Journal articles: 'Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS)'

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De Maesschalck, C., V. Eeckhaut, L. Maertens, L. De Lange, L. Marchal, C. Nezer, S. De Baere, et al. "Effects of Xylo-Oligosaccharides on Broiler Chicken Performance and Microbiota." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 17 (June 19, 2015): 5880–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01616-15.

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ABSTRACTIn broiler chickens, feed additives, including prebiotics, are widely used to improve gut health and to stimulate performance. Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are hydrolytic degradation products of arabinoxylans that can be fermented by the gut microbiota. In the current study, we aimed to analyze the prebiotic properties of XOS when added to the broiler diet. Administration of XOS to chickens, in addition to a wheat-rye-based diet, significantly improved the feed conversion ratio. XOS significantly increased villus length in the ileum. It also significantly increased numbers of lactobacilli in the colon andClostridiumcluster XIVa in the ceca. Moreover, the number of gene copies encoding the key bacterial enzyme for butyrate production, butyryl-coenzyme A (butyryl-CoA):acetate CoA transferase, was significantly increased in the ceca of chickens administered XOS. In this group of chickens, at the species level,Lactobacillus crispatusandAnaerostipes butyraticuswere significantly increased in abundance in the colon and cecum, respectively.In vitrofermentation of XOS revealed cross-feeding betweenL. crispatusandA. butyraticus. Lactate, produced byL. crispatusduring XOS fermentation, was utilized by the butyrate-producingAnaerostipesspecies. These data show the beneficial effects of XOS on broiler performance when added to the feed, which potentially can be explained by stimulation of butyrate-producing bacteria through cross-feeding of lactate and subsequent effects of butyrate on gastrointestinal function.

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Gobinath, Duraiswamy, Arenahalli N. Madhu, Giribhattanavar Prashant, Krishnapura Srinivasan, and Siddalingaiya G. Prapulla. "Beneficial effect of xylo-oligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 1 (February 26, 2010): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510000243.

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The beneficial influences of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) obtained from alkali-pretreated corncob and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) obtained from cane sugar were evaluated in experimental diabetes. These oligosaccharides were supplemented at 10 % (w/w) in the basal diet of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats, while the control rats were fed with a basal diet for a period of 6 weeks. Both the oligosaccharides exerted favourable influences in diabetic rats by significantly improving body weight and reducing hyperglycaemia and cholesterol. The characteristic diabetic complications such as severe glucosuria, proteinuria and advanced glycation end products in renal tissue, diabetic nephropathy, and blood creatinine and urea concentrations were notably reduced. Besides, these oligosaccharide supplementations significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes – catalase and glutathione reductase – in the blood of diabetic rats. Supplementation of XOS and FOS resulted in a significant increase in the bifidobacteria and lactobacilli population in the caecum. The present study indicates that XOS and FOS have an ameliorating influence on metabolic abnormalities associated with diabetes, besides conferring an optimal milieu of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, thus suggesting their potential health benefit in diabetics.

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Ding, Hao, Xichen Zhao, Md Abul Kalam Azad, Cui Ma, Qiankun Gao, Jianhua He, and Xiangfeng Kong. "Dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis and xylo-oligosaccharides improves growth performance and intestinal morphology and alters intestinal microbiota and metabolites in weaned piglets." Food & Function 12, no. 13 (2021): 5837–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1fo00208b.

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The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis (BS) and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal microbial community, and metabolites of weaned piglets.

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Lensu, Sanna, Raghunath Pariyani, Elina Mäkinen, Baoru Yang, Wisam Saleem, Eveliina Munukka, Maarit Lehti, et al. "Prebiotic Xylo-Oligosaccharides Ameliorate High-Fat-Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Rats." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 3225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113225.

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Understanding the importance of the gut microbiota (GM) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has raised the hope for therapeutic microbes. We have shown that high hepatic fat content associated with low abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in humans and, further, the administration of F. prausnitzii prevented NAFLD in mice. Here, we aimed at targeting F. prausnitzii by prebiotic xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) to treat NAFLD. First, the effect of XOS on F. prausnitzii growth was assessed in vitro. Then, XOS was supplemented or not with high (HFD, 60% of energy from fat) or low (LFD) fat diet for 12 weeks in Wistar rats (n = 10/group). XOS increased F. prausnitzii growth, having only a minor impact on the GM composition. When supplemented with HFD, XOS ameliorated hepatic steatosis. The underlying mechanisms involved enhanced hepatic β-oxidation and mitochondrial respiration. Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis of cecal metabolites showed that, compared to the HFD, the LFD group had a healthier cecal short-chain fatty acid profile and on the HFD, XOS reduced cecal isovalerate and tyrosine, metabolites previously linked to NAFLD. Cecal branched-chain fatty acids associated positively and butyrate negatively with hepatic triglycerides. In conclusion, XOS supplementation can ameliorate NAFLD by improving hepatic oxidative metabolism and affecting GM.

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Mäkeläinen, H., S. Forssten, M. Saarinen, J. Stowell, N. Rautonen, and A. Ouwehand. "Xylo-oligosaccharides enhance the growth of bifidobacteria and Bifidobacterium lactis in a simulated colon model." Beneficial Microbes 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2009.0025.

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A semi-continuous, anaerobic colon simulator, with four vessels mimicking the conditions of the human large intestine, was used to study the fermentation of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS). Three XOS compounds and a xylan preparation were fermented for 48 hours by human colonic microbes. Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) were used as a prebiotic reference. As a result of the fermentation, the numbers of Bifidobacterium increased in all XOS and xylan simulations when compared to the growth observed in the baseline simulations, and increased levels of Bifidobacterium lactis were measured with the two XOS compounds that had larger distribution of the degree of polymerisation. Fermentation of XOS and xylan increased the microbial production of short chain fatty acids in the simulator vessels; especially the amounts of butyrate and acetate were increased. XOS was more efficient than FOS in increasing the numbers of B. lactis in the colonic model, whereas FOS increased the Bifidobacterium longum numbers more. The selective fermentation of XOS by B. lactis has been demonstrated in pure culture studies, and these results further indicate that the combination of B. lactis and XOS would form a successful, selective synbiotic combination.

