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Таїчі Ямашіта and Гсіао Гсуан Гунґ. "The Investigation of Learning Strategies of American Learners of Chinese and Japanese for Character Learning." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2016.3.1.tai.
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It has been widely recognized that Chinese and Japanese languages are exceptionally difficult to learn. One of the reasons is their logographic characters (i.e. hanzi in Chinese, kanji in Japanese) that are extremely different from alphabet-based orthography (Tong & Yip, 2015; Xu & Padilla, 2013). Accordingly, there have been research investigating how L2 learners of Chinese and Japanese deal with the difficulty by exploring learners’ strategy (Gamage, 2003; Shen, 2005). However, learning strategies for a certain aspect of characters (i.e. shape, sound) have not been investigated as much as learning strategies in general (but see Shen, 2005). In addition, there are limited longitudinal research exploring how learners change their strategies. Therefore, the researchers investigate strategies that L2 learners of American university students are using most frequently for Chinese and Japanese character learning. The study had 66 L2 learners taking either Chinese or Japanese course at an American university. They took a questionnaire at the beginning and at the end of a semester. It was found that reading, context, decomposition, rote-writing, and listening were the most frequently used strategies. Moreover, the results indicated that strategies vary depending on which aspect of characters they learn. Furthermore, learners did not change their learning strategies over three months to a notable extent.
References
Chikamatsu, N. (1996). The effects of L1 orthography on L2 word recognition: A study ofAmerican and Chinese learners of Japanese. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18,403–432.
Everson, M. E. (1998). Word recognition among learners of Chinese as a foreign language:Investigating the relationship between naming and knowing. The Modern LanguageJournal, 82, 194–204.
Everson, M. E. (2011). Best practices in teaching logographic and non-Roman writingsystems to L2 learners. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 31, 249–274.
Haththotuwa Gamage, G. (2003). Perceptions of kanji learning strategies: Do they differamong Chinese character and alphabetic background learners?
Hayes, E. B. (1988). Encoding strategies used by native and non‐native readers ofChinese Mandarin. The Modern Language Journal, 72, 188–195.
Ke, C. (1998). Effects of language background on the learning of Chinese charactersamong foreign language students. Foreign Language Annals, 31, 91–102.
Liskin-Gasparro, J. (1982). ETS Oral Proficiency Testing Manual. Educational TestingService, Princeton, NJ.
McGinnis, S. (1999). Student goals and approaches. Mapping the course of the Chineselanguage field, 151–188.
Mori, Y., Sato, K., & Shimizu, H. (2007). Japanese language students' perceptions on kanjilearning and their relationship to novel kanji word learning ability. LanguageLearning, 57, 57–85.
Packard, J. L. (1990). Effects of time lag in the introduction of characters into the Chineselanguage curriculum. The Modern Language Journal, 74, 167–175.
Rose, H. (2013). L2 learners' attitudes toward, and use of, mnemonic strategies whenlearning Japanese kanji. The Modern Language Journal, 97, 981–992.
Shen, H. H. (2005). An investigation of Chinese-character learning strategies among nonnative speakers of Chinese. System, 33, 49–68.
Tong, X., & Yip, J. H. Y. (2015). Cracking the Chinese character: radical sensitivity inlearners of Chinese as a foreign language and its relationship to Chinese wordreading. Reading and Writing, 28, 159–181.
Yuki, M. (2009). Kanji Learning Strategies: From the Viewpoint of Learners with Nonkanji Background. 関西外国語大学留学生別科日本語教育論集, 19, 143–150.
Xu, Y., Chang, L. Y., & Perfetti, C. A. (2014). The Effect of Radical‐Based Grouping inCharacter Learning in Chinese as a Foreign Language. The Modern Language Journal, 98,773–793.
Xu, X., & Padilla, A. M. (2013). Using meaningful interpretation and chunking to enhancememory: The case of Chinese character learning. Foreign Language Annals, 46, 402–422.
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Ma, Yanjun. "Kam-Fai Wong, Wenjie Li, Ruifeng Xu and Zheng-sheng Zhang: Introduction to Chinese natural language processing." Machine Translation 24, no. 3-4 (May 6, 2010): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10590-010-9075-4.
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Wright, David. "Careers in Western Science in Nineteenth-Century China: Xu Shou and Xu Jianyin." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 5, no. 1 (April 1995): 49–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135618630001350x.
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The Western science and technology which invaded China during the mid-nineteenthcentury, in the wake of European military and economic aggression, entered a culture witha long indigenous tradition of natural philosophy, formed by extraordinary figures suchas Zhang Heng(78–139), Sun Simiao(581–682), Ge Hong(c. 21–341), Shen Gua(1031–1095) and Song Yingxing(c. 1587–1665). Moreover, as modern research has shown, China was, at least until about A.D. 1400, moreadvanced scientifically and technologically than Western Europe in many respects. Thesmall minority of late Qing scholars who showed any interest in the natural world or intechnology could console themselves that they were working within a noble but neglected side-stream of Chinese culture.
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Kong, Qing, Mihui Li, Xuanfeng Qin, Yubao Lv, and Zihui Tang. "Real-world evidence study for distribution of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome and its elements on chronic bronchitis in China." Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine 02, no. 04 (December 2019): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2575900019500150.
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Objective: To investigate the distribution and characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes and its elements on chronic bronchitis (CB) based on real-world data (RWD) so as to optimize the treatment strategies. Methods: A real-world study based on 2207 medical records collected from five hospitals in China, to explore the relationship between TCM syndrome and CB using the big data methods. Factor analyses were used to reduce the dimensions of TCM syndrome elements and found common factors. Additionally, cluster analyses were performed to value combinations of TCM syndrome element. Finally, association rule analyses were employed to assess the structures of TCM syndromes elements and estimate the patterns of TCM syndrome. Results: A total of 21 TCM syndromes were extracted from RWD in this work. There were four TCM syndromes consisting of Tan_Zhuo_Zu_Fei, Tan_Re_Yong_Fei, Feng_Han_Xi_Fei, and Feng_Re_Fan_Fei with [Formula: see text]% frequency based on the distribution frequency. The two top Xu TCM syndromes of Fei_Yin_Xu and Fei_Shen_Qi_Xu were identified. The top six pathogenesis TCM syndrome elements were Tan, Huo, Feng, Han, Qi_Xu, and Yin_Xu. Factor analyses, cluster analyses, and association rule analyses demonstrated that Tan, Huo, Feng, Han, Qi-Xu, Yin-Xu, Fei, and Shen were the core TCM syndrome elements. Conclusion: The four common Shi TCM syndromes of Tan_Zhuo_Zu_Fei, Tan_Re_Yong_Fei, Feng_Han_Xi_Fei, and Feng_Re_Fan_Fei for CB were detected in the real world study, and the two Xu TCM syndromes of Fei_Yin_Xu and Fei_Shen_Qi_Xu were identified. The Mix TCM syndrome of Fei_Pi_Qi_Xu_Tan_Shi_Yun_Fei was the main syndrome. The core TCM syndrome elements of Tan, Huo, Feng, Han, Qi_Xu, and Yin_Xu, Fei, and Shen were determined in the entire sample.
