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Saadawi, Gilan M., and James H. Harrison. "Definition of an XML Markup Language for Clinical Laboratory Procedures and Comparison with Generic XML Markup." Clinical Chemistry 52, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 1943–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2006.071449.
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Abstract Background: Clinical laboratory procedure manuals are typically maintained as word processor files and are inefficient to store and search, require substantial effort for review and updating, and integrate poorly with other laboratory information. Electronic document management systems could improve procedure management and utility. As a first step toward building such systems, we have developed a prototype electronic format for laboratory procedures using Extensible Markup Language (XML). Methods: Representative laboratory procedures were analyzed to identify document structure and data elements. This information was used to create a markup vocabulary, CLP-ML, expressed as an XML Document Type Definition (DTD). To determine whether this markup provided advantages over generic markup, we compared procedures structured with CLP-ML or with the vocabulary of the Health Level Seven, Inc. (HL7) Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) narrative block. Results: CLP-ML includes 124 XML tags and supports a variety of procedure types across different laboratory sections. When compared with a general-purpose markup vocabulary (CDA narrative block), CLP-ML documents were easier to edit and read, less complex structurally, and simpler to traverse for searching and retrieval. Conclusion: In combination with appropriate software, CLP-ML is designed to support electronic authoring, reviewing, distributing, and searching of clinical laboratory procedures from a central repository, decreasing procedure maintenance effort and increasing the utility of procedure information. A standard electronic procedure format could also allow laboratories and vendors to share procedures and procedure layouts, minimizing duplicative word processor editing. Our results suggest that laboratory-specific markup such as CLP-ML will provide greater benefit for such systems than generic markup.
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Fong, Joseph, and Herbert Shiu. "An Interpreter Approach for Exporting Relational Data into XML Documents with Structured Export Markup Language." Journal of Database Management 23, no. 1 (January 2012): 49–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2012010103.
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Almost all enterprises use relational databases to handle real time business operations and most need to generate various XML documents for data exchanges internally among various departments and externally with business partners. Exporting data in a relational database to an XML document can be considered a data conversion process. Based on the four approaches for data conversion: Customized program, Interpretive transformer, Translator generator, and Logical level translation, this paper proposes a new interpretive approach using Structured Export Markup Language (SEML) interpreter for converting relational data into XML documents. The frameworks and languages proposed by other researchers are neither generic nor able to generate arbitrary XML documents. Therefore, SEML interpreter is a simple, user friendly, and complete solution with a new mark-up language ? SEML ? for data conversion. The solution can be used as a generic tool for extracting, transforming, and loading (ETL) purposes. In other words, the SEML interpreter is a solution for relational databases similar to what X-Query is for XML databases.
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Policarpio, Sean, and Yan Zhang. "A Formal Language for XML Authorisations Based on Answer Set Programming and Temporal Interval Logic Constraints." International Journal of Secure Software Engineering 2, no. 1 (January 2011): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsse.2011010102.
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The Extensible Markup Language is susceptible to security breaches because it does not incorporate methods to protect the information it encodes. This work focuses on the development of a formal language that can provide role-based access control to information stored in XML formatted documents. This language has the capacity to reason whether access to an XML document should be allowed. The language, Axml(T), allows for the specification of authorisations on XML documents and distinguishes itself from other research with the inclusion of temporal interval reasoning and the XPath query language.
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Sperberg-McQueen, C. M. "What Constitutes Successful Format Conversion? Towards a Formalization of 'Intellectual Content'." International Journal of Digital Curation 6, no. 1 (March 8, 2011): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v6i1.179.
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Recent work in the semantics of markup languages may offer a way to achieve more reliable results for format conversion, or at least a way to state the goal more explicitly. In the work discussed, the meaning of markup in a document is taken as the set of things accepted as true because of the markup's presence, or equivalently, as the set of inferences licensed by the markup in the document. It is possible, in principle, to apply a general semantic description of a markup vocabulary to documents encoded using that vocabulary and to generate a set of inferences (typically rather large, but finite) as a result. An ideal format conversion translating a digital object from one vocabulary to another, then, can be characterized as one which neither adds nor drops any licensed inferences; it is possible to check this equivalence explicitly for a given conversion of a digital object, and possible in principle (although probably beyond current capabilities in practice) to prove that a given transformation will, if given valid and semantically correct input, always produce output that is semantically equivalent to its input. This approach is directly applicable to the XML formats frequently used for scientific and other data, but it is also easily generalized from SGML/XML-based markup languages to digital formats in general; at a high level, it is equally applicable to document markup, to database exchanges, and to ad hoc formats for high-volume scientific data.Some obvious complications and technical difficulties arising from this approach are discussed, as are some important implications. In most real-world format conversions, the source and target formats differ at least somewhat in their ontology, either in the level of detail they cover or in the way they carve reality into classes; it is thus desirable not only to define what a perfect format conversion looks like, but to quantify the loss or distortion of information resulting from the conversion.
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Vacharaskunee, Sutheetutt, and Sarun Intakosum. "A Method of Recommendation the Most Used XML Tags." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 1353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.1353.
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Processing of a large data set which is known for today as big data processing is still a problem that has not yet a well-defined solution. The data can be both structured and unstructured. For the structured part, eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is a major tool that freely allows document owners to describe and organize their data using their markup tags. One major problem, however, behind this freedom lies in the big data retrieving process. The same or similar information that are described using the different tags or different structures may not be retrieved if the query statements contains different keywords to the one used in the markup tags. The best way to solve this problem is to specify a standard set of the markup tags for each problem domain. The creation of such a standard set if done manually requires a lot of hard work and is a time consuming process. In addition, it may be hard to define terms that are acceptable by all people. This research proposes a model for a new technique, XML Tag Recommendation (XTR) that aims to solve this problem. This technique applies the idea of Case Base Reasoning (CBR) by collecting the most used tags in each domain as a case. These tags come from the collection of related words in WordNet. The WordCount that is the web site to find the frequency of words is applied to choose the most used one. The input (problem) to the XTR system is an XML document contains the tags specified by the document owners. The solution is a set of the recommended tags, which is the most used tags, for the problem domain of the document. Document owners have a freedom to change or not change the tags in their documents and can provide feedback to the XTR system.
