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Journal articles on the topic 'Xrd analysis of stainless steel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Habibullah, Pervaiz. "Identification of Defects of Stainless Steel Sold with Brand Names, by Studying their Surface Thin Films with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)." Key Engineering Materials 622-623 (September 2014): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.622-623.53.

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In the present paper, we have studied the thin films formed on the commercial stainless steel sold under different brand names in Pakistan with the help of SEM, EDX and XRD and have further investigated that how such stainless steels lose their brightness and become dull. A sample of recycled stainless steel melted in induction furnace was taken for study. The analysis of the layer formed is as follows: wt. %, C = 6.55, O = 6.20, Na = 0.47, Mg = 0.31, Al = 2.28, Si = 1.23, Cr = 15.42, Mn = 1.06, Fe = 59.58, Ni = 6.91 Total = 100, Atomic %, C = 21.02 O = 14.93, Na = 0.79, Mg = 0.49, Al = 3.26,

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2

Xie, Guo Liang, Qiang Song Wang, Xu Jun Mi, et al. "Analysis of Microstructures and XRD of a Gradient Boron Alloyed Composite Material." Advanced Materials Research 680 (April 2013): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.680.113.

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A new type of gradient boron alloyed composite material, containing boron alloyed core layers and stainless steel coatings around the core, were designed and prepared by composite casting and hot rolling. The evolution of microstructures, phases and precipitations, as well as their influence on hot rolling process and performance are investigated. A mixture of austenitic matrix and uniformly distributed borides are obtained in the hot rolled stainless steel with 2-2.5 % boron, while massive borides are in the length of 80-120 μm together with micro gaps at the interface between the borides, an

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3

Wei, De Qiang, Xin Dong, and Shan Qiu Li. "Failure Analysis of Stress Corrosion Crack of 1Cr18Ni9 Stainless Steel Cylinder Body." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 1094–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.1094.

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As a kind of corrosion resistant material, stainless steel is widely used in petroleum, chemical, pharmaceutical. Stress corrosion cracking is a main reason that why the stainless steel became disabled. Therefore, it is very necessary to research and study the stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel .The failure analysis to the sample is conducted aiming at the stress corrosion of the stainless steel piston cylinder in a factory. The analysis includes macro analysis, metallographic observation, scanning electron microscopy analysis and XRD analysis. The results of the study show that it i

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4

Tulinski, Maciej, Karolina Jurczyk, and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk. "Nanoscale Nickel-Free Austenitic Stainless Steel." Solid State Phenomena 140 (October 2008): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.140.179.

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In this work Ni-free austenitic stainless steels with nanostructure were synthesized by mechanical alloying (MA), heat treatment and nitrogenation of elemental Fe, Cr, Mn and Mo microcrystalline powders. The phase transformation from ferritic to austenitic was confirmed by XRD analysis. The mechanical and corrosion properties of the produced biomaterials were investigated. Additionally, the biocompatibility of nickel-free austenitic stainless steels with nanostructure and microcrystalline 316L steel, were analyzed studying the behaviour of Normal Human Osteoblast (NHOst) cells from Cambrex (CC

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5

V, Vinoth, Sathiyamurthy S, Prabhakaran J, Harsh Vardhan, Sundaravignesh S, and Sanjeevi Prakash K. "Tensile, Hardness, XRD and Surface Vonmises Stress of 316 L Stainless Steel Built by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)." Journal of Manufacturing Engineering 17, no. 3 (2022): 098–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37255/jme.v17i3pp098-103.

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a popular wire feed additive manufacturing technology that creates components through the deposition of material layer-by-layer. WAAM has become a promising alternative to conventional machining due to its high deposition rate, environmental friendliness, and cost-competitiveness. It is used to Fabricate complex shaped parts. The variable parameters are current, welding speed, shielding gas, and gas flow rate. This research fabricates 316 L stainless steel (WAAM plate) using a wire arc welding robot machine. Substrate and Side edges are removed using M

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6

Ludwig, Gustavo Alberto, Matias Angelis Korb, A. Bervian, C. P. Bergmann, and Célia de Fraga Malfatti. "Formation of Spinel from Fe-Ni Coating Electrodeposited on AISI 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.328.