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CHATTOPADHYAY, COLLETTE. "Xu Bing: calligraphy, language and interpretation." English Today 21, no. 1 (January 2005): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078405001033.
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Radical departures in English in the work of a Chinese calligrapher. Challenging conventional assumptions regarding the use of language, Xu Bing's calligraphic artworks of the early 1990s address the English-speaking world from a space deep within the bedrock of Chinese culture. Ironically extending and querying the continued relevance of the Chinese calligraphic tradition in a post-Mao, post-modern, trans-cultural era, Xu's New English Calligraphy cloaks English words in Chinese form. Exploring the communicative functions of language, these works examine the relation between linguistic intent and subsequent understanding or misunderstanding.
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Bottero, Françoise. "La vision de l'écriture de Xu Shen à partir de sa présentation des liushu." Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale 27, no. 2 (1998): 161–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/clao.1998.1532.
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Chen, Sibo. "Book review: Shi-xu, Chinese Discourse Studies." Discourse & Society 27, no. 2 (February 9, 2016): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926515619086c.
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Huot, Claire. "The Dog-Eared Dictionary: Human-Animal Alliance in Chinese Civilization." Journal of Asian Studies 74, no. 3 (August 2015): 589–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911815000571.
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What does the dog mean in Chinese culture? The answers can be found in China's first dictionary, theShuowen jiezi, written by Xu Shen in 121 CE. TheShuowenholds cynological knowledge well beyond the dog's olfactory ability, because it includes notes on vocalization discrimination, situational gait, and even behavioral and personality traits. The dog is also upheld as the representative of all nonhuman animals, undoubtedly because of its morphological and functional versatility but certainly also because it was the human's main interface and companion at the beginning of Chinese civilization. The Chinese graphs for the word “dog” embody both views: generically animalistic or eerily resembling human depictions. As a rift slowly took place in the partnership between humans and dogs when urbanization began, the graphs themselves were manipulated to clearly demarcate one from the other. Eventually dogs became discursive scapegoats. This paper traces the destiny of the dog in semantic and graphic terms.
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Zhang, Min. "Introduction to Chinese Natural Language Processing Kam-Fai Wong, Wenjie Li, Ruifeng Xu, and Zheng-sheng Zhang (Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, City University of Hong Kong, and San Diego State University) Princeton, NJ: Morgan & Claypool (Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies, edited by Graeme Hirst, volume 4), 2010, x+148 pp; paperbound, ISBN 978-1-59829-932-8, $40.00; e-book, ISBN 978-1-59829-933-5, $30.00 or by subscription." Computational Linguistics 36, no. 4 (December 2010): 777–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_r_00024.
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Xu, Fei, Wengqiang Cui, Qing Kong, Zihui Tang, and Jingcheng Dong. "A Real-World Evidence Study for Distribution of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome and Its Elements on Respiratory Disease." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (December 12, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8305892.
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Background. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome and its elements on respiratory diseases (RDs) based on real-world data (RWD). Methods. A real-world study was performed to explore the relationships among TCM syndrome and RDs based on electronic medical information. A total of 26,074 medical records with complete data were available for data analysis. Factor analyses were used to reduce dimensions of TCM syndrome elements and detect common factors. Additionally, cluster analyses were employed to assess combinations of TCM syndrome elements. Finally, association rule analyses were performed to investigate the structures of TCM syndrome elements to estimate the patterns of TCM syndrome. Results. A total of 27 TCM syndromes were extracted from RWD in this work. There were four TCM syndromes with >5.0% frequency based on the distribution frequency. The top five pathogenesis TCM syndrome elements were Tan, Huo, Feng, Qi_Xu, and Han. Factor analysis, cluster analysis, and association rule analysis demonstrated that Tan, Huo, Feng, Qi_Xu, Shen, and Fei were the core TCM syndrome elements. Conclusion. Four common Shi TCM syndromes on RDs were identified: Tan_Re_Yong_Fei, Tan_Zhuo_Zu_Fei, Feng_Re_Fan_Fei, and Feng_Han_Xi_Fei; two core common Xu TCM syndromes (Fei_Shen_Qi_Xu and Fei_Yin_Xu) and two core common Mix TCM syndromes (Fei_Pi_Qi_Xu-Tan_Shi_Yun_Fei and Fei_Shen_Qi_Xu-Tan_Yu_Zu_Fei) were also determined. The core TCM syndrome elements of Tan, Huo, Feng, Qi_Xu, Shen, and Fei were identified in this work.
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SHEN, Mingxian. "“延續生命 擴大生命”——何懷宏教授〈預期壽命與生命之道〉讀後." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 12, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.121568.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Professor He’s paper raises a very interesting question: how does life span relate to way of life? Moving beyond clichéd approaches to health preservation, Professor He innovatively attributes the longevity of Chinese philosophers in the 20th century to their special way of life, informed by traditional Chinese wisdom. In my paper, I use the life history of Shen Congwen to show how we can lead long and prosperous lives. Shen Congwen’s devotion to academic research, beginning in 1949, enabled him to maintain his integrity in later life despite his unfavorable political environment. I suggest that independent intellectual self-actualization played a significant role in the happy life enjoyed by Shen and the lives of many intellectuals like him.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 33 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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Cui, Ying. "Xu, Jun, et al. Translation of Chinese Classics: Theory and Practice." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 62, no. 2 (August 10, 2016): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.62.2.10cui.
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Setton, Robin. "Review of Hlavac & Xu (2020): Chinese–English interpreting and intercultural communication." Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 22, no. 2 (July 24, 2020): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.00047.set.
