Relevant bibliographies by topics / Xylenol

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Xylenol'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Xylenol"

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IWAI, Yoshio, Ichiro NAKASHIMA, Masaomi OKAZAKI, Yoshiaki HATA, and Yasuhiko ARAI. "Separation of 3,5-xylenol+2,5-xylenol and naphthalene+2,5-xylenol systems by normal freezing." Journal of Society of Materials Engineering for Resources of Japan 6, no. 2 (1993): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5188/jsmerj.6.2_5.

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Xiao, Zi Jun, Rui Qian Qi, Fang Fang Huo, Yun Ling Huang, Hai Xu, and Jian R. Lu. "Co-Biodegradation of Multiple Monocyclic Phenolic Compounds by a Novel 2,3-Xylenol-Degrading Pseudomonas Isolate." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 1329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.1329.

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Monocyclic phenolic compounds (MCPCs) from petroleum and coal sources mainly include phenol, cresols, and xylenols. A newly isolated 2,3-xylenol-degrading strain,Pseudomonassp. XQ23, was found to be capable of degrading up to 10 MCPCs for the first time. Addition of easy-to-degrade MCPCs such as phenol and cresols helped decompose hard-to-degrade xylenols and the sequential digestion of the phenolic substrates was highly dependent on their molecule structures. The action on multiple MCPCs by the new isolate XQ23 from this work revealed useful clues on the co-biodegradation of multiple pollutants.
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Kiciak, S. "Separation of Xylenol Orange, Semi-Xylenol Orange and o-Cresol Red." Talanta 36, no. 11 (November 1989): 1101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(89)80008-6.

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Kepceoğlu, A., N. Köklü, Y. Gündoğdu, Ö. Dereli, and H. S. Kilic. "Analysis of the xylenol isomers by femtosecond laser time of flight mass spectrometry." Canadian Journal of Physics 96, no. 7 (July 2018): 711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2017-0762.

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Xylenol is a phenolic chemical substance having two methyl groups and one hydroxyl group attached to a benzene ring and has six isomers. 2,4-xylenol is the only isomer of the xylenol molecule that is in the liquid phase while the remaining isomers are all in crystal form at room temperature. In the scope of this study, we have experimentally investigated ionization and dissociation properties of xylenol isomers. All experiments were carried out by using a time of flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) system coupled with a femtosecond laser system. The laser pulse power-dependent multiphoton ionization of xylenol isomers was investigated by using IR (800 nm) femtosecond laser pulses having a pulse width of ∼90 fs in duration and laser intensities changing from 2.6 × 1013 to 2.6 × 1014 W/cm2. Theoretically, molecular orbitals (LUMO+1, LUMO, HOMO, HOMO–1), vertical and adiabatic ionization energies were calculated using density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP functional and 6–311++G(d,p) basis set by following geometry optimization and performing conformational analysis.
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Watson, I. D., D. McBride, and K. R. Paterson. "Fatal xylenol self-poisoning." Postgraduate Medical Journal 62, no. 727 (May 1, 1986): 411–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.62.727.411.

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Kiciak, S., and H. Gontarz. "Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of o-cresol red, semi-xylenol orange and xylenol orange." Talanta 33, no. 4 (April 1986): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(86)80085-6.

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Ewers, Jens, Miguel Angel Rubio, Hans-Joachim Knackmuss, and Doris Freier-Schröder. "Bacterial Metabolism of 2,6-Xylenol." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55, no. 11 (1989): 2904–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.55.11.2904-2908.1989.

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Kharchuk, Roman, and Oleksandr Tymoshuk. "Voltammetric Determination of Iridium in Alloys Using Xylenol Orange." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 5, no. 3 (September 15, 2011): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht05.03.245.

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Mori, Yasuhiko, Takashi Shimizu, Yoshio Iwai, and Yasuhiko Arai. "Solubilities of 3,4-xylenol and naphthalene + 2,5-xylenol in supercritical carbon dioxide at 35.degree.C." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 37, no. 3 (July 1992): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00007a011.

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Kiciak, S. "Spectrophotometric determination of small amounts of Xylenol Orange, Semi-Xylenol Orange and o-Cresol Red." Talanta 37, no. 12 (December 1990): 1197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(90)80193-j.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Xylenol"

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Silva, Aldriano José da. "Desenvolvimento de um leitor digital de absorbância microprocessado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-04052011-003401/.

