Relevant bibliographies by topics / Y-junctions

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Y-junctions'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Y-junctions"

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Ting, Lucas H., Jessica R. Jahn, Joon I. Jung, Benjamin R. Shuman, Shirin Feghhi, Sangyoon J. Han, Marita L. Rodriguez, and Nathan J. Sniadecki. "Flow mechanotransduction regulates traction forces, intercellular forces, and adherens junctions." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 302, no. 11 (June 1, 2012): H2220—H2229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00975.2011.

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Endothelial cells respond to fluid shear stress through mechanotransduction responses that affect their cytoskeleton and cell-cell contacts. Here, endothelial cells were grown as monolayers on arrays of microposts and exposed to laminar or disturbed flow to examine the relationship among traction forces, intercellular forces, and cell-cell junctions. Cells under laminar flow had traction forces that were higher than those under static conditions, whereas cells under disturbed flow had lower traction forces. The response in adhesion junction assembly matched closely with changes in traction forces since adherens junctions were larger in size for laminar flow and smaller for disturbed flow. Treating the cells with calyculin-A to increase myosin phosphorylation and traction forces caused an increase in adherens junction size, whereas Y-27362 cause a decrease in their size. Since tugging forces across cell-cell junctions can promote junctional assembly, we developed a novel approach to measure intercellular forces and found that these forces were higher for laminar flow than for static or disturbed flow. The size of adherens junctions and tight junctions matched closely with intercellular forces for these flow conditions. These results indicate that laminar flow can increase cytoskeletal tension while disturbed flow decreases cytoskeletal tension. Consequently, we found that changes in cytoskeletal tension in response to shear flow conditions can affect intercellular tension, which in turn regulates the assembly of cell-cell junctions.
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Treboux, Gabin, Paul Lapstun, and Kia Silverbrook. "Conductance in nanotube Y-junctions." Chemical Physics Letters 306, no. 5-6 (June 1999): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(99)00445-5.

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Li, W. Z., J. G. Wen, and Z. F. Ren. "Straight carbon nanotube Y junctions." Applied Physics Letters 79, no. 12 (September 17, 2001): 1879–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1404400.

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Wilson, Rab, Tim J. Karle, I. Moerman, and Thomas F. Krauss. "Efficient photonic crystal Y-junctions." Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 5, no. 4 (June 25, 2003): S76—S80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/5/4/358.

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Lu, Longhui, Deming Liu, Max Yan, and Minming Zhang. "Subwavelength adiabatic multimode Y-junctions." Optics Letters 44, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 4729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.44.004729.

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Liu, Zhao-Miao, Li-Kun Liu, and Feng Shen. "Effects of geometric configuration on droplet generation in Y-junctions and anti-Y-junctions microchannels." Acta Mechanica Sinica 31, no. 5 (August 25, 2015): 741–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10409-015-0420-y.

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Love, John D., and Nicolas Riesen. "Single-, Few-, and Multimode Y-Junctions." Journal of Lightwave Technology 30, no. 3 (February 2012): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2011.2179976.

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Ding, Dongyan, Jiannong Wang, and Sheng Chen. "Junctions formed in Y Ba2Cu3O7 nanowires." Superconductor Science and Technology 17, no. 3 (January 20, 2004): 438–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/17/3/023.

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Yun, Sang H., Judy Z. Wu, Alan Dibos, Xiaodong Zou, and Ulf O. Karlsson. "Self-Assembled Boron Nanowire Y-Junctions." Nano Letters 6, no. 3 (March 2006): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl052138r.

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Zhu, Guang, XiaoPing Zou, Jin Cheng, MaoFa Wang, and Yi Su. "Straight SiO x nanorod Y junctions." Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences 52, no. 1 (January 2009): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-009-0006-7.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Y-junctions"

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So, Sui-ming. "Fabrication and transport properties of ramp-type Y Ba2Cu3O7-8/Nd2CuO4/Y Ba2Cu3O7-8 Josephson junctions /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31490852.

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So, Sui-ming, and 蘇瑞明. "Fabrication and transport properties of ramp-type Y Ba2Cu3O7-8/Nd2CuO4/Y Ba2Cu3O7-8 Josephson junctions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45014991.

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Khalifa, K. M. "Two-phase slug flow measurement using ultrasonic techniques in combination with T-Y junctions." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/10195.