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McDonald, Edward. "The Chinese Script in the Chinese Scriptworld." Journal of World Literature 1, no. 2 (2016): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00102005.
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The exclusivist ideology characterizing the Chinese writing system as “ideographs” was constructed in the West, and later reimported into China where it influenced popular and nationalistic understandings of the characters. For the West, the Chinese script held out the promise, embraced particularly eagerly by the literary and artistic worlds, of a visual language not complicated by questions of sound, and thus by the arbitrary impositions of individual languages (Bush). For China, the Chinese script came to function as one of the key cultural characteristics marking the Chinese off from the rest of the world (Shen). This paper will attempt to provide some conceptual groundwork for understanding these complex and overlapping discourses, and set out the fundamental graphological basis through which the differing functions of Chinese characters in both the historical and the contemporary Chinese Scriptworld (Handel) can be understood.
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Shen, Hong. "11 YEARS OF BIOSTEREOLOGY IN CHINA." Image Analysis & Stereology 19, no. 3 (May 3, 2011): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v19.p157-161.
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Biostereology in China is very active. Here is a brief summary: Organization: The organization of biostereology in China was founded in Nov. 1988. Its name is Chinese Society of Biomedical Stereology (CSBS), and is affiliated to the Chinese Society for Stereology (CSS). The first joint president of CSS/BMC was Prof. Peixuan Tang, the second and now the third, is Prof. Dewen Wang. There are 556 registered members. Academic Congresses: Sessions of the National Biostereological Congress were convened in 1990, 1992, 1996 and 2000. Publications: Four works were written and published in China. One is "Quantitative Histology" (Luji Shi, 1964), another is "Stereological Morphometry For Cell Morphology" (Fusheng Zheng, 1990), the third one is "Practical Biostereological Techniques" (Hong Shen and Yingzhong Shen, 1991) and the fourth one is "Quantitative Cytology and Cytochemistry Techniques" (Genxing Xu, 1994). A Chinese Journal of Stereology and Image Analysis has been published since 1996. Courses: More than ten national training courses on biostereology were held. In some medical universities or colleges, a biostereology course has been set up. Theoretical studies: Some new concepts, parameters and methods for stereology and morphometry were put forward, such as: regular form factor, volume concavity, surface concavity, area concavity, boundary concavity, curve profile area density, positive university for immunohistochemistry stain etc. Application: Stereological methods have been widely applied in biomedical studies. The applied field covered most of the morphological domain of biology. The main applications of biostereology are quantitative pathological diagnosis and prognosis of tumor cells and histostructures. Most studies utilize classical stereological methods. New stereological methods should be popularized and applied in the future. Image Analysis System: Image analysis systems are widely used in biostereological studies. About ten kinds of image analysis systems have been manufactured in China. The most popular is HPIAS, which is made by Huahai Electronic CO.LTD.
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Chen, Zhen, and Peng Wang. "Clinical Distribution and Molecular Basis of Traditional Chinese MedicineZHENGin Cancer." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/783923.
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In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinical practice,ZHENG(also known as syndrome) helps to guide design of individualized treatment strategies. In this study, we investigated the clinical use ofZHENGin TCM-treated cancer patients by systematically analyzing data from all relevant reports in the Chinese-language scientific literature. We aimed to determine the clinicalZHENGdistributions in six common cancers (lung, liver, gastric, breast, colorectal, and pancreatic) with the expectation of uncovering a theoretical basis for TCMZHENGas a clinical cancer treatment. In addition, we also reviewed the molecular basis underlyingXue-Yu(blood stasis),Shi-Re(dampness-heat),Yin-Xu(Yin deficiency), andPi-Xu(spleen deficiency)ZHENGthat are commonly found in cancer patients. The results from our summary study provide insights into the potential utility of TCMZHENGand may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular basis of TCMZHENGin cancer.
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Cao, Deborah. "The Illocutionary Act in Translating Chinese Legislative Texts." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 44, no. 3 (January 1, 1998): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.44.3.05cao.
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Abstract In this paper one of the prominent linguistic features of legal texts, the illocutionary force, is discussed through the examination of legal performatives found in Chinese legistation and their translation into English. This paper identifies some of the characteristics of illocutionary force in Chinese legislation. An analysis of Chinese legislation has identified five types of performative verbs: (a) verbs preceded by bixu/xu (must or shall); (b) verbs preceded by yingdang/yinggai/ying (should or ought to); (c) verbs in the present tense without any modal verbs: zero performative; (d) verbs preceded by keyi (may); and (e) verbs precede by bude (must not, or shall not). The article argues that illocutionary force is a paramount consideration for legal translators and that effective translation of legislative texts depends upon a high level of translational language competence including illocutionary competence. Résumé Dans cet article, l'un des éléments saillants des textes juridiques, la force illocutionaire, est discutée en examinant les verbes performatifs juridiques trouvés dans la législation chinoise et leur traduction en langue anglaise. L'article identifie quelques caractéristiques de la force illocutionaire dans la législation chinoise. L'analyse de la législation chinoise a permis de reconnaître cinq types de verbes performatifs: (a) les verbes précédés de bixu/xu, ce qui équivaut à l'auxiliaire (must or shall), c'est-à-dire deux formes du verbe 'devoir'; (b) les verbes précédés de yingdang/yinggai/ying (should or ought to), c'est-à-dire forme conditionnelle ou impérative du verbe; (c) les verbes à l'indicatif présent sans aucuns verbes de modalité; verbes performatifs (zéro); (d) les verbes précédés de keyi (may, soit verbe auxiliaire modale); et (e) les verbes précédés de bude (must not or shall not), c'est-à-dire auxiliaires impératifs négatifs. L'article soutient que la force illocutionaire forme un élément majeur pour les traducteurs de textes juridiques et que la traduction même de textes juridiques repose sur une compétence très élevée du langage traductionnel et, en ce comprise la compétence illocutionaire.
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Shen, Grant Guangren. "Zaju and Kabuki in English: Directing in the Classical Styles." TDR/The Drama Review 45, no. 3 (September 2001): 134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/10542040152587169.
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Zaju, a Chinese theatre genre, has not been staged for 500 years. Kabuki has never been performed in English in Asia. In Singapore, a vigorously multicultural city, Shen directed English-language productions of zaju and kabuki. Are such productions “authentic”? What does authentic mean these days?
