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Journal articles on the topic 'Xylene – Biodegradation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Prenafeta-Boldú, F. X., J. Vervoort, J. T. C. Grotenhuis, and J. W. van Groenestijn. "Substrate Interactions during the Biodegradation of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX) Hydrocarbons by the Fungus Cladophialophora sp. Strain T1." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 6 (June 2002): 2660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.6.2660-2665.2002.

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ABSTRACT The soil fungus Cladophialophora sp. strain T1 (= ATCC MYA-2335) was capable of growth on a model water-soluble fraction of gasoline that contained all six BTEX components (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylene isomers). Benzene was not metabolized, but the alkylated benzenes (toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) were degraded by a combination of assimilation and cometabolism. Toluene and ethylbenzene were used as sources of carbon and energy, whereas the xylenes were cometabolized to different extents. o-Xylene and m-xylene were converted to phthalates as end metabolites; p-xylene was not degraded in complex BTEX mixtures but, in combination with toluene, appeared to be mineralized. The metabolic profiles and the inhibitory nature of the substrate interactions indicated that toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were degraded at the side chain by the same monooxygenase enzyme. Our findings suggest that soil fungi could contribute significantly to bioremediation of BTEX pollution.

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2

Acuna-Askar, K., M. V. Gracia-Lozano, J. F. Villarreal-Chiu, J. G. Marmolejo, M. T. Garza-Gonzalez, and B. Chavez-Gomez. "Effect of soil and a nonionic surfactant on BTE-oX and MTBE biodegradation kinetics." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 8 (October 1, 2005): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0237.

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The biodegradation kinetics of BTE-oX and MTBE, mixed all together, in the presence of 905mg/L VSS of BTEX-acclimated biomass was evaluated. Effects of soil and Tergitol NP-10 in aqueous samples on substrate biodegradation rates were also evaluated. Biodegradation kinetics was evaluated for 36 hours, every 6 hours. MTBE biodegradation followed a first-order one-phase kinetic model in all samples, whereas benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene biodegradation followed a first-order two-phase kinetic model in all samples. O-xylene biodegradation followed a first-order two-phase kinetic model in the presence of biomass only. Interestingly, o-xylene biodegradation was able to switch to a first-order one-phase kinetic model when either soil or soil and Tergitol NP-10 were added. The presence of soil in aqueous samples retarded benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene removal rates. O-xylene and MTBE removal rates were enhanced by soil. The addition of Tergitol NP-10 to aqueous samples containing soil had a positive effect on substrate removal rate in all samples. Substrate percent removals ranged 77–99.8% for benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene. O-xylene and MTBE percent removals ranged 50.1–65.3% and 9.9–43.0%, respectively.

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3

Hallier-Soulier, S., V. Ducrocq, and N. Truffaut. "Conjugal transfer of a TOL-like plasmid and extension of the catabolic potential ofPseudomonas putidaF1." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 898–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w99-093.

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Strain mX was isolated from a petrol-contaminated soil, after enrichment on minimal medium with 0.5% (v/v) meta-xylene as a sole carbon source. The strain was tentatively characterized as Pseudomonas putida and harboured a large plasmid (pMX) containing xyl genes involved in toluene or meta-xylene degradation pathways via an alkyl monooxygenase and a catechol 2,3-dioxygenase. This new TOL-like plasmid was stable over two hundred generations and was self-transferable. After conjugal transfer to P. putida F1, which possesses the Tod chromosomal toluene biodegradative pathway, the transconjugant P. putida F1(pMX) was able to grow on benzene, toluene, meta-xylene, para-xylene, and ethylbenzene compounds as the sole carbon sources. Catechol 2,3-dioxygenases of the transconjugant cells presented a more relaxed substrate specificity than those of parental cells (strain mX and P. putida F1).Key words: biodegradation, conjugative transfer, toluene, xylene, Pseudomonas.

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4

Acuna-Askar, K., J. F. Villarreal-Chiu, M. V. Gracia-Lozano, M. T. Garza-Gonzalez, B. Chavez-Gomez, I. P. Rodriguez-Sanchez, and H. A. Barrera-Saldana. "BTE-OX biodegradation kinetics with MTBE through bioaugmentation." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0313.

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The biodegradation kinetics of BTE-oX and MTBE, mixed all together, in the presence of bioaugmented bacterial populations as high as 880 mg/L VSS was evaluated. The effect of soil in aqueous samples and the effect of Tergitol NP-10 on substrate biodegradation rates were also evaluated. Biodegradation kinetics was evaluated for 36 hours, every 6 hours. Benzene and o-xylene biodegradation followed a first-order one-phase kinetic model, whereas toluene and ethylbenzene biodegradation was well described by a first-order two-phase kinetic model in all samples. MTBE followed a zero-order removal kinetic model in all samples. The presence of soil in aqueous samples retarded BTE-oX removal rates, with the highest negative effect on o-xylene. The presence of soil enhanced MTBE removal rate. The addition of Tergitol NP-10 to aqueous samples containing soil had a positive effect on substrate removal rate in all samples. Substrate percent removals ranged from 95.4-99.7% for benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene. O-xylene and MTBE percent removals ranged from 55.9-90.1% and 15.6-30.1%, respectively.