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The accurate measurement of multiphase flows of oil/water/gas is a critical element of oil exploration and production. Thus, over the last three decades; the development and deployment of in-line multiphase flow metering systems has been a major focus worldwide. Accurate measurement of multiphase flow in the oil and gas industry is difficult because there is a wide range of flow regimes and multiphase meters do not generally perform well under the intermittent slug flow conditions which commonly occur in oil production. This thesis investigates the use of Doppler and cross-correlation ultrasonic measurements made in different high gas void fraction flow, partially separated liquid and gas flows, and homogeneous flow and raw slug flow, to assess the accuracy of measurement in these regimes. This approach has been tested on water/air flows in a 50mm diameter pipe facility. The system employs a partial gas/liquid separation and homogenisation using a T-Y junction configuration. A combination of ultrasonic measurement techniques was used to measure flow velocities and conductivity rings to measure the gas fraction. In the partially separated regime, ultrasonic cross-correlation and conductivity rings are used to measure the liquid flow-rate. In the homogeneous flow, a clamp-on ultrasonic Doppler meter is used to measure the homogeneous velocity and combined with conductivity ring measurements to provide measurement of the liquid and gas flow-rates. The slug flow regime measurements employ the raw Doppler shift data from the ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter, together with the slug flow closure equation and combined with gas fraction obtained by conductivity rings, to determine the liquid and gas flow-rates. Measurements were made with liquid velocities from 1.0m/s to 2.0m/s with gas void fractions up to 60%. Using these techniques the accuracies of the liquid flow-rate measurement in the partially separated, homogeneous and slug regimes were 10%, 10% and 15% respectively. The accuracy of the gas flow-rate in both the homogeneous and raw slug regimes was 10%. The method offers the possibility of further improvement in the accuracy by combining measurement from different regimes.
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Khalifa, K. M. "Two-phase slug flow measurement using ultra-sonic techniques in combination with T-Y junctions." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/10195.

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The accurate measurement of multiphase flows of oil/water/gas is a critical element of oil exploration and production. Thus, over the last three decades; the development and deployment of in-line multiphase flow metering systems has been a major focus worldwide. Accurate measurement of multiphase flow in the oil and gas industry is difficult because there is a wide range of flow regimes and multiphase meters do not generally perform well under the intermittent slug flow conditions which commonly occur in oil production. This thesis investigates the use of Doppler and cross-correlation ultrasonic measurements made in different high gas void fraction flow, partially separated liquid and gas flows, and homogeneous flow and raw slug flow, to assess the accuracy of measurement in these regimes. This approach has been tested on water/air flows in a 50mm diameter pipe facility. The system employs a partial gas/liquid separation and homogenisation using a T-Y junction configuration. A combination of ultrasonic measurement techniques was used to measure flow velocities and conductivity rings to measure the gas fraction. In the partially separated regime, ultrasonic cross-correlation and conductivity rings are used to measure the liquid flow-rate. In the homogeneous flow, a clamp-on ultrasonic Doppler meter is used to measure the homogeneous velocity and combined with conductivity ring measurements to provide measurement of the liquid and gas flow-rates. The slug flow regime measurements employ the raw Doppler shift data from the ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter, together with the slug flow closure equation and combined with gas fraction obtained by conductivity rings, to determine the liquid and gas flow-rates. Measurements were made with liquid velocities from 1.0m/s to 2.0m/s with gas void fractions up to 60%. Using these techniques the accuracies of the liquid flow-rate measurement in the partially separated, homogeneous and slug regimes were 10%, 10% and 15% respectively. The accuracy of the gas flow-rate in both the homogeneous and raw slug regimes was 10%. The method offers the possibility of further improvement in the accuracy by combining measurement from different regimes.
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Ewert, Medina Patricia. "Expresión y localización de proteínas de uniones estrechas (tight junctions) de células acinares de glándulas salivales de pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2006. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/105517.

