Journal articles on the topic 'Yaoundé (Cameroon) – Economic conditions'
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1
Yebga, Solange Ngo. "Initiatives locales de la société civile en santé reproductive au Cameroun: Étude de cas des associations en milieu urbain." Regions and Cohesion 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2012.020102.
Abstract:
The notion of civil society became popular and generalized in Africa during the 1990s, through the initiatives of international bodies like the World Bank and agencies for international development. In Cameroon, the economic recession caused by the deterioration of exchange rates and falling prices of agricultural raw materials (coffee, cocoa, and co on) has favored the emergence of these actors alongside the state in managing and improving the living conditions of those urban populations. In the field of reproductive health, civil society, through associations, is pursuing public orientation through services of education, promotion, and diffusion. Observing the Association for the Struggle against Violence against Women (ALFV in French) ALFV and Women, Health, and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa (FESADE in French) shows how a health policy is operationalized via endogenous initiatives. This research, which is mainly empirical, was conducted between 2006 and 2009 with institutional health managers and managers of associative structures in Yaoundé and throughout Cameroon. Spanish la noción de sociedad civil se populariza y vulgariza en África hacia los años 90 bajo la iniciativa de instancias internacionales como el Banco Mundial y las agencias de desarrollo. En Camerún, la recesión económica debida a la caída de las tasas de cambio y a la baja en las materias primas agrícolas (café, cacao, algodón) favoreció la emergencia de dicha sociedad paralelamente al Estado en la gestión y mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida de las poblaciones urbanas. Por ejemplo, en el campo de la salud reproductiva, la sociedad civil, en la forma de asociaciones, lleva a cabo acciones públicas a través de los servicios de educación, promoción y difusión. La observación de los ejemplos de la Asociación para la Lucha contra la Violencia contra la Mujer (ALVF en francés) y de Mujer, Salud y Desarrollo en el África subsahariana (FESADE en francés) permite ver cómo se operativiza una política de salud a través de iniciativas endógenas. Esta investigación esencialmente empírica fue desarrollada entre 2006 y 2009 con los responsables institucionales de salud y con los responsables de las estructuras asociativas de Yaoundé y Camerún. French La notion de société civile se popularise et se vulgarise en Afrique vers les années 90 à l'initiative d'instances internationales comme la Banque mondiale et des agences d'aide au développement. Au Cameroun, la récession économique due à la détérioration des termes de l'échange et à la chute des prix des matières premières agricoles (café, cacao, coton) a favorisé l'émergence de cet intervenant aux côtés de l'Etat dans la gestion et l'amélioration des conditions de vie des populations urbaines. Dans le domaine de la santé reproductive, la société civile, sous la forme d'associations par exemple, poursuit les orientations publiques à travers des services d'éducation, de promotion et de diffusion. En observant les exemples de l'ALVF et de la FESADE, nous étudions comment s'opérationnalise une politique de santé à travers des initiatives endogènes. Ce e recherche, essentiellement empirique, a été menée entre 2006 et 2009 auprès de responsables institutionnels de santé et de responsables des structures associatives à Yaoundé et dans d'autres villes du Cameroun.
2
Abega Ngono, Jean Marie, Célestin Chameni Nembua, and Moses Abit Ofeh. "Financing Enterprises to Boost Employment in Cameroon." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n10p77.
Abstract:
Cameroon has 93969 different enterprises (NIS, 2010) operating in varied fields aimed at fostering economic growth. The enterprises confront challenges such as infrastructural weaknesses, unfavorable business climate and poor governance (World Bank, 2013), thus leading to disappointing results in terms of economic growth. Such a situation has attracted much attention from businessmen and policy-makers alike as to what to do in order to reverse the situation for favorable job creation and economic growth. The paper aims at examining the impact of external financing to enterprises in order to offer employment in Cameroon. Econometrically analyzing a sample of 180 loan recipients and 273 non-loan recipients, using the decomposition technique of Blinder-Oaxaca (1973), results show that enterprises that received external funding were more performing and creating jobs than those that did not, especially those operating in Yaoundé and Douala. A positive gap of total number of employees existed between loan and non-loan recipients estimated at 15 employees per enterprise. Also, such loans received positively amplify the actions of productive factors in Yaoundé and Douala considering the number of establishments and businesses. Equally, there exist a difference due to observable characteristics of enterprises and their coefficients, contributing 181.1 and 140.12% respectively for loan and non-loan recipients. We therefore recommend that the state, financial institutions and enterprises should work in synergy to collectively improve on enterprise financing so as to boost employment in Cameroon that can lead to economic growth.
3
Edderai, David, and Mireille Dame. "A census of the commercial bushmeat market in Yaoundé, Cameroon." Oryx 40, no. 4 (October 2006): 472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306001256.
Abstract:
Bushmeat is a major food and economic resource in sub-Saharan Africa, and with increasing urbanization bushmeat consumption has spread from villages to cities. To facilitate long-term monitoring of the bushmeat market in Yaoundé, Cameroon, we carried out a baseline survey of the transportation routes of bushmeat into the city and of urban bushmeat sales. We inventoried all bushmeat sales points, and located 15 markets and 145 restaurants and cafeterias selling an estimated total of 1,052 bushmeat dishes per day. This trade provides an occupation for 249 people, of whom 84.3% are women. Trains from Ngaoundere in the north and minibuses from the east supply more than 70% of the sales points in the Elig-Edzoa market, located next to the railway, and the Nkoldongo bus station. From these two places bushmeat is redistributed to other commercial sites within the city. The routes into Yaoundé transport bushmeat from a vast area of the country and in particular from the savannah and central provinces, which are rich in wildlife and contain National Parks and safari hunting areas. However, overall, bushmeat consumption at commercial outlets in the city is low relative to the number of inhabitants.
4
Ngom, Roland, and Alexander Siegmund. "Urban malaria in Africa: an environmental and socio-economic modelling approach for Yaoundé, Cameroon." Natural Hazards 55, no. 3 (December 10, 2009): 599–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-009-9485-x.
5
Akoku, Derick Akompab, Mbah Abena Tihnje, Thomas Achombwom Vukugah, Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang, and Robinson Enow Mbu. "Socio-economic vulnerabilities and HIV: Drivers of transactional sex among female bar workers in Yaoundé, Cameroon." PLOS ONE 13, no. 6 (June 18, 2018): e0198853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198853.
6
Opoku, Maxwell Peprah, Bernard Nsaidzedze Sakah, and Beatrice Atim Alupo. "The impact of Boko Haram threat on economic activities in Cameroon: perceptions of people in Yaoundé." Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 9, no. 3 (September 12, 2016): 222–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2016.1231212.
7
Essounga, Angeline Raymonde Ngo, and Frida Njiei Achu. "Urban development interventions and living conditions in the informal settlement of Yaounde." Technium Social Sciences Journal 21 (July 9, 2021): 709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v21i1.3907.
Abstract:
Since the mid-2000s, the political capital of Cameroon, Yaounde is undergoing construction with many urban development projects coordinated by the Yaounde City Council carried out in residential areas and informal settlements. These various activities as many other urban development projects have impacts on the living conditions of the inhabitants. This article focuses on the projects specifically carried out in the informal settlements, aims at analyzing the meaning and the scope of those projects in the lives of individuals and communities. Indeed, this work, is interested in the different operations of eviction, opening up and restructuring that took place in the informal settlements as well as their social consequences on the entire population of the city. It describes these different operations as public actions that are not deployed over the entire area occupied by the popular neighborhoods in Yaoundé, but only on certain slums concentrated around the central town. These results and conclusion are developed from data obtained during direct observations in the slums, from archives and from semi-structured interviews with some urban actors who participated in the implementation of urban development programs in the slums of Yaoundé.
8
Emmanuel, Ngnikam, Tanawa Emile, Mougoue Benoît, and Etoga Simon Pierre. "Pre-Collection of Domestic Waste in Slum Districts of Yaoundé in Cameroon: Socio-Economic and Sanitary Impact." Open Waste Management Journal 6, no. 1 (August 28, 2013): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876400201306010005.