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Shu, Guo Wei, Man Hu, Tao Qin, He Chen, and Qi Ma. "Effect of Fructo-Oligosaccharide, Isomalto-Oligosaccharide, Inulin and Xylo-Oligosaccharide on Survival of B. Bifidum during Freeze-Drying." Advanced Materials Research 382 (November 2011): 454–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.382.454.

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Four different prebiotics including fructo-oligosaccharide isomalto-oligosaccharide, inulin and xylo-oligosaccharide were screened for their effects on survival of Bifidobacterium bifidum during freeze-drying. The additions of prebiotics (v/v) were all 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20%. The results showed that prebiotics could act on Bifidobacterium Bifidum. The optimum concentration of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) in samples for surival of Bifidobacterium bifidum was 12% and for viable count was 20％. Addition of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) played a significant role in promoting cell viablity when it was in low level. The optimum concentration of isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO) for surival of Bifidobacterium bifidum was 16% and for viable count was 12％, while inulin in samples for surival and viable cell of Bifidobacterium bifidum both was 4％.

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Gilad, Ofir, Susanne Jacobsen, Birgitte Stuer-Lauridsen, Martin Bastian Pedersen, Christel Garrigues, and Birte Svensson. "Combined Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 Grown on Xylo-Oligosaccharides and a Model of Their Utilization." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 21 (September 17, 2010): 7285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00738-10.

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ABSTRACT Recent studies have demonstrated that xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), which are classified as emerging prebiotics, selectively enhance the growth of bifidobacteria in general and of B ifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strains in particular. To elucidate the metabolism of XOS in the well-documented and widely used probiotic strain B. animalis subsp. lactis BB-12, a combined proteomic and transcriptomic approach was applied, involving DNA microarrays, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) analyses of samples obtained from cultures grown on either XOS or glucose. The analyses show that 9 of the 10 genes that encode proteins predicted to play a role in XOS catabolism (i.e., XOS-degrading and -metabolizing enzymes, transport proteins, and a regulatory protein) were induced by XOS at the transcriptional level, and the proteins encoded by three of these (β-d-xylosidase, sugar-binding protein, and xylose isomerase) showed higher abundance on XOS. Based on the obtained results, a model for the catabolism of XOS in BB-12 is suggested, according to which the strain utilizes an ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transport system (probably for oligosaccharides) to bind XOS on the cell surface and transport them into the cell. XOS are then degraded intracellularly through the action of xylanases and xylosidases to d-xylose, which is subsequently metabolized by the d-fructose-6-P shunt. The findings obtained in this study may have implications for the design of a synbiotic application containing BB-12 and the XOS used in the present study.

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Guerreiro, Inês, Ana Couto, Amalia Pérez-Jiménez, Aires Oliva-Teles, and Paula Enes. "Gut morphology and hepatic oxidative status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles fed plant feedstuffs or fishmeal-based diets supplemented with short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides and xylo-oligosaccharides." British Journal of Nutrition 114, no. 12 (October 5, 2015): 1975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515003773.

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AbstractThe effects of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) on gut morphology and hepatic oxidative status were studied in European sea bass juveniles weighing 60 g. Fish were fed diets including fishmeal (FM diets) or plant feedstuffs (PF diets; 30 FM:70 PF) as main protein sources (control diets). Four other diets were formulated similar to the control diets but including 1 % scFOS or 1 % XOS. At the end of the trial, fish fed PF-based diets presented histomorphological alterations in the distal intestine, whereas only transient alterations were observed in the pyloric caeca. Comparatively to fish fed FM-based diets, fish fed PF diets had higher liver lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and lower glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. In fish fed the PF diets, prebiotic supplementation decreased SOD activity and XOS supplementation further decreased CAT activity. In fish fed the FM diets, XOS supplementation promoted a reduction of all antioxidant enzyme activities. Overall, dietary XOS and scFOS supplementation had only minor effects on gut morphology or LPO levels. However, dietary XOS reduced antioxidant enzymatic activity in both PF and FM diets, which indicate a positive effect on reduction of hepatic reactive oxygen species production.

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Gao, Hang, and Zhenlei Zhou. "Effect of Xylo-Oligosaccharides Supplementation by Drinking Water on the Bone Properties and Related Calcium Transporters in Growing Mice." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 3542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113542.

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Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), non-digestible oligosaccharides, have the potential to regulate intestinal microorganisms, and thus, improve host health, but little evidence exists for the prebiotic effects on bone health. This study evaluates the dose-response effect of XOS supplementation on bone properties, the morphology of the intestine, cecum pH, and cecum wall weight, as well as the related calcium transporters. Ninety-six 28-day-old male mice were randomized into one of four groups, fed the same commercial diet, and given different types of deionized water containing 0, 1, 2, or 4% XOS by concentration for 30 days. Eight mice were randomly selected to accomplish particular tasks every 10 days. No significant differences in serum Ca and P levels and growth performance were observed among the four studied groups. XOS intervention significantly decreased cecum pH and increased cecum wall weight in a dose-dependent manner. At the late growth stage, compared with 0% XOS, the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone-breaking strength in 4% XOS were significantly higher. The bone crystallinity with 4% XOS, measured by Raman spectrum, was significantly enhanced compared to that with 0% XOS during later growth. The villus height and villus height to crypt depth (VH:CD) were enhanced with an increase of XOS concentration during the later stage of growth. The expression of transient receptor potential vanillin receptor 6 (TRPV6) and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1 (NCX1) in the duodenum were enhanced by XOS supplementation. XOS exerted a positive influence on bone properties by decreasing the cecum pH, increasing the cecum wall and villus structure, and upregulating the expression of related calcium transporters.

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Cordero, Gustavo, Jae Cheol Kim, Natasha Whenham, Helen Masey-O’Neill, Saksit Srinongkote, and Gemma González-Ortiz. "163 Xylanase and fermentable xylo-oligosaccharides improve performance in grower-finisher pigs fed a corn-soybean meal based diet." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.166.