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O espectrofotômetro, aparelho muito utilizado para realizar leituras de absorbância e/ou transmitância de amostras laboratoriais, pode ser aplicado para a realização de leituras do dosímetro químico Fricke Xilenol Gel. Este aparelho, por possuir componentes eletrônicos avançados e ser importado, apresenta um custo elevado e acaba muitas vezes se tornando um dispositivo inviável para medidas mais simples e rotineiras. O presente estudo implementou-se um aparelho portátil e de baixo custo, para que medidas específicas de absorbância possam ser feitas em laboratórios de ensino de física e que possa ser aplicado como leitor de dosímetros géis, como o acima citado. Este monoespectrofotômetro é constituído por uma fonte LED (próximo a 590 nm), um fotodiodo para avaliação da intensidade da luz transmitida e um display de LCD. Tal leitor permite a comunicação com microcomputadores via porta USB, facilitando o trabalho do usuário para manipular os resultados das medidas. A principal finalidade é voltada para uso acadêmico, no entanto, devido ao seu baixo custo e simplicidade, poderá também ser direcionado para atender outros segmentos como ambulatorial, industrial, cosmético, biológico, agronômico, dentre outros.
The spectrophotometer, a device often used to perform absorbance readings and or transmittance of laboratory samples, can be applied to perform readings in the chemical dosimeter Fricke Xylenol Gel. This device, once it has advanced electronics components and is imported, has an elevated cost and often ends up becoming an impractical device for most simple measurements and routine. This study implemented a device portable and inexpensive, so that specific measurements absorbance can be made in teaching laboratories of physics and that can be applied as a gel dosimeter reader, like the above. This monospectrophotometer consists of a LED source of visible light (near 590 nm), a photodiode to assess the intensity of transmitted light and an LCD display. This reader allows communication with computers via USB port, making it easier for users to manipulate the results of the measurements. The main purpose is directed for academic use, however, due to its low cost and simplicity, may also be applied to attend other segments such as outpatient, industrial, cosmetic, biological, agronomic, among others.
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Oliveira, David Marçal Machado de. "Verificação do uso do dosímetro Fricke benzóico xilenol gel em tomografia computadorizada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-08122011-154718/.

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A tomografia computadorizada (CT) representa a maior fonte de exposição aos raios X médicos e seu uso continua crescendo rapidamente, devido aos aparelhos de última geração com alta resolução de contraste. Uma avaliação dos parâmetros que influenciam a dose absorvida na tomografia asseguram o controle de qualidade e aceitação do equipamento. Os protocolos de CT utilizam câmara de ionização e filme radiográfico para esta avaliação e pela primeira vez, neste trabalho, o dosímetro químico Fricke Benzóico Xilenol Gel (FBXG) foi utilizado. Este dosímetro ao ser irradiado, produz um complexo colorido (Fe^{+3}-AX) possível de ser medido através de técnicas ópticas, acústicas e de ressonância magnética. A leitura do filme e FBXG por fotografia, também foi empregada pela primeira vez neste trabalho indicando ser adequada. Da utilização do FBXG para avaliação do CT, foi possível obter os parâmetros de espessura de corte, homogeneidade de campo e curvas de isodose, além da promissora indicação dos índices de dose em tomografia.
Computed tomography now represents the single largest source of medical exposure and its use is increasing rapidly, because of new generation units and hight contrast image. The acceptance and quality control tests of this equipment can be inferred through some parameters that influence the absorbed dose, such as axial and transaxial dose profile and CT dose indexes. Although ionization chamber and radiographic films are indicated by protocols for these evaluations, in this present work, beside this two dosimeters, we use the chemical dosimeter Fricke Benzoic Xylenol Gel (FBXG). This dosimeter when irradiated produces a colored complex (Fe^{+3}-XO), that in this work was measured photographically to obtain the parameters, once this technique as well the FBXG are linearly dependent on the absorbed dose. This reading technique was adequate to obtain the calibration curve, the axial and transaxial dose profile for the FBXG, besides to let us visualize the future acquiring of tomographic dose indexes.
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Moreira, Marcos Vasques. "Dosimetria Fricke Xilenol Gel na região de não-equilíbrio para radioterapia com feixes de fótons e elétrons." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-22072013-102348/.