Abstract:
In developing countries, the management of solid waste constitutes one of the main challenges of the present decade. A pre collecting pilot operation taking solid waste from individual households to municipal bins was implemented at Melen in Yaounde. The methods used for the preparation of this operation included meetings between project partners to agree on project objectives and implementation, the identification and interviewing of key actors, conducting a population census and an assessment of the waste generating activities in the targeted area, documenting research, meetings for information sharing and discussion with the inhabitants and the mapping of potential waste collecting itineraries in the targeted areas. By the end of the first year of investigation, we identified the actors of waste management and the services they offered, identified the youth associations capable of waste collection process implementation, and assessed the population’s ability to finance collection the cost of which varied between US$1.25 and US$5 per month. In addition, we noticed that 81% of the households were ready to pay for the pre collection of their waste. The project team endeavoured to create an environment that supported dialogue among various actors enabling follow-up and supervision of the process on the field. The assessment of the first 5 years of the waste program has proven the commitment of the inhabitants to participate in this type of operation through the direct payment for the service: 40 % of the targeted households continued to pay for the pre collection service. The total contribution collected is about US$7,750 per year that permits the employment of 8 persons. This operation collected 22.4 tons of waste per month between 2002 and 2007, waste that would have been otherwise thrown into the streams, directly improving the environment and the population's health in these quarters.
9
Melachio Tameko, André, and Laurent Ndjanyou. "The willingness to pay for urban parks' amenities: the economic value of 'Bois Sainte Anastasie' in Yaoundé, Cameroon." International Journal of Sustainable Development 23, no. 1/2 (2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsd.2020.10034388.
10
Tameko, André Melachio, and Laurent Ndjanyou. "The willingness to pay for urban parks' amenities: the economic value of 'Bois Sainte Anastasie' in Yaoundé, Cameroon." International Journal of Sustainable Development 23, no. 1/2 (2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsd.2020.112116.
11
Tatah, Peter, and Michaela Pelican. "Migration to the Gulf States and China: Local Perspectives from Cameroon." African Diaspora 2, no. 2 (2009): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187254509x12477244375210.
Abstract:
Abstract This contribution discusses local perspectives on international migration with a focus on South-South and South-East migration, namely from Cameroon to the Gulf States and to China. The report is based on a joint research project involving anthropologists and students of the Universities of Zurich, Yaoundé and Douala. As in many African countries, international migration has become a major concern for large parts of the population of Cameroon. While western countries still feature as preferred destinations, many Cameroonians have turned to other, more easily accessible options within the South. Popular destinations are countries within Africa as well as the Near and Far East. In all these migration enterprises the family plays a crucial role, both in the preparation of the journey and with regard to transnational exchange relations. For Muslim migrants, religion may be a significant factor influencing their choice of destination besides other considerations, such as economic and educational incentives. Cette contribution examine les perspectives locales sur la migration internationale avec un accent sur la migration Sud-Sud et sur la migration Sud-Est, à savoir du Cameroun aux Etats du Golfe et à la Chine. Le rapport est basé sur un projet de recherche impliquant des anthropologues et des étudiants des universités de Zurich, Yaoundé et Douala. Comme dans beaucoup de pays africains, la migration internationale est devenue un souci majeur pour la majeure partie de la population camerounaise. Tandis que les pays occidentaux figurent toujours comme les destinations préférées, beaucoup de Camerounais se tournent vers des pays plus accessibles dans le Sud. Les destinations populaires sont les pays africains et l'Extrême et Proche Orient. Dans toutes ces stratégies de migration la famille joue un rôle crucial, tant dans la préparation du voyage qu'en ce qui concerne les relations d'échange transnationales. Pour les migrants musulmans, la religion peut être un facteur significatif influençant le choix de la destination en plus d'autres considérations, comme des motivations économiques et éducatives.
12
Kamda Silapeux, A. G., Roger Ponka, Chiara Frazzoli, and Elie Fokou. "Waste of Fresh Fruits in Yaoundé, Cameroon: Challenges for Retailers and Impacts on Consumer Health." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020089.
Abstract:
Post-harvest losses contribute significantly to food insecurity and affect the nutritional status and health of populations. This study estimates the waste of fresh fruits in the post-harvest chain and identifies avoidable causes along the food supply chain to extrapolate good practices for the empowerment of retailers. A semi-structured questionnaire and a checklist were used in the administrative units of Yaoundé, Cameroon, from May to June 2017. Fifty fresh fruit retailers were randomly selected. Information, including socioeconomic profile, handling practices, transport, and food wastes, was analyzed. Dominant figure in the fruit market are 34-aged women. Despite significant professional experience, none of retailers received formal training. The perceived main causes of fruit waste were failure to sell, mechanical damage during transport, and storage conditions. Inappropriate packaging materials and poor hygiene were also observed, and about 40–50% of fruits did not reach the consumers’ table. Nutritional education of the general population is crucial in facing the challenge of fresh fruit waste. The analysis of critical points in the post-harvest fresh fruit chain highlights good cost-effective practices. Training and empowerment of retailers represent the main measures to decrease fruit waste, in addition to nutritional training programs for the general population recommending the daily consumption of fruits for healthy life.
13
Madaha, Estelle Longla, Hortense Kamga Gonsu, Rhoda Nsen Bughe, Marie Christine Fonkoua, Collins Njie Ateba, and Wilfred Fon Mbacham. "Occurrence of blaTEM and blaCTXM Genes and Biofilm-Forming Ability among Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in Yaoundé, Cameroon." Microorganisms 8, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050708.
Abstract:
Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSA) and Acinetobacter baumannii (ACB) are non-fermentative bacteria mostly associated with nosocomial infections in humans. Objective: This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence gene of PSA and ACB previously isolated from humans in selected health facilities in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Methods: A total of 77 and 27 presumptive PSA and ACB isolates, respectively, were collected from the Yaoundé teaching hospital. These isolates were previously isolated from various samples including pus, blood and broncho-alveolar lavage. The identities of the isolates were determined through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of PSA and ACB specific sequences. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Phenotypical expression of AmpC β-lactamases (AmpC), extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and metallo β-Lactamases (MBLs) were determined using the combined disc method. Bacterial genomes were screened for the presence of β-lactamases blaTEM and blaCTXM genes using specific PCR. The pathogenicity of PSA and ACB was assessed through amplification of the lasB, exoA, pslA and exoS as well as OmpA and csuE virulence genes, respectively. Results: Of the 77 presumptive PSA isolates, a large proportion (75 to 97.4%) were positively identified. All (100%) of the presumptive 27 ACB harbored the ACB-specific ITS gene fragment by PCR. Twenty five percent of the PSA isolates produced ESBLs phenotypically while more than 90% of these isolates were positive for the lasB, exoA, pslA and exoS genes. A large proportion (88%) of the ACB isolates harboured the OmpA and csuE genes. blaTEM and blaCTXM were detected in 17 and 4% of PSA, respectively, while a much higher proportion (70 and 29%) of the ACB isolates possessed these resistance determinants respectively. Conclusion: Our findings reveal the occurrence of both virulence and drug-resistant determinants in clinical PSA and ACB isolates from patients in health care settings in Yaoundé, Cameroon, thus suggesting their role in the pathological conditions in patients.
14
Folefack, Achille Jean Jaza. "The Economic Costs of Illness from the Disposal of the Yaoundé Household Waste at the Nkolfoulou Dumping Site in Cameroon." Journal of Human Ecology 24, no. 1 (September 2008): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2008.11906092.
15
Clement, Nodem Meli, Marie Louise Simone Nyonkwe Ngo Ndjem, and Douanla Meli Steve. "Road Safety and Economic Development in Cameroon: An Analysis of the Kuznets Curve." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 8, no. 07 (July 4, 2020): 1876–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v8i07.em01.
Abstract:
This article analyses the situation of road safety in Cameroon and its relationship with the country's level of economic development. The approach of Kuznets (1955) is applied to road accidents in Cameroon over a period from 1977 to 2016. The article identifies a Kuznets relationship for road accidents. The results of the analysis show that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between road accidents and GDP per capita in Cameroon. The results of the analysis show that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between road accidents and GDP per capita in Cameroon. Precisely the improvement of living conditions has first of all a negative impact on road safety up to a certain point called the inflection point which corresponds to a growth rate of GDP per capita between 7 and 8%, from this point on the improvement of living conditions positively influences road safety.