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SUN, Chaofen. "XU Dan (2006). Typological change in Chinese syntax. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 259 p." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 37, no. 2 (2008): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1960602808x00109.
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Teo, Wenny. "‘Words divide, Images connect’: The politics of language and the language of politics in Xu Bing’s Book from the Sky and Book from the Ground." Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jcca.5.1.7_1.
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Xu Bing’s Book from the Sky (1987–91) is widely regarded as one of the most important artworks in the global contemporary art canon; a spectacular installation comprised of an invented lexicon of 4000 pseudo-Chinese characters laboriously hand-carved and printed onto rice paper scrolls that is utterly illegible. Some two decades later, Xu published Book from the Ground: From Point to Point (2014), a 112-page ‘graphic novel’ written entirely in the international visual vernacular of emoji, icons and symbols culled from the Internet, which according to the artist, ‘virtually anyone can read’. This article explores how the artist’s long-standing preoccupation with visual over verbal forms of communication both plays to the idealization of the Chinese logograph as a model for a ‘new media literacy’ in the global imaginary, whilst also reflecting the culturally-coded anxieties centred on the murky politics of language, and the language of politics, in modern and contemporary China. Reading between the lines of what is touted to be an ‘open book’, it considers the degree to which the banal panoply of utterly conventional signs that constitute the Book from the Ground might be encrypted with a subversive subtext – one that is in dialogue with grassroots forms of online resistance that similarly play on the visual-verbal properties of the Chinese logograph to subvert the limitations placed on the seeable and sayable in contemporary China.
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You, Shuxiang. "Review of Wong, Li, Xu & Zhang (2010): Introduction to Chinese natural language processing." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1, no. 1 (September 5, 2014): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.1.1.06you.
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Raphals, Lisa. "Body, Mind, and Spirit in Early Chinese Medicine." T’oung Pao 106, no. 5-6 (December 31, 2020): 525–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10656p02.
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Abstract Medical texts especially of the Huangdi neijing 黃帝內經 tradition provide an important counterpoint to philosophical debates about the relation of body and mind in early China and in particular to the understanding of the “mind” (xin 心), since medical texts must address the role of the xin-heart as one of the visceral systems. This paper surveys accounts of both “mind” and “spirit” (shen 神) in the Huangdi neijing and proposes a view of a person in which cognitive and affective faculties are decentralized and corporeal, rather than being centered in the mind.
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Lei, Pingli, and Yi Liu. "Analysis on the Translation of Mao Zedong’s 2nd Poem in “送瘟神 ‘sòng wēn shén’” by Arthur Cooper in the Light of “Three Beauties” Theory." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 910–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1108.06.
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Based on “Three Beauties” theory of Xu Yuanchong, this paper conducts an analysis on Arthur Cooper’s translation of “送瘟神”(2nd poem) from three aspects: the beauty of sense, sound and form, finding that, because of his lack of empathy for the original poem, Cooper fails to convey the connotation of the original poem, the rhythm and the form of the translated poem do not match Chinese classical poetry, with three beauties having not been achieved. Thus, the author proposes that, in order to better spread the culture of Chinese classical poetry and convey China’s core spirit to the world, China should focus on cultivating the domestic talents who have a deep understanding about Chinese culture, who are proficient not only in Chinese classical poetry, but also in classical poetry translation.
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Wang, Ban. "Nature and Critique of Modernity in Shen Congwen." Prism 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 115–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/25783491-7480349.
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Abstract Contemporary environmental crises have their origin in the anthropocentric view of humans as separable from and superior to the natural world. Anthropocentrism also marks the realist author of modern Chinese fiction. Departing from that human-centered view, Shen Congwen's work evinces a biological perspective and affirms an ecological understanding of life in which the writing self must trace its roots to and reciprocate with other organisms and all-encompassing nature. The animistic language of Shen's writing delves into the ecological and bodily foundation of beauty and arts. Shen's notion of the longue durée of biology and evolution debunks the transient zeitgeist of modern transformation and accelerations, propelled by the human domination of nature and alienation of the human body. Shen's portrayal of sexuality reasserts the reciprocity and entwinement of inner nature with outer nature.
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Zhao, Chao-qun, Long Chen, Hong Cai, Wei-li Yao, Qun Zhou, Hui-ming Zhu, Yue Gao, Ping Liu, Xiao-jun Gou, and Hua Zhang. "Classification of Gan Dan Shi Re Pattern and Gan Shen Yin Xu Pattern in Patients with Hepatitis B Cirrhosis Using Metabonomics." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (November 21, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2697468.
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Objective. This study aimed to analyze the differential metabolites and their metabolic pathways from the serum of patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis, with two typical patterns of Gan Dan Shi Re (GDSR) and Gan Shen Yin Xu (GSYX) based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It also investigated the variation in the internal material basis for the two types of patterns and provided an objective basis for classifying TCM patterns using metabolomic techniques. Methods. The serum samples taken from 111 qualified patients (40 GDSR cases, 41 GSYX cases, and 30 Latent Pattern (LP) cases with no obvious pattern characters) and 60 healthy volunteers were tested to identify the differential substances relevant to hepatitis B cirrhosis and the two typical TCM patterns under the gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry platform. The relevant metabolic pathways of differential substances were analyzed using multidimensional statistical analysis. Results. After excluding the influence of LP groups, six common substances were found in GDSR and GSYX patterns, which were mainly involved in the metabolic pathways of glycine, serine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Eight specific metabolites involved in the metabolic pathways of linoleic, glycine, threonine, and serine existed in the two patterns. Conclusions. The data points on the metabolic spectrum were found to be well distributed among the differential substances between the two typical TCM patterns of patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis using metabolomic techniques. The differential expression of these substances between GDSR and GSYX patterns provided an important objective basis for the scientific nature of TCM pattern classification at the metabolic level.
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Ferlus, Michel. "Les Dishannonies Tonales En Viet-Muong Et Leurs Implications Historiques." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 28, no. 1 (1999): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-90000066.
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Every era of paleographical studies has its own ideological problems. Prejudices of this nature already appear in Xu Shen's Shuowen jiezi during the Han period. The present paper is intended to examine, principally through various hypotheses proposed for the graphical analysis of the character di 帝 'Lord on High', some of the negative effects of ideological interference on Chinese paleography during the past hundred years as China celebrates this year's centennial of the discovery of the oracle bone inscriptions.