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5

Milcic-Terzic, J., Y. Lopez-Vidal, M. M. Vrvic, and S. Saval. "Biodegradation potential assessment of microbial consortia isolated from a diesel-contaminated soil." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 5-6 (September 1, 2000): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0541.

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Diesel, toluene and naphthalene-degrading microbial consortia were isolated from a diesel-contaminated soil. The presence of catabolic genes, xylE and ndoB responsible for toluene/xylene and naphthalene biodegradation, respectively, were screened by PCR techniques in all microbial consortia. The diesel-consortium possessed both catabolic genes, the toluene-consortium only the xylE gene, while the naphthalene-consortium possessed only the ndoB gene. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that contaminated soil has indigenous microbes with a high natural potential for biodegradation.

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6

Ma, G., and N. G. Love. "Creating anoxic and microaerobic conditions in sequencing batch reactors treating volatile BTX compounds." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (February 1, 2001): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0147.

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An experimental strategy is introduced for studying the biodegradation of wastewaters containing volatile contaminants using an alternating anoxic/microaerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Benzene, toluene, and the xylene isomers (BTX) served as model volatile contaminants for this study. The reactor was configured to overcome stripping the volatile BTX compounds into the atmosphere to provide opportunities for BTX biodegradation. Oxygen-free anoxic and microaerobic (< 0.2 mg/L dissolved oxygen) conditions were established using a novel laboratory reactor configuration. ORP was successfully used to monitor different electron acceptor conditions in the SBR. Toluene and m-xylene were amenable to anoxic (denitrifying) metabolism while benzene, o-, and p-xylene were biodegradable under microaerobic conditions. The results demonstrate that establishing microaerobic conditions in full-scale bioreactors may be an appropriate way to encourage the biodegradation of aerobically biodegradable volatile contaminants. Additionally, the laboratory reactor configuration introduced in this paper may be useful in subsequent studies involving microaerobic metabolism.

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7

Acuna-Askar, K., A. J. Englande, A. Ramirez-Medrano, J. E. Coronado-Guardiola, and B. Chavez-Gomez. "Evaluation of biomass production in unleaded gasoline and BTEX-fed batch reactors." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 8 (November 1, 2003): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0461.

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BTEX removal under aerobic conditions by unleaded gasoline acclimated biomass and BTEX acclimated biomass, and the effect of surfactant on BTEX biodegradation were evaluated. The effect of BTEX concentration as the sole source of carbon for biomass acclimation and the effect of yeast extract on cell growth in unleaded gasoline-fed reactors were also evaluated. For the unleaded gasoline acclimated biomass, benzene was shown the most recalcitrant among all BTEX, followed by o-xylene and toluene with 16–23%, 35–41% and 57–69% biodegradation, respectively. Ethylbenzene was consistently the fastest BTEX chemical removed with 99% biodegradation for the four bioreactor acclimated biomasses tested. For the 1,200 ppm BTEX acclimated biomass, benzene showed the highest removal efficiency (99%) among the four biomass environmental conditions tested, along with 99% toluene and 99% ethylbenzene biodegradation. O-xylene showed 92–94% removal. In all bioassays tested Tergitol NP-10 was fully removed, and did not have a substantial effect on BTEX biodegradation at the end of a 10-day evaluation.

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8

Choi, Phil-Kweon, Pyeung Heo, and Sang-Seob Lee. "The Investigation of Biodegradation Characteristics of Xylene by Soil Inhabited Microorganisms." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 35, no. 6 (June 30, 2013): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2013.35.6.389.

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9

Auffret, Marc, Diane Labbé, Gérald Thouand, Charles W. Greer, and Françoise Fayolle-Guichard. "Degradation of a Mixture of Hydrocarbons, Gasoline, and Diesel Oil Additives by Rhodococcus aetherivorans and Rhodococcus wratislaviensis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 24 (October 16, 2009): 7774–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01117-09.

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ABSTRACT Two strains, identified as Rhodococcus wratislaviensis IFP 2016 and Rhodococcus aetherivorans IFP 2017, were isolated from a microbial consortium that degraded 15 petroleum compounds or additives when provided in a mixture containing 16 compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, p-xylene, o-xylene, octane, hexadecane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane [isooctane], cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, naphthalene, methyl tert-butyl ether [MTBE], ethyl tert-butyl ether [ETBE], tert-butyl alcohol [TBA], and 2-ethylhexyl nitrate [2-EHN]). The strains had broad degradation capacities toward the compounds, including the more recalcitrant ones, MTBE, ETBE, isooctane, cyclohexane, and 2-EHN. R. wratislaviensis IFP 2016 degraded and mineralized to different extents 11 of the compounds when provided individually, sometimes requiring 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (HMN) as a cosolvent. R. aetherivorans IFP 2017 degraded a reduced spectrum of substrates. The coculture of the two strains degraded completely 13 compounds, isooctane and 2-EHN were partially degraded (30% and 73%, respectively), and only TBA was not degraded. Significant MTBE and ETBE degradation rates, 14.3 and 116.1 μmol of ether degraded h−1 g−1 (dry weight), respectively, were measured for R. aetherivorans IFP 2017. The presence of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEXs) had a detrimental effect on ETBE and MTBE biodegradation, whereas octane had a positive effect on the MTBE biodegradation by R. wratislaviensis IFP 2016. BTEXs had either beneficial or detrimental effects on their own degradation by R. wratislaviensis IFP 2016. Potential genes involved in hydrocarbon degradation in the two strains were identified and partially sequenced.