Keywords: road insecurity, economic development, Kuznets curve, economic development, Cameroon
16
Chabrol, Fanny, Dominique Noah Noah, Eric Pascal Tchoumi, Laurent Vidal, Christopher Kuaban, Maria Patrizia Carrieri, and Sylvie Boyer. "Screening, diagnosis and care cascade for viral hepatitis B and C in Yaoundé, Cameroon: a qualitative study of patients and health providers coping with uncertainty and unbearable costs." BMJ Open 9, no. 3 (March 2019): e025415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025415.
Abstract:
ObjectivesTo document patients’ and healthcare professionals’ (HCP) experiences with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) diagnosis and care, as well as consequences of these infections on patients’ life trajectories in Cameroon, an endemic country in sub-Saharan Africa.DesignQualitative sociological study combining in-depth interviews and observations of medical consultations. Interviews and observations transcripts were thematically analysed according to the following themes: circumstances and perceptions surrounding hepatitis screening, counselling and disclosure, information provided by HCP on hepatitis prevention and treatment, experience of access to care and treatment, social/economic trajectories after diagnosis.SettingHIV and gastroenterology/medical services in two reference public hospitals in Yaoundé (Cameroon).Participants12 patients affected by HBV and/or HCV (co-infected or not with HIV), 14 HCP, 14 state and international stakeholders.FindingsMany patients are screened for HBV and HCV at a time of great emotional and economic vulnerability. The information and counselling delivered after diagnosis is limited and patients report feeling alone, distressed and unprepared to cope with their infection. After screening positive, patients struggle with out-of-pocket expenditures related to the large number of tests prescribed by physicians to assess disease stage and to decide whether treatment is needed. These costs are so exorbitant that many decide against clinical and biological follow-up. For those who do pay, the consequences on their social and economic life trajectories are catastrophic.ConclusionLarge out-of-pocket expenditures related to biological follow-up and treatment pose a real challenge to receiving appropriate care. Free or reasonably priced access to hepatitis B and C treatments can only be effective and efficient at reducing the hepatitis disease burden if the screening algorithm and the whole pretherapeutic assessment package are simplified, standardised and subsidised by comprehensive national policies orientated towards universal healthcare.
17
Feldman-Savelsberg, Pamela, Flavien T. Ndonko, and Song Yang. "Remembering ‘The Troubles’: Reproductive Insecurity and the Management of Memory in Cameroon." Africa 75, no. 1 (February 2005): 10–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2005.75.1.10.
Abstract:
AbstractThe ‘time of troubles’, a period of a radical nationalist movement (the UPC) and state reprisals sometimes called the Bamileke Rebellion, rocked Cameroon during the years surrounding its Independence in 1960. At the time, Bamileke women related their political and economic tribulations to numerous reproductive difficulties. They continue to do so today, linking perceived threats to their ethnic distinctiveness and survival to a sense of reproductive vulnerability. In this paper we explore the management of collective memories of the troubles as part of the social and cultural context of reproduction in a high-fertility society. Building upon extensive fieldwork among the Bamileke since the 1980s, we use data from participant observation, intensive interviews, and a two-round social network survey in six Bamileke women's associations in Yaoundé. Envisioned as a complement to a meaning-centred ethnographic approach, we are interested in several interrelated aspects of how urban Bamileke women manage their repertoire of memory. First, we explore how the ‘time of troubles’ and its memories are referenced in women's images of reproductive threat in three periods of Cameroonian history (the troubles themselves, the aftermath of a regime change, and the ‘crisis’ at the turn to the new millennium). Second, we seek to understand the social structuring of memory in network terms. Who are the carriers of memories of ‘the troubles’? And through which social ties are these memories transmitted and negotiated? Finally, drawing upon Mannheim's insights regarding generations and collective memory, we analyse cohort effects on the content of memories.
18
Simo-Tagne, Merlin, Ablain Tagne Tagne, Macmanus Chinenye Ndukwu, Lyes Bennamoun, Marcel Brice Obounou Akong, Maryam El Marouani, and Yann Rogaume. "Numerical Study of the Drying of Cassava Roots Chips Using an Indirect Solar Dryer in Natural Convection." AgriEngineering 3, no. 1 (March 17, 2021): 138–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering3010009.
Abstract:
In this work, an indirect solar dryer for drying cassava root chips was modelled and experimentally validated using the environmental conditions of Yaoundé in Cameroon and Yamoussoukro in Ivory Coast. The dryers were operational in natural convection mode. Resolution of the equations was achieved by finite differences and the 4th order of Runge–Kutta methods. A model was proposed for performing heat and mass transfer using thermophysical properties of cassava roots, and the obtained results were satisfactory for all conditions, with moisture content difference of less than 0.2 kg/kg between the experimental and theoretical results. The model showed that the core of the product takes more time to dry, which always prolongs the drying duration. The heat and mass transfer coefficients vary during the entire process of solar drying. The drying kinetics vary during the drying with values lower than 1.2 × 10−4 kg/(kg.s). The great gradients of humidity were observed in the thickness of the sample with a regular distribution of the temperature each drying time in the thickness of the sample.
19
Pial, Annie-Claude, Malika Mboupaing, Majesté Mbiada Pahane, and Germain Ndengue. "Etat Des Lieux Du Dispositif D’alimentation Dans Quelques Écoles Primaires De La Ville De Yaoundé (Cameroun)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 18 (June 30, 2017): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n18p314.
Abstract:
School feeding refers to all the conditions through which pupils have access, choose and consume food within the school. School feeding has gained increasing attention in recent years and it is an important route in the process for achieving quality education. The availability of healthy and balanced food in schools is a necessity highlighted in many studies. In developed countries, the institutional framework for school feeding is well developed, schools have canteens, where the meals are prepared and consumed by children according to health standards. The situation is different in developing countries, especially in Cameroon where we carried out a study with an aim to have an overview of the feeding organization in some primary schools in the Yaounde I subdivision. The methodology adopted consist of a survey carried out amongst school stakeholders (school principals, teachers, students and food handlers) and visits to targeted schools. According to the results obtained, 85% of the targeted schools don’t have a building space, equipped with all the amenities (Clean water, tables, chairs, toilets) and ready to receive food vendors. Different types of foods are served to children (meals, pastries, fruits, sweets, beverages and icecreams). Unfortunately, those foods are prepared and serve under low hygienic conditions according to standards required for this purpose. Many deficiencies have been highlighted in the framework of our study and in order to mitigate them, the national government should take some actions such as the development of a national policy, the establishment of an adequate institutional framework, the development of a sustainable financing strategy and a capacity building strategy food handlers.
20
Mbah, Mudoh, and Anna Franz. "Revitalization and Branding of Rural Communities in Cameroon Using a Circular Approach for Sustainable Development—A Proposal for the Batibo Municipality." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 6908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126908.
Abstract:
Rural communities in Cameroon have high levels of poverty, poor living conditions and lagging sustainable development. Lack of economic, social and physical infrastructure opportunities make these communities unsustainable and impact the quality of life for residents. Existing conditions render these areas unattractive for visitors and external and local investors. Initiatives to reduce poverty and improve living standards have had limited impact to reducing poverty or improving quality of life. The recent signing of Cameroon’s decentralization law, giving authority for planning and investments to local council governments now provides an opportunity to rethink existing strategies. Using Batibo, a representative community in the north western region of Cameroon, this paper examines the status of development initiatives and identifies new priorities for planning and steps to improve economic status. Guided by the Theory of Ecological Design and Five Pillars of Economic Development, and using a circular city approach, this paper outlines a concept for town planning and architectural flagship projects that can project the image, culture and heritage of the community and strategies for improving markets. With decentralized governance and re-envisioned priorities, Batibo has an opportunity to become a prototype for sustainable development and model of a quality future in rural Cameroon.
21
Zemengue, J. "Training library staff in the Republic of Cameroon." Scientific and Technical Libraries, no. 10 (December 13, 2018): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2018-10-116-124.
Abstract:
Negative trends in the system of library education in the Republic of Cameroon and their the exterior and intrinsic factors are examined. Among the exterior factors are: the low economic development of the country and the labor market; lack of efficient standards and laws and state regulation of education, culture and library activities; low literacy and education level; undeveloped information culture; severe natural and climatic conditions. Insufficient standard, regulation, methodological, staff and logistical support of library education, insufficient application of modern pedagogical and information and communication technologies of education make the intrinsic factors. The author also emphasizes that the exterior and intrinsic factors are interrelated and interdependent: developed information and communication technologies, finances and logistics of library professional education always depend on the country’s economic development, and library education legislation depends on the national policy for libraries and education, and this is true for the Republic of Cameroon. Until the negative factors are eliminated, the level of professional training of librarians and their professional motivation will remain low.