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Xu, Chenchen, and Lingfeng Mao. "The sociolinguistic meanings of syllable contraction in Chinese." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 160–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.16004.xu.
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Abstract Syllable contraction has been observed in many modern Chinese varieties, including Mandarin. Public opinion of syllable contraction, especially some stereotyped contracted words, tends to associate it with a southern (especially Taiwanese) accent. Gendered social meanings are often attached to it as well. This paper investigates Mandarin syllable contraction using Prestonian perceptual mapping techniques, graphical aggregation, and quantitative comparisons. The results of the mapping tasks suggest that participants’ beliefs about the location and gender of contraction users are generally in line with the public opinions observed in qualitative analyses of media discourses. However, an analysis of map responses in terms of respondents’ region of origin and gender uncovers nuanced contrasts along gendered and regional lines. Northern respondents (judges) had a negative attitude toward southern contraction but a positive opinion toward northern contraction, while southern judges viewed syllable contraction positively regardless of region. Female judges viewed female contraction users positively and male users negatively, but male judges had a strongly negative opinion of only the male users. Region and gender intertwine with each other and constitute the sociolinguistic meanings of Chinese syllable contraction that involve both the user and perceiver. In this way, the study uncovers new perceptual perspectives on the sociolinguistic meaning of a less commonly studied variable in a less commonly studied language.
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Defen, Zhu. "A Study of the English Translations of “Shen Si” in Wen Xin Diao Long." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 5, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.5n.2p.54.
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This research aims at finding out how we can benefit from comparing Chinese and Western poetics when translating texts of traditional Chinese literary theories into English. We will try to find out, from the perspectives of comparative poetics, the difficulties and solutions in translating traditional Chinese literary theories into English. We will also see how comparative poetics would affect the translating strategies and the readers’ understanding of the translated texts. The paper starts with a comparison and analysis of the four English translations of the “Shen Si” (《神思》) chapter in WXDL. The comparisons and analyses expose problems in translating traditional Chinese literary theories into English, but it also gives us some insights. We find that some characteristics of the text, such as the critical terms, the figurative use of language, and the numerous quotes and illusions, impose lots of challenges to the translating. We also find that a comparative study of Chinese and Western poetics in many ways is helpful to the translation of the texts of traditional Chinese literary theories.
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Xu, Minhui. "Intensified foreignness in translated Chinese literary names – A case study of Shen Congwen’s stories in English." Perspectives 28, no. 5 (April 27, 2020): 792–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0907676x.2020.1752268.
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Xu, Ran. "Corpus-based terminological preparation for simultaneous interpreting." Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 20, no. 1 (April 26, 2018): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.00002.xu.
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Abstract This experimental study examines whether use of a corpus-based terminological preparation procedure, managed by a term extraction tool (Syllabs Tools) and a concordance tool (on the Sketch Engine platform), enables trainee interpreters (Chinese A, English B) to achieve greater accuracy in a simultaneous interpreting (SI) task on a specialised topic. Twenty-two interpreting students on a one-year MA course in the UK were divided into a test group (10 students) and a control group (12 students). Nine days before the experiment, which involved SI from the A into the B language as well as vice versa, both groups were given preparatory documentation in both languages. In addition, the test group received term lists automatically generated by the extraction tool and used the Sketch Engine concordance tool. The control group extracted terms manually and did not have the concordance tool. Terminological accuracy in SI was found to be significantly higher, with fewer omissions, even when terms occurred in rapid succession, in the test group. All students afterwards participated in focus group discussions, providing feedback on the effectiveness of their preparation and an estimate of the time they had dedicated to it. In addition, their recall of terms was tested two months later by completion of a 15-item quiz and was found to be significantly better in the test group.
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JIN, LI. "Research among Learners of Chinese as a Foreign Language edited by EVERSON, MICHAEL E., & HELEN H. SHEN." Modern Language Journal 95, no. 3 (September 2011): 465–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2011.01212_10.x.
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Poole, Frederick J., and Ko-Yin Sung. "A preliminary study on the effects of an E-gloss tool on incidental vocabulary learning when reading Chinese as a foreign language." Chinese as a Second Language (漢語教學研究—美國中文教師學會學報). The journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, USA 51, no. 3 (December 31, 2016): 266–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/csl.51.3.03poo.
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To become proficient readers of Chinese, learners must identify characters quickly and accurately. Learners who are able to recognize characters rapidly are able to focus on the overall message rather than the meaning of individual characters. However, the complex orthography of Chinese makes decoding characters difficult. E-gloss tools such as Dim Sum have been highly touted as solutions to ease this burden for second language learners of Chinese (Shen & Tsai 2010; Xie & Tao 2009). Research has shown that when learners use these tools, reading speeds and comprehension scores improve; however, no research has investigated the effect of such tools on incidentally-learned vocabulary. This study compared incidental vocabulary gains by 19 students in two different Chinese courses, reading four texts with an e-gloss tool and four texts in a traditional paper format. Although a significant difference between the two reading formats was not found, simple comparisons of learning gains by individual learners in both reading formats suggest that students’ learning and reading styles may impact the effectiveness of reading with or without the e-gloss tool.
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Xu, Dan. "From topic marker to case marker." Asian Languages and Linguistics 1, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 278–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/alal.20029.xu.
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Abstract The case model of the syncretic case [xa] in the Gansu-Qinghai area came from non-Sinitic languages, while the phonetic form came from Sinitic languages (“Sinitic languages” are usually called “Chinese dialects” in the Chinese linguistic community). The paper shows that this marker [xa] may come from a topic marker and topic chain markers in Sinitic languages. The accusative/dative marker formation was motivated by pragmatic factors. This phenomenon is also found in other languages. The syncretic use of cases is commonplace in languages across the world, whereas the accusative/dative marker [xa] is one of the prominent features in Sinitic languages in the Gansu-Qinghai area. The accusative/dative case formation did not know an even speed in Sinitic languages. It seems that Wutun and Tangwang evolved rapidly while Linxia and Gangou changed with an intermediate rhythm. Qinghai languages are the closest to Tibetic languages, but paradoxically they seem to be more conservative and do not adopt dative markers in possessor and experiencer constructions which are seen overwhelmingly in Tibetic languages. However, other Sinitic languages have adopted this marking progressively and steadily. The language model of the syncretic marker [xa] is not from a single language. Amdo Tibetan as well as Mongolic languages have contributed to the case formation of [xa] in Sinitic languages. This paper proposes that an Intertwining Model helped the spread of case formation in this zone. Languages of one group or of one language family have influenced each other at different periods. The results of case formation we note today constitute a net-like relationships connected to various languages, but not a neat and linear path.