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Memoria para optar el título de Bioquímico
El síndrome de Sjögren (SS) es una enfermedad inflamatoria, autoinmune, crónica de etiología desconocida, que compromete esencialmente a las glándulas salivales y lagrimales, generando xeroftalmia (sequedad ocular) y xerostomía (sequedad bucal). Las glándulas salivales de los pacientes con este síndrome presentan cambios importantes en la estructura, organización y funcionalidad del parénquima glandular y de la matriz extracelular. En células acinares, pérdida de polaridad celular, pérdida de microvellosidades apicales, dilatación de lúmenes, redistribución de aquaporina 5 y presencia de colágenos de la matriz extracelular en el lumen de los acinos, son indicadores que la organización del polo apical y la polaridad de estas células está alterada. Un estudio mediante microarreglos de cDNA reveló que las glándulas salivales de pacientes SS presentan una sobreexpresión del mRNA de claudina-4, mientras que los niveles de mRNA de ocludina (ocln), ZO-1, claudinas (cldn)-1, -3, -5, -10, -18 y -23 fueron similares a los controles. En los epitelios en general, y en los acinos en particular, una de las estructuras que participan en la regulación de la organización del polo apical y mantención de la polaridad celular son las Uniones Estrechas (UE) o tight junctions. Estos complejos de unión localizados en la porción más apical de las células epiteliales participan en la difusión de iones, a través de la vía paracelular. Sus funciones más relevantes son: 1) formar la primera barrera que evita el transporte paracelular de solutos y 2) restringir la difusión lateral de proteínas de membrana plasmática, y así mantiene la asimetría entre dominio apical y basolateral. En esta memoria, se abordó el estudio de algunas proteínas de membrana plasmática que son componentes de la Unión Estrecha, claudina-1 -3, -4, ocludina y una proteína citoplasmática, ZO-1. Estos antecedentes y otros, permiten postular la siguiente hipótesis de trabajo: “La pérdida de polaridad de células acinares de glándulas salivales de pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren, y la desorganización de su polo apical, están asociadas a los cambios en expresión génica y de niveles de proteínas de las Uniones Estrechas. Estos cambios en expresión están acompañados de una localización alterada de las proteínas constituyentes de la UE”. Para evaluar esta hipótesis, se determinaron los niveles de mRNA de claudina-4 y de proteínas de claudina-1, -3, -4, ocludina y ZO-1 en glándulas salivales labiales (GSL) de pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren y se compararon con los resultados obtenidos en individuos controles. Además, mediante inmunohistoquímica/inmunofluorescencia, se analizó la localización de claudina-3, -4, ocludina y ZO-1. Los niveles relativos de mRNA para claudina-4 no mostraron diferencias significativas entre pacientes y controles (p=0,052). Los niveles relativos de proteínas de claudina-3, ocludina sin fosforilar y ocludina total, no mostraron diferencias significativas entre el grupo total de pacientes y el grupo control (p=0,052, p=0,06 y p=0,089, respectivamente), sin embargo, al separar el grupo de pacientes de ocludina total en dos subgrupos, de acuerdo a su nivel de expresión, se encontró que sólo el grupo con niveles bajos de ocludina total mostraron diferencias significativas respecto al grupo control (p=0,0008). Los niveles de proteína de claudina-1 y -4 fueron significativamente mayores en pacientes SS, respecto a controles (p=0,023 y p=0,04, respectivamente). Sin embargo, los niveles proteicos relativos de ocludina fosforilada y ZO-1, fueron significativamente menores en pacientes SS que en controles (p=0,034 y p=0,033, respectivamente). En pacientes SS, la localización subcelular de las proteínas que forman las UE, mostraron una marca intensa para claudina-3 y -4, en la superficie apical de acinos y ductos de GSL, y a diferencia de los controles, también se observó marca en la superficie basolateral de acinos. Mientras que ocludina y ZO-1 mostró una disminución marcada, sin modificar su localización en el polo apical de las células acinares y ductales. Estos resultados apoyan la hipótesis, que acinos provenientes de GSL de pacientes SS presentan cambios en los niveles de algunas proteínas de UE y en su localización, los cuales explicarían las alteraciones en las UE. Más aún, estos resultados podrían explicar, en parte, la pérdida de organización detectada en el polo apical de los acinos, y podrían correlacionarse con la hipofuncionalidad secretora observada en pacientes SS
Sjögren`s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune, inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that essentially compromises lachrymal and salivary glands, producing xeroftalmia (ocular dryness) and xerostomía (oral dryness). The salivary glands of SS patients present important changes in the structure, organization and functionality of the glandular parenchyma and extracellular matrix. In acinar cells, the loss of cell polarity, loss of apical microvilli, luminal dilatation, redistribution of aquaporin 5 and presence of collagens from extracellular matrix in acinar lumen, are indicators of alterations in the apical pole. A cDNA microarray analysis revealed that the salivary glands from SS patients present an overexpression of claudin-4, while the levels of gene expression of occludin, ZO-1, claudin -1, -3, -5, -10, -18 and -23 were similar to the levels found in samples from control individuals. In epithelia and acini in particularly, one of the structures that participate in the regulation of the organization of the apical pole and maintenance of cell polarity are the tight junctions (TJ). These union complexes are located in the apical zone of the epithelial cells participating in the diffusion of ions through the paracellular space. TJ most prominent functions are: 1) to form the first barrier that avoids the paracellular transportation of solutes and 2) to restrict the lateral diffusion of plasma membrane proteins, and thus maintain the asymmetry between the apical and basolateral compartments. In this thesis, the study of TJ components such as the plasma membrane proteins, claudin-1 -3, -4, occludin, and a cytoplasmic protein, ZO-1 was undertaken. We thus postulated the following working hypothesis: "The loss of cell polarity in salivary glands of SS patients and the disorganization of their apical pole, are associated with changes in gene expression and protein levels of TJ. These changes in expression are associated with localization changes of proteins that are part the TJ". To evaluate this hypothesis, the mRNA levels of claudin-4 and protein levels of claudin-1, -3, -4, occludin and ZO-1 in GSL were determined in salivary glands from SS patients and compared with those of control individuals. Using immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescene, the localization of claudin-3, -4, occludin and ZO-1 was also analyzed. The relative mRNA levels of claudin-4 did not show significant differences between patients and controls (p=0.052). The relative protein levels of claudin-3, non phosphorylated occludin and total occludin, did not show significant differences between patients and the control group (p=0.052, p=0.06 and p=0.089, respectively), nevertheless, when the patients group were divided in two sub-groups, according to their level of expression of total occludin, only the group with low levels of total occludin showed differences with the control group (p=0.0008). The protein levels of claudin 1, and-4 were significantly higher in SS patients with respect to controls (p=0.023 and p=0.04, respectively). However, the relative protein levels of phosphorylated occludin and ZO-1, were significantly lower in SS patients compared to controls (p=0.034 and p=0.033, respectively). In SS patients, the subcellular localization of the TJ proteins, showed an intense signal for claudin-3 and -4, in the apical surface of acini and ducts, and in contrast to the control group, it was also detected in the basolateral surface of acini. On the other hand, ocludin and ZO-1 showed a decreased signal and maintaining their localization in the apical pole of acinar and ductal cells. These results support the hypothesis, that acini from LSG of SS patients present changes in some TJ proteins levels and in their localization correlating with alterations in TJ. Moreover, the latter could explain in part, the loss of organization detected in the acini apical pole, which would correlate with the secretory hypofunctionality observed in SS patients
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Grimm, Daniel. "A combined experimental and theoretical approach towards the understanding of transport in one-dimensional molecular nanostructures." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1218037048209-51309.