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10

Thomas, J. M., V. R. Gordy, S. Fiorenza, and C. H. Ward. "Biodegradation of Btex in Subsurface Materials Contaminated with Gasoline: Granger, Indiana." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0051.

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The microbial ecology and potential for biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o- and m-xylene (BTEX) in core materials contaminated with unleaded gasoline were investigated. The site studied was unique because a portion of the contaminated area was biostimulated in a demonstration of the use of hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen source in in situ biorestoration. Two years after termination of the field demonstration, core samples were collected from uncontaminated, contaminated, and biostimulated areas at the site and analyzed for inorganic nutrients, microbial numbers, mineralization potential of glucose, benzene, and toluene using liquid scintillation counting, and biotransformation of BTEX using gas chromatography. The results indicated that the subsurface microflora at the site was active and capable of degrading a variety of compounds. Microbial numbers and contaminant biodegradation potential in samples from the biostimulated area were greater than in uncontaminated and contaminated zones. Toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene were removed in all core materials, whereas o-xylene was recalcitrant. Mineralization experiments indicated that toluene was mineralized to a greater extent than benzene. These data indicated that the biodegradation potential of the subsurface material from the biostimulated zone, which still contained residual hydrocarbon, remained enhanced for at least 2 yr after the in situ biorestoration process had been terminated.

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11

Otenio, Marcelo Henrique, Maria Teresa Lopes da Silva, Maria Luiza Oliveira Marques, José Carlos Roseiro, and Ederio Dino Bidoia. "Benzene, toluene and xylene biodegradation by Pseudomonas putida CCMI 852." Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 36, no. 3 (September 2005): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-83822005000300010.

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12

Kelly, Walton R., Janet S. Herman, and Aaron L. Mills. "The geochemical effects of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) biodegradation." Applied Geochemistry 12, no. 3 (May 1997): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0883-2927(96)00072-8.

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13

Jorio, Hasnaa, Guy Viel, and Michèle Heitz. "Biofiltration de l'air pollué par le xylène : observations expérimentales." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 29, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-032.

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A new filtering material has been tested for its biofiltration performance for the treatment of air contaminated with the three isomers of xylene. The biofilter, operated at an empty bed residence time of 68 s and for xylene concentrations up to 6.7 g·m3, allowed a xylene load and reduction of more than 92% for concentrations up to 2 g·m3, and more than 65% for concentrations less than 6.7 g·m3. The maximum xylene elimination capacity is of 236 g·m3·h1. In general, the removal efficiency of meta-xylene is the highest whereas the removal efficiency of ortho-xylene is the lowest. At high xylene concentration, the increase of biodegradation intensity leads to the accumulation of a voluminous biofilm around the filtering particles, causing the clogging of the filter bed, the progressive retention of the nutritive solution in the superior parts of the bed, and the drying of the inferior parts of the bed. These observations have showed that a biofilter operating at high elimination capacities requires a meticulous control of the humidity of the filtering bed and a regular draining of the biomass excess. Key words: biofiltration, xylene, ortho, meta, and para isomers, carbon dioxide, biofilm, pressure drop, biomass excess.[Journal translation]

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14

Saeed, Waleed, Orfan Shouakar-Stash, Jim Barker, Neil Thomson, and Rick McGregor. "Laboratory Experiments to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Persulfate to Oxidize BTEX in Saline Environment and at Elevated Temperature Using Stable Isotopes." Hydrology 8, no. 3 (September 11, 2021): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8030139.

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In this study, batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effectiveness of persulfate (PS) as an oxidant agent to remediate benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in saline environments and at high water temperatures (30 °C). This hydrological setting is quite common in contaminated groundwater aquifers in Middle Eastern countries. In general, increasing the system temperature from 10 to 30 °C greatly enhanced the effectiveness of PS, and resulted in a faster oxidation rate for the target contaminants. When PS was added to the reactor at 30 °C, the targeted contaminants were almost completely oxidized over a 98-day reaction period. During the chemical oxidation of the BTEX, carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionations were monitored and utilized as potential proof of contaminant degradation. The calculated carbon-enrichment values were −1.9‰ for benzene, −1.5‰ for ethylbenzene and toluene, −0.4‰ for ρ,m-xylene, and −1.4‰ for o-xylene, while the hydrogen enrichment values were −9.5‰, −6.8‰, −2.1‰, −6.9‰, and −9.1‰, respectively. In comparison with other processes, the hydrogen and carbon isotope fractionations during the chemical oxidation by PS were smaller than the isotope fractionations resulting from sulfate reduction and denitrification. This observation demonstrates the differences in the transformation pathways and isotope fractionations when compounds undergo chemical oxidation or biodegradation. The distinct trend observed on the dual isotope plot (Δδ13C vs. Δδ2H) suggests that compound-specific isotope analysis can be utilized to monitor the chemical oxidation of BTEX by PS, and to distinguish treatment zones where PS and biodegradation technologies are applied simultaneously.