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ALMENDROS-JIMÉNEZ, J. M., A. BECERRA-TERÓN, and F. J. ENCISO-BAÑOS. "Querying XML documents in logic programming." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 8, no. 3 (May 2008): 323–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068407003183.
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AbstractExtensible Markup Language (XML) is a simple, very flexible text format derived from SGML. Originally designed to meet the challenges of large-scale electronic publishing, XML is also playing an increasingly important role in the exchange of a wide variety of data on the Web and elsewhere. XPath language is the result of an effort to provide address parts of an XML document. In support of this primary purpose, it becomes in a query language against an XML document. In this paper we present a proposal for the implementation of the XPath language in logic programming. With this aim we will describe the representation of XML documents by means of a logic program. Rules and facts can be used for representing the document schema and the XML document itself. In particular, we will present how to index XML documents in logic programs: rules are supposed to be stored in main memory, however facts are stored in secondary memory by using two kind of indexes: one for each XML tag, and other for each group of terminal items. In addition, we will study how to query by means of the XPath language against a logic program representing an XML document. It evolves the specialization of the logic program with regard to the XPath expression. Finally, we will also explain how to combine the indexing and the top-down evaluation of the logic program.
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Malo, Roman. "Principles of reusability of XML-based enterprise documents." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 6 (2010): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058060295.
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XML (Extensible Markup Language) represents one of flexible platforms for processing enterprise documents. Its simple syntax and powerful software infrastructure for processing this type of documents is a guarantee for high interoperability of individual documents. XML is today one of technologies influencing all aspects of ICT area.In the paper questions and basic principles of reusing XML-based documents are described in the field of enterprise documents. If we use XML databases or XML data types for storing these types of documents then partial redundancy could be expected due to possible documents’ similarity. This similarity can be found especially in documents’ structure and also in documents’ content and its elimination is necessary part of data optimization.The main idea of the paper is focused to possibilities how to think about dividing complex XML documents into independent fragments that can be used as standalone documents and how to process them.Conclusions could be applied within software tools working with XML-based structured data and documents as document management systems or content management systems.
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FONG, JOSEPH, HERBERT SHIU, and JENNY WONG. "METHODOLOGY FOR DATA CONVERSION FROM XML DOCUMENTS TO RELATIONS USING EXTENSIBLE STYLESHEET LANGUAGE TRANSFORMATION." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 19, no. 02 (March 2009): 249–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194009004131.
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Extensible Markup Language (XML) has been used for data-transport and data-transformation while the business sector continues to store critical business data in relational databases. Extracting relational data and formatting it into XML documents, and then converting XML documents back to relational structures, becomes a major daily activity. It is important to have an efficient methodology to handle this conversion between XML documents and relational data. This paper aims to perform data conversion from XML documents into relational databases. It proposes a prototype and algorithms for this conversion process. The pre-process is schema translation using an XML schema definition. The proposed approach is based on the needs of an Order Information System to suggest a methodology to gain the benefits provided by XML technology and relational database management systems. The methodology is a stepwise procedure using XML schema definition and Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT) to ensure that the data constraints are not scarified after data conversion. The implementation of the data conversion is performed by decomposing the XML document of a hierarchical tree model into normalized relations interrelated with their artifact primary keys and foreign keys. The transformation process is performed by XSLT. This paper will also demonstrate the entire conversion process through a detailed case study.
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Ammari, Faisal T., and Joan Lu. "Enhanced XML Encryption Using Classification Mining Technique for e-Banking Transactions." International Journal of Information Retrieval Research 3, no. 4 (October 2013): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijirr.2013100105.
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In this paper a novel approach is presented for securing financial Extensible Markup Language (XML) transactions using classification data mining (DM) algorithms. The authors' strategy defines the complete process of classifying XML transactions by using set of classification algorithms, classified XML documents processed at later stage using element-wise encryption. Classification algorithms were used to identify the XML transaction rules and factors in order to classify the message content fetching important elements within. The authors have implemented two classification algorithms to fetch the importance level value within each XML document. Classified content is processed using element-wise encryption for selected parts with “High” or “Medium” importance level values. Element-wise encryption is performed using AES symmetric encryption algorithm with different key sizes. An implementation has been conducted using data set fetched from e-banking service in one of the leading banks in Jordan to present system functionality and efficiency. Results from the authors' implementation presented an improvement in processing time encrypting XML documents.
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Fakharaldien, Mohammed Adam Ibrahim, Jasni Mohamed Zain, Norrozila Sulaiman, and Tutut Herawan. "XRecursive." International Journal of Information Retrieval Research 1, no. 4 (October 2011): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijirr.2011100104.
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Storing XML documents in a relational database is a promising solution because relational databases are mature and scale very well. They have the advantages that in a relational database XML data and structured data can coexist making it possible to build application that involve both kinds of data with little extra effort. This paper proposes an alternative method named Xrecursive for mapping XML (eXtensible Markup Language) documents to RDB (Relational Databases). The Xrecursive method does not need a DTD (Document Text Definition) or XML schema. Further, it can be applied as a general solution for any XML data. The steps and algorithm of Xrecursive are given in details to describe how to use the storing structure to storage and query XML documents in relational database. The authors report their experimental results on a real database, showing that the performance of their Xrecursive algorithm achieves better results in terms of storage size, insertion time, mapping time, and reconstruction time as compared with that SUCXENT and XParent methods. In overall, Xrecursive performs better in term of query performances as compared to the both methods.
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Ran, Peipei, Wenjie Yang, Zhongyue Da, and Yuke Huo. "Work orders management based on XML file in printing." ITM Web of Conferences 17 (2018): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20181703009.
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The Extensible Markup Language (XML) technology is increasingly used in various field, if it’s used to express the information of work orders will improve efficiency for management and production. According to the features, we introduce the technology of management for work orders and get a XML file through the Document Object Model (DOM) technology in the paper. When we need the information to conduct production, parsing the XML file and save the information in database, this is beneficial to the preserve and modify for information.