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This thesis comprises detailed experimental and theoretical investigations of the transport properties of one-dimensional nanostructures. Most of the work is dedicated to the exploration of the fascinating effects occurring in single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). These particular nanostructures gained an overwhelming interest in the past two decades due to its outstanding electronic and mechanical features. We have investigated the properties of a novel family of carbon nanostructures, named here as Y-shaped rings. The studies show that they present very interesting quantum interference effects. A high structural stability under tensile strain and elevated temperatures is observed. Within the semi-classical potential adopted, the critical strain values of structure rupture lie in the same range of their pristine SWCNT counterparts. This is directly verified by the first observations of these ring-like structures in a transmission electron microscopy. A merging process of asymmetric into symmetric rings is investigated in-situ under electron beam irradiation at high temperatures. The electronic properties of these systems are theoretically studied using Monte Carlo simulations and environment dependent tight-binding calculations. From our results, we address the possibility of double-slit like interference processes of counter-propagating electron waves in the ring-like structures. The nature of well defined, sharp peaks in the density of states are determined as the discrete eigenenergies of the central loop part. Furthermore, the formation and dispersion of standing waves inside the ring is shown to originate from the quantum-dot like confinement of each branch between the leads. The obtained dispersion relation is shown to be the same occurring in purely one-dimensional quantum dots of similar geometries. Furthermore, Fabry-Perot-like interferences are observed. We established at the IFW a bottom-up processing route to fabricate nanotube based electronic devices. The SWCNTs are grown by chemical vapor deposition and we present a detailed study of the different approaches to obtain individual nanotubes suitable for a successful integration into electronic devices. Wet-chemistry and ultra-thin films as well as ferritin were employed as catalyst particles in the growth of SWCNT samples. By adjusting the optimized process parameters, we can control the obtained yield from thick nanotube forests down to just a couple of free-standing individual SWCNTs. The nanotubes are localized, contacted by standard e-beam lithography and characterized at ambient- as well as liquid helium temperatures. We usually obtain quite transparent contacts and the devices exhibit metallic or a mixed metallic/semiconducting behavior. The well-known memory effect upon gate voltage sweeping as well as single electron tunneling in the Coulomb blockade regime are addressed.
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Cummings, Aron William. "Molecular dynamics simulation of the thermal properties of Y-junction carbon nanotubes." Online access for everyone, 2004. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2004/a%5Fcummings%5F072304.pdf.