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Ferritic stainless steels exhibit properties, such as good electrical conductivity, good corrosion resistance and low cost, that are beneficial for their application as interconnects in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (ITSOFC) that function at temperatures between 600°C and 800°C. However, the stainless steel corrosion resistance is attributed to the amount of Cr, which is an element that forms a chromium oxide (Cr2O3) layer, acts as an oxidation protective barrier at high temperatures, and reduces the interconnector performance due to its low electrical conductivity. In this c

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7

Cunningham, N., J. P. Dodelet, D. Guay, G. G. Ross, A. R. Hlil, and A. S. Hay. "RBS and XRD analyses of carbon-coated stainless steel plates." Surface and Coatings Technology 183, no. 2-3 (2004): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.08.088.

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8

Morelos-López, E., A. Cabral-Prieto, N. Nava, F. García-Santibañez, and C. Nosetti. "CXMS and XRD analyses of heat treated A533B stainless steel." Hyperfine Interactions 226, no. 1-3 (2014): 737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10751-013-1004-5.

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9

Su, Jian Xiu, Jia Peng Chen, Qing Li, and Hong Quan Qin. "Study on Slurry of Chemical Mechanical Polishing 304 Stainless Steel Based on Ferric Chloride and Oxalic Acid." Materials Science Forum 861 (July 2016): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.861.102.

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Stainless steel will become one of the substrate materials used in flexible display. In this paper, the influence of the ferric chloride and the oxalic acid on the material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness had been studied in the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) 304 stainless steel. By analysis and research, the slurry ingredients based on the type of ferric chloride and oxalic acid had been obtained. The experimental results show that, the material removal rate reached more than 200nm/min. By the qualitative analysis on the phases of the surface material of 304 stainless steel usin

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10

Zeng, Yanggen, Yujing Hu, Zhensheng Wang, Yi Xie, and Weike Liu. "Performance analysis and material selection of stainless steel expansion joints for power grid equipment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2076, no. 1 (2021): 012097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2076/1/012097.

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Abstract Stainless steel expansion joint, as the connecting part of GIS equipment, has the function of compensating the deformation of GIS caused by cold and hot stress. And it should at least meet the requirements of anti-corrosion and non-magnetic according to the working environment. This work investigate the performance of 304, 316L and 825 austenitic stainless steel expansion joints by metallographic analysis, hardness test, XRD analysis and magnetic analysis, and suggestions on material selection of expansion joint for power grid equipment are put forward.

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11

Chen, Wen Yi, Jian Zhou, and Ying Liu. "Oxidation Resistance Behave of Stainless Steel /TiC Nano Powders." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.109.

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Stainless steel/TiC nanocomposite powder were prepared by high-energy ball-milling method using 316 stainless steel powder, carbon and titanium powder as raw materials. Microstructure of the nanocomposite powder was investigated with XRD and TEM techniques. The results showed that the stainless steel/TiC nanocomposite powder obtained when the ball-milling time was more than 40 hours. DSC analysis method was used to study the characteristics of oxidation resistance and the oxidation reaction kinetics of the nanocomposites powder. Results show that the oxidant resistance of nanocomposite powder

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12

Dudek, A., B. Lisiecka, and R. Ulewicz. "The effect of alloying method on the structure and properties of sintered stainless steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 1 (2017): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0042.

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AbstractSintered duplex stainless steels (SDSSs) appear to be very interesting and promising materials that can be used in many industrial sectors. Ferrite improves material strength while austenite increases hardness and corrosion resistance. This study proposes a method to improve functional properties (e.g. hardness and wear resistance) by means of alloying the surface of the sintered duplex steel with Cr3C2+ 10% NiAl powder. The results of optical microscope metallography, SEM/EDX, XRD analysis and microhardness and wear resistance measurements are also presented. The surface alloying with

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13

Stavrev, Dimitar, Tsanka D. Dikova, Vladimir Shtarbakov, and Mario Milkov. "Laser Surface Melting of Austenitic Cr-Ni Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 1287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.1287.