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15

Qu, Dan, Yongsheng Zhao, Jiaqiang Sun, Hejun Ren, and Rui Zhou. "BTEX biodegradation and its nitrogen removal potential by a newly isolatedPseudomonasthivervalensisMAH1." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 61, no. 9 (September 2015): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2015-0152.

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Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) are of great environmental concern because of their widespread occurrence in groundwater and soil, posing an increasing threat to human health. The aerobic denitrifying BTEX-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas thivervalensis MAH1 was isolated from BTEX-contaminated sediment under nitrate-reducing conditions. The degradation rates of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene by strain MAH1 were 4.71, 6.59, 5.64, and 2.59 mg·L−1·day−1, respectively. The effects of sodium citrate, nitrate, and NaH2PO4on improving BTEX biodegradation were investigated, and their optimum concentrations were 0.5 g·L−1, 100 mg·L−1, and 0.8 mmol·L−1, respectively. Moreover, MAH1, which has nirS and nosZ genes, removed ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite at 2.49 mg NH4+-N·L−1·h−1, 1.50 mg NO3−-N·L−1·h−1, and 0.83 mg NO2−-N·L−1·h−1, respectively. MAH1 could help in mitigating the pollution caused by nitrogen amendments for biostimulation. This study highlighted the feasibility of using MAH1 for the bioremediation of BTEX-contaminated sites.

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16

Herrmann, Steffi, Carsten Vogt, Anko Fischer, Anke Kuppardt, and Hans-Hermann Richnow. "Characterization of anaerobic xylene biodegradation by two-dimensional isotope fractionation analysis." Environmental Microbiology Reports 1, no. 6 (December 2009): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00076.x.

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17

Oh, Young-Sook, Zarook Shareefdeen, Basil C. Baltzis, and Richard Bartha. "Interactions between benzene, toluene, and p-xylene (BTX) during their biodegradation." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 44, no. 4 (August 5, 1994): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260440417.

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18

Acuna-Askar, K., M. A. de la Torre-Torres, M. J. Guerrero-Munoz, M. T. Garza-Gonzalez, B. Chavez-Gomez, I. P. Rodriguez-Sanchez, and H. A. Barrera-Saldana. "Biodegradation kinetics of BTE-OX and MTBE by a diesel-grown biomass." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 11 (May 1, 2006): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.353.

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The biodegradation kinetics of BTE-oX and MTBE, mixed all together in the presence of diesel-grown bioaugmented bacterial populations as high as 885 mg/L VSS, was evaluated. The effect of soil in aqueous samples and the effect of Tergitol NP-10 on substrate biodegradation rates were also evaluated. Biodegradation kinetics was evaluated for 54 h, every 6 h. All BTE-oX chemicals followed a first-order two-phase biodegradation kinetic model, whereas MTBE followed a zero-order removal kinetic model in all samples. BTE-oX removal rates were much higher than those of MTBE in all samples. The presence of soil in aqueous samples retarded BTE-oX and MTBE removal rates. The addition of Tergitol NP-10 to aqueous samples containing soil had a positive effect on substrate removal rate in all samples. Substrate percent removals ranged between 64.8–98.9% for benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene. O-xylene and MTBE percent removals ranged between 18.7–40.8% and 7.2–10.3%, respectively.

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19

Berwanger, Della J., and James F. Barker. "Aerobic Biodegradation of Aromatic and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Commonly Detected in Landfill Leachates." Water Quality Research Journal 23, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 460–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1988.034.

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Abstract Aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons are hazardous organics which persist in groundwater impacted by landfill leachate. Recent studies have indicated that the aromatics biodegrade readily under aerobic conditions. Similarly, methane-oxidizers are reported to metabolize trichloroethylene. This study investigates an in-situ biorestoration scheme involving stimulating aerobic biodegradation in a contaminated anaerobic, methane-saturated groundwater using hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen source. Batch biodegradation experiments were conducted with groundwater and core obtained from the Gloucester Landfill, Ottawa, Canada. Hydrogen peroxide, added at a non-toxic level, provided oxygen which promoted the rapid biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, o-, m-, and p-xylene. Morphologically different methane-oxidizing cultures were obtained from Gloucester groundwater and a surface sediment. Both cultures degraded trichloroethylene in microcosms containing a mineral media and Gloucester core. Degradation was not observed when the mineral madia was replaced with Gloucester groundwater, or when other chlorinated hydrocarbons were added. Additional research is required to identify and overcome this inhibition to trichloroethylene biodegradation, before this remedial strategy can be employed.

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20

Goldsmith, C. D., and Russell K. Balderson. "Biodegradation and Growth Kinetics of Enrichment Isolates on Benzene, Toluene and Xylene." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 11-12 (November 1, 1988): 505–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0336.

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21

Kim, Juhyun, Danilo Pérez-Pantoja, Rafael Silva-Rocha, Juan Carlos Oliveros, and Víctor de Lorenzo. "High-resolution analysis of them-xylene/toluene biodegradation subtranscriptome ofPseudomonas putidamt-2." Environmental Microbiology 18, no. 10 (October 22, 2015): 3327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13054.

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22

Duetz, W. A., B. Wind, J. G. van Andel, M. R. Barnes, P. A. Williams, and M. Rutgers. "Biodegradation kinetics of toluene, m-xylene, p-xylene and their intermediates through the upper TOL pathway in Pseudomonas putida (pWWO)." Microbiology 144, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 1669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-144-6-1669.