22
GBETNKOM, DANIEL. "Deforestation in Cameroon: immediate causes and consequences." Environment and Development Economics 10, no. 4 (July 18, 2005): 557–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x05002330.
Abstract:
The effects of deforestation in Cameroon such as the erosion of agricultural lands, drying up water bodies during dry seasons, desertification, disappearance of plant and animal species, modifications of both local and regional climatic conditions and global warming through its effect on the global carbon cycle are likely to affect agricultural activities and economic growth. This paper investigates the immediate causes and consequences of deforestation in Cameroon between 1970 and 2000. Quantitative estimates show that coffee, and cocoa producer prices, food crop prices, and the timber export price index, on the one hand, and the oil boom, the structural adjustment policies, and the devaluation of the CFA franc, on the other hand, are quite important in stimulating the clearing of forests. Equally, the agricultural value added per hectare increases the profitability of maintaining forests. The implication of these results is that the importance of non-forest policies is underappreciated in Cameroon.
23
Noumba, Issidor, and Quentin Lebrun Nzouessah Feunke. "Parental Education, Household Health, and Household Standard of Living: Evidence from Rural Cameroon." International Business Research 13, no. 7 (June 23, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v13n7p113.
Abstract:
Recent data shows that social and economic conditions of rural dwellers are worsening in Cameroon. This paper estimates the link between parental education and household economic wellbeing (ECW). It also relates household health to household ECW, jointly education and health to ECW. Data employed are from a national survey conducted by the National Institute of Statistics in 2011. The unitary household economic model is the theoretical foundation. Empirical models specified are estimated using different methods. OLS is employed to estimate the link between education and ECW. One result on which the paper insists is obtained from a non-linear control function specification. Two salient results are highlighted. i) Education appears to be a significant determinant of household health. ii) Education and health are not perfect substitutes in the household utility function. These findings could guide policymakers in search for effective health and education programs aimed at improving rural economic wellbeing.
24
Fombad, Charles Manga. "The Scope for Uniform National Laws in Cameroon." Journal of Modern African Studies 29, no. 3 (September 1991): 443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00000598.
Abstract:
Cameroon like most formerly colonised countries in African has, since independence and re-unification, grappled with a Danaidean task in attempting to develop a modern legal system that takes account of its heritage and present conditions, as well as its socio-economic and political needs. If the history of African legal systems reflects the difficulties encountered in framing national laws derived from customary and foreign laws introduced during the colonial era, these are even more serious in Cameroon where, because of its complicated colonial past, two potentially divergent foreign legal systems have struggled for supremacy in determining the nature and content of its new uniformised laws. Now in its third decade of independence, and with the two former British and French parts united politically, the goal of legal unity seems to be regarded as a logical sequitur.
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Fombad, Charles Manga. "The Scope for Uniform National Laws in Cameroon." Journal of Modern African Studies 29, no. 3 (September 1991): 443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00003554.
Abstract:
Cameroon like most formerly colonised countries in African has, since independence and re-unification, grappled with a Danaidean task in attempting to develop a modern legal system that takes account of its heritage and present conditions, as well as its socio-economic and political needs. If the history of African legal systems reflects the difficulties encountered in framing national laws derived from customary and foreign laws introduced during the colonial era, these are even more serious in Cameroon where, because of its complicated colonial past, two potentially divergent foreign legal systems have struggled for supremacy in determining the nature and content of its new uniformised laws. Now in its third decade of independence, and with the two former British and French parts united politically, the goal of legal unity seems to be regarded as a logical sequitur.
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Pemunta, N. V. "The Social Epidemiology and Burden of Malaria in Bali Nyonga, Northwest Cameroon." Health, Culture and Society 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2013): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2013.69.
Abstract:
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the anopheles mosquito that kills at least one million people in Sub-Saharan Africa every year, leading to human suffering and enormous economic loses. This paper examines the complex web of cultural, poor socio-economic conditions and environmental factors for the prevalence of malaria in Bali Nyonga. The study outlines and assesses the multiple notions of malaria causation with dirty environment (80.76%) and the mosquito (76.92%) as the leading causes. Other causes are poor hygiene (46.15%), impure sources of portable water (23.08%), malnutrition (15.38%), witchcraft (11.54%), human-vector contact (34.61%),and palm wine drinking (32.69%).It reveals that any effective management of malaria must be based on an understanding of traditional cultural views and insights concerning the cause, spread and treatment of the disease, as well as gender roles within a given community since women bear a greater burden of the disease than men. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts.
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Kimengsi, Jude N., Julius N. Lambi, and Solange A. Gwan. "Reflections on the Role of Plantations in Development: Lessons from the Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC)." Sustainability in Environment 1, no. 1 (March 24, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v1n1p1.
Abstract:
<p><em>Plantation agriculture under the Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) registers an average annual turnover of over 50billion FCFA. The corporation is hailed as a major contributor to development in Cameroon. However, conceptualizing development in terms of inequality reduction through the increase in social benefits to disadvantaged groups paints a completely different picture of the corporation. Empirical work shows that although farm labourers are central to the corporation’s economic success, they are yet to fully benefit from the proceeds of plantation agriculture. The lack of significant improvements in residential and income standards of the multitude of the CDC farm labourers contradicts the view of the corporation as a “development” agent. The corporation has seemingly maintained a deplorable social responsibility record wherein farm labourers are the sacrificial lambs in the quest for increased economic output which is then proclaimed as “development”. This paper contradicts the praises sung by different authors to the CDC as an agent of development by giving an insight on the living conditions of a majority of the workers of this parastatal. It therefore looks beyond gross economic outputs by providing knowledge on what really trickles down to the underprivileged majority.</em></p>
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Mkong, Cynthia J., Tahirou Abdoulaye, Paul Martin Dontsop-Nguezet, Zoumana Bamba, Victor Manyong, and Godlove Shu. "Determinant of University Students’ Choices and Preferences of Agricultural Sub-Sector Engagement in Cameroon." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 6564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126564.
Abstract:
Although the agri-food sector has a huge potential to offer attractive employment opportunities for Africa’s burgeoning youth, a negative perception of agriculture persists among Cameroonian youths, such as in many other African countries. The paper assesses the determinants of university students’ choices and preferences for agricultural sub-sector engagement in Cameroon. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select 550 students from two state universities. We used the SWOT analysis to evaluate students’ perceptions of challenges and opportunities within the agricultural sector in Cameroon, the binomial probit analysis to assess the determinants of students’ choices of agriculture as a university major, and an ordered probit analysis to evaluate the determinants of students’ preferences of agricultural sub-sector engagement. Findings reveal that choice of agriculture as a university major is significantly determined by sex, pre-university farming experience, pre-university academic background, mother’s level of education, and household income. Likewise, preference of agricultural sub-sector engagement is significantly determined by the student’s level of study and location of a childhood home. Improving the attractiveness of, and working conditions in, the agricultural sector could increase youth engagement in agribusiness and rural economic activities. The results also reinforce the need to increase household income in Cameroon, as this could lift families out of poverty and offer them more economic opportunities. Policies that regulate levels of education can equally be used to allocate human resources into different agricultural sub-sectors, subject to felt needs.
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Opoku, Maxwell Peprah, Wisdom Kwadwo Mprah, Judith Mckenzie, Bernard Nsaidzedze Sakah, and Eric Badu. "Lives of persons with disabilities in Cameroon after CRPD: voices of persons with disabilities in the Buea Municipality in Cameroon." International Journal on Disability and Human Development 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijdhd-2016-0009.