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Quando se utiliza feixes de radiação ionizante de fótons e elétrons com altas energias, a região mais perto da superfície do paciente, região de não-equilíbrio, pode ter o comportamento das doses absorvidas comprometido devido a vários fatores como a presença de materiais auxiliares na radioterapia, exemplo o \"bolus\" (para superficializar a dose absorvida) e materiais imobilizadores como a máscara termoplástica. Dependendo da significância da incerteza no valor da dose absorvida, medidas devem ser tomadas para que esta seja mais próxima possível daquela prescrita. O objetivo desse trabalho é o de avaliar a capacidade do FXG para medidas de dose absorvida na região de não-equilíbrio e o comportamento dessas. Os objetivos específicos foram: (1) o de avaliar e comparar os (µ/?) experimentais e simulados (X-COM e GEANT-4) para diversos materiais, incluindo o FXG, (2) avaliar a influência da máscara termoplástica na dose absorvida prescrita e (3) determinar o ponto de equilíbrio eletrônico, R100, em função das energias dos feixes de fótons e elétrons para diversos materiais. Dos resultados obtidos tem-se que o (µ/?) relativo ao FXG é próximo daquele do tecido mole (TM), o material da máscara influencia a distribuição da dose absorvida na região de não-equilíbrio e os valores obtidos experimentalmente e por simulação MathLab® e PENELOPE® , indicam equivalência entre os materiais da câmara de ionização (CI) e Água, diferentes da equivalência do FXG eTM. Esse último resultado corrobora aquele obtido no experimento para determinação do (µ/?) , levando a concluir a adequabilidade do FXG para medidas na região de não-equilíbrio.
When one uses high energies photons and electrons ionizing radiations beam, the region closer to the surface of the patient, non-equilibrium region, can obtain the absorbed dose behavior compromised due to several factors such as the presence of auxiliary materials in radiotherapy, like the \"bolus\" (used to superficialize the absorbed dose) and immobilizing material as the thermoplastic mask. Depending on the significance of the uncertainty in the dose absorbed value, measurements must be taken in order the measured value be as close as possible to that prescribed. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the ability of FXG for the measurements of the absorbed dose in the region of non-equilibrium and their behavior. The specific object ives are: (1) to evaluate and compare the µ/? experimental and simulated (X-COM and GEANT-4) for various materials, including the FXG; (2) to evaluate the influence of the therm oplastic mask in the prescribed absorbed dose, and (3) to determine the equilibrium electronic point, R100, depending on the photon and electron beam energies for various materials. The results present that the FXG µ/? is close to that of the soft tissue (TM); the mask material influences the absorbed dose distribution in the non-equilibrium region, and the values obtained experimentally and also through MatLab® and Penelope® simulation indicate equivalence between the materials of ionization chamber (IC) a nd water, different from the equivalence between the FXG and TM. This last result corroborates the obtained one in the experiment for the µ/? determination, suggesting the adequacy of FXG for measurements in the non-equilibrium region.
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Sampaio, Francisco Glaildo Almeida. "Avaliação de gap em feixes de fótons e elétrons na radioterapia utilizando o dosímetro Fricke Xilenol Gel e sistema de leitura CCD." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-23052014-104532/.

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Em radioterapia, dependendo do tamanho do volume alvo a ser irradiado, pode ser necessário mais de um feixe de radiação (fótons ou elétrons). Isto faz com que sobreposições dos feixes, tanto na superfície (campos de radiação) quanto em profundidade (composição das penumbras) resultem em sobredosagens que podem interferir nos tratamentos e restabelecimento dos pacientes. Para se evitar a sobredosagem foram criados os gaps (espaçamento ou distanciamento entre os campos dos feixes, na superfície de entrada dos mesmos) com a finalidade de diminuir a sobredosagem e homogeneizar a dose absorvida dentro de valores aceitáveis, que não devem exceder 20% acima do valor esperado. Para feixes de elétrons não há a prática do uso de gap, como para feixes de fótons, e não há equações que possam prever a sobredosagem na adjacência desses feixes, assim como não há um estudo mais aprofundado das técnicas possíveis de serem utilizadas para se evitar a sub e/ou sobredosagem desses feixes na superfície e em profundidade. Com isto, este trabalho foi estruturado visando à obtenção da homogeneidade das doses absorvidas na região de adjacência dos feixes de elétrons, partindo do conhecimento da aplicação de gaps para feixes de fótons. Para tal, foi desenvolvido um protótipo de leitura dos dosímetros FXG e filme radiocrômico, baseado no sensor Charge-Coupled Device (CCD). Esse protótipo permitiu fazer as medidas de diversos feixes de fótons e elétrons, variando suas energias, geometrias e superfícies de entrada (plana e/ou curvas), cujas respostas puderam ser comparadas com as obtidas por simulação por Método Monte Carlo (MMC), resguardando as mesmas condições de feixes e arranjos experimentais. Dos resultados obtidos, pode-se comprovar: a eficácia do protótipo desenvolvido, o desenvolvimento de uma equação para prever a sobredosagem advinda da adjacência de feixes de elétrons a partir de dados experimentais, a reversão do uso da equação de gap específica para feixes de fótons para feixes de elétrons em superfícies planas, a equivalência dos resultados da simulação por MMC com os experimentais de gap realizados, além da adequabilidade dos filtros compensadores (em cunha) desenvolvidos para superfícies de entrada curvas. Todos esses resultados indicam a possibilidade da utilização do gap para feixes adjacentes de elétrons em superfícies planas e filtros em cunha em superfícies curvas, passíveis de serem utilizados na prática radioterápica.
Radiotherapy of extensive volumes normally is made using more than one radiation beam (photons or electrons). These beams once are divergent, in the intersection of their penumbra the isodose composition value is increased increasing the absorbed dose value in the treatment region. To overcome this effect is used the \\textit (a shift between the beam fields at the entrance surface) whose scope is to homogenize the depth absorbed dose and do not let it to exceed 20% of its expected value. Only for photons exists the practice of gap (with equations predicting gap for plane surfaces) and compensator filters (for curve surfaces). Once these ideas are non existent for electron adjacent beams and once the use of this type of radiation has increased along the years for patient irradiation, most of the times replacing the photon beams, the curiosity to obtain methods to minimize the overdose due to the electron adjacent beams was triggered and turn it the goal of this research. For this work two dosimeters were used (Fricke Xylenol Gel, FXG and Radiocromic film) and their measurements were made through a developed prototype with a Charge-Coupled Device, CCD, whose results were compared also with Monte Carlo simulations considering the same experimental conditions (irradiation geometry, beam energy, entrance surface geometry, plane and/or curve, and setup). From the results obtained one could notice that: the CCD prototype resulted in an adequate device to be used with the selected dosimeters, the gap equation for photons could be used successfully also for adjacent electron beams on plane surfaces, compensator filters (acrylic wedge filters) are adequate for curve surfaces and the Monte Carlo Simulation results shown equivalence with the experimental ones. All these results encourage the gap for electron adjacent beams on plane surfaces, as well the use of wedge filters for curve surfaces in radiotherapy practice.
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Petchevist, Paulo Cesar Dias. "Comissionamento dos parâmetros físicos dosimétricos em aceleradores lineares clínicos usando o dosímetro FXG." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-21072015-101409/.