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BRÜGGEMANN-KLEIN, ANNE, and DERICK WOOD. "THE REGULARITY OF TWO-WAY NONDETERMINISTIC TREE AUTOMATA LANGUAGES." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 13, no. 01 (February 2002): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054102000959.
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We establish that regularly extended two-way nondeterministic tree automata with unranked alphabets have the same expressive power as regularly extended nondeterministic tree automata with unranked alphabets alphabets. We obtain this results by establishing regularly extended versions of a congruence on trees and of a congruence on, so called, views. Our motivation for the study of these tree models is the Extensible Markup Language (XML), a metalanguage for defining document grammars. Such grammars have regular sets of right-hand sides for their productions and tree automata provide an alternative and useful modeling tool for them. In particular, we believe that they provide a useful computational model for what we call caterpillar expressions.
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Cai, Li Min. "Application of XML in the Remote Temperature Monitoring System." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 6509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.6509.
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This paper Introduces XML (Extensible Markup Language), describes the Remote Temperature Monitoring System program. Samsung S3C2440 Microprocessor as the core of this system, Embedded Linux System and web server are transplanted, accomplish the on-site collection of temperature by the digital temperature sensor DS18B20, acquired data is saved in XML document, on-site real-time temperature can be displayed on a browser by a remote end. The results of actual runs show the effectiveness.
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Ma, Zongmin, Chengwei Li, and Li Yan. "Reengineering Probabilistic Relational Databases with Fuzzy Probability Measures into XML Model." Journal of Database Management 28, no. 3 (July 2017): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2017070102.
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This paper concentrates on modeling probabilistic events with fuzzy probability measures in relational databases and XML (Extensible Markup Language). Instead of crisp probability degrees or interval probability degrees, fuzzy sets are applied to represent imprecise probability degrees in relational databases and XML. A probabilistic XML model with fuzzy probability measures is introduced, which incorporates fuzzy probability measures to handle imprecision and uncertainty. In particular, the formal approach to reengineering the relational database model with fuzzy probability measures into the DTD (document type definition) model with fuzzy probability measures is developed in the paper.
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Brown, Jeff, Rebecca Brown, Chris Velado, and Ron Vetter. "On the Design and Implementation of Interactive XML Applications." International Journal of Information Retrieval Research 1, no. 1 (January 2011): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijirr.2011010102.
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This paper describes issues and challenges in the design and implementation of interactive client-server applications where program logic is expressed in terms of an extensible markup language (XML) document. Although the technique was originally developed for creating interactive short message service (SMS) applications, it has expanded and is used for developing interactive web applications. XML-Interactive (or XML-I) defines the program states and corresponding actions. Because many interactive applications require sustained communication between the client and the underlying information service, XML-I has support for session management. This allows state information to be managed in a dynamic way. The paper describes several applications that are implemented using XML-I and discusses design issues. The software framework has been implemented in a Java environment.
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Gan, Yi, Ming Zhao, and Zhi Wei Zhang. "Research on the Describing for Products Information Evolution Based on TBS." Advanced Materials Research 279 (July 2011): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.279.388.
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Based on the analysis of the product design and its process, by using Top Basic Skeleton (TBS) model as a link, and adopting eXtensible Markup Language (XML) to the product’s top-down design and the description of the information evolution, this paper defines the transfer process and the structure of the document of the information transfer in TBS modeling process, and describes the transmission of the design information layer by layer. As a conclusion, the combination of the TBS and XML is beneficial to control the product design process, and to do variant design.
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Wolff, A., A. J. Hochlehnert, and H. B. Bludau. "Presenting XML-based Medical Discharge Letters According to CDA." Methods of Information in Medicine 42, no. 05 (2003): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634382.
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SummaryThe HL7 Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) is an important XML-based standard for the representation of clinical documents. Objectives: The use of Markup Languages could satisfy the demands of involved healthcare staff as well as the needs of patients, to receive an overview of the patient’s treatment during the hospital stay. The standardization efforts of different groups dealing with this problem have demonstrated progress, but have not, as yet, achieved a routinely usable result. In particular, differentiating information according to a hierarchical order has not been published to date. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 60 discharge letters from a cardiology ward (ward A) as well as 60 discharge letters from a gastroenterology ward (ward B) were extracted from the central hospital information system, by taking every fifth discharge letter issued over a one year period. Results: An XML-based prototype for medical discharge letters has been put in place representing the required information units and information elements. By means of an XSL-stylesheet, a detailed representation of the conventional discharge letter has been produced that is platform independent and permits the recurrent use of information units. Conclusions: Through the introduction of definitions like information elements and information units, progress in the development of CDA level two and three might be realized. We present a method by which discharge letters can be used by an Internal Medicine Department. This concept is implemented in a XML-based prototype allowing a special view on XML data to generate this document type.
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Klaib, Alhadi A. "XML Dataset and Benchmarks for Performance Testing of the CLS Labelling Scheme." Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences 20, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51984/jopas.v20i2.1243.
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Extensible Markup Language (XML) has become a significant technology for transferring data through the world of the Internet. XML labelling schemes are an essential technique used to handle XML data effectively. Labelling XML data is performed by assigning labels to all nodes in that XML document. CLS labelling scheme is a hybrid labelling scheme that was developed to address some limitations of indexing XML data. Moreover, datasets are used to test XML labelling schemes. There are many XML datasets available nowadays. Some of them are from real life datasets and others are from artificial datasets. These datasets and benchmarks are used for testing the XML labelling schemes. This paper discusses and considers these datasets and benchmarks and their specifications in order to determine the most appropriate one for testing the CLS labelling scheme. This research found out that the XMark benchmark is the most appropriate choice for the testing performance of the CLS labelling scheme.
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Piernik, Maciej, Dariusz Brzezinski, Tadeusz Morzy, and Anna Lesniewska. "XML clustering: a review of structural approaches." Knowledge Engineering Review 30, no. 3 (October 29, 2014): 297–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888914000216.