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Goodwin, Kelly D., Ryszard Tokarczyk, F. Carol Stephens, and Eric S. Saltzman. "Description of Toluene Inhibition of Methyl Bromide Biodegradation in Seawater and Isolation of a Marine Toluene Oxidizer That Degrades Methyl Bromide." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 7 (July 2005): 3495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.7.3495-3503.2005.

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ABSTRACT Methyl bromide (CH3Br) and methyl chloride (CH3Cl) are important precursors for destruction of stratospheric ozone, and oceanic uptake is an important component of the biogeochemical cycle of these methyl halides. In an effort to identify and characterize the organisms mediating halocarbon biodegradation, we surveyed the effect of potential cometabolic substrates on CH3Br biodegradation using a 13CH3Br incubation technique. Toluene (160 to 200 nM) clearly inhibited CH3Br and CH3Cl degradation in seawater samples from the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Oceans. Furthermore, a marine bacterium able to co-oxidize CH3Br while growing on toluene was isolated from subtropical Western Atlantic seawater. The bacterium, Oxy6, was also able to oxidize o-xylene and the xylene monooxygenase (XMO) pathway intermediate 3-methylcatechol. Patterns of substrate oxidation, lack of acetylene inhibition, and the inability of the toluene 4-monooxygenase (T4MO)-containing bacterium Pseudomonas mendocina KR1 to degrade CH3Br ruled out participation of the T4MO pathway in Oxy6. Oxy6 also oxidized a variety of toluene (TOL) pathway intermediates such as benzyl alcohol, benzylaldehyde, benzoate, and catechol, but the inability of Pseudomonas putida mt-2 to degrade CH3Br suggested that the TOL pathway might not be responsible for CH3Br biodegradation. Molecular phylogenetic analysis identified Oxy6 to be a member of the family Sphingomonadaceae related to species within the Porphyrobacter genus. Although some Sphingomonadaceae can degrade a variety of xenobiotic compounds, this appears to be the first report of CH3Br degradation for this class of organism. The widespread inhibitory effect of toluene on natural seawater samples and the metabolic capabilities of Oxy6 indicate a possible link between aromatic hydrocarbon utilization and the biogeochemical cycle of methyl halides.

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Usman, N., H. I. Atta, and M. B. Tijjani. "Biodegradation Studies of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX) Compounds by Gliocladium sp. and Aspergillus terreus." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 6 (July 17, 2020): 1063–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i6.19.

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Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) are monoaromatic hydrocarbons found frequently in petroleum and its derivatives; and they are among the most important pollutants of soil and groundwater. This study focused on harnessing the enzymatic capabilities of filamentous fungi Gliocladium sp. and Aspergillus terreus, dwelling in a petroleum-contaminated soil to degrade benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) compounds. The biodegradation experiment was carried out using the fungi individually and in consortium in a batch culture containing mineral salts medium supplemented with 1% v/v BTEX. The experiments were carried out in triplicates at room temperature on a rotary shaker (180rpm) for twenty five days and aliquots were taken on a five day interval to determine the hydrocarbon utilizing fungal (HUF) count and residual BTEX in order to monitor the rate of biodegradation. The hydrocarbon utilizing fungal counts were determined by direct counting using a Neubauer Haemocytometer while, the residual BTEX was determined using absorbance values measured using a spectrophotometer and the corresponding concentrations determined from a standard curve. The highest percentage degradation of BTEX was observed with Aspergillus terreus (89.1%) while, the least was observed with Gliocladium sp. (84.4%). The growth peak was attained on the 15th day in all treatments after which the HUF counts declined. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in the mean amounts of BTEX degraded and hydrocarbon-utilizing fungal counts between the treatments. The strains of Gliocladium sp. and Aspergillus terreus used in this study showed high ability for BTEX degradation thus, they are potential candidates for bioremediation of soils contaminated with monoaromatic hydrocarbons. Keywords: Biodegradation, BTEX, Gliocladium sp., Aspergillus terreus, Monoaromatic hydrocarbons

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Arenghi, Fabio L. G., Paola Barbieri, Giovanni Bertoni, and Víctor de Lorenzo. "New insights into the activation ofo‐xylene biodegradation inPseudomonas stutzeriOX1 by pathway substrates." EMBO reports 2, no. 5 (May 2001): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/embo-reports/kve092.

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Wang, Zhenwen, Guangli Xiu, Xuefang Wu, Lina Wang, Jing Cai, and Danian Zhang. "Biodegradation of xylene mixture from artificial simulated waste gases by capillary membrane bioreactors." Chemical Engineering Journal 229 (August 2013): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.05.001.

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Kim, Jeong Myeong, Ngoc Thuan Le, Bok Sil Chung, Jin Ho Park, Jin-Woo Bae, Eugene L. Madsen, and Che Ok Jeon. "Influence of Soil Components on the Biodegradation of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and o-, m-, and p-Xylenes by the Newly Isolated Bacterium Pseudoxanthomonas spadix BD-a59." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 23 (October 3, 2008): 7313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01695-08.