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Abstract Cecal inoculum collected from broilers fed a diet supplemented with xylanase showed increased gas production in an in vitro fermentation study with arabinoxylan-based substrates, indicating that intestinal microbiota can adapt to increase the capability to ferment arabinoxylans when pre-exposed to xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) produced by xylanase. As the most abundant non-starch polysaccharides in a corn-soybean meal-based diet is arabinoxylan, this study tested the hypothesis that a blend of a xylanase and XOS will improve growth performance of pigs compared with those fed a diet supplemented with xylanase alone. One hundred twenty male crossbred (Landrace x Large white x Duroc) pigs (77 days average age; 30 kg average body weight -BW) were allocated to one of three treatments: CTR (control diet), XYL (CTR diet supplemented with 100 g/t of xylanase [Econase XT, AB Vista]) and XYL+XOS [CTR diet supplemented with 100 g/t of xylanase and XOS (Signis, AB Vista)]. Each treatment had ten replicates, with 4 animals each. The control diet was formulated with corn, soybean meal, DDGS and cassava meal as major ingredients. Pelleted diets were fed over 3 phases: grower (30–60 kg), finisher 1 (60–80 kg) and finisher 2 (80–100 kg). Average daily gain (ADG) and daily feed intake (ADFI) were measured from 30 to 100 kg and feed efficiency calculated (FCR). No treatment effects were observed on ADFI. Pigs offered the XYL+XOS had increased ADG (CTR = 1.058 vs XYL+XOS= 1.086 g/pig/d; P = 0.02) compared with those supplemented with xylanase alone (CTR = 1.058 vs XYL = 1.067 g/pig/d; P = 0.40). Feed efficiency was improved with XYL (2.65; P = 0.042) and XYL+XOS (2.60; P < 0.001) compared with CTR (2.71). These results suggest that xylanase in combination with XOS further improves daily gain and FCR compared with a xylanase alone. Interestingly the differences between XYL and XYL+XOS become more apparent in older animals, when the microbiome matures and possibly digests fiber more effectively.

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Hintikka, Jukka, Sanna Lensu, Elina Mäkinen, Sira Karvinen, Marjaana Honkanen, Jere Lindén, Tim Garrels, Satu Pekkala, and Leo Lahti. "Xylo-Oligosaccharides in Prevention of Hepatic Steatosis and Adipose Tissue Inflammation: Associating Taxonomic and Metabolomic Patterns in Fecal Microbiomes with Biclustering." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 12, 2021): 4049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084049.

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We have shown that prebiotic xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) increased beneficial gut microbiota (GM) and prevented high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, but the mechanisms associated with these effects are not clear. We studied whether XOS affects adipose tissue inflammation and insulin signaling, and whether the GM and fecal metabolome explain associated patterns. XOS was supplemented or not with high (HFD) or low (LFD) fat diet for 12 weeks in male Wistar rats (n = 10/group). Previously analyzed GM and fecal metabolites were biclustered to reduce data dimensionality and identify interpretable groups of co-occurring genera and metabolites. Based on our findings, biclustering provides a useful algorithmic method for capturing such joint signatures. On the HFD, XOS-supplemented rats showed lower number of adipose tissue crown-like structures, increased phosphorylation of AKT in liver and adipose tissue as well as lower expression of hepatic miRNAs. XOS-supplemented rats had more fecal glycine and less hypoxanthine, isovalerate, branched chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids. Several bacterial genera were associated with the metabolic signatures. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of XOS on hepatic steatosis involved decreased adipose tissue inflammation and likely improved insulin signaling, which were further associated with fecal metabolites and GM.

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Petersen, A., A. Bergström, J. Andersen, M. Hansen, S. Lahtinen, A. Wilcks, and T. Licht. "Analysis of the intestinal microbiota of oligosaccharide fed mice exhibiting reduced resistance to Salmonella infection." Beneficial Microbes 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2010.0016.

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Certain indigestible carbohydrates, known as prebiotics, are claimed to be beneficial for gut health through a selective stimulation of certain gut microbes including bifidobacteria. However, stimulation of such microbes does not necessarily imply a preventive effect against pathogen infection. We recently demonstrated a reduced resistance to Salmonella infection in mice fed diets containing fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) or xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS). In the present study, faecal and caecal samples from the same mice were analysed in order to study microbial changes potentially explaining the observed effects on the pathogenesis of Salmonella. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that the microbiota in faecal samples from mice fed FOS or XOS were different from faecal samples collected before the feeding trial as well as from faecal profiles generated from control animals. This difference was not seen for caecal profiles. Further analysis of faecal samples by real-time PCR demonstrated a significant increase in the Bacteroidetes phylum, the Bacteroides fragilis group and in Bifidobacterium spp. in mice fed FOS or XOS. The observed bifidogenic effect was more pronounced for XOS than for FOS. The Firmicutes phylum and the Clostridium coccoides group were reduced by both FOS and XOS. Surprisingly, no significant differences were detected between faecal samples collected before and after pathogen challenge in any of the groups. Furthermore, no effect of diets on caecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids was recorded. In conclusion, diets supplemented with FOS or XOS induced a number of microbial changes in the faecal microbiota of mice. The observed effects of XOS were qualitatively similar to those of FOS, but the most prominent bifidogenic effect was seen for XOS. An increased level of bifidobacteria is thus not in itself preventive against Salmonella infection, since the same XOS or FOS-fed mice were previously reported to be more severely affected by Salmonella than control animals.

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Fehlbaum, Sophie, Kevin Prudence, Jasper Kieboom, Margreet Heerikhuisen, Tim van den Broek, Frank Schuren, Robert Steinert, and Daniel Raederstorff. "In Vitro Fermentation of Selected Prebiotics and Their Effects on the Composition and Activity of the Adult Gut Microbiota." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 3097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103097.

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Recently, the concept of prebiotics has been revisited to expand beyond non-digestible oligosaccharides, and the requirements for selective stimulation were extended to include microbial groups other than, and additional to, bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Here, the gut microbiota-modulating effects of well-known and novel prebiotics were studied. An in vitro fermentation screening platform (i-screen) was inoculated with adult fecal microbiota, exposed to different dietary fibers that had a range of concentrations (inulin, alpha-linked galacto-oligosaccharides (alpha-GOS), beta-linked GOS, xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) from corn cobs and high-fiber sugar cane, and beta-glucan from oats), and compared to a positive fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) control and a negative control (no fiber addition). All dietary fibers displayed prebiotic activity, with beta-glucan showing more distinct effects on the microbial composition and metabolism compared to the other fibers. Beta-glucan induced the growth of Prevotella and Roseburia with a concomitant increase in propionate production. Inulin and both forms of GOS and XOS had a strong bifidogenic effect on the microbial composition. A dose-response effect was observed for butyrate when exposed to beta-glucan and inulin. The findings of this study support the potential for alpha-GOS, XOS, and oat beta-glucan to serve as novel prebiotics, due to their association with the positive shifts in microbiome composition and short-chain fatty acid production that point to potential health benefits.