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AbstractWith its presence in data integration, chemistry, biological, and geographic systems, eXtensible Markup Language (XML) has become an important standard not only in computer science. A common problem among the mentioned applications involves structural clustering of XML documents—an issue that has been thoroughly studied and led to the creation of a myriad of approaches. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of structural XML clustering. First, we provide a basic introduction to the problem and highlight the main challenges in this research area. Subsequently, we divide the problem into three subtasks and discuss the most common document representations, structural similarity measures, and clustering algorithms. In addition, we present the most popular evaluation measures, which can be used to estimate clustering quality. Finally, we analyze and compare 23 state-of-the-art approaches and arrange them in an original taxonomy. By providing an up-to-date analysis of existing structural XML clustering algorithms, we hope to showcase methods suitable for current applications and draw lines of future research.
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Gu, Huan. "Research and Development for Makeup Object Moderl Agent Layer about XML Standard of Profession Field." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 2152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.2152.
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This document explains and demonstrates how to construct JDF data agent tools on .NET Linq platform. This Agent has the ability to create a Job, to add Nodes to an existing Job, and to modify existing Nodes. It is based on the structure of JDF standard and the definition of markup, and packages the node of each layer and its complicated parameters and data type into the object, forming a programming language model that is based on JDF markup object, and reducing the complexity of developing the printing digital process software basing-on JDFXML standard, providing a reference for developing the same distributed digital system basing-on XML driver.
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ARCAN, MIHAEL, MARCO TURCHI, SARA TONELLI, and PAUL BUITELAAR. "Leveraging bilingual terminology to improve machine translation in a CAT environment." Natural Language Engineering 23, no. 5 (May 30, 2017): 763–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324917000195.
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AbstractThis work focuses on the extraction and integration of automatically aligned bilingual terminology into a Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) system in a Computer Aided Translation scenario. We evaluate the proposed framework that, taking as input a small set of parallel documents, gathers domain-specific bilingual terms and injects them into an SMT system to enhance translation quality. Therefore, we investigate several strategies to extract and align terminology across languages and to integrate it in an SMT system. We compare two terminology injection methods that can be easily used at run-time without altering the normal activity of an SMT system: XML markup and cache-based model. We test the cache-based model on two different domains (information technology and medical) in English, Italian and German, showing significant improvements ranging from 2.23 to 6.78 BLEU points over a baseline SMT system and from 0.05 to 3.03 compared to the widely-used XML markup approach.
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Hucka, Michael, Frank T. Bergmann, Stefan Hoops, Sarah M. Keating, Sven Sahle, James C. Schaff, Lucian P. Smith, and Darren J. Wilkinson. "The Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML): Language Specification for Level 3 Version 1 Core." Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 382–549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jib-2015-266.
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Summary Computational models can help researchers to interpret data, understand biological function, and make quantitative predictions. The Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) is a file format for representing computational models in a declarative form that can be exchanged between different software systems. SBML is oriented towards describing biological processes of the sort common in research on a number of topics, including metabolic pathways, cell signaling pathways, and many others. By supporting SBML as an input/output format, different tools can all operate on an identical representation of a model, removing opportunities for translation errors and assuring a common starting point for analyses and simulations. This document provides the specification for Version 1 of SBML Level 3 Core. The specification defines the data structures prescribed by SBML as well as their encoding in XML, the eXtensible Markup Language. This specification also defines validation rules that determine the validity of an SBML document, and provides many examples of models in SBML form. Other materials and software are available from the SBML project web site, http://sbml.org/.
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Bergmann, Frank T., Jonathan Cooper, Nicolas Le Novère, David Nickerson, and Dagmar Waltemath. "Simulation Experiment Description Markup Language (SED-ML) Level 1 Version 2." Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 119–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jib-2015-262.
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Summary The number, size and complexity of computational models of biological systems are growing at an ever increasing pace. It is imperative to build on existing studies by reusing and adapting existing models and parts thereof. The description of the structure of models is not sufficient to enable the reproduction of simulation results. One also needs to describe the procedures the models are subjected to, as recommended by the Minimum Information About a Simulation Experiment (MIASE) guidelines.This document presents Level 1 Version 2 of the Simulation Experiment Description Markup Language (SED-ML), a computer-readable format for encoding simulation and analysis experiments to apply to computational models. SED-ML files are encoded in the Extensible Markup Language (XML) and can be used in conjunction with any XML-based model encoding format, such as CellML or SBML. A SED-ML file includes details of which models to use, how to modify them prior to executing a simulation, which simulation and analysis procedures to apply, which results to extract and how to present them. Level 1 Version 2 extends the format by allowing the encoding of repeated and chained procedures.
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Hucka, Michael, Frank T. Bergmann, Andreas Dräger, Stefan Hoops, Sarah M. Keating, Nicolas Le Novère, Chris J. Myers, et al. "Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) Level 2 Version 5: Structures and Facilities for Model Definitions." Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 731–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jib-2015-271.
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Summary Computational models can help researchers to interpret data, understand biological function, and make quantitative predictions. The Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) is a file format for representing computational models in a declarative form that can be exchanged between different software systems. SBML is oriented towards describing biological processes of the sort common in research on a number of topics, including metabolic pathways, cell signaling pathways, and many others. By supporting SBML as an input/output format, different tools can all operate on an identical representation of a model, removing opportunities for translation errors and assuring a common starting point for analyses and simulations. This document provides the specification for Version 5 of SBML Level 2. The specification defines the data structures prescribed by SBML as well as their encoding in XML, the eXtensible Markup Language. This specification also defines validation rules that determine the validity of an SBML document, and provides many examples of models in SBML form. Other materials and software are available from the SBML project web site, http://sbml.org/.
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Huang, Chun‐Che, and Chia‐Ming Kuo. "The transformation and search of semi‐structured knowledge in organizations." Journal of Knowledge Management 7, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13673270310492985.