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The present paper deals with the microstructure and hardness distribution in width and in depth of the surface layer of steel Ch18N10T GOST (AISI 321, EN X6CrNiTi 18-10) after surface melting by continuous wave CO2 laser. Light microscopy, XRD analysis and Vickers hardness testing (HV5 and HV0,05) have been used in our research. Phase analysis shows disturbance of the mono-phase initial austenitic structure in the treated layer. The structure of the melted pool consists of austenite with dendrite morphology and δ-ferrite situated in the dendrites’ cores. The ferrite has been clearly identified

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14

Barrea, Raúl A., and Raúl T. Mainardi. "Standardless XRF analysis of stainless-steel samples." X-Ray Spectrometry 27, no. 2 (1998): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4539(199803/04)27:2<111::aid-xrs259>3.0.co;2-3.

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15

Banjongprasert, Chaiyasit, Piyaporn Jaimeewong, and Sukanda Jiansirisomboon. "Investigation of Thermal Sprayed Stainless Steel/WC-12wt%Co Nanocomposite Coatings." Materials Science Forum 695 (July 2011): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.695.441.

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The thermal spray coatings of stainless steel with nano-sized particles as reinforcement have been studied. Stainless steel powder mixed with 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 wt% WC-12wt%Co nano-sized powder was flame sprayed. The presence of WC-12wt%Co nano-particles in mixed powders as feedstock was confirmed. The microstructure of the coatings has been investigated using a wide range of characterization techniques: optical microscopy with image analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to understand the microstructure evolution. Chem

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16

Marques, Maria José, António Castanhola Batista, Luís Coelho, Joao P. Nobre, and Altino Loureiro. "Residual Stresses Profiles of Cladded Austenitic Stainless Steel Evaluated by X-Ray Diffraction and by Incremental Hole-Drilling Method." Materials Science Forum 768-769 (September 2013): 464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.768-769.464.

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The samples studied in this paper were performed from carbon steel plates, cladded in one of the faces with stainless steel filler metals by submerged arc welding (SAW). After cladding work, the samples were submitted to post-weld heat treatments at different conditions and afterwards stainless steel coating surfaces were milled and mechanically polished, as in the industrial application. The residual stress analysis was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and incremental hole-drilling methods (IHDM). The residual stresses profiles presented different in depth values in each sample, depending

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17

Bozic, Dusan, Miroljub Vilotijevic, Jovana Ruzic, Uros Jovanovic, and Jelena Stasic. "Microstructure and properties of gravity sintered 316l stainless steel powder with nickel boride addition." Science of Sintering 48, no. 3 (2016): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1603293b.

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The present work demonstrates a procedure for synthesis of stainless steel powder by gravity sintering method. As an additive to the basic powder, NiB powder was added in the amount of 0.2 - 1.0 wt.%. Gravity sintering was done in vacuum, at the temperatures of 1100?C-1250?C, in the course of 3 - 60 min, using ceramic mould. Structural characterization was conducted by XRD, and microstructural analysis by optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Mechanical properties were investigated by tensile tests with steel rings. Density and permeability were determined by standard techniques for

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18

Mohamad Basir, Muhamad Hafizuddin, Bulan Abdullah, and Siti Khadijah Alias. "Wear Properties of Paste Boronized 316 Stainless Steel Before and After Shot Blasting Process." Scientific Research Journal 11, no. 2 (2014): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v11i2.5425.

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This research investigates and analyzes wear properties of 316 stainless steel before and after applying paste boronizing process and to investigate the effect of shot blasting process in enhancing boron dispersion into the steel. In order to enhance the boron dispersion into 316 stainless steel, surface deformation method by shot blasting process was deployed. Boronizing treatment was conducted using paste medium for 8 hours under two different temperatures which were 8500C and 9500C. Wear behaviour was evaluated using pin-on-disc test for abrasion properties. The analysis on microstructure,

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19

Revathi, Chinnasamy, Krishnamoorthy Rajavel, Kugalur Shanmugam Ranjith, and Ramasamy Thangavelu Rajendrakumar. "Synthesis and Antibacterial Studies of Nano Structured Ag Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 678 (March 2013): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.678.291.

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Silver thin film of 5 nm thicknesses was evaporated on glass and stainless steel substrates and annealed at 300°C for one hour. Then these samples were characterized by using X-ray diffraction method (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-VIS spectroscopy, and subjected to anti-microbial resistance test. XRD analysis showed as deposited silver thin film coated on glass substrate and stainless steel substrates have amorphous nature. The annealed Ag thin film coated on glass and stainless steel substrates showed crystallinity with silver phase and their crystalline size were in the range

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20

Pan, Qing, Jin Zhu Tan, Qiu Yue Feng, Yun Li, and Ri Dong He. "The Study on Degradation of Stainless Steel Clad Plate Used for a Shift Reactor in Coal Chemical Plant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 853 (September 2016): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.853.311.