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A International Comission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) recomenda que a incerteza total de um tratamento radioterápico não deva ultrapassar de 5%, ou seja, cada etapa do processo de entrega da dose absorvida ao volume alvo do paciente tenha incerteza menor que esse valor (ICRU 50, 1993; ICRU 62, 1999). O cuidado com essas incertezas inicia-se na instalação da máquina (neste caso, de um Acelerador Linear Clínico), passando pela sua aceitação, pelo comissionamento, perdurando nos controles de qualidade posteriores e até em novos comissionamentos, se necessários. Os parâmetros físicos dosimétricos mínimos necessários a serem comissionados para feixes de fótons e elétrons são: Porcentagem de Dose em Profundidade (PDD), Perfis de Campos abertos e filtrados, Fatores de Espalhamento Total (Scp), Cone (Fcone) e de Transmissão (de Filtros em cunha FF, Bandeja FB, e de Transmissão intra FMLC,intra e de fuga inter lâminas FMLC,inter), além da Determinação da Posição Virtual da Fonte de Elétrons através da SSD efetiva (SSDeff). Para tal, a American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM), através do seu protocolo mais recente, apresenta objetos simuladores, tipos e tamanhos de detectores, arranjos e procedimentos experimentais específicos, através dos quais é possível inferir os parâmetros dosimétricos de feixes de fótons e elétrons, usando varredura destes com câmara de ionização (CI), considerando o erro total das medidas menor do que 1% (AAPM TG 106, 2008). Entretanto este mesmo protocolo cita de maneira sucinta ou pouco detalhada, a possibilidade da utilização de dosímetros tipo gel para o citado comissionamento, já que possuem diversas vantagens a serem consideradas na Radioterapia, como equivalência ao tecido mole (Z e ), independência energética num amplo intervalo de energia de fótons e elétrons, além da alta resolução espacial. Desta forma, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é apresentar de forma inédita, o comissionamento dos parâmetros físicos dosimétricos de aceleradores lineares clínicos (PFDALC), especificamente através do dosímetro Fricke Xilenol Gel (FXG), como método alternativo e/ou complementar aos internacionais vigentes. Para tal, neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos dispositivos e procedimentos que proporcionassem aos usuários uma forma prática, eficiente e de baixo custo para obtenção dos parâmetros citados através do FXG, em relação aqueles obtidos com a CI (método padrão). Todos os resultados dos parâmetros físicos dosimétricos obtidos com o dosímetro citado foram validados com a CI, considerando a incerteza preconizada para a mesma. Esses resultados sugerem que o FXG efetivamente poderá ser utilizado para o comissionamento de aceleradores lineares clínicos e que um protocolo específico para este dosímetro poderá ser gerado.
The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) recommends that the total radiotherapy treatment uncertainty should not exceeds 5%, in other words, considering that each step involved in the absorbed dose delivery process should not surpass the cited value (ICRU 50, 1993; ICRU 62, 1999). The uncertainties considered are those involved with, the machine installation (in this work, a Clinical Linear Accelerator), its acceptance, commissioning, followed by those related to subsequent quality controls and even new commissioning, if necessary. The minimum required physical dosimetric parameters to be commissioned for electron or photon beams are: the Percentage Depth Dose (PDD), the filtered and open Field Profiles, Total Scatter Factors (Scp), Cone Factor (Fcone), Transmission Factors: Wedge Filter (FF), Tray (FB), intra Leaf (FMLC,intra) and inter Leaf Leakage (FMLC,inter), besides the Virtual Source Position Determination (SSDeff). For this purpose, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM), through its last protocol, provides guidelines on phantom and detector selections, setting up of phantom for data acquisition (for scanning and no-scanning data), procedures for acquiring the cited beam parameters with ionizing chambers (CI) and methods to reduce the total measurement error lower than 1% (AAPM TG 106, 2008). However, this protocol does not present any information or details about the physical dosimetric parameters for clinical linear accelerators (PFDALC), through gel dosimeters once they present several useful advantages for Radiotherapy, such as: soft tissue equivalence (Z and ), wide energy independence range for photons or electrons beams and high spatial resolution. The scope of this work is to present an innovative way for physical dosimetric parameters commissioning, specifically using the Fricke Xylenol Gel (FXG) dosimeter, like an alternative and/or complementary method to that employed internationally. Devices and procedures have been developed for this work in order to infer the cited parameters, in a practical, efficient and low cost way, compared to that used with CI (standard method). All the FXG results obtained were validated with the CI, considering the uncertainty recommended for the last one. The results suggest that the FXG effectively can be used for physical dosimetric parameters commissioning for clinical linear accelerators and a new specific protocol can be generated.
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Kolářová, Iva. "Nepřímé spektrofotometrické stanovení fluoridů na bázi tvorby komplexů se zirkoniem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216790.

