), and bismuth sulfite agar (BS), also were compared for SE isolation. One hundred twenty-eight environmental drag swab samples were collected from two previously identified SE-positive chicken flocks in two U.S. states and analyzed in parallel using the Reveal test and the FDA culture method. Twenty-five samples (19.5%) yielded SE when the Reveal test was used, and 23 samples (18.0%) were positive for SE by the FDA culture method. No significant difference in efficacy (P = 0.527) was found between the two methods. The Reveal test had a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 83, 94, and 92%, respectively. Overall, a significantly greater number of positive samples was obtained after enrichment in RV compared with TT. XLT4 and BGN were more efficient than BS for isolating SE. However, no single method or medium successfully recovered SE from all SE-positive environmental samples.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "XLT4"

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Lee, Melinda J. "Prevalence of Salmonella sp. in domestic cats in an animal shelter and the comparison of culture and polymerase chain reaction techniques as diagnostic tools." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1140.

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Previous studies on the prevalence of Salmonella in cats have used a variety of culture methods producing a variety of results, but none have been compared to PCR. Using a double enrichment protocol developed at Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory the prevalence of Salmonella in shelter cat feces was determined in this current study. The culture protocol used included Xylose Lysine Tergitol 4 (XLT4) and MacConkey (MAC) agars with a primary enrichment in Tetrathionate broth (TTH) with iodine and a secondary enrichment in Rappoport-Vassilaidis R10 broth (RV). This study further modified an equine PCR technique and demonstrated its successful use in cats. When comparing the results of the two protocols, PCR and culture, it was found that the procedures are equally adequate at detecting the presence of Salmonella in cat feces. This study further confirmed that Salmonella is a potential hazard for families who adopt shelter cats.
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Shy, Jiann-Ming, and 施建明. "Theory of XLT algorithm and its analysis." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/p9x5jw.

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Books on the topic "XLT4"

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1951-, Haiven Judith, ed. Industrial relations: Where tradition meets the future : selected papers from the XLth Annual CIRA Conference. Québec: ACRI/CIRA, Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "XLT4"

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"Xylose lysine tergitol 4 (XLT4) agar." In Handbook of Culture Media for Food Microbiology, 635–37. Elsevier, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6352(03)80106-6.

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"Xlth century-the." In History & Literature Of Christ, 399–400. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203040720-53.

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"(N) BIt 1t-2. Xl04." In Tubular Structures V, 223. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482271355-119.

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"DÊR EL BAHRI: Temple of the Xlth Dynasty." In Egyptian Temple, 169–71. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203037812-28.

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"p have the citnoi~ic;xlt lefinitioiis." In Probability and Statistical Models with Applications, 86–89. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420036084-20.

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"Paper 3.16: N. Bloembergen, "Electric shifts in magnetic resonance," Proceedings of the Xlth Colloque Ampère, edited by J. Smidt, North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1963, pp. 39–57." In World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics, 507–26. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812795809_0031.

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Conference papers on the topic "XLT4"

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Gruber, Michael, and Wolfgang Walcher. "Expandable light tablet tool (XLTT): an expandable digital light tablet tool." In Spatial Information from Digital Photogrammetry and Computer Vision: ISPRS Commission III Symposium, edited by Heinrich Ebner, Christian Heipke, and Konrad Eder. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.182817.

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Muehlfeld, Christian M., and Sudhakar M. Pandit. "Speed and Throttle Position Forecasting on a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42262.

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Included in this paper is the forecasting of the speed and throttle position on a thru-the-road parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). This thru-the-road parallel hybrid design is implemented in a 2002 model year Ford Explorer XLT, which is also the Michigan Tech Future Truck. Data Dependent Systems (DDS) forecasting is used in a feedforward control algorithm to improve the fuel economy and to improve the drivability. It provides a one step ahead forecast, thereby allowing the control algorithm to always be a step ahead, utilizing the engine and electric motor in their most efficient ranges. This control algorithm is simulated in PSAT, a hybrid vehicle simulation package, which can estimate the fuel economy and certain performance characteristics of the vehicle. In this paper a fuel economy savings of 2.2% is shown through simulation. Charge sustainability was achieved along with drivability being improved as indicated by the reduction in number of deviations from the speed profile in the driving cycle.
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Reports on the topic "XLT4"

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Tremaine, Aaron. XL4 Klystron (Top level drawing AD-700-924-00). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1165899.

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