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Shift reactors are widely used in the petroleum and chemical industries, and especially in the coal chemical plants. The degradation of the reactor is critical to the safe operation of coal chemical plant. In this paper, a shift reactor after 8 year service was chosen. The test block taken from the reactor cylinder with the stainless steel clad plate was used and the test samples from the test block were prepared. And then, chemical composition analysis, metallographic examination, tensile and hardness tests were performed. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy

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21

De Vincentis, N. S., M. C. Avalos, E. A. Benatti, A. Kliauga, H.-G. Brokmeier, and R. E. Bolmaro. "XRD and EBSD analysis of anisotropic microstructure development in cold rolled F138 stainless steel." Materials Characterization 123 (January 2017): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.11.018.

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22

Wang, Juan, Yajiang Li, and Peng Liu. "XRD and TEM analysis on the Fe3Al/18-8 stainless steel diffusion bonded interface." Materials Letters 57, no. 26-27 (2003): 4323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-577x(03)00311-2.

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23

Cao, Long-hu, Cheng-jun Liu, Qing Zhao, and Mao-fa Jiang. "Analysis on the stability of chromium in mineral phases in stainless steel slag." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 1 (2017): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2017071.

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Stainless steel slag from high alloy steel is hardly used in the construction industry. The chromium leaching in unstable phase is the limiting factor for the application in the slag. The aim of this study is to investigate the stability of mineral phases in stainless steel slag. In this work, the mineral phases were firstly confirmed through experimental results by SEM-EDS and XRD. Thermodynamic calculation and leaching test were adopted to characterize the theoretical stability of mineral phases in aqueous solution. The results showed that the main phases in the stainless steel slag were spi

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24

Lekatou, Angeliki G., and Sofia Tsouli. "Cyclic Polarization of Corrugated Austenitic Stainless Steel Rebars in Acid Rain: Effect of Fly Ash, pH and Steel Type." Corrosion and Materials Degradation 3, no. 1 (2022): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cmd3010005.

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The present work studies the effect of fly ash content (0–25 wt.%), pH (8, 12.5), and steel type (316L, 304L) on the cyclic polarization of stainless steel rebars in electrolytes, simulating fresh concrete exposed to acid rain and corroded concrete cover that has exposed the reinforcement to direct acid rain attack. At the same time, it tries to elucidate the corrosion inhibition activities of a Greek lignite fly ash that is a high-Ca fly ash with a questionable effect on the corrosion resistance of concrete. A higher pH results in lower corrosion rates for both steels and all fly ash content.

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25

Song, Jian Li, Yong Tang Li, Qi Lin Deng, Zhong Yang Cheng, and Bryan Chin. "Cracking Mechanism of Laser Cladding Rapid Manufacturing 316L Stainless Steel." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.413.

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Laser cladding rapid manufacturing technology is a kind of new developed advanced manufacturing technology integrating the advantages of rapid prototyping manufacturing and laser cladding surface modification. Due to the complex thermo-physical and metallurgical factors in the deposition process, the cladding layer is liable to crack, which seriously impedes the industrial application of this technology. Experiments of laser cladding rapid manufacturing 316L stainless steel were carried out. The cracking behavior and phenomena has been observed, cracking mechanism of 316L stainless steel was i

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26

Rosidah, Afira Ainur, Vuri Ayu Setyowati, Suheni Suheni, and Rafly Rijayanto. "The effect of time variation on the steels corrosion rate in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution." Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Science, and Innovation 1, no. 2 (2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31284/j.jmesi.2021.v1i2.2183.

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Previous researches have carried out studying the corrosion behavior of steels, the most frequently used steels are medium carbon steel, alloy steel, and stainless steel. This is due to their wide range of applications. So, corrosion behavior is necessary to be analyzed for every steel type because of its wide function. This study was aimed to analyze the corrosion rate, macrostructure, and the XRD results of the AISI 1045, AISI 4140, and SS 304 which represent every steel type. Then, the steels were exposed to the 0.5M H2SO4 solution with various corrosion times. The variation of the corrosio

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27

Andrei, Victor Aurel, Cristiana Radulescu, Viorel Malinovschi, et al. "Aluminum Oxide Ceramic Coatings on 316l Austenitic Steel Obtained by Plasma Electrolysis Oxidation Using a Pulsed Unipolar Power Supply." Coatings 10, no. 4 (2020): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040318.