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Dreyzis, Yulia A. "Performative Strategies in Contemporary Chinese Avant-garde Poetry." Oriental Studies 19, no. 10 (2020): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-10-100-116.
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The paper presents an attempt to explore the problem of mediality in Chinese poetry of the last thirty years. New Chinese poetry is particularly susceptible to the influence of the latest concepts of modern art and now more than ever needs a clear contextualization in relation to other forms of culture and avant-garde practice. This can be achieved through applying an analysis paradigm for performative word art developed by Dr. Tomáš Glanc in the context of Czech and Russian neo-avant-garde. It perceives experimental poetry as a form that fulfills a shift of the word thus making it labile. Examples of this phenomena can be found in Chinese poetry in the works of Ouyang Jianghe, Yang Xiaobin, Ouyang Yu, Xia Yu, Chen Li, Xu Bing, Wuqing and many more experimental artists. Their creative use of word shift principles shows how performative strategies are adapted in contemporary Chinese poetry keeping in mind the specific hanzi (character) medium that it is based upon. It seems both a continuation of a long-existing tradition and a radical exploration of the ‘iconic turn’ in the field of language.
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Tseng, Chu-Yao, Ching-Wen Huang, Hsin-Chia Huang, and Wei-Chen Tseng. "Utilization Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine among Fracture Patients: A Taiwan Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (September 30, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1706517.
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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) divides fracture treatment into three stages. Many TCM herbs and formulas have been used to treat fractures for thousands of years. However, research regarding the Chinese herbal products (CHPs) that should be used at different periods of treatment is still lacking. This study aims to identify the CHPs that should be used at different periods of treatment as well as confirm the TCM theory of fracture periods medicine. We used prescriptions of TCM outpatients with fracture diagnoses analyzed using the Chang Gung Research Database (CGRD) from 2000 to 2015. According to the number of days between the date of the fracture and the clinic visit date, all patients were assigned to one of three groups. Patients with a date gap of 0-13 days were assigned to the early period group; those with a date gap of 14-82 days were assigned to the middle period group; and those with a date gap of 83-182 days were assigned to the late period group. We observed the average number of herbal formulas prescribed by the TCM doctor at each visit was 2.78, and the average number of single herbs prescribed was 6.47. The top three prescriptions in the early fracture period were Zheng-gu-zi-jin-dang, Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang, and Wu-ling-san. In the middle fracture period, the top three formulas were Zheng-gu-zi-jin-dang, Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang, and Zhi-bai-di-huang-wan. In the late fracture period, the top three formulas were Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang, Gui-lu-er-xian-jiao, and Du-huo-ji-sheng-tang. The main single herbs used in the early fracture period were Yan-hu-suo, Gu-sui-bu, and Dan-shen. From the middle to the late period, the most prescribed single herbs were Xu-duan, Gu-sui-bu, and Yan-hu-suo. We concluded that the results showed that the CGRD utilization pattern roughly meets the TCM theory at different fracture periods.
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YANG, Soon-Ja. "Politics, Language and Mind in Early Chinese Legalist Ideas - Focusing on the Comparison of Shen Buhai with Han Feizi." Journal of the Daedong Philosophical Association 81 (December 31, 2017): 213–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20539/deadong.2017.81.09.
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Shen, Xiaonan Susan. "Question intonation in natural speech: A study of Changsha Chinese." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21, no. 1 (June 1991): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100300005971.
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Yes-no questions, when unmarked morphologically and syntactically, are marked intonationally. The intonation of this kind of question is generally characterized either by a terminal rise or a higher overall fundamental frequency (F0). Ultan (1978) found that 38 of a sample of 53 languages use the first pattern, and 18 the second. Even in tone languages, these two patterns are not unusual. For example, yes-no questions in Hausa have a final jump to an extra high level regardless of the nature of the final tones (Miller & Tench 1980); in Mandarin both the top line and the bottom line delimiting the pitch range are raised in question intonation (Shen 1990). However, the existence of a downward intonation as an alternative, for instance in English (Bolinger 1989) and French (Fonagy & Berard 1973) has been reported. Although a number of languages have been shown to have a fall for this kind of question, it remains uncertain just how the property of being a question is conveyed. This paper attempts to investigate this issue through an acoustical analysis and a perceptual test of Changsha Chinese, a 6-tone Chinese dialect of the Xiang group, spoken in Hunan. This dialect is selected, because (1) no tone sandhi occurs in this dialect, facilitating the interpretation of the F0contours in the acoustical analysis; and (2) no empirical study of F0in this dialect has been previously conducted. While the majority of empirical works on intonation use data collected from read speech, this study undertakes the exploration of natural speech.
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Park, Nancy E. "Corruption in Eighteenth-Century China." Journal of Asian Studies 56, no. 4 (November 1997): 967–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2658296.
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Eighteenth-century chinese commentators were eloquent on the subject of official corruption, characterizing it as one of the greatest scourges on the Qing state and society. Xu Wenbi (n.d.), in an administrative handbook based on his experiences as magistrate of Yongchuan county in Sichuan province from 1764 to 1768, bemoaned the devastating effects of corruption on the Chinese populace, writing: “Wherever corruption manifests itself, there are a hundred stratagems to suck out the lifeblood of the people. How can one imagine that the wealth of the region would not be exhausted in the space of a few years?” (Xu n.d., 1:26a). Yin Huiyi (1691–1748), who served as Henan governor from 1737 to 1739, stated that avoiding corruption should be the primary goal of any provincial official. “An official who has been appointed to a post should, first and foremost, remain pure,” he wrote, adding, “No matter whether his rank is lofty or humble, in the end, incorruptibility should be his most precious jewel” (Yin 1940, 4–5). Using similarly strong language, the renowned official, essayist, and historian Qian Daxin (1728–1804) pronounced that “when a single individual is corrupt, an entire dynasty may erupt into chaos” (Qian n.d., 2:10a–11a, 1:124–25).
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HSU, KYLIE. "Jia You! Chinese for the Global Community. Vol. 1 Jia You! Chinese for the Global Community. Vol. 2 edited by XU, JIALU, FU CHEN, RUOJIANG WANG, & RUIPING ZHU." Modern Language Journal 94, no. 2 (June 2010): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2010.01037.x.