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Venema, K., J. Verhoeven, S. Verbruggen, and D. Keller. "Xylo-oligosaccharides from sugarcane show prebiotic potential in a dynamic computer-controlled in vitro model of the adult human large intestine." Beneficial Microbes 11, no. 2 (March 27, 2020): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2019.0159.

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The aim of the study was to investigate the prebiotic potential of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) from sugarcane in a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled in vitro model of the colon (TIM-2) simulating human adults. In two sets of experiments, each with a different microbiota, 3 different doses of XOS were tested at 1.0 g/day, 1.5 g/day and 3.0 g/day. The in vitro model was run for 72 h, and at the start and subsequently every 24 h samples were taken and analysed for short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and gut microbiota composition. SCFA were analysed using ion chromatography, whereas microbiota composition was analysed using sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. XOS showed a similar SCFA production per gram of substrate as the control medium, including butyrate, which is considered to be important for gut health. In both sets of experiments XOS showed a consistent dose-dependent increase in abundance over time of the genus Bifidobacterium, and within that of the species B. adolescentis and an unidentified species (labelled ‘sp.1’). The results show the potential prebiotic effect of XOS from sugarcane, by its capacity to generate butyrate and increase the health-beneficial bifidobacteria.

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Juhász, Réka, Péter Penksza, and László Sipos. "Effect of xylo‐oligosaccharides (XOS) addition on technological and sensory attributes of cookies." Food Science & Nutrition 8, no. 10 (August 31, 2020): 5452–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1802.

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Childs, Caroline E., Henna Röytiö, Esa Alhoniemi, Agnes A. Fekete, Sofia D. Forssten, Natasa Hudjec, Ying Ni Lim, et al. "Xylo-oligosaccharides alone or in synbiotic combination with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis induce bifidogenesis and modulate markers of immune function in healthy adults: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, factorial cross-over study." British Journal of Nutrition 111, no. 11 (March 24, 2014): 1945–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513004261.

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Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics are dietary ingredients with the potential to influence health and mucosal and systemic immune function by altering the composition of the gut microbiota. In the present study, a candidate prebiotic (xylo-oligosaccharide, XOS, 8 g/d), probiotic (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bi-07, 109 colony-forming units (CFU)/d) or synbiotic (8 g XOS+109 CFU Bi-07/d) was given to healthy adults (25–65 years) for 21 d. The aim was to identify the effect of the supplements on bowel habits, self-reported mood, composition of the gut microbiota, blood lipid concentrations and immune function. XOS supplementation increased mean bowel movements per d (P= 0·009), but did not alter the symptoms of bloating, abdominal pain or flatulence or the incidence of any reported adverse events compared with maltodextrin supplementation. XOS supplementation significantly increased participant-reported vitality (P= 0·003) and happiness (P= 0·034). Lowest reported use of analgesics was observed during the XOS+Bi-07 supplementation period (P= 0·004). XOS supplementation significantly increased faecal bifidobacterial counts (P= 0·008) and fasting plasma HDL concentrations (P= 0·005). Bi-07 supplementation significantly increased faecal B. lactis content (P= 0·007), lowered lipopolysaccharide-stimulated IL-4 secretion in whole-blood cultures (P= 0·035) and salivary IgA content (P= 0·040) and increased IL-6 secretion (P= 0·009). XOS supplementation resulted in lower expression of CD16/56 on natural killer T cells (P= 0·027) and lower IL-10 secretion (P= 0·049), while XOS and Bi-07 supplementation reduced the expression of CD19 on B cells (XOS × Bi-07, P= 0·009). The present study demonstrates that XOS induce bifidogenesis, improve aspects of the plasma lipid profile and modulate the markers of immune function in healthy adults. The provision of XOS+Bi-07 as a synbiotic may confer further benefits due to the discrete effects of Bi-07 on the gut microbiota and markers of immune function.

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Mkabayi, Lithalethu, Samkelo Malgas, Brendan S. Wilhelmi, and Brett I. Pletschke. "Evaluating Feruloyl Esterase—Xylanase Synergism for Hydroxycinnamic Acid and Xylo-Oligosaccharide Production from Untreated, Hydrothermally Pre-Treated and Dilute-Acid Pre-Treated Corn Cobs." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050688.

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Agricultural residues are considered the most promising option as a renewable feedstock for biofuel and high valued-added chemical production due to their availability and low cost. The efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural residues into value-added products such as sugars and hydroxycinnamic acids is a challenge because of the recalcitrant properties of the native biomass. Development of synergistic enzyme cocktails is required to overcome biomass residue recalcitrance, and achieve high yields of potential value-added products. In this study, the synergistic action of two termite metagenome-derived feruloyl esterases (FAE5 and FAE6), and an endo-xylanase (Xyn11) from Thermomyces lanuginosus, was optimized using 0.5% (w/v) insoluble wheat arabinoxylan (a model substrate) and then applied to 1% (w/v) corn cobs for the efficient production of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) and hydroxycinnamic acids. The enzyme combination of 66% Xyn11 and 33% FAE5 or FAE6 (protein loading) produced the highest amounts of XOS, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid from untreated, hydrothermal, and acid pre-treated corn cobs. The combination of 66% Xyn11 and 33% FAE6 displayed an improvement in reducing sugars of approximately 1.9-fold and 3.4-fold for hydrothermal and acid pre-treated corn cobs (compared to Xyn11 alone), respectively. The hydrolysis product profiles revealed that xylobiose was the dominant XOS produced from untreated and pre-treated corn cobs. These results demonstrated that the efficient production of hydroxycinnamic acids and XOS from agricultural residues for industrial applications can be achieved through the synergistic action of FAE5 or FAE6 and Xyn11.

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Dale, Tom N., Tim Parr, Julie King, and John Brameld. "PSVII-1 Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on the release of xylo-oligosaccharides from six varieties of wheat in-vitro." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 360–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.720.