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AISI 316 steel has good corrosion behavior and high-temperature stability, but often prolonged exposure to temperatures close to 700 °C in aggressive environments (e.g., in boilers and furnaces, in nuclear installations) can cause problems that lead to accelerated corrosion degradation of steel components. A known solution is to prepare alumina ceramic coatings on the surface of stainless steel. The aim of this study is to obtain aluminum oxide ceramic coatings on 316L austenitic steel, by Plasma Electrolysis Oxidation (PEO), using a pulsed unipolar power supply. The structures obtained by PEO

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28

Ma, Jing, Ning Wen, Ruiyang Wang, et al. "Effect of Mullite Film Layers on the High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance of AISI 304 Stainless Steel." Coatings 11, no. 8 (2021): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080880.

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Protective coating is an effective way to extend materials’ high-temperature service life. In order to improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of AISI 304 stainless steel, mullite films with different layers were successfully prepared by the sol-gel method and the sintering process on the surface of stainless steel. The effect of the film layers on the high-temperature oxidation resistance of stainless steel at 900 °C for 100 h was studied. The analysis results of oxidation kinetics, X-rays diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis (EDS) sho

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29

Ai, Xiao Ling, Xiao Ming Fan, Chang Lei, and Xiao Min Cheng. "Compatibility between the Molten Mg-25Al-15Zn-14Cu Alloy and Stainless Steel for Phase-Transformation Thermal Storage Facility." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 1099–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.1099.

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The compatibility of molten Mg-25Al-15Zn-14Cu alloy with several candidate vessel shell materials such as 304 stainless steel, 201 stainless steel for phase-transformation thermal storage facility were evaluated by means of immersion corrosion test at 500°C for 1000 h. The microstructure, element distribution and surface corrosion layer structure and phase composition of the cross section of corrosion samples were analyzed by using optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microprobe analysis (EPMA). The results show that two kinds of stainless steel have good compatibility

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30

Kanta, Chaudhary. "Exploring the Wear Resistance Behaviour of Chromium and Titanium Oxides on 17-4 PH SS in 3D-Printed vs. Cast Structures." International Journal of Basic Sciences and Applied Computing (IJBSAC) 11, no. 8 (2025): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijbsac.H0533.11080425.

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<strong>Abstract: </strong>This study investigates impact of titanium dioxide and chromium oxide coatings on 17-4 PH stainless steel components, comparing samples produced through Additive manufacturing and Conventional manufacturing methods. SEM analysis is performed to evaluate the impact of coatings on performance of 17-4 PH stainless steel components. The study examined the microstructure and wear behavior of titanium dioxide and chromium oxide coatings on precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steel (17-4 PH), which is widely used in the oil and gas industries. Macro Hardness test

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31

Xue, Fei, Zhi Feng Luo, Wei Wei Yu, Zhao Xi Wang, and Lu Zhang. "Investigation on Microstructure and Impact Properties of Borated Stainless Steel for High Density Storage Racks." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 1520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.1520.

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In this paper, microstructure and impact properties of borated stainless steel type 304B6-GradeB were investigated, which was used as raw materials of high-density storage racks in some nuclear power plants. Microscopic examinations reveal that a large amount of particles are heterogeneously distributed on austenitic matrix which displayed different shapes in the rolling and thickness directions, the results of XRD and EDS prove that the secondary particle is (Fe,Cr)2B and boron is distributed only in the particles while not in the matrix, fracture analysis all indicates that this borated stai

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32

Manova, Darina, Patrick Schlenz, Jürgen W. Gerlach, and Stephan Mändl. "Depth-Resolved Phase Analysis of Expanded Austenite Formed in Austenitic Stainless Steel." Coatings 10, no. 12 (2020): 1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121250.