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ABSTRACT A bacterium designated strain BD-a59, able to degrade all six benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-, m-, and p-xylene (BTEX) compounds, was isolated by plating gasoline-contaminated sediment from a gasoline station in Geoje, Republic of Korea, without enrichment, on minimal salts basal (MSB) agar containing 0.01% yeast extract, with BTEX as the sole carbon and energy source. Taxonomic analyses showed that the isolate belonged to Pseudoxanthomonas spadix, and until now, the genus Pseudoxanthomonas has not included any known BTEX degraders. The BTEX biodegradation rate was very low in MSB broth, but adding a small amount of yeast extract greatly enhanced the biodegradation. Interestingly, degradation occurred very quickly in slurry systems amended with sterile soil solids but not with aqueous soil extract. Moreover, if soil was combusted first to remove organic matter, the enhancement effect on BTEX biodegradation was lost, indicating that some components of insoluble organic compounds are nutritionally beneficial for BTEX degradation. Reverse transcriptase PCR-based analysis of field-fixed mRNA revealed expression of the tmoA gene, whose sequence was closely related to that carried by strain BD-a59. This study suggests that strain BD-a59 has the potential to assist in BTEX biodegradation at contaminated sites.

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Rangkooy, Hossein Ali, Fereshteh Jahani, and Atefeh Siahi Ahangar. "Photocatalytic removal of xylene as a pollutant in the air using ZnO-activated carbon, TiO2 -activated carbon, and TiO2 /ZnOactivated carbon nanocomposites." Environmental Health Engineering and Management 7, no. 1 (January 25, 2020): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ehem.2020.06.

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Background: Today, advances in different areas of science and technology along with their application in industries have led to an increase in dangerous pollutants which can resist biodegradation. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regarded as important factors of air pollution in closed environments. Xylene is one of these compounds which is produced in mass quantities and widely used in industries, therefore, the removal of this compound is necessary. One of the available technologies for removing this compound is photocatalytic degradation. The present study aimed to determine the efficiency of photocatalytic removal of xylene as a pollutant in air using TiO2 -ZnO nanoparticles and TiO2 -ZnO composite coated on activated carbon under ultraviolet radiation. Methods: In this experimental study, after coating of the nanoparticles on activated carbon, the produced catalysts with a specific surface area were characterized using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and porosity analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the type and percentage of the main elements present in the bed were determined using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The tests were carried out at laboratory scale and ambient temperature. In order to produce polluted air containing 100 ppm xylene vapor at a specific flow rate and concentration, a dynamic concentrator system was used. The removal of xylene was investigated under continuous flow mode. Results: The results of the specific surface area using BET analysis and SEM images showed that nanoparticles were well coated on activated carbon. According to the results of the photocatalytic removal, the efficiencies of photocatalytic removal of xylene by AC/ZnO 5%, AC/TiO2 15%, and AC/3TiO2 /1ZnO were 80.1, 89, and 95.1%, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results, the use of ZnO-TiO2 nanocomposite on activated carbon can be an appropriate method for the photocatalytic removal of xylene from polluted air.

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Basuki, Rahmat, Ninis Hadi Haryanti, Suryajaya Suryajaya, and Sadang Husain. "Modifikasi Polietilen sebagai komposit Plastik Polimer Biodegradable dengan Filler Tepung Kulit Pisang Talas." Jurnal Fisika Flux: Jurnal Ilmiah Fisika FMIPA Universitas Lambung Mangkurat 18, no. 1 (March 13, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/flux.v18i1.8386.

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Synthetic polymer polyethylene LDPE has been grafted with natural polymers of banana talas (Musa paradisiacal Var sapientum L.) peels flour. The aim of this research is to make compossed plastic of the thermoplastic banana peels flour with LDPE resins plastic based on mechanic and degradation behaviours. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) resins, glycerol, banana peels, humus soil, xylene p.a as the raw materials. Thermoplastic banana peels flour produced by added 30% glycerol concentration and then by aging for 2 weeks. The mixing of the thermoplastic banana peels flour with LDPE resins using a ratio of 1:3, 2:3 and 3:3. Xylene (coupling agent) 6 times of the total mass were added to increase compatibility between thermoplastic banana peels flour and LDPE. The mechanical properties of composite were analyzed using ASTM D638 method and the biodegradation capability composite were charactherized using soil burial test method. The results show that tensile strength in the ratio of 1:3, 2:3, 3:3 respectively were 28.94 kg/cm2, 36.16 kg/cm2, 29.94 kg/cm2. The percentage of residual weight show the biodegradation capability in the ratio of 1:3, 2:3, 3:3 was 98.46%, 97.67%, 98.24%. Mixing ratio of 2:3 thermoplastic banana peels flour and LDPE has the best value of tensile strength and degradation capability. Mixing ratio of 2:3 thermoplastic banana peels flour and LDPE has the best value of tensile strength and degradation capability.

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Atteia, O., and M. Franceschi. "Kinetics of Natural Attenuation: Review of the Critical Chemical Conditions and Measurements at Bore Scale." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 1338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.299.