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Wu, Jiayi. "Contextual Conditions and Constraints in Chinese Dangling Topics." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 10, no. 2 (July 30, 2020): 9–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.10.2.9-48.
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This present study verifies the aboutness condition proposed by Chao, 1968; Chafe, 1976; Li and Thompson, 1981; Xu and Langendoen, 1985 and many others as a relation that holds between sentence-initial NPs and comment clauses of alleged gapless topic-comment constructions in Mandarin Chinese. Four often-cited types of dangling topics in Chinese are re-visited and the arguments from both the semantic (Pan and Hu 2002; 2008; 2009) and syntactic (Shi 2000; Huang and Ting 2006) views are examined. A critical scrutiny from contextual perspective, in particular Nomi Erteschik-Shir’s (2007) notions of topic, reveals that there exist dangling topics in Chinese where the sentence-initial NPs at issue are either contrastive or old topics which need not be syntactically or semantically licensed. The contextual contrast set and commentative conditions are proposed as the licensing conditions with constraints dictating that proper selection and relevance must be observed. At the end the study raises a hypothesis regarding language typology. It is proposed that discourse configurational languages exhibit phenomena of dangling NP topics which are properly licensed by the aboutness relation under which either one of the contextual conditions is satisfied.
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Henning, Stanley E. "La Doncella de Yue: fuente de la teoría de las artes marciales chinas." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 2, no. 4 (July 18, 2012): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v2i4.332.
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The Maiden of Yue story is a short, legendary tale that describes the essence of Chinese martial arts theory. It is the earliest such description in Chinese history (written 25-220 C.E.) and has been quoted or paraphrased by other martial artists over the centuries, including Wu Yuxiang (1812-1880) (Xu, 1936: Part 3, 52), the first individual to compile and transmit what came to be known as Taijiquan theory. The story concisely describes both internal and external characteristics that combine mental and physical attributes and counter the fallacy of later artificial categorizations of the Chinese martial arts into Internal and External Schools. </span></span></span></p>
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Lee, Tong-King. "Translanguaging and visuality: Translingual practices in literary art." Applied Linguistics Review 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 441–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2015-0022.
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AbstractTranslanguaging is a resource for linguistic creativity in communication and for critical engagement with one’s sociolinguistic or sociocultural reality. This article examines how translanguaging operates in two visual art installations by the contemporary Chinese artist Xu Bing. Square Word Calligraphy takes a visual turn on translanguaging by inventing a hybrid calligraphy that incorporates English words into the orthographic frame of Chinese. By physically tracing the alphabet through the character, viewers gain an embodied translingual experience, which encompasses an intercultural imaginary negotiating and transcending the English-Chinese divide. By contrast, Post Testament demonstrates an intralingual mode of translanguaging, whereby a biblical text is inflected with heterogeneous registers and rendered ineffectual as coherent discourse. Here the encounter and intertwining of text registers create a transformative space replete with ambiguity and mayhem. In these radical works of language art, translanguaging delineates borders while simultaneously interrogating them, creating liminal zones and articulating a politics of (mis)recognition, (un)readability, and (in)communicability.
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Fang, Xiaolong. "Lost and found in translation: Intermittent Aphasia." Journal of Arts Writing by Students 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jaws_00016_1.
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This article explores gaps in communication and mistranslations between languages and cultural identities. My article centres on my artistic research practice, alongside Chinese contemporary artists, Xu Bing and Ai Weiwei, who brought their own culture to bear on the experience of living and making work in the West. When facing the clash of cultural and linguistic environments, the work featured seeks to find a balance between inclusive and exclusive language systems. What seems to be ‘lost’ in translation can be used creatively in art practice, through hybridized forms and often through humour, to ‘find’ new meanings for myself, and hopefully for the audiences of my work.
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Shih, Chilin. "San Duanmu (2000). The phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xvi+300. De Bao Xu (ed.) (2001). Chinese phonology in generative grammar. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. ix+244." Phonology 21, no. 2 (August 2004): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675704210284.
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Loewe, Michael. "Huang Lao Thought and the Huainanzi." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 4, no. 3 (November 1994): 377–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135618630000599x.
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The Huainanzi is a corporate work which was compiled at the court of the king of Huainan, being first presented to the imperial throne in 139 B.C., and possibly receiving certain additions between then and 122 B.C. For various reasons, however, the book did not meet with the same type of acclaim that had accompanied other texts. By the eleventh century at least, the comments of Xu Shen (c. 55–149) and Gao You (c. 168–212) had been fused together into a single set of notes. The book attracted the critical attention of Su Song (1020–1101), and then that of some of the most notable scholars of the Qing period, such as Wang Niansun (1744–1832), Huang Peilie (1763–1825) and Gu Guangqi (1776–1835). In the early days of western sinology the work evaded the attention of scholars such as Legge and Couvreur who necessarily followed the lead of their Chinese masters and fastened on what they regarded as the basic texts of traditional learning, i.e. mainly the classical texts and the Confucian teachers, and the Daode jing. It is only in the latter part of the twentieth century that western scholars have felt ready to examine, appraise and translate parts of the Huainanzi, and the results may be seen in the writings of Eva Kraft (1957–58), Benjamin Wallacker (1962), Roger Ames (1983), Charles Le Blanc (1985), Hal Roth (1992), Claude Larre (1993) and now John Major. Further research in the future will be immeasurably improved and brought to new standards thanks to the publication of the concordance to the text by D. C. Lau (1992).
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Amurskaya, M. A. "The Development of Chinese Statistical Accounting During the Qin and Han Dynasties." Accounting. Analysis. Auditing 8, no. 2 (April 4, 2021): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2408-9303-2021-8-2-71-83.
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The Chinese experience in the development of accounting thought and economic statistics is of a particular interest to Russian scientific thought, since China has been confidently demonstrating economic success for many years. The research was carried out using the methods of sampling, grouping, systematization, comparison and generalization. The historical approach was applied to the analysis of theoretical and practical materials in the Chinese language. The two periods of the development of Chinese statistical thought are distinguished: 1) the period of the Qin dynasty (221-207 BC), starting from which the Chinese state is usually regarded as centralized, and statistical accounting is regarded as national; 2) the period of the Han dynasty (206 BC — 220 AD), during which the active development of statistical accounting continued and a fairly effective system was formed that satisfies all the needs of the state at the central and local level. The practical significance of the work lies in highlighting the methods of centralizing the collection of statistical data and the organization of statistics in China, the regulation of statistical accounting and related accounting. The article presents ideas and practical recommendations of the main thinkers, academicians and scientists (such as Sima Qian, Xu Gan) in the field of statistical accounting in China at that time.