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Chung, Hoil. "Modelling of nonuniform magnetic field effects on partially magnetised Y-junction circulator." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2009. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/2563.

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The success of modelling partially magnetised linear 3-port junction circulator, which is non-uniformly biased, depends chiefly on the precise representation of the strength of the intrinsic magnetic field in the axial direction across the ferrite material placed at the centre of the junction. The inadequateness of using conventional Polder tensor, which is established with the assumption that the ferrite material is saturated by a constant uniform magnetic field, in modelling partially and non-uniformly magnetised 3-port ferrite junction circulators is presented. It is proposed that the combination of static and microwave finite element (FE) solver overcomes the limit of Polder tensor in modelling partially and non-uniformly magnetised ferrite junction circulator. The proposed combination method requires the generation of the steady magnetic field in a magnetostatic solver, where the magnetic state of the ferrite material is determined, and the information of the static magnetic field of ferrite junction is transferred to the microwave solver for use in the microwave permeability tensor of the partially magnetised ferrite junction. Using the coupling method, the reflection coefficient responses of the 3-port ferrite junction circulator are determined in the low field loss region which coincides with the partially magnetised region and accompanies a few undesirable problems in communication systems, such as the reduction of bandwidth, and intermodulation product interference. The determined reflection coefficient is used to obtain the split frequencies which are important in designing and analysing the performance of a 3-port ferrite circulator in partially magnetised region. The main modelling factors considered are the effects from the number of mesh, the type of the magnetic field, the biasing configurations and the value of the dielectric constant. In each case, various split frequencies are obtained and, by considering all factors step by step, optimal modelling conditions are decided. The modelling results are compared with the experiment and show good agreement.
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Cullen, T. J. "Transmission properties of single-mode Y-junction and bend structures for integrated optics." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356560.

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Villarroel, Fandos Marta. "Diabetes mellitus y barrera hematorretiniana. Análisis in vitro de la expresión de proteínas de tight junction y su traducción funcional. Implicaciones terapéuticas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/314188.