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Knowledge is perceived as very important asset for organizations and knowledge management is critical for organization competitiveness. Because the nature of knowledge is always represented as complex and varied, it is difficult to extend effectiveness of knowledge re‐use in organizations. In this article, an approach based on the Zachman’s Framework to externalize organizational knowledge into semi‐structured knowledge is developed, and eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is applied to transform the knowledge into documents. In addition, latent semantic indexing (LSI), which is capable of solving problems of synonyms and antonyms, as well as improving accuracy of document searches, is incorporated to facilitate search of semi‐structured knowledge (SSK) documents based on user demands. The SSK approach shows great promise for organizations to acquire, store, disseminate, and reuse knowledge.
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Lu, Quan, Gao Liu, and Jing Chen. "Integrating PDF interface into Java application." Library Hi Tech 32, no. 3 (September 9, 2014): 495–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lht-01-2014-0009.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel approach to integrate portable document format (PDF) interface into Java-based digital library application. It bridges the gap between conducting content operation and viewing on PDF document asynchronously. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, the authors first review some related research and discuss PDF and its drawbacks. Next, the authors propose the design steps and implementation of three modes of displaying PDF document: PDF display, image display and extensible markup language (XML) display. A comparison of these three modes has been carried out. Findings – The authors find that the PDF display is able to completely present the original PDF document contents and thus obviously superior to the other two displays. In addition, the format specification of PDF-based e-book does not perform well; lack of standardization and complex structure is exposed to the publication. Practical implications – The proposed approach makes viewing the PDF documents more convenient and effective, and can be used to retrieve and visualize the PDF documents and to support the personalized function customization of PDF in the digital library applications. Originality/value – This paper proposes a novel approach to solve the problem between content operation and the view of PDF synchronously, providing users a new tool to retrieve and reuse the PDF documents. It contributes to improve the service specification and policy of viewing the PDF for digital library. Besides, the personalized interface and public index make further development and application more feasible.
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Farewell, Stephanie M. "An Introduction to XBRL through the Use of Research and Technical Assignments." Journal of Information Systems 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 161–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jis.2006.20.1.161.
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This project is designed to facilitate an understanding of eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL). The materials are structured so that each can be used independently of the other components. The materials consist of a reading, research assignments, and two technical assignments. The reading is written to provide a background on XBRL. After obtaining a basic understanding of XBRL, research and technical assignments are used to increase the student's skill-set. The research assignments look at the evolution of XBRL. The first technical assignment modifies and styles eXtensible Markup Language (XML) tagged data. In the second technical assignment an industry extension is developed to the promulgated Commercial and Industrial (C-I) taxonomy. The second technical assignment concludes with the creation of an instance document and viewing of the instance document with a style sheet. Through an understanding of XBRL, students will possess an important basic skill-set for a technology that will likely play a significant role in the future of accounting. In addition, they should have an appreciation for the purpose of XBRL, including the nature of the technology and the inherent challenges.
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Brandner, R., A. Bess, P. Schmücker, B. Bergh, and A. Hollerbach. "Electronically Signed Documents in Health Care." Methods of Information in Medicine 44, no. 04 (2005): 520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634003.
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Summary Objectives: Our objectives were to analyze and assess data formats for their suitability for conclusive and secure long-term archiving and to develop a concept for legally secure transformation of electronically signed documents that are not available in data formats appropriate for long-term archiving. Methods: On the basis of literature review and Internet searches we developed general evaluation criteria to assess data formats with regard to their suitability for conclusive and secure long-term archiving. The assessment of data formats refers to format specifications and available literature. For the analyses of the transformation of signed documents we analyzed legal requirements on the basis of laws and ordinances as well as technical requirements by means of literature reviews, Internet searches and technical specifications. Results: The following evaluation criteria are suited for this kind of assessment of data formats: transparency and standardization, stability, presentation and secuity According to our assessment the following data formats are most suitable for conclusive and secure long-term archiving: PDF for formatted and unstructured text documents, XML for markup languages, TIFF for images in general, DICOM for medical images and S/MIME for the storage of e-mail. To transform electronically signed documents we propose an elementary procedure and universal basic model in form of an XML schema definition that includes the necessary legal and technical information. Conclusions: If electronic documents are to replace paper-based documents in patient records, they have to conform to the criteria for secure long-term archiving. The analyzed data formats are to be extended by mechanisms to guarantee the long-term security of electronic signatures. To transform large quantities of documents in a legally secure way, our basic model has to be extended for automated procedures.
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Ahmadpour, Ahmad. "The Improvement of Governance Decision Making Using XBRL." International Journal of E-Business Research 7, no. 2 (April 2011): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jebr.2011040102.
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eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) has the potential to influence users’ processing of financial information and their judgments and decisions. XBRL is an eXtensible Markup Language (XML)-based language, developed specifically for financial reporting. XBRL, as a search-facilitating technology, contributes to direct searches and simultaneous presentation of related financial statement, and facilitates processing footnote information which could help financial statements’ users. XBRL is more than a distribution mechanism for data or facilitating technology. XBRL has the potential to significantly improve corporate governance. Putting that potential into practice requires an XBRL taxonomy model that is data based instead of document based. This paper hypothesizes that in the presence of search-facilitating technology, users’ judgments of financial statement reliability will be influenced by the choice of recognition versus disclosure of stock option compensation than in the absence of search-facilitating technology. When the stock option accounting varies between two firms, the search technology helps in both acquiring and integrating relevant information. The paper suggests the implementation of XBRL improves transparency of financial information and managers’ choices for reporting that information.
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Goel, Alexander K., Walter Scott Campbell, and Richard Moldwin. "Structured Data Capture for Oncology." JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, no. 5 (February 2021): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.20.00103.