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Abstract The study objective was to investigate the effects of in-vitro fibrolytic enzyme incubation on xylooligosaccharide (XOS) release from different wheat varieties. Six varieties of wheat were ground to a 300µm powder and subjected to total non-cellulosic hydrolysis with Trifluroacetic acid (TFA) and in-vitro incubations with one of three commercially available enzymes at their recommended doses: Econase XT (xylanase 160,000 BXU/g), Econase MP1000 (Mannase 100,000 MNU/g) or Econase BP700 (ß-glucanase 700,000 BU/g) or no added enzymes. Each wheat variety was suspended (at 5mg/ml) in 50mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 5.2) with or without the individual enzymes (n = 3), and incubated at 40.7°C in a shaking incubator. Samples were taken at 0 and 6hr. Concentrations of xylose, xylobiose and xylotriose were determined by High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography coupled with Pulsed Electrochemical Detection fitted with a CarboPac PA20 (xylose) or CarboPac PA200 Column (Dionex, Thermo Scientific) and known xylose and XOS standards (Megazyme, Ltd). Data were analysed by one or two-way ANOVA (Genstat 19th Edition), with significance accepted at P < 0.05. After TFA hydrolysis, there were significant differences between varieties (P < .001, ANOVA) in total xylose contents (Huntsman > Paragon > Chinese spring > Sinuelo > Highbury = Pavon 74). In the in-vitro incubations, there was a significant effect of enzyme, but not wheat variety, on both xylose (P = 0.009) and xylotriose (P < .001) release at 6 hours, with Econase XT releasing more than the other two enzymes. There was a significant enzyme x wheat variety interaction (P < .001) for xylobiose release at 6 hours, with Econase MP1000 releasing the most from Huntsman. In conclusion, the 6 wheat varieties differed in their non-cellulosic xylose contents and there were clear differences in the amounts of XOS released by the 3 enzymes. Further trials are needed to investigate whether the in-vitro experiments are indicative of results observed in-vivo.

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de los Rios, Constanza Ciriza, Blanca Serrano Falcón, Federico Arguelles-Arias, Esperanza Pérez, Carlos Teruel, Fernando Geijo, and Enrique Rey. "Long-term safety and efficacy study of a medical device containing xyloglucan, pea protein reticulated with tannins and xylo-oligosaccharides, in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome." Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 14 (January 2021): 175628482110205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17562848211020570.

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Background: Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea (IBS-D) is a frequent problem associated with a significant socioeconomic implication. Increased gut permeability is an important pathophysiological mechanism. A medical device containing xyloglucan (XG), pea protein and tannins (PPT) from grape-seed extract, and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) has proven restoration of intestinal barrier function. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of treatment with the medical device XG + PPT + XOS (XG-PPT-XOS) in adult patients with IBS-D in a clinical setting for 6 months. Material and methods: This was a multicentre, open-label, prospective, observational study conducted to evaluate long-term safety and efficacy of XG-PPT-XOS. IBS-D adult patients (Rome IV criteria) were included and received two tablets twice daily for 6 months. IBS Symptom Severity Score (IBS-SSS) and bowel habit were registered at baseline and monthly, until the end of follow up. Efficacy was evaluated by comparison of mean scores at each time point. Results: 50 patients were included, of which 19 completed the 6 months. IBS-SSS score decreased from 312.2 ± 82.2 to 213.6 ± 109.9 ( p < 0.0001) at 1 month and 192.0 ± 108.9 at the last visit completed; diarrhoea score decreased from 45.6 ± 17.9 to 25.7 ± 17.7 and 25.3 ± 17.2 at 1 month and at the last visit completed, respectively. Pain score decreased from 107.8 ± 49.9 at baseline to 73.2 ± 57.3 ( p < 0.0001) at 1 month and bloating score from 56.4 ± 28.8 at baseline to 42.8 ± 32.6 ( p < 0.001) at 1 month, reaching 62.4 ± 56.0 and 40.4 ± 34.3, respectively, at the last visit completed. Adverse effects were mild and mostly not related to treatment. Conclusion: Treating IBS-D patients with XG-PPT-XOS is effective and safe in the long term within a clinical setting, improving all IBS-D symptoms from the first month of treatment and showing a sustained response over the term of therapy.

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Cordero, Gustavo, Laura Merriman, Alexandre Barbosa de Brito, Caio Abercio da Silva, M. A. Callegari, and Gemma González-Ortiz. "PSIV-14 Effect of xylanase and xylo-oligosaccharides on growth performance and intestinal microbiota in piglets fed a corn-soybean meal based diet." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.327.

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Abstract Xylanases are commonly used to improve nutrient digestibility and performance in pig diets. Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are degraded in the gut primarily by Bifidobacteria, leading to an increase in butyrate production. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a blend of a xylanase and XOS (Signis, AB Vista) on growth performance and intestinal microbiota profile of weaning piglets. A total of 168 mixed sex PIC weaned piglets weighting between 4.5 and 6.7 kg (5.3 kg average weight) were allocated to 28 pens with 6 animals each and 14 pens per diet blocked by initial weight. Diets consisted of a control (based on corn-SBM) without and with 100 g/tonne Signis. The mash diets were fed over 2 phases: pre-starter (6-11 kg) and starter (11-25 kg). Feed samples were collected for xylanase activities analyses, and results were as expected. Liveability, average daily gain and feed intake were recorded, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) calculated. Colon digesta samples were collected after 6 weeks of Signis supplementation for bacterial identification through 16S rRBA rRNA (V3-V4) sequencing. Results are presented as the relative operational taxonomic units (OTU) values for each bacteria sequenced. Overall, inclusion of Signis reduced (P = 0.05) FCR by 9 points (1.79 vs. 1.88; SEM=0.025) at 42 days post-weaning. No differences in the OTU values were observed between treatments, with Firmicutes making up the largest proportion of the colon microbiota, followed by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Bacteroidetes tended (P < 0.10) to be higher in the Signis group (0.06 vs 0.22; SEM=0.058). Piglets supplemented with Signis had a trend (P < 0.10) to have higher concentration of uncultured Clostridium spp, which are involved in the fermentation of fiber. This suggests that Signis stimulates the development of a fibrolytic microbiome and thus piglet performance.