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El edema macular diabético (DME) es una de las primeras causas de disminución de la agudeza visual en pacientes con retinopatía diabética (DR). La rotura de la barrera hematorretiniana (BHR) debido a la disrupción de las tight junctions (TJ) es el principal factor causante del DME. Además, el incremento de las citoquinas proinflamatorias como la IL-1β juega un papel importante en la patogénesis del DME y la retinopatía diabética proliferativa (PDR). Mientras que la alteración de las proteínas implicadas en la disrupción de las TJ de la BHR interna ha sido ampliamente estudiada, existe poca información sobre este proceso en la BHR externa. En el estudio FIELD sobre DR, el tratamiento con fenofibrato redujo en un 30% la necesidad de tratamiento con láser en pacientes diabéticos. Además, en el estudio ACCORD-Eye se observó una reducción del 40% en la progresión de la DR en el grupo de pacientes diabéticos a los que se les administró fenofibrato. Sin embargo, los mecanismos a través de los cuales el fenofibrato ejerce sus efectos beneficiosos en pacientes con DR se desconocen. En base a lo explicado anteriormente, los objetivos de esta tesis han sido: 1. Estudiar el efecto de la hiperglicemia sobre la funcionalidad de la BHR externa y la expresión de las proteínas de TJ en una línea celular humana de RPE (ARPE-19). 2. Estudiar el efecto protector del ácido fenofíbrico (el metabolito activo del fenofibrato) sobre la funcionalidad y la expresión de las proteínas de TJ en células ARPE-19 cultivadas bajo diferentes concentraciones de glucosa, con o sin IL-1β. Además se evaluó la implicación de la vía de la AMPK en la hiperpermeabilidad inducida por la IL-1β y el efecto del ácido fenofíbrico sobre la activación de la AMPK. En nuestro primer trabajo observamos una disminución de la permeabilidad y un aumento de los niveles de claudina-1 en condiciones de hiperglicemia. Sin embargo, después de bloquear la expresión de claudina-1 no se detectaron cambios en la resistencia transepitelial (TER) ni en la permeabilidad. Estos resultados sugieren que la sobreexpresión de claudina-1 inducida por la hiperglicemia no está relacionada con los mecanismos a través de los cuales la glucosa aumenta la función oclusiva de las TJ en las células ARPE-19. Se demuestra que es la combinación de los diferentes factores presentes en el medio diabético, y no la hiperglicemia por sí sola, los que producen una alteración de la funcionalidad de la BHR externa y la disrupción de las TJ. En el segundo trabajo utilizamos una combinación de IL-1β + hiperglicemia con el fin de simular en las células ARPE-19 la lesión producida por el medio diabético. El tratamiento con ácido fenofíbrico redujo (a 25 μmol/l) o previno (a 100 μmol/l) de manera dosis dependiente, el aumento de permeabilidad y la desorganización de las TJ inducida por la IL-1β + 25 mmol/l D-Glucosa, hecho que se asoció a una mayor preservación de la función de sellado de las células del RPE. Este efecto no está relacionado con cambios en la expresión de las proteínas de TJ y sugiere que para el correcto funcionamiento de la BHR externa es más importante una adecuada distribución y estructura de las TJ que un aumento en el contenido neto de éstas. Además, demostramos que el efecto protector del ácido fenofíbrico se debe a su capacidad para suprimir la activación de la AMPK inducida por la IL-1β, previniendo así la hiperpermeabilidad inducida por el medio diabético. Nuestros resultados contribuyen significativamente a aumentar el conocimiento sobre los mecanismos de acción a través de los cuales el fenofibrato ejerce sus efectos beneficiosos en el desarrollo y la progresión del DME.
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is one of the primary causes of poor visual acuity in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR). The breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) due to the disruption of tight junctions (TJ) is the main factor accounting for DME. In addition, the increase of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β plays a key role in the pathogenesis of DME and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). While extensive work has been carried out to identify the factors involved in the disruption of TJ of the inner BRB, the mechanisms implicated in the outer BRB regulation have been poorly explored. In the FIELD study on DR, treatment with fenofibrate reduced the need for laser treatment for DME and PDR by 30% in diabetic patients. In addition, the ACCORD Eye Study showed a 40% reduction in DR progression in the group of patients receiving fenofibrate. However, the mechanisms by which fenofibrate exerts its beneficial effects in DR remain to be elucidated. With all this background, the main points of this thesis were: 1. To study the effects of high glucose concentration on the outer BRB function and the expression of TJ proteins in a human RPE cell line (ARPE-19). 2. To study the effect of fenofibric acid (the active metabolite of fenofibrate) on the barrier function and the levels of TJ proteins in ARPE-19 cells cultured under different glucose concentrations with and without IL-1β. In addition, we evaluated the role of AMPK in mediating the hyperpermeability induced by IL-1β and the effect of fenofibric acid on AMPK activation. Our first study showed a reduction of permeability and an increment of claudin-1 levels under hyperglycemic conditions. However, after blocking claudin-1 expression no changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and permeability were observed. These results suggest that the overexpression of claudin-1 induced by high glucose concentration is not involved in the mechanisms by which glucose increases the TJ sealing function in ARPE-19 cells. In addition, our findings demonstrate that hyperglycemia per se is not the only cause responsible for the breakdown of the outer BRB in patients with DR. It is the combination of different factors present in the diabetic milieu with hyperglycemia, the one responsible for the impairment of the outer BRB and TJ disruption. In our second study we used a combination of IL-1β + hyperglycemia to mimic the diabetic milieu and induce the breakdown of ARPE-19 monolayer. Treatment with fenofibric acid was able to reduce (at 25 μmol/l) or prevent (at 100 μmol/l) in a dose-dependent manner, the increment of permeability and the disorganization of TJ induced by IL-1β + 25 mmol/l D-Glucose, which was associated with the preservation of the sealing function of RPE cells. This effect was unrelated to changes in the content of TJ proteins, suggesting that an ordered distribution, rather than a crude assortment, of TJ proteins is essential for the efficient functioning of the outer BRB barrier. In addition, we demonstrated that the protective effect of fenofibric acid was mainly mediated by its ability to lower AMPK activation induced by IL-1β, which prevented the hypermermeability induced by the diabetic milieu. These findings contribute significantly to increasing our knowledge about the mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of fenofibrate on the development and progression of DME.
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Books on the topic "Y-junctions"

1

Davies, J. Ysgol Nant-y-Coed, Ronald Avenue, Llandudno Junction, Conwy: Inspection under section 10 of the School Inspections Act 1996 : school number: 662-2117 : date of inspection: 26-29 March 2001 = Ysgol Nant-y-Coed, Rhodfa Ronald, Cyffordd Llandudno, Conwy : arolwg o dan adran 10 Deddf Arolygiadau Ysgolion 1996 : rhif yr ysgol: 662-2117 : dyddiad yr arolygiad: 26-29 Mawrth 2001. Cardiff: Estyn, 2001.