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The objective of this study was the calculation and optimalization methods of the indirect spectrophotometric determination of fluoride based on the zirconium complex. Three organic reagent eriochromcyanin R chromazurl S and xylenol orange were tested. As the most sensitive system was shown the complex of zirconium with xylenol orange. Linear standard curve was ranged from 1,5.10-6 to 7,5.10-5 mol.dm-3. H2PO4-, Fe3+ and the highest concentrations of Fe2+, SO42- were tested for interferent. The Fe2+ and SO4- interfere only above the concentration which cannot be found in natural water. The optimized method was applied for the determination of fluoride in the model and real drinking, mineral and surface water.
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BERTOLINI, THARCILA C. R. "Estudo comparativo sobre a adsorção de diferentes classes de corantes em zeólitas de cinzas de carvão: modelagem cinética e de equilíbrio." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2014. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10557.

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Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Lama, Lucas Sacchini Del. "Caracterização e adaptação do dosímetro Fricke para dosimetria em irradiação de sangue." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59135/tde-11112013-115906/.

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A Doença Enxerto Contra Hospedeiro Associada à Transfusão (DECH-AT) é uma reação transfusional rara, porém fatal, que ocorre devido à presença de células T no sangue doado e que pode ser prevenida por meio da irradiação do sangue do doador e de seus componentes antes da transfusão. Assim, o controle de qualidade associado à irradiação do sangue é necessário para se garantir a qualidade do produto transfundido. Neste trabalho é proposta a caracterização e a adaptação da resposta do dosímetro Fricke para uso na dosimetria da irradiação de sangue, mais especificamente o Fricke Xilenol Gel (FXG). Este é um dosímetro químico radiocrômico, que apresenta as vantagens de ser tecido equivalente e de permitir a inferência espacial da dose absorvida dentro da faixa de doses usados na prevenção DECH-AT. Dessa maneira, de modo a possibilitar a inferência de dose absorvida em todo o intervalo utilizado na prevenção da DECH-AT (25 a 50 Gy), o FXG foi caracterizado e adaptado para aplicações dosimétricas envolvendo a irradiação de sangue e derivados. Os resultados com o novo dosímetro apontaram adequabilidade para toda a faixa necessária de doses absorvidas, com sensibilidade e desvanecimento temporal satisfatórios para aplicações rotineiras. Além disso, pela metodologia proposta neste trabalho, foi possível determinar as distribuições espaciais das doses absorvidas com o dosímetro proposto de uma maneira rápida e simples, mostrando assim que este dosímetro apresenta características convenientes para o controle de qualidade para a dosimetria da irradiação de sangue e de hemocomponentes.
The Transfusion Associated Graft Versus Host Disease (TA-GVHD) is a rare transfusion reaction, however fatal, which develops due to the presence of donor T lymphocytes in the donated blood and that can be avoided by the irradiation of the donated blood blood and blood components prior to transfusion. Thus, the associated quality control of blood irradiation is necessary to guarantee the quality of the transfused product. In this work it is proposed the characterization and adaptation of the response of a Fricke dosimeter to be used for dosimetry of blood irradiation, more especiafically the Fricke Xylenol Gel (FXG). This is a radiochromic chemical dosimeter, which presents advantages to be tissue equivalent and allows the spatial absorbed dose inference. In this manner, in a way to possibilitate the absorbed dose inference in the full interval used for the prevention of the TA-GVHD (25 to 50 Gy) the FXG was characterized and adapted for dosimetry applications involving blood and blood components irradiation. The results with the new dosimeter showed adequability for the necessary absorbed doses, with satisfactory sensibility and time fading for routine applications. Furthermore, according to the methodology proposed in this work, it was possible to determine the spatial absorbed dose distributions with the new dosimeter in an fast and simple way, showing that this dosimeter presents convenient characteristics for dosimetry quality control of irradiated the blood and blood components.
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9