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Expanded austenite γN formed after nitrogen insertion into austenitic stainless steel and CoCr alloys is known as a hard and very wear resistant phase. Nevertheless, no single composition and lattice expansion can describe this phase with nitrogen in solid solution. Using in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) during ion beam sputtering of expanded austenite allows a detailed depth-dependent phase analysis, correlated with the nitrogen depth profiles obtained by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) or glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES). Additionally, in-plane XR

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33

Fedorov, Vasiliy, Aleksandr Rygin, Vasiliy Klimenov, et al. "Structural and mechanical properties of stainless steel formed under conditions of layer-by-layer fusion of a wire by an electron beam." Metal Working and Material Science 23, no. 4 (2021): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1994-6309-2021-23.4-111-124.

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Introduction. As of today, additive technologies are among the most promising methods to manufacture various parts. They allow producing parts of complex shapes and provide their quality structure. The quality of the structure formed depends on numerous parameters: equipment type, its operation mode, materials, shielding medium, etc. Large international companies producing 3D-printers provide technological guidelines for working on it. Such guidelines include the information on the manufacturers of raw materials (printing powders), products their equipment can work with and the operation modes

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34

Singh, Rahul, Surya Deo Yadav, Nikhil Malviya, Sunkulp Goel, R. Jayaganthan, and Abhishek Kumar. "Finite Element Analysis and Mechanical Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel Processed by Room Temperature Rolling." Materials Science Forum 969 (August 2019): 508–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.969.508.

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The present work deals with plastic deformation of 316L austenitic stainless steel (ASS) using room temperature rolling process. After solution treatment (annealing) as-received 316L ASS has been rolled for up to 90% of thickness reduction. To investigate the effect of processing on mechanical properties microstructural study, tensile and hardness tests have been conducted. The ultimate tensile strength has been improved from 767 MPa (before deformation) to 1420 MPa (after 90% deformation), and hardness value has been increased from 208 VHN (before deformation) to 449 VHN (after 90% reduction)

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35

Bautista, Asuncion, Francisco Velasco, and A. González-Centeno. "Effect of the Si Additions on the Mechanical Behaviour and High-Temperature Performance of Hydrogen Sintered 434L Stainless Steels." Defect and Diffusion Forum 289-292 (April 2009): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.289-292.195.

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Non-commercial, 434L ferritic stainless steel powders prealloyed with 2% of Si were uniaxially compacted at 700 MPa and sintered in 100% H2 atmosphere for 30 min at three different temperatures (1225, 1250 and 1275 °C). For comparison, standard, commercial 434L powders were sintered in the same conditions, and 434L+2%Si powders were also sintered in vacuum. The porosity and grain size of the 9 sintered stainless steels were measured by image analysis methods. Tensile strength and Vickers hardness tests show that the steels with 2% of Si exhibit higher mechanical properties. Oxidation tests wer

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36

H., R. KULKARNI S. D. CHAKANE. "PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CDSE THIN FILMS." JournalNX - A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal 3, no. 10 (2018): 38–41. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1143773.

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CdSe thin films were deposited by pulsed electrodeposition technique onto stainless steel substrates in galvano statics mode by using an aqueous acidic bath containing CdSO4 and SeO2 in optimized proportion. The growth progress of the film was studied. The deposition parameters such as concentration of electrolyte, time of deposition of film, current density and pH of electrolyte are optimized. The analysis of such deposited filmwas done with electron dispersive spectra (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), showed presence of polycrystalline nature of the deposited film.

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Polonyankin, Denis, Alexey Fedorov, and Tatyana Gomonyuk. "Phase composition of stainless steel subjected to ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification with different processing density." Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies 9, no. 4 (2024): 257–66. https://doi.org/10.17277/jamt.2024.04.pp.257-266.

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Improving physical and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels (ASS) by methods of surface severe plastic deformation (SSPD) is one of the key problematic topics in the field of surface engineering and nanocrystal materials. The complex nature of the structural states evolution under the conditions of SSPD restricts the possibilities of a specified nanostructuring of the type 18-10 ASS in a wide range of deformation impacts. The article presents the results of XRD and TEM analysis of AISI 321 near-surface layer after ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) with differen

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Moreno-Garibaldi, Pablo, Melvyn Alvarez-Vera, Juan Alfonso Beltrán-Fernández, et al. "Characterization of Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel by Cold Rolled and Machining vs. DMLS Additive Manufacturing." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 8, no. 2 (2024): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8020048.