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Papadopoulos, Christo. Nanotube engineering and science: Synthesis and properties of highly ordered carbon nanotube arrays and Y-junction carbon nanotubes. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Y-junctions"

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Nagy, Katalin, and Csaba L. Nagy. "Hypergraphene from Armchair Nanotube Y Junctions." In Diamond and Related Nanostructures, 207–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6371-5_11.

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Tanaka, S., H. Itozaki, H. Kado, H. Toyoda, and T. Nagaishi. "YBa2Cu3O7−y SQUID with Step-Edge Junctions." In Advances in Superconductivity V, 1067–70. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68305-6_238.

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Müller, G., Ya G. Ponomarev, B. A. Aminov, M. A. Hein, H. Piel, and D. Wehler. "Investigation of the Josephson Effect in Y(Yb)Ba2Cu3O7−y Single Crystal Break Junctions." In Advances in Superconductivity VII, 19–22. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68535-7_4.

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Matsui, Toshiyuki, Takeshi Suzuki, Hiroshi Kimura, Dabide Yamaguchi, and Hiroshi Kamijo. "Fabrication and Properties of Tunnel Junctions with Pr2CuO4-y Barrier." In Advances in Superconductivity VII, 1039–42. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68535-7_236.

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Yoshida, Jiro, Koichi Mizushima, Masayuki Sagoi, Yoshiaki Terashima, and Tadao Miura. "The Fabrication of Josephson Junctions on Y-Ba-Cu-O Thin Films." In Science and Technology of Thin Film Superconductors, 459–67. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5658-5_54.

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Iguchi, Ienari, Kiejin Lee, Hiroyuki Arie, and Eiji Kume. "Observation of Nonequilibirum Microwave Emission from dc-Biased High Tc YBa2Cu3O7-y Junctions." In Advances in Superconductivity X, 1181–84. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66879-4_280.

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Suzuki, K., K. Hayashi, A. T. Murphy, M. Fujimoto, K. Yamaguchi, S. Yoshikawa, T. Takenaka, and Y. Enomoto. "High Ic · Rn Y-Ba-Cu-O Junctions for Microwave Applications (Mixer Antenna)." In Advances in Superconductivity VI, 1129–34. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68266-0_256.

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Gidde, Ranjitsinha R., Prashant M. Pawar, Babruvahan P. Ronge, and Pradeep V. Jadhav. "CFD Based Analysis of Simple T-Junction and Y-Junction Micro Mixers with Different Obstacles." In Techno-Societal 2018, 357–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16962-6_37.

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Neumann, Erzsébet Néher. "Studies on Emf Cells Where Strong Complexes Are Formed Using Liquid Junctions of the Type AY | AY + BYz(B) + HY + AyL AT [Y–] = C M, Constant, and – log10 [H+] ≥ 7 [1]." In Advanced Potentiometry, 213–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9525-2_8.

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Suzuki, K., S. Yoshikawa, K. Yamaguchi, K. Hayashi, S. Fujino, T. Takenaka, K. Imai, F. Suginoshita, N. Yazawa, and Y. Enomoto. "Performance of a Y-Ba-Cu-O Josephson Junction Filter." In Advances in Superconductivity V, 1139–42. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68305-6_255.

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Conference papers on the topic "Y-junctions"

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Alberucci, Alessandro, Chandroth P. Jisha, Jeroen Beeckman, Frederik Van Acker, Kristiaan Neyts, and Stefan Nolte. "Self-Written Y-Junctions using Spatial Solitons." In 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2019.8872839.

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Cascio, L., T. Rozzi, and L. Zappelli. "Radiation from Y-junctions in dielectric rib waveguide." In 23rd European Microwave Conference, 1993. IEEE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/euma.1993.336811.

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Yu, S., S. Ooi, K. Hirata, X. L. Wang, C. T. Lin, and B. Liang. "Josephson-Vortex Flow in Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+y Intrinsic Junctions." In LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS: 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics - LT24. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2355006.

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Chacon, Carlos, Carlos Moreno, Miguel Arbej, and Miguel Asuaje. "Numerical Investigation of Two-Phase Flow in 45 Degrees “Y” Junctions." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50631.