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Xu, Feng, Jiachuan Chen, Guihua Yang, Xingxiang Ji, Qiang Wang, Shanshan Liu, and Yonghao Ni. "Combined Treatments Consisting of Calcium Hydroxide and Activate Carbon for Purification of Xylo-Oligosaccharides of Pre-Hydrolysis Liquor." Polymers 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101558.

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In this study, the effect of a combined treatment consisting of calcium hydroxide (CH) followed by activated carbon (AC) on the purification of hemicellulose in the pre-hydrolysis liquor (PHL) from pulping process has been evaluated. The results show that lignin and furfural of PHL are efficiently removed, and the lignin removal is achieved by forming complexes onto CH particles in the CH treatment process, while acetic acid (acetate) is formed from the hydrolysis of acetyl groups present in the dissolved hemicelluloses in the PHL. The loss of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) is moderate, even at a high CH dosage of 0.8% while the xylose concentration is essentially unchanged. For the AC treatment, the optimal treating pH can enhance the interactions between AC and residual lignin and change the zeta potential of AC resulting in improved lignin adsorption onto AC. An increase of AC dosage has the tendency to adsorb more XOSDP>6 than XOSDP2~6. Overall, 66.9% of lignin and 70.1% of furfural removals are achieved under the optimal conditions of CH and AC treatment process, with a 5.9% total xylosugars loss. The present combination of CH and AC treatment process was more effective and selective for purification of xylosugars of PHL.

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Teo, Seng Chong, Kok Jun Liew, Mohd Shahir Shamsir, Chun Shiong Chong, Neil C. Bruce, Kok-Gan Chan, and Kian Mau Goh. "Characterizing a Halo-Tolerant GH10 Xylanase from Roseithermus sacchariphilus Strain RA and Its CBM-Truncated Variant." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 2284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092284.

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A halo-thermophilic bacterium, Roseithermus sacchariphilus strain RA (previously known as Rhodothermaceae bacterium RA), was isolated from a hot spring in Langkawi, Malaysia. A complete genome analysis showed that the bacterium harbors 57 glycoside hydrolases (GHs), including a multi-domain xylanase (XynRA2). The full-length XynRA2 of 813 amino acids comprises a family 4_9 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM4_9), a family 10 glycoside hydrolase catalytic domain (GH10), and a C-terminal domain (CTD) for type IX secretion system (T9SS). This study aims to describe the biochemical properties of XynRA2 and the effects of CBM truncation on this xylanase. XynRA2 and its CBM-truncated variant (XynRA2ΔCBM) was expressed, purified, and characterized. The purified XynRA2 and XynRA2ΔCBM had an identical optimum temperature at 70 °C, but different optimum pHs of 8.5 and 6.0 respectively. Furthermore, XynRA2 retained 94% and 71% of activity at 4.0 M and 5.0 M NaCl respectively, whereas XynRA2ΔCBM showed a lower activity (79% and 54%). XynRA2 exhibited a turnover rate (kcat) of 24.8 s−1, but this was reduced by 40% for XynRA2ΔCBM. Both the xylanases hydrolyzed beechwood xylan predominantly into xylobiose, and oat-spelt xylan into a mixture of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOs). Collectively, this work suggested CBM4_9 of XynRA2 has a role in enzyme performance.

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Akter, M., and N. Akter. "Effect of Xylo-Oligosaccharides (XOS) on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry and Total Viable Count in Ileum and Caecum of Broiler Chickens from Day 13-26." International Journal of Poultry Science 20, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2021.158.164.

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Chen, Yuxia, Yining Xie, Kolapo M. Ajuwon, Ruqing Zhong, Tao Li, Liang Chen, Hongfu Zhang, Yves Beckers, and Nadia Everaert. "Xylo-Oligosaccharides, Preparation and Application to Human and Animal Health: A Review." Frontiers in Nutrition 8 (September 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.731930.

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Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are considered as functional oligosaccharides and have great prebiotic potential. XOS are the degraded products of xylan prepared via chemical, physical or enzymatic degradation. They are mainly composed of xylose units linked by β-1, 4 bonds. XOS not only exhibit some specific physicochemical properties such as excellent water solubility and high temperature resistance, but also have a variety of functional biological activities including anti-inflammation, antioxidative, antitumor, antimicrobial properties and so on. Numerous studies have revealed in the recent decades that XOS can be applied to many food and feed products and exert their nutritional benefits. XOS have also been demonstrated to reduce the occurrence of human health-related diseases, improve the growth and resistance to diseases of animals. These effects open a new perspective on XOS potential applications for human consumption and animal production. Herein, this review aims to provide a general overview of preparation methods for XOS, and will also discuss the current application of XOS to human and animal health field.

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Su, Jiayi, Wanghong Zhang, Cui Ma, Peifeng Xie, Francois Blachier, and Xiangfeng Kong. "Dietary Supplementation With Xylo-oligosaccharides Modifies the Intestinal Epithelial Morphology, Barrier Function and the Fecal Microbiota Composition and Activity in Weaned Piglets." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8 (June 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.680208.

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The present study determined the effects of dietary xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) supplementation on the morphology of jejunum and ileum epithelium, fecal microbiota composition, metabolic activity, and expression of genes related to colon barrier function. A total of 150 piglets were randomly assigned to one of five groups: a blank control group (receiving a basal diet), three XOS groups (receiving the basal diet supplemented with 100, 250, and 500 g/t XOS, respectively), as well as a positive control group, used as a matter of comparison, that received the basal diet supplemented with 0.04 kg/t virginiamycin, 0.2 kg/t colistin, and 3,000 mg/kg ZnO. The trial was carried out for 56 days. The results showed that the lowest dose tested (100 g/t XOS) increased (P < 0.05) the ileal villus height, the relative amount of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp., and the concentration of acetic acid and short-chain fatty acid in feces when compared with the blank control group. In conclusion, dietary 100 g/t XOS supplementation modifies the intestinal ecosystem in weaned piglets in an apparently overall beneficial way.

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Cao, Rou, Xinlu Liu, Jianming Guo, and Yong Xu. "Comparison of various organic acids for xylo-oligosaccharide productions in terms of pKa values and combined severity." Biotechnology for Biofuels 14, no. 1 (March 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13068-021-01919-9.