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The 17-4 PH stainless steel is widely used in the aerospace, petrochemical, chemical, food, and general metallurgical industries. The present study was conducted to analyze the mechanical properties of two types of 17-4 PH stainless steel—commercial cold-rolled and direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) manufactured. This study employed linear and nonlinear tensile FEM simulations, combined with various materials characterization techniques such as tensile testing and nanoindentation. Moreover, microstructural analysis was performed using metallographic techniques, optical microscopy, scanning el

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Chaudhary, Kanta, and Dr Niraj Bala. "Exploring the Wear Resistance Behaviour of Chromium and Titanium Oxides on 17-4 PH SS in 3D-Printed vs. Cast Structures." International Journal of Basic Sciences and Applied Computing 11, no. 8 (2025): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijbsac.h0533.11080425.

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This study investigates impact of titanium dioxide and chromium oxide coatings on 17-4 PH stainless steel components, comparing samples produced through Additive manufacturing and Conventional manufacturing methods. SEM analysis is performed to evaluate the impact of coatings on performance of 17-4 PH stainless steel components. The study examined the microstructure and wear behavior of titanium dioxide and chromium oxide coatings on precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steel (17-4 PH), which is widely used in the oil and gas industries. Macro Hardness test is also performed on both A

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Zhang, Wei, Zeng Liang Gao, Kangda Zhang, et al. "Assessment of Fire Damage to 321 Stainless Steel Equipment in a Chemical Unit." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 1373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.1373.

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In the present work, the mechanical properties of 321 stainless steel pressure equipments exposed to an accident fire in a chemical unit were investigated. The performance and microstructure of this material were described by chemical compositions analysis, tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The experiment results showed that the mechanical properties of the material were degraded. The grains on the external surface of the fracture became coarse. These results indicated that serious damage to 321 stai

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Azhar, Nurul Humaira, Mahesh Talari, Rosmamuhammadani Ramli, and Chue Keen Koong. "Characterization of Thermal Sprayed Titanium/Hydroxyapatite Composite Coating on Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 974 (June 2014): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.974.152.

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Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are widely used in medical applications due to its superior mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Hydroxyapatite (HA), due to its similarity with teeth and bone material, is also widely used in clinical applications and orthopaedic implant manufacture. In this study, composite powers containing titanium with different wt % of HA were coated on stainless steel substrate using high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spray technique. These Ti+HA coatings were characterized using XRD technique to indentify phases present in the coating. Small amount of oxide phases were id

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Zainul Abidin Lukman, Irwan Nurdin, and Mohd Shahadan Mohd Suan. "Characterization Of Black Phosphorous Synthesized Via Ball-Milling Technique for The Effect of Milling Media and Time." Journal of Advanced Research in Micro and Nano Engieering 18, no. 1 (2024): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/armne.18.1.113122.

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Black phosphorus (BP), a unique arm-chair structure 2D material named for its distinctive black colour has been known to have intriguing properties include high energy storage and energy band-gap capabilities. BP is synthesized from the red phosphorus by using the ball-milling technique as an alternative to the existing complicated method which involves hazardous white phosphorus, high-temperature, and high-pressure conditions. Hence, we investigated and compared the effects of using alumina, stainless steel, and agate media on BP's physical and structural properties. The effects of milling ti

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Ali, Sadaqat, Ahmad Majdi Abdul Rani, Riaz Ahmad Mufti, et al. "An Efficient Approach for Nitrogen Diffusion and Surface Nitriding of Boron-Titanium Modified Stainless Steel Alloy for Biomedical Applications." Metals 9, no. 7 (2019): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070755.

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Austenitic 316L stainless steel has been the most widely acceptable biomaterial for producing implants. The downside of this material includes the leaching of nickel ions from the matrix that limits its’ usage in implant manufacturing. In this research, production of stainless steel alloy modified with boron and titanium is investigated. The sintering of the alloy systems is carried out in nitrogen atmosphere for a dwell time of 8 h. The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals that dwell time and alloy composition leads to the formation of strong nitrides and borides. The X-Ray Photoelectron

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Mahammad Rafter, Murni Faridah, Sufizar Ahmad, Rosdi Ibrahim, Rosniza Hussin, and H. M. Taib. "Development of Stainless Steel (SS316L) Foam with Different Composition Using Compaction Method." Advanced Materials Research 1087 (February 2015): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.86.