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Abstract:
Frequently, Two-phase flow occurs in petroleum industry. It takes place on production and transportation of oil and natural gas. Initially, the most common patterns for vertical flow are Bubble, Slug, Churn and Annular Flow. Then, for horizontal flow, the most common patterns are Stratified Smooth, Stratified Wavy, Elongated Bubble, Slug, Annular, Wavy Annular and Dispersed Bubble Flow. It is also known that after separation, each fluid is carried through pipes, so oil is moved long distances. However, as it is known, the oil energy diminishes on the way. For that reason, it is needed a pumping station for keeping the oil flow energy high for proper movement. Additionally, that fluid is transported through a network, so fittings are present, like elbows, “T” and “Y” junctions, and others. As known, on a piping network, the losses can be classified in two groups: large and localized. The former consists on losses due to wall roughness-fluid interaction. The latter is related with fittings. This study is focused on 45° “Y” junctions. The main purpose of this study is to simulate the fluid flow on a 45° “Y” junction, using a 0.1143 m diameter 2 m length pipe, in which a 0.0603 m diameter 1 m length pipe confluences, using oil-gas as the working fluid, considering Dispersed Bubble Pattern. It can be attributed a “K” flow loss coefficient for each path, from each entry to the exit of the junction. For the Two-Phase Flow, it was supposed a horizontal Dispersed Bubble Pattern, which takes place at very high liquid flow rates. So the liquid phase is the continuous phase, in which the gas phase is dispersed as discrete bubbles. Particularly three API Grades were considered for the oil, corresponding to three main types of continuous phase. For the numerical model, it was generated several non-structured grids for validation, using water as a fluid. Then the simulations were carried out, using non-homogenous model, with oil and gas, changing the gas void fraction, and the superficial velocities for gas and liquid. A commercial package was used for numerical calculations. It was encountered that changing the value of the referred variables, in some cases the exit pressure of the “Y” junction diminishes. For validation of the results, a literature model was used for comparing both “K” loss coefficients: numerically and from the bibliography. It is important to highlight that these results, permit to analyze a way of diminishing the fluid energy losses in a Two-Phase oil-gas piping network, particularly in 45° “Y” junctions which represents economically saving.
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Lu, Weijie, Linjun Lu, Hezheng Bi, and Jian Lu. "Modeling the Safety Benefits of Converting Signalized Y Shaped Junctions to Signalized T Junctions." In Access Management Theories and Practices. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413869.012.

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Morini, Antonio, and Tullio Rozzi. "Synthesis of modular multiplexers employing interconnected Y-junctions manifolds." In 25th European Microwave Conference, 1995. IEEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/euma.1995.337107.

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Gao, Yang, Lanting Ji, Yan Xu, Xiaoqiang Sun, Xibin Wang, Yunji Yi, Changming Chen, Fei Wang, Daming Zhang, and Yuanda Wu. "Compact waveguide (de)multiplexer based on asymmetric Y-junctions." In CIOP100, edited by Yue Yang. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2505853.

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Carvalho, A. C. M. "Stabilizing Y-junctions and ring structures through nitrogen substitution." In ELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC NANOSTRUCTURES: XVII International Winterschool/Euroconference on Electronic Properties of Novel Materials. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1812104.

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Chen, Jiajun, Yue Sun, Hang Zhang, Dakui Feng, and Zhiguo Zhang. "Large Eddy Simulation of Cross Flow in Pipe Junction." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77751.

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Mixing in pipe junctions can play an important role in exciting force and distribution of flow in pipe network. This paper investigated the cross pipe junction and proposed an improved plan, Y-shaped pipe junction. The numerical study of a three-dimensional pipe junction was performed for calculation and improved understanding of flow feature in pipe. The filtered Navier–Stokes equations were used to perform the large-eddy simulation of the unsteady incompressible flow in pipe. From the analysis of these results, it clearly appears that the vortex strength and velocity non-uniformity of centerline, can be reduced by Y-shaped junction. The Y-shaped junction not only has better flow characteristic, but also reduces head loss and exciting force. The results of the three-dimensional improvement analysis of junction can be used in the design of pipe network for industry.
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Rubio-Mercedes, C. E., V. F. Rodriguez-Esquerre, Antonio Manoel Ferreira Frasson, and H. E. Hernandez-Figueroa. "Surface plasmon polariton propagation in y-shaped metallic channels junctions." In 2006 International Telecommunications Symposium. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/its.2006.4433258.

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