Abstract:
Abstract Introduction: The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) has been touted as a major breakthrough towards achieving equal rights for persons with disabilities. The promulgation of the convention provided clear guidelines for signatory countries to revise their legislation as well as to formulate policies that will take into consideration the needs of persons with disabilities. As Cameroon is a signatory to the convention, it is expected that disability-friendly policies have been implemented to enhance the living conditions of persons with disabilities. This study examined, from the perspectives of participants, the life experiences of persons with disabilities in the Buea Municipality 7 years after Cameroon signed the CRPD. Methods: The study adopted a qualitative method, involving focus-group discussions with 36 participants from three disability groups: hearing impaired, visually impaired, and physically impaired. Findings: The study found that persons with disabilities in the Buea Municipality faced many challenges in their daily endeavors. These challenges are a result of a lack of inclusive policies, leading to their exclusion from social and economic activities such as education, employment, and healthcare. Conclusion: Although the study is limited in scope, the findings suggest that persons with disabilities in the Buea Municipality were yet to benefit from the CRPD. It is, therefore, suggested that the government of Cameroon should formulate inclusive policies to address the numerous challenges facing persons with disabilities in the Buea Municipality.
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KONINGS, PIET. "ASSESSING THE ROLE OF AUTONOMOUS TEACHERS’ TRADE UNIONS IN ANGLOPHONE CAMEROON, 1959–1972." Journal of African History 47, no. 3 (November 2006): 415–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853706001782.
Abstract:
In the literature on African trade unions during decolonization and in the immediate post-independence period, two schools of thought can be distinguished: one is pessimistic about the unions' economic and political roles, and the other is optimistic. This study attempts to assess the role of autonomous teachers' trade unions in Anglophone Cameroon during the period 1959–72. The emergence, development and dissolution of these unions appears to have closely followed the region's political and educational reforms. It is argued that two main issues formed a constant source of conflict between the government and these unions, namely the preservation of trade union autonomy, and union demands for a substantial improvement in members' conditions of service.
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Tsopmbeng, François Étienne. "Christianisation et économie. Le travail à la mission des dehoniens dans l’Ouest Cameroun." Social Compass 58, no. 1 (March 2011): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768610392732.
Abstract:
The Christianization of the uplands of West Cameroon was interwoven with its economic evolution. The Dehonian missionaries allocated certain economic activities to Bamileke farmers in order to provide for particular needs of the mission. Disputes over these activities opposed the missionaries to their Christian workers. Compromises were regulated. Through this regulation, the missionaries tried to take almost complete control of the workers: in addition to salaries, they granted them benefits in kind. They helped the workers to fit into the new life-style resulting from colonization. In this way they differed from the French colonial administration, which, in its compromises and regulations, gave more overt priority to return on capital investment than to the indigenous people’s working conditions.
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ANGWAFO, TSI Evaristus, and KEMKIA Christian DANERNYUY. "ADOPTION OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE AND ANALOG FORESTRY IN BUI DIVISION, NORTHWEST REGION, CAMEROON." International Journal of Engineering Science Technologies 4, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijoest.v4.i3.2020.83.
Abstract:
Analogue forestry involves blending traditional knowledge and science to recover and valorise indigenous knowledge, creating systems that are familiar to traditional societies and meet the needs of contemporary forest-dependent communities. Conservation agriculture is based the principles of minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover and crop rotations so as to achieve sustainable and profitable agriculture and improve farmers ‘livelihoods. Every farmer is a researcher, who experiments every season on his or her farm. Farmers who find something that works are likely to repeat it the next season, and to tell their friends about it. This study set out to examined the extent of the adoption of conservation agriculture (CA) and analog forestry (AF) in Bui, the sociocultural and economic benefits of these agricultural methodologies to the population. Feld observations, interviews and the administration of questionnaires was the methodology used. The data were analysed descriptively and by simple statistical techniques using SPSS. The findings posits that CA and AF have been greatly adopted thanks to the farmers, government and NGOs/CIGS in Bui Division. The adoption of these strategies have contributed at improving the socio-cultural, economic and environmental conditions of the people. Finally, the study concludes that there has been 81% adoption of CA and 61% adoption of AF which has significantly benefited the population through increase in source of income, environmental protection and drop in cost of production.
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ANACIET, CHITCHUI TOUMENI ARMAND. "MODERN TRENDS IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN CAMEROON AND WAYS TO ENSURE ITS SUSTAINABILITY." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1 (148) (May 30, 2019): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2019-148-1-21-29.
Abstract:
It has been established that agriculture is the backbone of Cameroon's economy, where 80% of the labor force is engaged in the agricultural sector and provides 22.3% of gross domestic product and 30% of its export revenues. The investigated branch forms the commodity supply of agricultural products both on the domestic and foreign markets, the following types of products: cocoa, coffee, cotton, bananas, palm oil, tobacco, tea, pineapple, corn, millet, sorghum, yams, potatoes, beans and rice. It has been determined that the livestock sector has been developed throughout the country and plays an especially important role in the northern region of the country. It has been proved that the main goal of the country's agricultural development is to ensure food security, whose achievement is strongly influenced by globalization of climate change. For the country under study, the country's orientation towards a "product concept" is characteristic, in which the main objective is to ensure the physical and economic availability of agricultural food. The strategic priorities in the country's agricultural development, which include the mobilization of local resources for intensive production taking into account environmental requirements, are highlighted. It is substantiated that today specialized regions have been formed in relation to the production of certain types of products, which allowed to increase the productivity of agricultural crops. It is noted that there are differences in indicators of productivity of agricultural production in farms and research stations, which proves the existence of unused reserves for improving production efficiency. The characteristic features of development of agricultural production of the country are systematized: low level of technical support; a manifestation of the tendency to increase the land of farms; the prevalence of small commodity producers; low income farmers; predominance of informal economic relations; use of manual labor; complicated access to loan financing sources; low level of involvement of commodity producers in value added chains. It is proved that under conditions of intensification of investment activity in the country's agriculture and realization of the foreseen measures of the strategic national plan, conditions and preconditions for effective development, modernization of production infrastructure, access of farmers to sources of financing and other components of sustainable development will be formed. It is highlighted that one of the conditions for the sustainable development of agriculture in the country is the intensification of agricultural production, which will promote ecological and social sustainability. Important instruments for its achievement are technological innovations in the direction of introducing new or improved agro technology of cultivation and modern management practices, new breeds of farm animals and poultry, integrated practices for improving soil fertility and widespread replacement of manual labor. Innovative solutions need to be coordinated with the specifics of the production process, and in terms of environmental and water and energy intensity. Key words: agriculture, food safety, farmer, innovation, investment attractiveness.
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Essapo, Daniel, and Marcel Ekedi. "Assessing Green Policies for the Rehabilitation and Sustainable Restoration of Mine Sites in Cameroon: Case of the Mayo-Darlé Mine Site, Adamawa Region." Ghana Journal of Geography 12, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v12i2.6.
Abstract:
Mining is not without negative consequences for the environment. It is appropriate for each concerned state, particularly Cameroon, to adopt and implement mining laws and regulations to reduce environmental risks. The former Mayo-Darlé mine site in the Adamawa region that has been abandoned for several decades is a striking example of the limitations and lapses of national environmental protection policies. Hence, this study outlines an inventory of features in the concerned mine site while analyzing green policies related to the mining sector in Cameroon. The study attempts to modelize the socio-economic and environmental impacts in the sustainable management of the Mayo-Darlé mine site. The study proposes the prescription of a green network to encourage artisanal sustainable practices within mining fields. This “eco-sustainable" strategy shall be specific to mine site development. The implementation of measures outlined in the proposed policy shall considerably improve environmental conditions around the mine site. This involves the establishment of a rehabilitation plan and realistic restoration of the Mayo Darlé site for good preservation of the environment.
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Mbuh, Bailack Kevin, and Lawrence F. FOMBE. "HUMAN-INDUCED MORTALITY INCIDENCE ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF OKU SUB-DIVISION, NORTH WEST REGION OF CAMEROON." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 4 (April 29, 2020): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i4.2020.5.
Abstract:
Mortality, which is inevitable and irrevocable, has been a major threat to mankind. Human-induced fatalities are still distressing in Oku Sub-Division. The degree of exposure of the population is very high wherein settlement and village activities are sited on montane steep slopes which are susceptible to landslides and extreme weather conditions. This is couple with poor access to healthcare. Human-induced mortality triggers and implications on the population of Oku needs to be seriously addressed in contemporary era. As such, this study uses a historical survey and comparative design of field investigation covering a period of 36years (1982 to 2018) to examine the human related scourges of mortality in Oku. Purposive sampling technique was used to administer questionnaires to selected key informants as well as through focus group participants from the entire population. Findings from a Chi-Square Test at 0.05 level of significance and a df of 6 portray that human-induced mortality incidence limits to an extent or is a deterrent to the socio-economic development of Oku leading to the conclusion that rapid population growth and limited space for settlement on the precarious mountainous environment is the key stressor on human life. Educating the population to avoid precipitous slopes susceptible to landslides can safe humanity, ensure sustainable livelihood and increase assets for socio-economic development.