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This paper describes the chemical conditions that should favour the biodegradation of organic pollutants. Thermodynamic considerations help to define the reaction that can occur under defined chemical conditions. The BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) degradation is focused on benzene, as it is the most toxic oil component and also because it has the slowest degradation rate under most field conditions. Several studies on benzene degradation allow the understanding of the basic degradation mechanisms and their importance in field conditions. The use of models is needed to interpret field data when transport, retardation, and degradation occur. A detailed comparison of two existing models shows that the limits imposed by oxygen transport must be simulated precisely to reach correct plumes shapes and dimensions, and that first-order kinetic approaches may be misleading. This analysis led us to develop a technique to measure directly biodegradation in the field. The technique to recirculate water at the borehole scale and the CO2analysis are depicted. First results of biodegradation show that this technique is able to easily detect the degradation of 1 mg/l of hydrocarbons and that, in oxic media, a fast degradation rate of mixed fuel is observed.

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Da Silva, Marcio L. B., and Pedro J. J. Alvarez. "Enhanced Anaerobic Biodegradation of Benzene-Toluene-Ethylbenzene-Xylene-Ethanol Mixtures in Bioaugmented Aquifer Columns." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 8 (August 2004): 4720–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.8.4720-4726.2004.

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ABSTRACT Methanogenic flowthrough aquifer columns were used to investigate the potential of bioaugmentation to enhance anaerobic benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene (BTEX) degradation in groundwater contaminated with ethanol-blended gasoline. Two different methanogenic consortia (enriched with benzene or toluene and o-xylene) were used as inocula. Toluene was the only hydrocarbon degraded within 3 years in columns that were not bioaugmented, although anaerobic toluene degradation was observed after only 2 years of acclimation. Significant benzene biodegradation (up to 88%) was observed only in a column bioaugmented with the benzene-enriched methanogenic consortium, and this removal efficiency was sustained for 1 year with no significant decrease in permeability due to bioaugmentation. Benzene removal was hindered by the presence of toluene, which is a more labile substrate under anaerobic conditions. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that the highest numbers of bssA gene copies (coding for benzylsuccinate synthase) occurred in aquifer samples exhibiting the highest rate of toluene degradation, which suggests that this gene could be a useful biomarker for environmental forensic analysis of anaerobic toluene bioremediation potential. bssA continued to be detected in the columns 1 year after column feeding ceased, indicating the robustness of the added catabolic potential. Overall, these results suggest that anaerobic bioaugmentation might enhance the natural attenuation of BTEX in groundwater contaminated with ethanol-blended gasoline, although field trials would be needed to demonstrate its feasibility. This approach may be especially attractive for removing benzene, which is the most toxic and commonly the most persistent BTEX compound under anaerobic conditions.

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Lee, Jang-Young, Jae-Rang Roh, and Hak-Sung Kim. "Metabolic engineering ofPseudomonas putida for the simultaneous biodegradation of benzene, toluene, andp-xylene mixture." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 43, no. 11 (May 1994): 1146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260431120.

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33

Li, Liang, and Ramesh Goel. "Biodegradation of Naphthalene, Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, and Xylene in Batch and Membrane Bioreactors." Environmental Engineering Science 29, no. 1 (January 2012): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2010.0362.

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34

Liu, Qiang, Xue-jin Liu, Arowolo E. Babajide, Tai-cheng An, Jia-mo Fu, and Guo-ying Sheng. "Comparison of air-borne xylene biodegradation between immobilized-cell biofilter and biofilm attached biofilter." Journal of Shanghai University (English Edition) 11, no. 5 (October 2007): 514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11741-007-0515-3.

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35

Rossmassler, Karen, Christopher D. Snow, Dora Taggart, Casey Brown, and Susan K. De Long. "Advancing biomarkers for anaerobic o-xylene biodegradation via metagenomic analysis of a methanogenic consortium." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 103, no. 10 (April 9, 2019): 4177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09762-7.

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36

Feisther, Vódice Amoroz, Antônio Augusto Ulson de Souza, Daniela Estelita Goes Trigueros, Josiane Maria Muneronde de Mello, Déborade de Oliveira, and Selene M. A. Guelli Ulson de Souza. "Biodegradation kinetics of benzene, toluene and xylene compounds: microbial growth and evaluation of models." Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 38, no. 7 (January 28, 2015): 1233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-015-1364-0.

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37

Morlett Chávez, Jesús A., Jorge Á. Ascacio Martínez, William E. Haskins, and Karim Acuña Askar. "Gene Expression during BTEX Biodegradation by a Microbial Consortium Acclimatized to Unleaded Gasoline and a Pseudomonas putida Strain (HM346961) Isolated from It." Polish Journal of Microbiology 66, no. 2 (June 28, 2017): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7836.

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Pseudomonas putida strain (HM346961) was isolated from a consortium of bacteria acclimatized to unleaded gasoline-contaminated water. The consortium can efficiently remove benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) isomers, and a similar capability was observed with the P. putida strain. Proteome of this strain showed certain similarities with that of other strains exposed to the hydrocarbon compounds. Furthermore, the toluene di-oxygenase (tod) gene was up-regulated in P. putida strain when exposed to toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and BTEX. In contrast, the tod gene of P. putida F1 (ATCC 700007) was up-regulated only in the presence of toluene and BTEX. Several differences in the nucleotide and protein sequences of these two tod genes were observed. This suggests that tod up-regulation in P. putida strain may partially explain their great capacity to remove aromatic compounds, relative to P. putida F1. Therefore, new tod and P. putida strain are promising for various environmental applications.