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Abstract Background Methods to produce XOS have been intensively investigated, including enzymatic hydrolysis, steam explosion, and acid hydrolysis. Acid hydrolysis is currently the most widely used method to produce XOS due to its advantages of fewer processing steps, stronger raw material adaptability, higher yield, and better reproducibility. Especially, organic acids such as acetic acid, formic acid and xylonic acid work better as compared with mineral acids. However, the catalytic mechanism of different organic acids has been little studied. In this paper, four different organic acids, including formic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid were selected to compare their hydrolytic effects. Results Using pKa values as the benchmark, the yield of xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) increased with the increasing value of pKa. The yield of XOS was 37% when hydrolyzed by 5% acetic acid (pKa = 4.75) at 170 ℃ for 20 min. Combined severity (CS), a parameter associated with temperature and reaction time was proposed, was proposed to evaluate the hydrolysis effect. The results of CS were consistent with that of pKa values on both the yield of XOS and the inhibitor. Conclusion The results based on pKa values and combined severity, a parameter associated with temperature and reaction time, concluded that acetic acid is a preferred catalyst. Combining the techno-economic analysis and environmental benefits, acetic acid hydrolysis process has lower factory production costs, and it is also an important metabolite and a carbon source for wastewater anaerobic biological treatment. In conclusion, production of xylo-oligosaccharides by acetic acid is an inexpensive, environment-friendly, and sustainable processing technique.

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Zhou, Mingchun, Guangsen Fan, Hanshuo Xia, Xiaohan Zhang, Chao Teng, and Xiuting Li. "Ultrasound-Assisted Production of Xylo-Oligosaccharides From Alkali-Solubilized Corncob Bran Using Penicillium janthinellum XAF01 Acidic Xylanase." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9 (September 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.755003.

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A novel treatment involving enzymatic hydrolysis using an acidic xylanase coupled with ultrasound was performed to improve the xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) yield from corncob bran. The acidic xylanase (XynB) was purified to a most suitable pH, temperature, and operational parameters for ultrasound-assisted hydrolysis were determined. A preliminary mechanistic investigation was performed through circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a laser particle size analyzer, and the effects of ultrasound on enzyme (XynB) and substrate (corncob bran) were assessed. The results show that the maximum XOS yield was 20.71% when the reaction pH and temperature were 4.3 and 50°C, the ultrasonic parameters were 50 kHz and 0.40 W/cm2, which was 2.55 fold higher than that obtained using a non-ultrasound-assisted enzymatic preparation. Mechanism studies indicated that ultrasonic pretreatment could reduce the β-fold content and increase the random coil content. Changes in structure and size of substrate were observed. The specific surface area of the XAC molecules is easy to carry out enzymatic reaction, which is beneficial to the production of XOS.

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Abdella, Asmaa, Samah Ramadan, Ragaa A. Hamouda, Amna A. Saddiq, Nuha M. Alhazmi, and Mahmoud A. Al-Saman. "Paecilomyces variotii xylanase production, purification and characterization with antioxidant xylo-oligosaccharides production." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (August 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95965-w.

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AbstractPaecilomyces variotii xylanase was, produced in stirred tank bioreactor with yield of 760 U/mL and purified using 70% ammonium sulfate precipitation and ultra-filtration causing 3.29-fold purification with 34.47% activity recovery. The enzyme purity was analyzed on sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) confirming its monomeric nature as single band at 32 KDa. Zymography showed xylan hydrolysis activity at the same band. The purified enzyme had optimum activity at 60 °C and pH 5.0. The pH stability range was 5–9 and the temperature stability was up 70 °C. Fe2+and Fe3+ exhibited inhibition of xylanase enzyme while Cu2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ stimulated its activity. Mercaptoethanol stimulated its activity; however, Na2-EDTA and SDS inhibited its activity. The purified xylanase could hydrolyze beechwood xylan but not carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), avicel or soluble starch. Paecilomyces variotii xylanase Km and Vmax for beechwood were determined to be 3.33 mg/mL and 5555 U/mg, respectively. The produced xylanase enzyme applied on beech xylan resulted in different types of XOS. The antioxidant activity of xylo-oligosaccharides increased from 15.22 to 70.57% when the extract concentration was increased from 0.1 to 1.5 mg/mL. The enzyme characteristics and kinetic parameters indicated its high efficiency in the hydrolysis of xylan and its potential effectiveness in lignocellulosic hydrolysis and other industrial application. It also suggests the potential of xylanase enzyme for production of XOS from biomass which are useful in food and pharmaceutical industries.

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Chen, Yuxia, Yining Xie, Ruqing Zhong, Lei Liu, Changguang Lin, Lin Xiao, Liang Chen, Hongfu Zhang, Yves Beckers, and Nadia Everaert. "Effects of Xylo-Oligosaccharides on Growth and Gut Microbiota as Potential Replacements for Antibiotic in Weaning Piglets." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (February 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.641172.

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Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) is a well-known kind of oligosaccharide and extensively applied as a prebiotic. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of XOS supplementation substituting chlortetracycline (CTC) on growth, gut morphology, gut microbiota, and hindgut short chain fatty acid (SCFA) contents of weaning piglets. A total of 180 weaned piglets were randomly allocated to three treatments for 28 days, as follows: control group (basal diet, CON), basal diet with 500 mg/kg (XOS500) XOS, and positive control (basal diet with 100 mg/kg CTC). Compared with the CON group, the piglets in the XOS500 group improved body weight (BW) on days 28, average daily gain (ADG) and reduced feed: gain ratio during days 1–28 (P < 0.05). The XOS500 supplementation increased Villus height and Villus height: Crypt depth ratio in the ileum (P < 0.05). Villus Height: Crypt Depth of the ileum was also increased in the CTC treatment group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the XOS500 supplementation increased significantly the numbers of goblet cells in the crypt of the cecum. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed distinct differences in microbial compositions between the ileum and cecum. XOS500 supplementation significantly increased the bacterial diversity. However, CTC treatment markedly reduced the microbial diversity (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, XOS500 supplementation in the diet significantly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus genus compared to the CON and CTC group in the ileum and cecum (P < 0.01), whereas the level of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Escherichia-Shigella, and Terrisporobacter genus in the XOS500 group were markedly lower than the CON and CTC group (P < 0.05). In addition, dietary supplementation with XOS500 significantly increased the total short-chain fatty acids, propionate and butyrate concentrations and decreased the acetate concentration compared to the CON group in the cecum (P < 0.05). In summary, dietary supplemented with XOS500 could enhance specific beneficial microbiota abundance and decrease harmful microbiota abundance to maintain the structure of the intestinal morphology and improve growth performance of weaned piglets. Thus, XOS may potentially function as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics in weaned piglets in modern husbandry.