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Ollong, Kingsly Awang Awang. "Issues of Justice and Sustainability in Banana Trade in the Light of Cameroon Case Study." International Journal of Public and Private Perspectives on Healthcare, Culture, and the Environment 2, no. 1 (January 2018): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijppphce.2018010101.
Abstract:
This article analyses the banana economy, particularly its social and environmental consequences. The discussion is largely based on the case study of Cameroon, but there are good reasons to believe that many research findings are relevant for the whole banana industry as the global banana production and trade is heavily based on giant agro-industrial plantations. There is, indeed, information from different important banana producing countries indicating that working conditions in the industry all too often include forced labour, child labour, lack of job security, low wages, and health and safety problems. The banana industry, as well documented in this article, is also linked to a range of harmful environmental impacts, including loss of animal habitats and biodiversity and pollution of land and water. Land conflict is one of the biggest problems associated with the production of banana and, therefore, banana industry is strongly connected with the political and economic basis of those societies where banana industry has become a major actor.
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Vondou, Derbetini A., Guy Merlin Guenang, Tchotchou Lucie Angennes Djiotang, and Pierre Honore Kamsu-Tamo. "Trends and Interannual Variability of Extreme Rainfall Indices over Cameroon." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 6803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126803.
Abstract:
Central African citizens are highly vulnerable to extreme hydroclimatic events due to excess precipitation or to dry spells. This study makes use of CHIRPS precipitation data gridded at 0.05° × 0.05° resolution and extended from 1981 to 2019 to analyze spatial variabilities and trends of six extreme precipitation indices defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) over Cameroon. They are the number of wet days (RR1), the simple daily intensity index (SDII), the annual total precipitation from days greater than the 95th percentile (R95ptot), the maximum number of consecutive wet days (CWD), the maximum number of consecutive dry days (CDD), the number of very heavy rainfall (RR20). The standard precipitation index (SPI) time series were also examined in the five agro-climatic regions of the domain. The pattern of annual precipitation was first checked over the entire domain. We obtain a well-known pattern showing a decreased precipitation northward with the highest values around the Atlantic Ocean coast. The analysis shows that all indices represent patterns approximately similar to that of annual rainfall except CDD where the spatial south-north gradient is reversed. RR20 shows the lowest spatial variability. Trend study of RR1 indicates negative values south of the domain and predominated positive values in the northern part, where CDD, on the contrary, shows a decreased trend. The highest trends are observed in the northernmost area for CWD and around the coast for SDII and R95ptot. SPI time series indicate an alternative dry and wet period and the years between 1990 and 2000 witnessed more annual wet conditions. Such a study is very important in this domain where variabilities of climatic components are very high due to climate change impact and diversified relief. The results can serve as a reference for agricultural activity, hydropower management, civil engineering, planning of economic activities and can contribute to the understanding of the climate system in Cameroon.
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Muluh, Gregory Nguh, Jude Ndzifon Kimengsi, and Ngwa Kester Azibo. "Challenges and Prospects of Sustaining Donor-Funded Projects in Rural Cameroon." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 7, 2019): 6990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11246990.
Abstract:
For more than five decades, developing countries (including Cameroon) have been primary beneficiaries of donor-funded projects targeting many sectors, including agriculture and rural development. Cameroon’s rural landscape witnessed a series of project interventions which emphasized sustainability. Although research efforts have been directed towards understanding the planning, implementation and impacts of donor-funded projects, not enough scientific information exists on the determinants, challenges and prospects of sustaining donor-funded projects in rural communities in Cameroon. For this study, the Investment Fund for Communal and Agricultural Micro-projects (FIMAC I) scheme, was used to diagnose the determinants, challenges and prospects for sustaining development projects in the North West Region (NWR) of Cameroon. A representative sample of 150 beneficiaries drawn from 20 farming groups in the NWR was conducted, to generate data which was complemented by interviews. The binary logistic regression results reveal the following: Although there is a significant change in the level of incomes for the FIMAC I project beneficiaries, its sustainability (mirrored through continuity) is dependent upon a myriad of socio-economic factors including family size, length of stay in the community, gender, education and the status of the beneficiary. Furthermore, the less transparent loan application process and the lack of collateral security were the main challenges faced by project beneficiaries. We argue that the introduction of soft loans with minimal demands for collateral security could increase beneficiary participation in projects, while beneficiary groups should further diversify their sources of capital and productive activities. The study does not only contribute to existing theoretical constructs on sustainable rural development, but also makes a succinct request for future studies to unbundle the conditions, under which donor-funded projects are rendered sustainable in rural contexts.
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KELLY, ALICE B., and A. CLARE GUPTA. "Protected Areas: offering security to whom, when and where?" Environmental Conservation 43, no. 2 (February 3, 2016): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892915000375.
Abstract:
SUMMARYThis study considers the issue of security in the context of protected areas in Cameroon and Botswana. Though the literature on issues of security and well-being in relation to protected areas is extensive, there has been less discussion of how and in what ways these impacts and relationships can change over time, vary with space and differ across spatial scales. Looking at two very different historical trajectories, this study considers the heterogeneity of the security landscapes created by Waza and Chobe protected areas over time and space. This study finds that conservation measures that various subsets of the local population once considered to be ‘bad’ (e.g. violent, exclusionary protected area creation) may be construed as ‘good’ at different historical moments and geographical areas. Similarly, complacency or resignation to the presence of a park can be reversed by changing environmental conditions. Changes in the ways security (material and otherwise) has fluctuated within these two protected areas has implications for the long-term management and funding strategies of newly created and already existing protected areas today. This study suggests that parks must be adaptively managed not only for changing ecological conditions, but also for shifts in a protected area's social, political and economic context.
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Ndip, Tabi James, and Damian T. Akara. "Geo-Strategic and Historical Linkages as Major Factors for the Growth of Female Trans-border Trade Along the Mamfe-Ekok-Ikom Corridor between Cameroon and Nigeria, 1988– 2016." East African Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2, no. 1 (June 26, 2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajis.2.1.173.
Abstract:
In some parts of Africa, women have been conspicuous along trade routes and very active in trans-border commerce for many years. This phenomenon is not uncommon along the borders between Cameroon and its neighbours as was the case in the trans-border trade between Cameroon and Nigeria, especially along the Mamfe-Ekok-Ikom trajectory. It is rather unfortunate that some scholars tend to undermine the role of women along this route as they have erroneously stigmatised them as commercial sex workers (prostitutes) blaming it on the economic crisis that rocked the foundations of national and local economies in various parts of Africa. This study, however, sets out to examine the geo-historical dynamics that disposed women into trans-border trade in the said corridor. With the aid of primary and secondary sources and the use of qualitative analysis using the interdisciplinary approach, various conclusions denoted. The article underscores the view that the natural milieu and historical linkages of the Mamfe-Ekok-Ikom corridor predisposed women into trans-border trade given the proximity and socio-cultural ties of the border communities. The findings reveal that women involvement in trans-border trade within the Mamfe-Ekok-Ikom corridor was rather a natural integration into the historical process of human interactions in a definite geographical setting. The natural environment provided the material conditions for the increased involvement of women in trans-border trade in the area. It is hoped that this perspective shall debunk the stigma associated with misinterpretation of the presence of women in the said trajectory and to rather raise awareness of the women’s ability and legitimacy in exploiting the opportunities in trade along the area. It will, therefore, serve as an eye-opener to policymakers to rethink and to valorise women’s contribution in trans-border trade within the corridor.
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CHERNYH, O. N., A. V. BURLACHENKO, and V. V. VOLSHANIK. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF WATER-ENERGY REGIMES OF HPP IN SYMBIOSIS WITH SOLAR PLANTS." Prirodoobustrojstvo, no. 3 (2021): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2021-3-104-110.