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QIU, Hongzhong. "由死而觀生的中醫學." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 2, no. 3 (January 1, 1999): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.21373.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文論述了傳統中醫對待死亡本質的看法，對待死亡的態度和死從世界觀的基本觀點，比較了中醫生死概與西醫生死觀的差異及其在安樂死、養生觀等問題上的反映。本文認為，傳統中醫的生死觀點的特點是：在死亡概念上重人的精神特徵和社會特徵的喪失；在對待死亡態度上，樂天知命，安時而處順；對待惡疾等迫生狀況，認為迫生不如死，如命當夭折，便不以人助天；中醫亦關注死亡的判斷問題，但它的目的在於遠於死而近於生；中醫貴生重己，但以向死的生，未死先死為養生之策略。雖天道自然，但人道自己，人壽可以力移，死可以被超越。作者認為，中醫的死亡觀將為世界性的死亡觀的討論提供有益的啟示。The theoretical basis of traditional Chinese medicine lies in Confucianism and Daoism. Hence traditional Chinese medicine's perspectives on death have continuity with both the Confucian and the Daoist views on death. This essay analyzes many ancient Chinese medical texts and tries to articulate their views on death and dying.Concerning the definition of death, traditional Chinese medicine offers two theories. One theory sees death as the loss of shen (spirit) or the separation of shen (spirit) from the body. Shen is located in our vital organs, not just in the brain. Another theory sees death as the dispersion of qi (vital force) away from human body. Both theories regard human death as not just a biological event; it is regarded as more spiritual and social than physiological. In other words, human death is not defined in the same way as death of other organisms is defined.Chinese medicine aspires not only to cure diseases but also to enhance health. In order to achieve this goal, medicine often uses death as a threat to remind people to keep fit and to cultivate healthy life styles. Only when one is constantly death-conscious will one be able to stay away from death. ln traditional idiom, the goal of medicine is to cure a disease before the disease arises.Many traditional Chinese medical codes of practice stipulate that doctors should terminate treatment when the patient is in a terminal condition rather than prolong the agony. A tormented life is considered worse than death and is detestable. Hence there has been a strong interest to detect vital signs other than breathing and heartbeat so that an early detection of death can be possible. One can then avert death when it just starts to arise. However, once death is diagnosed as inevitable traditional Chinese medicine deems that it is unfitting for human beings to meddle with nature through strenuous efforts to avert death.Though traditional Chinese medicine fully acknowledges human mortality, it also advises people to transcend death. While Confucianism emphasizes the cultivation of virtue, Daoism stresses the oneness with nature so that one does not fear death when death arrives and does not delight in life while one is enjoying life. In so doing, the negating and annihilating effect of death will be mitigated.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 29 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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Fei, Fei. "RESEARCH AMONG LEARNERS OF CHINESE AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE. Michael E. Everson and Helen H. Shen (Eds.). University of Hawai’i at Mānoa: National Foreign Language Resource Center, 2010. Pp. 180." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 34, no. 1 (March 2012): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263111000635.
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Xu, Zhichang, and Danya Zhang. "Exploring the functionality of English in China: A tale of two cities." Russian Journal of Linguistics 24, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 589–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2020-24-3-589-611.
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The world of English has been witnessing shifts and turns over the last half century, and a major one is a paradigm shift from a monolithic English to pluricentric Englishes. The term Englishes symbolizes the functional and formal variation in the language, and its international acculturation (Kachru B. Smith 1985: 210), and it is primarily concerned with the intelligibility of form, comprehensibility of meaning, and interpretability of sense (Proshina 2014: 4). As far as China is concerned, there are estimated 350-500 million learners and users of English, and the functions of English have expanded since the reform and open door policies of the 1970s (Kirkpatrick Xu 2002). In this paper, we explore the expanding functionality of English in China, taking the major shifts and turns surrounding world Englishes as a backdrop, that is, the shift from codifying linguistic features of English varieties to focusing on users translanguaging practices in multilingual contexts, as well as the functional turn, the multilingual turn, and the dynamic interactive turn (Sridhar Sridhar 2018). In particular, we adopt a qualitative approach to researching Chinese English as a translanguaging practice among Chinese English bilingual professionals in order to unpack the expanding functions of English in two major Chinese cities, Beijing and Kunming. Drawing upon semi-structured interviews of Chinese-English bilingual professionals from the two cities, we present a tale of two cities in relation to the expanding functionality of English in China.
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Varenov, Andrey V. "Book Publications and Research of Petrogyphs of Northern Regions of China in the Last Quarter of the 20th Century." Oriental Studies 20, no. 4 (2021): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-4-37-52.
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In China, rock art is spread mainly in the border regions – carvings and engravings in the north of the country and paintings in the south. Before the beginning of the 21st century, research books and albums of petroglyphs were published in four administrative units at provincial level in the north-west of the county: Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang and Qinghai. Petroglyphs of Inner Mongolia were studied and published by Gai Shanlin, Liang Zhenhua and N. Dalengurib. The earliest and the latest books by Gai Shanlin available to us (published in 1985 and 2002 respectively) were entirely devoted to the interpretation of rock carvings and searches for their analogies. All four monographs on Ningxia rock art – by Zhou Xinghua, Li Xiangshi and Zhu Cunshi, Xu Cheng and Wei Zhong were published almost simultaneously, at the beginning of the 1990s. Ancient rock art of Xinjiang was published in albums by Zhao Yangfeng, Wang Linshan and Wang Bo and in books by Wang Binghua and Su Beihai. The monograph by Tang Huisheng and Zhang Wenhua was devoted to the description of Qinghai petroglyphs and the problems of their interpretation. The album of photos “The Rock Arts of China” is a kind of a guide to the main rock art sites known by 1993 in all the Chinese provinces. Generally, it can be stated that modern Chinese scientific rock art research was born in the first half of the 1980s, when the first articles on rock carvings started to appear in Chinese archaeological periodicals and flourished in the second half of the 1980s and the 1990s, when quite a number of monographs were published.