Moeketsi, Kopano. "Transalkylation of higher methylphenols with phenol to produce cresols and xylenols." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5439.

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The idea behind this research was to add value to such C₉˖-polymethylphenol isomer mixtures by converting them into high value cresols and xylenols via transalkylation with phenol over acid zeolite catalysts. This would comprise recovery of the valuable aromatic (phenolic) OH-groups present in the constituents of the C₉˖-phenolics fraction and also make use of the C₉˖-polymethylphenols as an active-and cheap-reagent for the methylation of the phenol, due to the activation of their aromatic rings by the OH-group. Tanslkylation reactions were carried out in liquid phase at 60 bar in a continuously operated, isothermal, tubular laboratory scale reactor over 6 g of acid zeolite catalyts were screened, H-MFI, H-MOR and H-BEA.
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Ellis, Peter Richard. "Reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons catalysed by transition metal compounds." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4783/.

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A range of different heterogeneous catalysts for the isomerisation of ortho-xylene have been prepared and evaluated. These included commercially-available samples, supported metal catalysts and zirconia-based catalysts. The greatest activity was seen for the former, which was found also to be active for a number of related reactions. Zirconia-based catalysts, in particular sulphated zirconia, gave significant activity. It was possible to prepare a catalyst to give 9.5% conversion of ortho-xylene per gram of catalyst with good selectivity to the meta isomer. The catalyst was prepared in two ways, either by the action of ammonium sulphate on "zirconium hydroxide", a hydrated zirconia precursor, or by precipitation from a sulphuric acid-containing solution of zirconium (IV) propoxide. The factors in the synthesis procedure which affect the catalytic performance of the catalyst were investigated. These included choice of reagents, preparative method and calcination procedure. This information was used to prepare an 'idealised' catalyst, which showed activity for a number of reactions of commercial interest. A range of different aminophosphine complexes based on the reaction of a N,N'- substituted diamine with chlorodiphenylphosphine have been prepared for subsequent study as ligands in complexes active in homogeneous catalysis. Palladium and platinum complexes of the type [(diaminodiphosphine)MCl(_2)] have also been prepared and characterised. A number of x-ray diffraction analyses have been performed, which along with other data has allowed the solid state and solution structures to be discussed. The relative reactivities of the ligands have been determined by reactions with manganese pentacarbonyl bromide and also with palladium dichloride complexes. This depends largely on the steric requirements of the ligand in question. The potential of these ligands in catalysis has been evaluated by the performance of their platinum dichloride complexes in the tin (II)-promoted hydroformylation of styrene, and their palladium acetate complexes for the methoxycarbonylation of ethene.
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Books on the topic "Xylenol"

1

Kagaku Busshitsu Hyōka Kenkyū Kikō and Shin Enerugī Sangyō Gijutsu Sōgō Kaihatsu Kikō (Japan), eds. 2,6-kishirenōru: 2,6-xylenol. Tōkyō: Seihin Hyōka Gijutsu Kiban Kikō Kagaku Busshitsu Hyōka Kenkyū Kikō, 2009.

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Kagaku Busshitsu Hyōka Kenkyū Kikō and Shin Enerugī Sangyō Gijutsu Sōgō Kaihatsu Kikō (Japan), eds. Kishiren: Xylene. Tōkyō: Seihin Hyōka Gijutsu Kiban Kikō Kagaku Busshitsu Hyōka Kenkyū Kikō, 2007.

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Crookes, M. J. Environmental hazard assessment: Xylenes. Watford: Building Research Establishment, 1993.

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Crookes, M. J. Environmental hazard assessment: Xylenes. Watford: Building Research Establishment, 1994.

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Junko, Nakanishi. Kishiren. Tōkyō: Maruzen, 2009.

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Birtwistle, H. J. The conversion of xylenes over molecular sieve catalysts. Manchester: UMIST, 1994.

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Canada, Canada Environnement. Xylènes. Ottawa, Ont: Ministre des approvisionnements et services Canada, 1993.

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Bickerdike, S. R. The degradation of o-xylene by a new soil isolate. Manchester: UMIST, 1994.