Abstract:
The results of the analysis of the problems associated with the development of the world solar energy are presented. It is noted that at the present stage of the electric power industry, the potential of renewable energy sources (RES) is still poorly realized. The specific issues of water-energy modes of operation of hydroelectric power plants (HPPs), operating in symbiosis with solar photovoltaic installations (SPEU) have been identified, the schedule of which should be the same. It is shown that the operation of hydroelectric power plants and SPEU in the joint electric load schedule makes it possible to obtain a constructive and economic effect due to the fuel saving of power plants of various types, including thermal ones. The maximum capacity of the HPP-SPEU power complex is optimized by the installed capacity of the HPP while observing the full duplication of the SPEU capacity by other power plants of the energy system. It is shown on the example of the Lagdo hydroelectric complex in the northern Cameroon that under the conditions of developing countries with a large solar and hydraulic potential (Cameroon, Zimbabwe, Uganda, etc.), as well as for the southern regions of Russia, SPEU can produce up to 75% of the annual electricity generation during the low-water period of the year at its joint work in the energy complex with the hydroelectric power plant. This makes it possible to facilitate the redistribution of the river fl ow during the entire low-water period without attracting additional useful storage capacity of the reservoir. The developed methodology for optimizing the water-energy regulation regime can also be applied during the operation of the HPP of the HPP-SPEU energy complex along the watercourse, i.e. with daily flow regulation.
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Oghuvbu, Ejiroghene Augustine, and Oluwatobi Blessing Oghuvbu. "Farmers-Herdsmen Conflict in Africa: The Case of Nigeria." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-4-698-706.
Abstract:
General population growth and an increase in the number of farmers, environmental degradation, disruption of conditions for resolving land and water disputes, and the proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) in the Sahel and West Africa have exacerbated the struggle for the survival and security of economic livelihoods, and in particular negatively affected relationships between shepherds and farmers in several communities in Africa. This kind of conflict between farmers and herdsmen mainly applies to Nigeria, but is also present in other African countries, especially in Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad, Senegal, Cameroon, and Côte d’Ivoire. Such conflicts are not triggered by a single reason, but are driven by a set of multi-causal factors, such as scarce resources in the face of greater need, reprisal attacks, land and climate change, etc. Obviously, in case of Nigeria this kind of conflicts have a disintegrative impact, as they lead to the inimical effects to the country’s unity. The need for fostering value reorientation and restoring earlier interactive ties between herdsmen and farmers seems vital today, so that Nigerians can learn to appreciate the values that unite them more than those that separate the society.
43
Onovo, Amobi Andrew, Abiye Kalaiwo, Christopher Obanubi, Gertrude Odezugo, Janne Estill, and Olivia Keiser. "Estimates of the COVID-19 Infection Fatality Rate for 48 African Countries: A Model-Based Analysis." BioMed 1, no. 1 (September 10, 2021): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomed1010005.
Abstract:
(1) Background: Examine global data from 48 African countries to estimate the SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate; (2) Methods: We analyzed time series data on the 135,126 confirmed cases and 3922 deaths from COVID-19 disease outbreak in Africa through 30 May 2020. In a Bayesian prediction model based on the Monte Carlo approach, we adjusted for demographic, economic, biological, and societal variables to account for the untested people; (3) Results: We calculated a total of 1,686,879 COVID-19 infections after correcting for possible risk variables in the Bayesian model, equal to 13 infections per confirmed case. In Africa, the IFR is projected to be 0.23% (95% CI: 0.14–0.33%). The percentages varied by country, ranging from 0.004% in Botswana and the Central African Republic to 1.53% in Nigeria. The projected IFR is twelvefold greater than the WHO’s 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic estimate (0.02%). In four countries: Morocco, Nigeria, Cameroon, and South Africa, the inverse distance weighted interpolation map shows high IFR variability; (4) Conclusions: COVID-19 infection mortality rates can vary significantly between regions, and this might be due to changes in demography, underlying health conditions in the community, healthcare system capacity, positive health seeking behavior, and other variables.
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Chen, Kegui, Behnam Khatabi, and Vincent N. Fondong. "The AC4 Protein of a Cassava Geminivirus Is Required for Virus Infection." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 7 (July 2019): 865–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-12-18-0354-r.
Abstract:
Geminiviruses (family Geminiviridae) are among the most devastating plant viruses worldwide, causing severe damage in crops of economic and subsistence importance. These viruses have very compact genomes and many of the encoded proteins are multifunctional. Here, we investigated the role of the East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV) AC4 on virus infectivity in Nicotiana benthamiana. Results showed that plants inoculated with EACMCV containing a knockout mutation in an AC4 open reading frame displayed symptoms 2 to 3 days later than plants inoculated with wild-type virus, and these plants recovered from infection, whereas plants inoculated with the wild-type virus did not. Curiously, when an additional mutation was made in the knockout mutant, the resulting double mutant virus completely failed to cause any apparent symptoms. Interestingly, the role of AC4 on virus infectivity appeared to be dependent on an encoded N-myristoylation motif that mediates cell membrane binding. We previously showed that EACMCV containing the AC4T38I mutant produced virus progeny characterized by second-site mutations and reversion to wild-type virus. These results were confirmed in this study using additional mutations. Together, these results show involvement of EACMCV AC4 in virus infectivity; they also suggest a role for the combined action of mutation and selection, under prevailing environmental conditions, on begomovirus genetic variation and diversity.
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Gopalen, Priya, and Barry Pinsky. "African Housing Organisations Respond to The Hiv and Aids Crisis." Open House International 33, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2008-b0002.
Abstract:
HIV and AIDS is an urgent housing and human settlements issue, especially among women and children living in poverty and suffering from poor housing conditions in urban slums in the South. The link between poverty and HIV prevalence is well established, and the fact that inadequate shelter increases the vulnerability of the urban poor to HIV and AIDS is increasingly recognised. Since 2003, Rooftops Canada and their partners in Kenya, Tanzania, Cameroon, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and more recently Uganda, have been working on strategies and developing programmes to respond to the AIDS crisis in these countries. Related programmes link shelter to poverty reduction through sustainable economic and social development, environmental protection, respect for human rights, democratisation and gender equality. This paper compiles the experiences of the partner housing organisations and resource groups in Sub-Saharan Africa responding to HIV and AIDS among their constituent stakeholders. The community-based responses focus on promoting social sustainability, enhancing operational capacity and improving financial sustainability. Community-based responses relate to issues of stigma and discrimination, reducing the impact of housing rights violations and responding to the specific vulnerability of children, women and youth. Social sustainability deals with the impact of HIV and AIDS on the social viability of communities. Operational capacity analyses housing groups' responses to the organ-isational impact of HIV and AIDS - including loss of staff, leadership and institutional memory, decreased productivity and capacity - and the experience of including HIV and AIDS within the core organisational mandate. Financial sustainability explores the challenges of reconciling related financial and social goals.
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Chindji, Mediebou, and Otsomotsi Mbida Alain Martin. "Dynamiques spatiales et mobilités à Akonolinga (Cameroun)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 17, no. 28 (August 31, 2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2021.v17n28p81.
Abstract:
La ville d’Akonolinga, comme presque toutes les villes camerounaises, est le théâtre des dynamiques spatiales ces trente dernières années. Les conditions et le cadre de vie de cette petite ville ainsi que les activités économiques se sont considérablement dégradées. Ce constat semble être relayé par les déclarations des personnes ayant vécues à Akonolinga dans les années 1990 qui se désolent de la situation peu reluisante de cette ville jadis prospère et vivante. La présence des migrants constitue une donnée fondamentale dans l’analyse de cette situation. Ceuxci proviennent non seulement des campagnes environnantes, mais aussi de la quasi-totalité des régions administratives du Cameroun. Ces arrivées croissantes et continues ont des conséquences socio-économiques et environnementales. L’objectif de ce travail est de mettre en évidence l’impact de l’immigration sur la dynamique spatiale et l’accroissement de la pauvreté à Akonolinga. La méthodologie est centrée autour des enquêtes socio-économiques auprès de 342 ménages ; des interviews, des observations de terrain et la consultation de la littérature liée au thème en question. Les résultats montrent que les quartiers périphériques ont bénéficié de l’apport démographique des immigrants installés dans les quartiers centraux et péricentraux à leur arrivée. Ces migrants investissent dans les activités économiques des services et participent de fait à la création des richesses à Akonolinga. De nombreuses mesures ont été mises en œuvre pour limiter les déplacements des populations des zones rurales vers les zones urbaines. Ces mesures ont eu des résultats mitigés justifiant ainsi leur évaluation en vue de définir des politiques et programmes plus adaptés et à même de promouvoir un développement socioéconomique équilibré entre les villes et les campagnes.