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Turck, Dominique, Jean‐Louis Bresson, Barbara Burlingame, Tara Dean, Susan Fairweather‐Tait, Marina Heinonen, Karen Ildico Hirsch‐Ernst, et al. "Safety of xylo‐oligosaccharides (XOS) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283." EFSA Journal 16, no. 7 (July 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5361.

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Khaleghipour, Leila, Javier A. Linares-Pastén, Hamid Rashedi, Seyed Omid Ranaei Siadat, Andrius Jasilionis, Said Al-Hamimi, Roya R. R. Sardari, and Eva Nordberg Karlsson. "Extraction of sugarcane bagasse arabinoxylan, integrated with enzymatic production of xylo-oligosaccharides and separation of cellulose." Biotechnology for Biofuels 14, no. 1 (July 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13068-021-01993-z.

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AbstractSugarcane processing roughly generates 54 million tonnes sugarcane bagasse (SCB)/year, making SCB an important material for upgrading to value-added molecules. In this study, an integrated scheme was developed for separating xylan, lignin and cellulose, followed by production of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) from SCB. Xylan extraction conditions were screened in: (1) single extractions in NaOH (0.25, 0.5, or 1 M), 121 °C (1 bar), 30 and 60 min; (2) 3 × repeated extraction cycles in NaOH (1 or 2 M), 121 °C (1 bar), 30 and 60 min or (3) pressurized liquid extractions (PLE), 100 bar, at low alkalinity (0–0.1 M NaOH) in the time and temperature range 10–30 min and 50–150 °C. Higher concentration of alkali (2 M NaOH) increased the xylan yield and resulted in higher apparent molecular weight of the xylan polymer (212 kDa using 1 and 2 M NaOH, vs 47 kDa using 0.5 M NaOH), but decreased the substituent sugar content. Repeated extraction at 2 M NaOH, 121 °C, 60 min solubilized both xylan (85.6% of the SCB xylan), and lignin (84.1% of the lignin), and left cellulose of high purity (95.8%) in the residuals. Solubilized xylan was separated from lignin by precipitation, and a polymer with β-1,4-linked xylose backbone substituted by arabinose and glucuronic acids was confirmed by FT-IR and monosaccharide analysis. XOS yield in subsequent hydrolysis by endo-xylanases (from glycoside hydrolase family 10 or 11) was dependent on extraction conditions, and was highest using xylan extracted by 0.5 M NaOH, (42.3%, using Xyn10A from Bacillus halodurans), with xylobiose and xylotriose as main products. The present study shows successful separation of SCB xylan, lignin, and cellulose. High concentration of alkali, resulted in xylan with lower degree of substitution (especially reduced arabinosylation), while high pressure (using PLE), released more lignin than xylan. Enzymatic hydrolysis was more efficient using xylan extracted at lower alkaline strength and less efficient using xylan obtained by PLE and 2 M NaOH, which may be a consequence of polymer aggregation, via remaining lignin interactions.

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C. Aragon, Caio, Ana I. Ruiz-Matute, Nieves Corzo, Rubens Monti, Jose M. Guisán, and Cesar Mateo. "Production of Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) by controlled hydrolysis of Xylan using immobilized Xylanase from Aspergillus niger with improved properties." Integrative Food, Nutrition and Metabolism 5, no. 4 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.15761/ifnm.1000225.

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Chen, Yuxia, Yining Xie, Ruqing Zhong, Hui Han, Lei Liu, Liang Chen, Hongfu Zhang, Yves Beckers, and Nadia Everaert. "Effects of graded levels of xylo-oligosaccharides on growth performance, serum parameters, intestinal morphology, and intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets." Journal of Animal Science 99, no. 7 (June 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab183.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOSs) supplementation on growth performance, serum parameters, small intestinal morphology, intestinal mucosal integrity, and immune function in weaned piglets. A total of 240 weaned piglets with an average body weight (BW) of 8.82 ± 0.05 kg (28 d of age) were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments in a 28-d trial, including a control (CON) diet and three diets with XOS supplementation at the concentration of 100 (XOS100), 500 (XOS500), and 1,000 (XOS1000) mg/kg. There were four replicates per treatment with 15 pigs per pen. From day 1 to 14, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, and gain to feed ratio (G:F) during the different treatments. The different doses of XOSs showed a quadratic effect on BW on day 28, ADG, and G:F on day 1 to 28 of piglets (P < 0.05). From day 15 to 28, ADG of pigs fed the XOS500 diet was higher (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the CON diet. During the overall period (day 1 to 28), pigs fed the XOS500 diet had a higher BW, ADG, and G:F than pigs fed the CON diet (P < 0.05). In addition, compared with the CON group, the XOS500 group had significantly higher serum total antioxidant capacity, total superoxide dismutase and catalase levels, and lower malondialdehyde levels on days 14 and 28 (P < 0.05). The serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration in the XOS500 group was also significantly higher compared with the CON group on days 14 and 28 (P < 0.05). However, serum immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M were not affected by the dietary treatments. Supplementation of XOS500 to the feed significantly increased the villus height (VH) and VH to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum and ileum in comparison with the CON and XOS1000 groups. Moreover, the XOS500 group significantly elevated the expression levels of occludin and zonula occludens protein-1 in the ileum compared with the CON group. The ileal interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and interferon (IFN)-γ mRNA expression levels in the XOS100 and XOS500 groups were markedly lower than in the CON group. In contrast, the ileal IL-10 mRNA expression levels were remarkably higher in the XOS500 than in the CON group. In conclusion, XOSs have a beneficial effect on growth performance by improving serum antioxidant defense system, serum IgG, small intestinal structure, and intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS)'

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