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Environment, Alberta Alberta. Assessment report on xylenes for developing an ambient air quality objectives [sic]. [Edmonton]: Alberta Environment, 2004.

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Kesornthong, Soisuda. An investigation of toluene and xylene exposure in the Thai paint manufacturing industry. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Xylenol"

1

Gooch, Jan W. "Xylenol Resin." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 818. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12931.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Dichloro-m-Xylenol." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 153. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_2899.

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Ware, George W. "Xylenes." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 213–22. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3922-2_19.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Diphenyl Xylenyl Phosphate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 232. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_3783.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Xylene." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 818. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12926.

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Hallenbeck, William H., and Kathleen M. Cunningham-Burns. "Xylene." In Pesticides and Human Health, 143–44. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5054-8_98.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Xylene." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 595. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_11243.

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Patnaik, Pradyot. "Xylene." In Handbook of Environmental Analysis, 525–26. Third edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315151946-139.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Commercial Xylene." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 159. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_2707.

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Gooch, Jan W. "p-Xylene." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 818. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12929.

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Conference papers on the topic "Xylenol"

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Li, Ning, and Bing Lin. "Xylenol Orange Sorption on Modified Carboxymethyl Cellulose." In 2010 International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cesce.2010.266.

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Petchevist, P. C. D., M. V. Moreira, A. de Almeida, Floyd D. McDaniel, and Barney L. Doyle. "Electron Beam Quality Determination Through Fricke Xylenol Gel Dosimeter." In APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY: Twentieth International Conference. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3119990.

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Gambarini, G., G. M. Liosi, E. Artuso, F. Giacobbo, M. Mariani, L. Brambilla, C. Castiglioni, M. Carrara, and E. Pignoli. "Study of the absorption spectra of Fricke xylenol orange gel dosimeters." In 2015 4th International Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation Measurement Methods and their Applications (ANIMMA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/animma.2015.7465579.

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Priyadarshini, B., S. S. Behera, P. P. Rath, T. R. Sahoo, and P. K. Parhi. "Adsorption of xylenol orange dye on nano ZnO: Kinetics, thermodynamics and isotherm study." In DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2016. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4980276.

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Gallo, Salvatore, Daniela Bettega, Grazia Gambarini, Cristina Lenardi, and Ivan Veronese. "Studies of Fricke-PVA-GTA xylenol orange hydrogels for 3D measurements in radiotherapy dosimetry." In 25TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5127699.

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Moreira, M. V., P. C. D. Petchevist, A. de Almeida, Floyd D. McDaniel, and Barney L. Doyle. "Thermoplastic Mask Influence with High Energy Electron Radiotherapy Evaluated by the Fricke Xylenol Gel Chemical Dosimeter." In APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY: Twentieth International Conference. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3120077.

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Ensafi, Ali A., S. Dadkhah-Tehrani, and H. Karimi-Maleh. "Poly(xylenol blue) modified multiwall carbon nanotubes-glassy carbon electrode for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, epinephrine, and uric acid by differential pulse voltammetry." In 2010 International Conference on Enabling Science and Nanotechnology (ESciNano). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/escinano.2010.5700983.

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Pei, Yuanjiang, Marco Mehl, Wei Liu, Tianfeng Lu, William J. Pitz, and Sibendu Som. "A Multi-Component Blend as a Diesel Fuel Surrogate for Compression Ignition Engine Applications." In ASME 2014 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2014-5625.

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A mixture of n-dodecane and m-xylene is investigated as a diesel fuel surrogate for compression ignition engine applications. Compared to neat n-dodecane, this binary mixture is more representative of diesel fuel because it contains an alkyl-benzene which represents an important chemical class present in diesel fuels. A detailed multi-component mechanism for n-dodecane and m-xylene was developed by combining a previously developed n-dodecane mechanism with a recently developed mechanism for xylenes. The xylene mechanism is shown to reproduce experimental ignition data from a rapid compression machine and shock tube, speciation data from the jet stirred reactor and flame speed data. This combined mechanism was validated by comparing predictions from the model with experimental data for ignition in shock tubes and for reactivity in a flow reactor. The combined mechanism, consisting of 2885 species and 11754 reactions, was reduced to a skeletal mechanism consisting 163 species and 887 reactions for 3D diesel engine simulations. The mechanism reduction was performed using directed relation graph (DRG) with expert knowledge (DRG-X) and DRG-aided sensitivity analysis (DRGASA) at a fixed fuel composition of 77% of n-dodecane and 23% m-xylene by volume. The sample space for the reduction covered pressure of 1–80 bar, equivalence ratio of 0.5–2.0, and initial temperature of 700–1600 K for ignition. The skeletal mechanism was compared with the detailed mechanism for ignition and flow reactor predictions. Finally, the skeletal mechanism was validated against a spray flame dataset under diesel engine conditions documented on the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) website. These multi-dimensional simulations were performed using a Representative Interactive Flame (RIF) turbulent combustion model. Encouraging results were obtained compared to the experiments with regards to the predictions of ignition delay and lift-off length at different ambient temperatures.
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Ibrahim, Salisu, Ahmed S. AlShoaibi, and Ashwani K. Gupta. "Xylene Addition Effects in Thermal Stage of Claus Reactors." In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32056.