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<span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;" face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </span> <p><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;" face="Times New Roman">Powder metallurgy stainless steels are retains unique benefits in preparation of porous metals due to its low cost, better wear, precise size control and corrosion resistance which are significant quality displays. In this study, the fabrication of open cellular stainless steel (SS316L) foams by using a crystalline sugar via compaction meth

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Mazlan, Siti Nur Farhana, Azzura Ismail, Lokman Mohd Noh, and Sufizar Ahmad. "Failure Analysis on Heat Exchanger Tube Bundle Exposed to Naphthenic Acid Corrosion." Key Engineering Materials 791 (November 2018): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.791.95.

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Naphthenic acid is a sort of organic acid which present in crude oil and cause severe corrosion in certain circumstances. This type of acid will lead to the corrosion phenomenon known as naphthenic acid corrosion (NAC). Damage mechanism by NAC attack can be analysed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Electron-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). These characterization methods aim to observe the morphology, element content, and crystal structure of the NAC. The objective of this research is to apply failure analysis (FA) on heat exchanger (HE) tube bundle made form stainle

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Khalifa, M., O. Anas, M. Shamekh, and M. Osman. "On the microstructure and hardness evaluation of aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with in situ (Fe-Al-Cr-Ni) intermetallic compounds." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2811, no. 1 (2024): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2811/1/012016.

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Abstract In this study, Aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs) were produced through stir casting technique, using in situ intermetallic compounds as reinforcement. The in situ synthesis of these reinforcement phases involved the addition of stainless-steel particles (type 316L) at various weight percentages of 5, 10, and 15 wt. %. The impact of varying the amount of stainless particles added on the hardness and microstructure of the resulting AMMCs was examined. X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis reveal the formation of two types of intermetal

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Manova, D., S. Mändl, H. Neumann, and B. Rauschenbach. "Analysis of in situ XRD measurements for low energy ion beam nitriding of austenitic stainless steel." Surface and Coatings Technology 256 (October 2014): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.03.047.

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Dedikarni, Andanastuti Muchtar, Norhamidi Muhamad, and Wan Ramli Wan Daud. "Microstructure Characterisation of Ag₂O₃-Bi₂O₃ Composite Cathodes for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFCs)." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.97.

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Porous Ag-Bi2O3 composite cathodes on stainless steel (SS) substrate, an excellent mixed-ionic conductor that can be used as cathode material for the intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) has been developed using the slurry painting method. Characterisation of the composite cathode includes the thermal analysis, morphology, and porosity of the porous cathode. Thermal analysis of the dried slurry was conducted in order to determine the heating schedule for eliminating the organic components using thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The

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Vijeesh, Vadakke Parambil, Motagondanahalli Rangarasaiah Ramesh, and Aroor Dinesh Anoop. "Inconel 625 Coatings on AISI 304 Steel using Laser Cladding: Microstructure and Hardness." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 5 (2023): 11911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.6297.

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Nickel-base super alloys such as Inconel 625 are preferred in high-temperature and corrosive environments. Since Inconel 625 is expensive and often difficult to machine, it is advantageous to deposit a protective coating of this alloy on a less costly and easily machinable substrate material such as stainless steel. In the present work, coatings were produced on AISI 304 steel substrate by depositing Inconel 625 powder using the laser cladding technique. As-received powder particles of Inconel 625 alloy were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Micro

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Chen, Zhuo, Min Li, Xufeng Wang, Shengping He, and Qian Wang. "Mechanism of Floater Formation in the Mold during Continuous Casting of Ti-Stabilized Austenitic Stainless Steels." Metals 9, no. 6 (2019): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9060635.

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During the continuous casting (CC) of Ti-bearing steel, a steel lump can solidify in the mold (i.e., floater steel) more easily than in the Ti-free steels. This causes severe surface defects or even a breakout. We have examined the mechanisms of floater formation during the CC of 321 stainless steel by analyzing the inclusions in the floater steel and in the 321 steel that was sampled from the mold. Additionally, we calculated the disregistry between the metallic phases and common inclusions. The mineralogy and morphology of the inclusions were examined while using scanning electron microscopy

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