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Lack of interoperability is one of the greatest challenges facing healthcare informatics. Recent interoperability efforts have focused primarily on data transmission and generally ignore data capture standardization. Structured Data Capture (SDC) is an open-source technical framework that enables the capture and exchange of standardized and structured data in interoperable data entry forms (DEFs) at the point of care. Some of SDC’s primary use cases concern complex oncology data such as anatomic pathology, biomarkers, and clinical oncology data collection and reporting. Its interoperability goals are the preservation of semantic, contextual, and structural integrity of the captured data throughout the data’s lifespan. SDC documents are written in eXtensible Markup Language (XML) and are therefore computer readable, yet technology agnostic—SDC can be implemented by any EHR vendor or registry. Any SDC-capable system can render an SDC XML file into a DEF, receive and parse an SDC transmission, and regenerate the original SDC form as a DEF or synoptic report with the response data intact. SDC is therefore able to facilitate interoperable data capture and exchange for patient care, clinical trials, cancer surveillance and public health needs, clinical research, and computable care guidelines. The usability of SDC-captured oncology data is enhanced when the SDC data elements are mapped to standard terminologies. For example, an SDC map to Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) enables aggregation of SDC data with other related data sets and permits advanced queries and groupings on the basis of SNOMED CT concept attributes and description logic. SDC supports terminology maps using separate map files or as terminology codes embedded in an SDC document.
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Jin, Meng, Yuqi Bai, Emmanuel Devys, and Liping Di. "Toward a Standardized Encoding of Remote Sensing Geo-Positioning Sensor Models." Remote Sensing 12, no. 9 (May 11, 2020): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12091530.
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Geolocation information is an important feature of remote sensing image data that is captured through a variety of passive or active observation sensors, such as push-broom electro-optical sensor, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), light detection and ranging (LIDAR) and sound navigation and ranging (SONAR). As a fundamental processing step to locate an image, geo-positioning is used to determine the ground coordinates of an object from image coordinates. A variety of sensor models have been created to describe geo-positioning process. In particular, Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) has defined the Sensor Model Language (SensorML) specification in its Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) initiative to describe sensors including the geo-positioning process. It has been realized using syntax from the extensible markup language (XML). Besides, two standards defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 19130-1 and ISO 19130-2, introduced a physical sensor model, a true replacement model, and a correspondence model for the geo-positioning process. However, a standardized encoding for geo-positioning sensor models is still missing for the remote sensing community. Thus, the interoperability of remote sensing data between application systems cannot be ensured. In this paper, a standardized encoding of remote sensing geo-positioning sensor models is introduced. It is semantically based on ISO 19130-1 and ISO 19130-2, and syntactically based on OGC SensorML. It defines a cross mapping of the sensor models defined in ISO 19130-1 and ISO 19130-2 to the SensorML, and then proposes a detailed encoding method to finalize the XML schema (an XML schema here is the structure to define an XML document), which will become a profile of OGC SensorML. It seamlessly unifies the sensor models defined in ISO 19130-1, ISO 19130-2, and OGC SensorML. By enabling a standardized description of sensor models used to produce remote sensing data, this standard is very promising in promoting data interoperability, mobility, and integration in the remote sensing domain.
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K. Mendez, Patina, Ralph W. Holzenthal, and Joshua W. H. Steiner. "The Trichoptera Literature Database: a collaborative bibliographic resource for world caddisfly research." Zoosymposia 5, no. 1 (June 10, 2011): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.5.1.25.
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In addition to a list of valid names and synonyms, as provided by the Trichoptera World Checklist, access to the primary literature itself is essential for research in Trichoptera taxonomy and systematics. To improve access to bibliographic information, we established the Trichoptera Literature Database, http://www.trichopteralit.umn.edu, a bibliographic database of over 8,500 citations of literature on Trichoptera. In addition to compiling bibliographical information, we provided access to over 450 high quality Portable Document Format files (PDFs) of historically important, rare, or out-of-print older works as well as more current literature. To provide universal web access to this bibliographical resource, we constructed a dynamic, custom-designed, web application (PHP, Symfony framework) created to import Extensible Markup Language (XML) from the EndNote data file. The database allows the user to search by author and year of publication, displays citations in a standard bibliographic format, and provides download links to available PDF literature. Existing bibliographies of Trichoptera literature and online access to Zoological Record databases were used to accumulate citations. Protocols for scanning literature, issues regarding copyright, and procedures for uploading citations and PDFs to the database are established. We hope to create a collaborative framework of contributors by seeking regional, subject, or language organizers from the community of Trichoptera workers to assist in completing and maintaining this resource with the goal of lowering barriers to efficient access to taxonomic information.
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Yu, Yijun, Jianguo Lu, John Mylopoulos, Weiwei Sun, Jing-Hao Xue, and Erik H. D'Hollander. "Making XML document markup international." Software: Practice and Experience 35, no. 1 (January 2005): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/spe.621.
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Murray-Rust, Peter. "The Globalization of Crystallographic Knowledge." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 54, no. 6 (November 1, 1998): 1065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0907444998009366.
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The rapid growth of the World Wide Web provides major new opportunities for distributed databases, especially in macromolecular science. A new generation of technology, based on structured documents (SD), is being developed which will integrate documents and data in a seamless manner. This offers experimentalists the chance to publish and archive high-quality data from any discipline. Data and documents from different disciplines can be combined and searched using technology such as eXtensible Markup Language (XML) and its associated support for hypermedia (XLL), metadata (RDF) and stylesheets (XSL). Opportunities in crystallography and related disciplines are described.
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Witt, A. "Unification of XML Documents with Concurrent Markup." Literary and Linguistic Computing 20, no. 1 (February 22, 2005): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqh046.
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Zhu, Xiaomin, Zhongxiang He, and Shengbo Shi. "On an Enhancement of XML Applied for Mobile E-Commerce." Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations 10, no. 3 (July 2012): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jeco.2012070102.
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Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a textual markup language which becomes more and more important in the Internet web service. However, some distinct disadvantages exist in XML, such as its nature of redundancy, which consumes the limited network’s bandwidth greatly especially in mobile computing. Considering the characteristics of the mobile commerce, the handsets’ memory capability and data processing time are two problems for XML being applied. This paper studies an enhancement of XML for the purpose of application in mobile e-commerce, called SXML, which means Simple XML to enhance the XML used in mobile web service. It helps XML producers minimizing the size effects of XML, e.g., the size overhead and slow implementation speed. Comprehensive simulations show that the SXML could reduce the size of XML documents and reduce the time of implementation, consequently utilize the bandwidth effectively.