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Experimental results are presented on the effect of xylene addition to H2S/O2 flames at equivalence ratio of 3.0 (Claus Condition) with respect to H2S and complete combustion of xylene. The results from the combustion of H2S/xylene mixture is compared with the baseline case of 100% H2S combustion to isolate the role of xylene addition in the Claus reactor. Combustion of H2S alone showed a decrease in its mole until it reached to an asymptotic minimum mole fraction value. This resulted in the formation of SO2 to a maximum mole fraction which subsequently decomposed from the formation of elemental sulfur through its reaction with H2S. Addition of small amount of xylene (0.5% and 1%) increased the asymptotic minimum value of H2S as well as the formation of H2 which provided oxidation competition between the formed H2 and H2S. Presence of xylene also triggered the formation of CH4 and CO which provided pathway on the formation of COS and CS2. The oxidation of CH4 and CO by SO2 and other sulfur radicals reduced the maximum mole fraction of SO2 but increased the subsequent rate of SO2 decomposition to increase the formation rate of elemental sulfur. These results show the direct impact of trace amounts of xylene in the feed stream on sulfur formation to reveal direct impact on the Claus reactor performance for sulfur capture.
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Li, Yuanxu, Karthik Nithyanandan, Suya Gao, Zhi Ning, and Chia-fon F. Lee. "Influence of Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE)–Gasoline Blends on Regulated and Unregulated Emissions From a PFI SI Engine." In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3691.

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Bio-butanol has been widely investigated as a promising alternative fuel. However, the main issues preventing industrial-scale production of butanol are its relatively low production efficiency and high cost of component recovery from the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation process. Therefore, ABE has attracted a lot of interest as an alternative fuel for the reason that it not only has positive characteristics of oxygenated fuels, but also reduces the production cost during fermentation. This investigation is focused on the regulated and unregulated emissions of a single cylinder port-fuel injection (PFI) spark-ignition (SI) engine fueled with ABE (volumetric concentration of A:B:E = 3:6:1) and gasoline blends. Blends of gasoline with various ABE content (0 vol.%, 10 vol.%, 20 vol.% ABE referred to as G100, ABE10, ABE20) were used as test fuels. Experiments were performed at an engine speed of 1200 rpm, and at engine loads of 3 and 5 bar brake mean effective pressures (BMEP) and under various equivalence ratios (Φ = 0.83–1.25). Exhaust gases measured included nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC). Additionally, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene and xylenes (BTEX) concentrations were also measured by a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC/MS) and a flame ionization detection (GC/FID). The results show that with an increase of ABE in the blended fuel, there are reductions of UHC, CO and NOx. For the unregulated emissions, ABE addition leads to decreases in benzene, toluene and xylene emissions but an increase in ethylbenzene.
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Reports on the topic "Xylenol"

1

Prengle, H. W. Jr, X. van Tran, K. Moinzadeh, F. A. Bricout, and S. Alam. Synthesis of cresols and xylenols from phenol and methanol. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10146811.

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Prengle, H. W. Jr, F. A. Bricout, and S. Alam. Synthesis of cresols and xylenols from benzene and methanol. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10148157.

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Prengle, Jr, H. W., F. A. Bricout, and S. Alam. Synthesis of cresols and xylenols from benzene and methanol. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5247896.

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Prengle, H. W. Jr, X. van Tran, K. Moinzadeh, F. A. Bricout, and S. Alam. Synthesis of cresols and xylenols from phenol and methanol. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5351924.

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Cernansky, Nicholas P., and David L. Miller. Preignition Chemistry of Xylenes and Their Effect on JP-8 Surrogates. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada500606.

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Gunasekar, P. G., J. N. McDougal, J. V. Rogers, C. M. Garrett, M. B. Kabbur, and W. W. Brinkely. Comparative Study of Molecular Mechanisms of Skin Irritation After Acute Exposure to m-XYLENE in Rats and Guinea Pigs. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada453214.

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Pyon, K. H., D. A. Kracko, and M. R. Strunk. An isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for trace analysis of xylene and its metabolites in tissues following threshold limit value exposures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/381363.

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Lowry, M. A. H. Solubilities and other physical parameters of aromatic hydrocarbons in water and aqueous sodium chloride solutions as determined by headspace analysis. [Ethylbenzene; o-, m-, and p-xylene]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6827043.

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