During the last thirty years, socio-spatial dynamics have been observed in the urban space of Akonolinga. The conditions and living environment of this small town and its economic activities have deteriorated considerably. This observation seems to be relayed by the statements of people who lived in Akonolinga in the 1990s who are sorry for the poor condition of this once prosperous and lively city. Indeed, despite this situation, this city continued to welcome migrants. These come not only from the surrounding countryside, but also from almost all the administrative regions of Cameroon. These growing and continuous arrivals have multifarious consequences. The purpose of this work is to highlight the impact of immigration on spatial dynamics and increasing poverty in Akonolinga. The hypothetico-deductive method was mobilized and survey and census data were used for spatial and statistical analyzes. The results show that the outlying districts benefited from the demographic contribution of the immigrants settled in the central and pericentral districts on their arrival. Many measures have been implemented to limit the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. These measures have had mixed results, justifying their evaluation with a view to defining more appropriate policies and programs that can promote balanced socioeconomic development between cities and the countryside.
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Takang, E. E., M. LeBreton, C. E. Ayuk, and E. T. MacLeod. "A socio-economic study of Fasciola infections in cattle and sheep at the Etoudi slaughterhouse, Yaoundé, Cameroon." Journal of Helminthology 94 (October 4, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x19000890.
Abstract:
Abstract A cross-sectional socio-economic study of fascioliasis in livestock was carried out at the Livestock Development Cooperation (SODEPA) slaughterhouse in Etoudi, Yaoundé during the periods covering the beginning and late dry season in the northern and eastern regions of Cameroon. A total of 768 cattle and 267 sheep were inspected for the presence of Fasciola species. The overall infection rate in cattle and sheep was 18% (n = 767) and 27% (n = 267), respectively. For the animals that were Fasciola positive, a total of 267.86 kg of liver in cattle was condemned, resulting in a loss of US$1124, while a total of 57 kg of liver was condemned from the sheep population, amounting to a loss of US$114. A total of US$76,097 was determined as losses incurred from condemnation of liver for both cattle and sheep per annum based on the total number slaughtered each year. The findings indicate that fascioliasis is present in cattle and sheep slaughtered in Cameroon and that it causes great economic losses due to condemnation of liver. The local climatic conditions, husbandry systems and the presence of snails (intermediate hosts) are probably the main factors influencing the incidence of the disease and may account for the epidemiological significance found in this study.
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Gideon, Samba, Z. Mofor Gilbert, and Chianebeng Japhet Kuma. "The Role of Urban Forest in Flood Risks Management in Yaoundé VII, Centre Region of Cameroon." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, May 25, 2020, 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i1130643.
Abstract:
The alarming rate of flooding in urban centres continues to inflict untold suffering and placed the urban poor in precarious living conditions across most Cameroon towns and cities. In the diverse metropolis of the country's urban cities like Yaoundé, Douala, and Limbe, peoples of basic living standards are living in non-habitable flood-prone environment where their vulnerability remains to worsen at any given flooding event. The study examines the role of urban forest in preventing flood risk and management in Yaoundé VII. To achieve the aim of the study, sub-objectives where inevitably of utmost importance, the objectives included: To ascertain the causes and environmental hazards of flooding in Yaoundé VII Municipality; to identify measures put in place to control flooding; to examine the level of preparedness by the urban dwellers of Yaoundé VII to cope with increased exposure to flooding events and hazard mitigation. The primary data sources constituted direct information from structured and unstructured questionnaire, key informants interviews included most stakeholders of the municipality such as the Divisional Officer, the Mayor of the municipal council and those directly involved in flood hazards. A cross-sectional and descriptive research design was employed in the study. Purposive, stratified, and systematic sampling techniques were used as platform for questionnaire administration of which a sample of 400 was drawn from the population using Taro Yamane sample determination method. The data generated were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. A null hypothesis was formulated and stated as follow: There exist no significant measures put in place to control flooding in Yaoundé VII Municipality. The hypothesis was tested using a One Way ANOVA test at 0.05 levels of significance. The major findings showed that there is significant flood measures put in place to control flooding in Yaoundé VII Municipality and also there exist a significant level of preparedness by the urban dwellers of Yaoundé VII to cope with increased flooding events. Based on the findings, the study recommended that the Urban Municipality of Yaoundé VII should organize massive campaign to sensitize the urban populace of the study area against improper dumping of refuse in the drainage systems while severe fines should be placed on violators. The government through the municipal council should Channelized and dredge the River Mefou which has tributaries in the study area so that the river can accommodate more volume of water whenever there is excess rainfall. The government should provide more funding for studies on hazards management in Cameroon as a whole; and for disaster management bodies and agencies in order to carry out their duties when necessary.
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Wamba, A., G. Soh, and R.-D. Ngoumou. "Cardiovascular Diseases and Health Literacy Skills of students in the City of Yaoundé, Cameroon." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.014.
Abstract:
Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases will attack, from 2020 in sub-Saharan Africa, according the World Health Organization (WHO, 2018), one in two students aged 20-25. They would constitute the main public health concern for the states of this part of the continent, where the control of the skill level of the populations in health literacy (HL) still escapes the authorities in charge of public health policies. Provided that such control represents a great opportunity for better effectiveness of health promotion policies and preventive, educational and health care for cardiovascular diseases and therefore, a guarantee of good health for citizens (Beauregard, 2010). Objective Given the fact that the level of HL skills varies according to socio-political and economic contexts, according to the culture and the environment in which we find ourselves (WHO, 2013), this study seeks to describe the level of HL skills of students in link with appropriate use of the means of prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Methodology. The study concerns 500 students/ youths enrolled in secondary and university education, whose ages vary between 12 and 20 years. Based on quantitative design, the study aims to describe and report on all of the students and young people's practical experiences related to health literacy skills. Results The results indicate, in general, unequal access of students to health knowledge. In addition, the level of their skills in cardiovascular health literacy varies according to the economic capital of their family, the possession or not of an Android phone with internet connection, the level of prestige of the cultural capital of family. Conclusions The study suggests not only to encourage students to develop their health literacy skills, but also the need to put a particular emphasis within schools and universities on knowledge related to health literacy, in order to better enhance capacities of students to cope with cardiovascular health problems. Key messages The level of their skills in cardiovascular health literacy varies according to the economic capital of their family. The need to put a particular emphasis within schools and universities on knowledge related to health literacy.
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Damesse, Bertold, Francois Damesse, Roland Kirchberger, Kevin Wamba, and Markus Sperka. "Planning and Optimization of a Multipurpose Farm Using Renewable Energies (Solar) in Yaoundé (Cameroon)." TH Wildau Engineering and Natural Sciences Proceedings 1 (June 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.52825/thwildauensp.v1i.20.
Abstract:
The instability of Cameroon's electricity network leads to recurrent power outages, which constitute a significant obstacle to socio-economic activity in the region [3]. This is also the case for the agricultural activities carried out by the GIC PROSER in the MEYO area of Yaoundé. The main objective of this work is to demonstrate a solution approach for an ecologically sustainable and relatively self-sufficient solar energy supply by GIC-PROSER, thus creating a prototypical model for other farms. For this purpose, a detailed calculation of the annual energy demand was performed. A first investigation was done in order to find out the potential of wind energy, but the wind speeds are not sufficient to provide enough electrical energy due to the location of the farm. Subsequently, a thorough and optimized planning of a solar generator was made, taking into account the solar radiation data of the area. Finally, an approximate of the economic efficiency calculation of this ecological generator was shown. This results in an annual demand of 25,647 kWh/a with a peak load of 12.8 kW. On the roofs of two farm buildings, 49 solar modules with 600 W each are to be installed, resulting in an output of about 29.4 kW. The solar generator (AC grid) provides an annual energy of almost 38,794 kWh. About 32% of this energy is consumed directly by the electrical equipment on the farm. About 55% can be used for battery charging. The annual surplus of produced energy, about 4,131.90 kWh, is fed directly into the grid. This leads to a degree of autonomy of 90%. This solar system costs about 16,000,000 FCFA (24,425 EUR) and it is amortized 11 years after its installation.