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ÜSTÜNKAYA, EKİN, ADNAN YAZICI, and ROY GEORGE. "FUZZY DATA REPRESENTATION AND QUERYING IN XML DATABASE." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 15, supp01 (February 2007): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488507004455.
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Real-world information including subjective opinions and judgments need imprecise data to be modeled for representation and querying in databases. The Extensible Markup Language (XML) has become a de-facto standard for data modeling and exchange in recent years. Efforts on modeling imprecision and representing such data in XML have not been fully developed. In this paper, an XML based fuzzy data representation and querying system is presented. Complex and imprecise data are represented using a fuzzy extension of XML. The representation forms the basis for a system which enables fuzzy querying on XML documents using XQuery, a XML query language. The system also enables restructuring of XML Schemas through merging of elements of the XML documents. By using this feature of the system, application specific XML Schema and XML documents can be generated from the existing documents.
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Geerts, Guido L., and Clinton E. White. "SportsStuff.com: A Case Study on XML Technologies, e-Business Processes, and Accounting Information Systems." Journal of Information Systems 18, no. 2 (September 1, 2004): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jis.2004.18.2.61.
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XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is an emerging technology that is extensively used in enterprise application integration and e-business collaborations. This paper presents an integrated case, SportsStuff.com (SSC), that exposes students to “native” XML technologies (those technologies that are based on the XML specification) and illustrates how they can support innovative e-business applications. First, the case introduces three native XML technologies that facilitate data exchange between networked applications: XML documents, XML Schema, and XSLT. Second, the case explores the uses of these technologies in an e-business collaboration scenario.
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Qtaish, Amjad, and Mohammad T. Alshammari. "A Narrative Review of Storing and Querying XML Documents Using Relational Database." Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 18, no. 04 (December 2019): 1950048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649219500485.
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Extensible Markup Language (XML) has become a common language for data interchange and data representation in the Web. The evolution of the big data environment and the large volume of data which is being represented by XML on the Web increase the challenges in effectively managing such data in terms of storing and querying. Numerous solutions have been introduced to store and query XML data, including the file systems, Object-Oriented Database (OODB), Native XML Database (NXD), and Relational Database (RDB). Previous research attempts indicate that RDB is the most powerful technology for managing XML data to date. Because of the structure variations of XML and RDB, the need to map XML data to an RDB scheme is increased. This growth has prompted numerous researchers and database vendors to propose different approaches to map XML documents to an RDB, translating different types of XPath queries to SQL queries and returning the results to an XML format. This paper aims to comprehensively review most cited and latest mapping approaches and database vendors that use RDB solution to store and query XML documents, in a narrative manner. The advantages and the drawbacks of each approach is discussed, particularly in terms of storing and querying. The paper also provides some insight into managing XML documents using RDB solution in terms of storing and querying and contributes to the XML community.
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Moradi, Mohammad, and MohammadReza Keyvanpour. "XML and Semantics." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 5, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v5i5.pp1174-1179.
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Since the early days of introducing eXtensible Markup Language (XML), owing to its expressive capabilities and flexibilities, it became the defacto standard for representing, storing, and interchanging data on the Web. Such features have made XML one of the building blocks of the Semantic Web. From another viewpoint, since XML documents could be considered from content, structural, and semantic aspects, leveraging their semantics is very useful and applicable in different domains. However, XML does not by itself introduce any built-in mechanisms for governing semantics. For this reason, many studies have been conducted on the representation of semantics within/from XML documents. This paper studies and discusses different aspects of the mentioned topic in the form of an overview with an emphasis on the state of semantics in XML and its presentation methods.
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Zheng, Yong Jun, Pedro Alcover, Cristiano Cardoso Maia, and Taiwo Awoniyi. "Standardising Academic Transfer Tool: Converting Curriculum Documents to XCRI Format Using UML." Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 559–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.559.
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Currently, the conversion of Microsoft Word documents to XML (EXtensible Markup Language) is notably unstable and inconsistent. The main objective of this paper is to research a method to convert Microsoft Word documents to XML without any loss of information during the conversion process. This paper also discusses the associated difficulties when converting Word documents to XCRI (Exchange of Course Related Information) and demonstrates the effectiveness of the output for the research project; finally, as an outcome of this research, the method and system developed to convert course information from a Microsoft Word template to an XCRI can be employed by other institutions.
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Sun, Wu, and David Bernstein. "XML-Based Transit Timetable System." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1804, no. 1 (January 2002): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1804-20.
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The Internet and the World Wide Web are used for a wide variety of transportation applications. Most of these applications use static HTML documents. However, outside of transportation, considerably more attention is being given to dynamic content and XML. A way in which these technologies can be used to provide transit timetable information on the web is explored. Specifically, the transit timetable system, an online interactive transit timetable information exchange and administration system that uses Java server pages and the transit timetable markup language, is described.
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Li, Yuzhen, Jianming Lu, Jihong Guan, Mingying Fan, Ayman Haggag, and Takashi Yahagi. "GML Topology Data Storage Schema Design." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 11, no. 6 (July 20, 2007): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2007.p0701.
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Geography Markup Language (GML) was developed to standardize the representation of geographical data in extensible markup language (XML), which facilitates geographical information exchange and sharing. Increasing amounts of geographical data are being presented in GML as its use widens, raising the question of how to store GML data efficiently to facilitate its management and retrieval. We analyze topology data in GML and propose storing nonspatial and spatial data from GML documents in spatial databases (e.g, Oracle Spatial, DB2 Spatial, and PostGIS/PostgreSQL.). We then use an example to analyze the topology relation.
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MoChridhe, Race J. "Twenty Years of Theological Markup Languages." Theological Librarianship 12, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31046/tl.v12i1.523.