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38

Gallastegui, Gorka, Rafael Manrique de Lara, Ana Elías, Naiara Rojo, and Astrid Barona. "Black slag fixed bed for toluene, ethylbenzene and p -xylene (TEX) biodegradation and meiofauna development." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 119 (April 2017): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.10.014.

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39

Natarajan, Rajamohan, Jamila Al-Sinani, Saravanan Viswanathan, and Rajasimman Manivasagan. "Biodegradation of ethyl benzene and xylene contaminated air in an up flow mixed culture biofilter." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 119 (April 2017): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.10.041.

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40

Zhang, Lili, Chao Zhang, Zhuowei Cheng, Yanlai Yao, and Jianmeng Chen. "Biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene by the bacterium Mycobacterium cosmeticum byf-4." Chemosphere 90, no. 4 (January 2013): 1340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.043.

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41

Kermanshahi pour, A., D. Karamanev, and A. Margaritis. "Kinetic modeling of the biodegradation of the aqueous p-xylene in the immobilized soil bioreactor." Biochemical Engineering Journal 27, no. 3 (January 2006): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2005.08.024.

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42

Chin, K. K., S. L. Ong, L. H. Poh, and H. L. Kway. "Wastewater treatment with bacterial augmentation." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 8 (April 1, 1996): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0147.

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Commercially available bacterial products were used in enhancing biodegradation of monoaromatic hydrocarbons in an attached-growth bioreactor and the treatment of wastewaters containing high concentration levels of organic wastes. For the augmented attached growth system empty bed hydraulic retention times (EBHRT) of 1.9 hours to 11.6 hours were run. Results showed that at 11.6 hour EBHRT 80% removal of 10.8 mg/L feed benzene, 96.8% removal of 8.1 mg/L feed toluene and 12.7% removal of 6.1 mg/L feed xylene were achieved. In the treatment of high strength sewage, significant removal of COD, BOD and oil and grease was observed over a 4 month trial run period.

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43

Cheng, Yaping, Yudao Chen, Yaping Jiang, Lingzhi Jiang, Liqun Sun, Liuyue Li, and Junyu Huang. "Migration of BTEX and Biodegradation in Shallow Underground Water through Fuel Leak Simulation." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7040872.

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To provide more reasonable references for remedying underground water, fuel leak was simulated by establishing an experimental model of a porous-aquifer sand tank with the same size as that of the actual tank and by monitoring the underground water. In the tank, traditional gasoline and ethyl alcohol gasoline were poured. This study was conducted to achieve better understanding of the migration and distribution of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene (BTEX), which are major pollutants in the underground water. Experimental results showed that, compared with conventional gasoline, the content peak of BTEX in the mixture of ethyl alcohol gasoline appeared later; BTEX migrated along the water flow direction horizontally and presented different pollution halos; BTEX also exhibited the highest content level at 45 cm depth; however, its content declined at the 30 and 15 cm depths vertically because of the vertical dispersion effect; the rise of underground water level increased the BTEX content, and the attenuation of BTEX content in underground water was related to the biodegradation in the sand tank, which mainly included biodegradation with oxygen, nitrate, and sulfate.

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44

Lee, Jang Young, Yong Bok Choi, and Hak Sung Kim. "Simultaneous biodegradation of toluene and p-xylene in a novel bioreactor: experimental results and mathematical analysis." Biotechnology Progress 9, no. 1 (January 1993): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp00019a007.

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45

Wang, Liping, Ruiwei Xu, Bairen Yang, Shaohua Wei, Ningning Yin, and Chun Cao. "Nonionic surfactant enhanced biodegradation of m-xylene by mixed bacteria and its application in biotrickling filter." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 68, no. 10 (July 17, 2018): 1065–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2018.1466741.

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46

Jajuee, Babak, Argyrios Margaritis, Dimitre Karamanev, and Maurice A. Bergougnou. "Kinetics of biodegradation ofp-xylene and naphthalene and oxygen transfer in a novel airlift immobilized bioreactor." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 96, no. 2 (2006): 232–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.21106.

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47

Chang, Myung-Keun, Thomas C. Voice, and Craig S. Criddle. "Kinetics of competitive inhibition and cometabolism in the biodegradation of benzene, toluene, andp-xylene by twoPseudomonasisolates." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 41, no. 11 (May 1993): 1057–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260411108.

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48

Chiang, C. Y., J. P. Salanitro, E. Y. Chai, J. D. Colthart, and C. L. Klein. "Aerobic Biodegradation of Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene in a Sandy Aquifer-Data Analysis and Computer Modeling." Ground Water 27, no. 6 (November 1989): 823–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1989.tb01046.x.

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49

Song, Jihyeon, Seungkyu Shin, Hyun-Sup Jang, and Sun-Jin Hwang. "Kinetics and simulations of substrate interactions during the biodegradation of benzene, toluene, p-xylene and styrene." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 47, no. 7 (June 2012): 1027–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2012.667320.

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50

Würth, Andreas, Kathrin Menberg, Peter Martus, Jürgen Sültenfuß, and Philipp Blum. "Quantifying biodegradation rate constants of o-xylene by combining compound-specific isotope analysis and groundwater dating." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 238 (March 2021): 103757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103757.

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