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ThML—the first open, XML-based markup language designed specifically for digital libraries handling theological collections—was first conceived in 1998, sparking a period of development in discipline-specific markup languages for theology that lasted until the early 2000s, when the dominance of the TEI standard led the field to stagnate. Despite the disappearance of the active developer communities behind most of the projects as well as technical improvements in the TEI, however, ThML and other languages developed during that period remain in use by several notable projects. After presenting a brief history of theology-specific markup, this article seeks to understand what its persistence tells us about the discipline-specific needs of biblical and theological studies that are still not being met by the TEI, and offers insights as to the lessons that may be drawn from these projects for the future of theological markup.
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Schweiger, R., J. Dudeck, and S. Hoelzer. "Representation of Practice Guidelines with XML – Modeling with XML Schema." Methods of Information in Medicine 41, no. 04 (2002): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634387.
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Summary Objectives: Data and information in medicine are mainly represented in slightly structured or even unstructured, narrative text documents. It is nearly impossible to detect and handle relationships between data elements within narrative documents or to retrieve parts of documents that contain specific information. But information access and retrieval are essential to serve the delivery and application of evidence-based medicine. Methods: The eXtensible Markup Language (XML) provides a standard means to explicitly describe a document‘s structure and to identify meaningful elements inside textual narrations. Information about the state-of-the-art medical care can be delivered to the physician by different means and media. Clinical practice guidelines are thought to be one possible solution to summarize and present current medical evidence. Results: The structuring of resources containing medical information with XML can facilitate the provision of problem-specific medical information at the point of care by improving content retrieval and presentation. In our project, the XML Schema is used for the electronic representation in order to structure guidelines (and other text-based resources) in a standardized way. Conclusion: The transition from unstructured textual data towards structured and coded data will be a migration process. One of the premises of our approach is that the structure that is defined by the information model doesn‘t restrict the content of the documents. This approach may fill the gap between computerized, algorithmic guideline recommendations and text-based guideline distributions.
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Alam, Mahabubul, Salam Salloum, and Mohammad Husain. "Improving Network Management by XML to Relational Data Translation." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 5, no. 3 (July 2013): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitn.2013070104.
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Network management is a critical component in both wired and wireless network. In wireless networks, the network dynamics changes rapidly and the network management information needs to be updated frequently. Due to its structured form and ease of usage in communication, eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is preferred as a configuration and logging tool in network management. However, it is convenient to use relational databases such as SQL to store and process data of wireless network management where frequent updates are necessary. In this paper, the authors show an automated method of converting XML documents to store in relational. We have implemented a proof of concept and compared performance to existing approach.
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Johnson, David, Steve McKeever, Georgios Stamatakos, Dimitra Dionysiou, Norbert Graf, Vangelis Sakkalis, Konstantinos Marias, Zhihui Wang, and Thomas S. Deisboeck. "Article Commentary: Dealing with Diversity in Computational Cancer Modeling." Cancer Informatics 12 (January 2013): CIN.S11583. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cin.s11583.
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This paper discusses the need for interconnecting computational cancer models from different sources and scales within clinically relevant scenarios to increase the accuracy of the models and speed up their clinical adaptation, validation, and eventual translation. We briefly review current interoperability efforts drawing upon our experiences with the development of in silico models for predictive oncology within a number of European Commission Virtual Physiological Human initiative projects on cancer. A clinically relevant scenario, addressing brain tumor modeling that illustrates the need for coupling models from different sources and levels of complexity, is described. General approaches to enabling interoperability using XML-based markup languages for biological modeling are reviewed, concluding with a discussion on efforts towards developing cancer-specific XML markup to couple multiple component models for predictive in silico oncology.
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Ilik, Violeta, Jessica Storlien, and Joseph Olivarez. "Metadata Makeover." Library Resources & Technical Services 58, no. 3 (July 23, 2014): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/lrts.58n3.187.
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Catalogers have become fluent in information technology such as web design skills, HyperText Markup Language (HTML), Cascading Stylesheets (CSS), eXensible Markup Language (XML), and programming languages. The knowledge gained from learning information technology can be used to experiment with methods of transforming one metadata schema into another using various software solutions. This paper will discuss the use of eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT) for repurposing, editing, and reformatting metadata. Catalogers have the requisite skills for working with any metadata schema, and if they are excluded from metadata work, libraries are wasting a valuable human resource.
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Power, Richard, Donia Scott, and Nadjet Bouayad-Agha. "Document Structure." Computational Linguistics 29, no. 2 (June 2003): 211–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120103322145315.
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We argue the case for abstract document structure as a separate descriptive level in the analysis and generation of written texts. The purpose of this representation is to mediate between the message of a text (i.e., its discourse structure) and its physical presentation (i.e., its organization into graphical constituents like sections, paragraphs, sentences, bulleted lists, figures, and footnotes). Abstract document structure can be seen as an extension of Nunberg's “text-grammar” it is also closely related to “logical” markup in languages like HTML and LaTEX. We show that by using this intermediate representation, several subtasks in language generation and language understanding can be defined more cleanly.
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Rankin, Sharon, and Casey Lees. "The McGill library chapbook project: a case study in TEI encoding." OCLC Systems & Services: International digital library perspectives 31, no. 3 (August 10, 2015): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oclc-07-2014-0030.
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Purpose – The purpose of this case study is to describe a multi-year text encoding initiative (TEI) project that took place in the McGill University Library, Rare Books and Special Collections. Design/methodology/approach – Early nineteenth century English language chapbooks from the collection were digitized, and the proofed text files were encoded in TEI, following Best Practices for TEI in Libraries (2011). Findings – The project coordinator describes the TEI file structure and customizations for the project to support a distinct subject classification of the chapbooks and the encoding of the woodcut illustrations using the Iconclass classification. Research limitations/implications – The authors focus on procedures, use of TEI data elements and encoding challenges. Practical implications – This paper documents the project workflow and provides a possible model for future digital humanities projects. Social implications – The graduate students who participated in the TEI encoding learned a new suite of skills involving extensible markup language (XML) file structure and the application of a markup language that requires interpretation. Originality/value – The McGill Library Chapbook Project Web site, launched in 2013 now provides access to 933 full-text works.