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Journal articles on the topic 'Yarn impregnation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Slama, Anne-Claire, Jean-Louis Gallias, and Bruno Fiorio. "Study of the pull-out test of multifilament yarns embedded in cementitious matrix." Journal of Composite Materials 55, no. 2 (July 29, 2020): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320946368.

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In order to understand the impregnation mechanism of a yarn by a cementitious matrix and its influence on the mechanical properties of a yarn/cement composite, pull-out tests have been performed on samples of yarn/cement. Two embedded lengths for the yarn and different rheological and mechanical properties for the matrix were tested. Two pull-out modes were distinguished according to the compressive strength of matrices. For matrices with a compressive strength between 60 and 70 MPa the pull-out mode is characterized by a behaviour close to the tensile behaviour of the yarn, with maximum load values reaching approximately 60% of the tensile maximum load because of filaments damages. For matrices with compressive strength inferior to 60 MPa, the pull-out mode exhibits a residual phase linked to a slippage and an extraction of a variable number of filaments, with lower maximum load values than the first pull-out mode. After pull-out test, for some samples with filaments extraction, an innovative method based on a double impregnation with resin enables to visualize the yarn/matrix interface and identify the level of impregnation of the filaments by using confocal microscopy. It is concluded that this level of impregnation has a direct influence on the mechanical behaviour of the embedded yarn, except for the slippage and extraction phase, but the rheological properties of the matrix has no significant influence on this impregnation.

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2

Eddine Tria, Djalel, Larbi Hemmouche, Abdelhadi Allal, and Abdelkader Benouali. "Experimental and numerical analysis of high and low velocity impacts against neat and shear thickening fluid (STF) impregnated weave fabrics." EPJ Web of Conferences 183 (2018): 01044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818301044.

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This investigation aims to study the efficiency of STF impregnated plain-weave fabric made of Kevlar under high and low velocity impact conditions. The shear thickening fluid (STF) was prepared by ultrasound irradiation of silica nanoparticles (diameter ≈30 nm) dispersed in liquid polyethylene glycol polymer. STF impregnation effect was determined from single yarn pull-out test and penetration at low velocity using drop weight machine equipped with hemi-spherical penetrator and dynamic force sensor. Force-displacement curves of neat and impregnated Kevlar were analysed and compared. Also, the STF impregnation effect on Kevlar multilayers was analysed from high velocity impact tests using 9mm FMJ bullet at 390 m/s. After impact, Back face deformation (BFD) of neat and impregnated Kevlar layers were measured and compared. Results showed that STF impregnated fabrics have better energy absorption and penetration resistance as compared to neat fabrics without affecting the fabric flexibility. When relative yarn translations are restricted (e.g. at very high levels of friction), windowing and yarn pull-out cannot occur, and the fibres engaged with the projectile fail in tension that leads to fabric penetration. Microscopy of these fabrics after testing have shown pitting and damage to the Kevlar filaments caused by the hard silica particles used in the STF. Mesoscopic 3D Finite Element models were developed using explicit LS-DYNA hydrocode to account for STF impregnation by employing the experimental results of yarn pull-out tests, low and high velocity impacts. It was found that friction between fibers and yarns increase the dissipation of energy upon impact by restricting fiber mobility, increasing the energy required for relative yarn translations and transferring the impact energy to a larger number of fibers.

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3

Ono, Mizuki, Masachika Yamane, Shuichi Tanoue, Hideyuki Uematsu, and Yoshihiro Yamashita. "Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Composites Made of Commingled Carbon Fiber/Nylon Fiber." Polymers 13, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 3206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193206.

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Commingled yarns consisting of thermoplastic nylon fibers and carbon fibers can be used to produce superior carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTP) by applying fiber spreading technology after commingling. In this study, we examined whether spread commingled carbon fiber/nylon fiber yarns could reduce the impregnation distance, as there are few reports on this. From this study, the following are revealed. The impregnation speed of the nylon resin on the carbon fiber was very fast, less than 1 min. As the molding time increased, the tensile strength and tensile fracture strain slightly decreased, and the nylon resin deteriorated. The effects of molding time on flexural strength, flexural modulus, and flexural fracture strain were negligible. From the cross-sectional observation conducted to confirm the impregnation state of the matrix resin, no voids were observed in the molded products, regardless of molding time or molding pressure, indicating that resin impregnation into the carbon fiber bundle of the spread commingled yarn fabric was completed at a molding pressure of 5 MPa and a molding time of 5 min.

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4

Nguyen-Chung, Tham, Klaus Friedrich, and Günter Mennig. "Processability of Pultrusion Using Natural Fiber and Thermoplastic Matrix." Research Letters in Materials Science 2007 (2007): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/37123.

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Fundamental mechanisms of the pultrusion process using commingled yarns of polypropylene matrix and discontinuous flax fiber to produce thermoplastic profiles were investigated in numerical and experimental manners. Essential issue is the fact that all natural fibers are discontinuous by nature, which may negatively influence the processability. The pultrusion process will be only successful if the pulling force exerted on the solidified pultrudates can be transmitted to the regions of unmelted commingled yarns by “bridging over” those melted regions within the die. This can be realized by applying a sufficient number of small yarn bundles of high compactness rather than a thicker single bundle of lower compactness as the raw material. Furthermore, the possibility of adding extra melt into the yarn bundles by side-fed extrusion has been investigated showing that the impregnation can be improved only for the outer layers of yarns, which is owed to the high viscosity of the thermoplastic melt and the limited length of the die.

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5

Matsuo, Tatsuki, and Naoto Ikegawa. "Impregnation Behavior and Transverse Bending properties of Thermoplastic Composites Made from Commingled Twisted Spun Yarn." Advanced Composites Letters 1, no. 3 (May 1992): 096369359200100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359200100310.

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Transverse bending tests were carried out for unidirectional composites fabricated from twisted spun yarn commingled of carbon fiber and Nylon 6 fiber by compression molding. Transverse bending strength was explained in conjunction with their impregnation behaviors.

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6

Maeda, Tomoyuki, Yoshihiro Hirata, Joe Sugimoto, Soichiro Sameshima, Toshifumi Yoshidome, and Masaki Shibuya. "Comparison of Tensile Fracture Behavior between Si-Ti-C-O Fiber Bundle (Yarn), Woven Fabric of Yarn and Laminated Composite of the Si-Ti-C-O Fabric / Mullite Filler / Polytitanocarbosilane System." Key Engineering Materials 287 (June 2005): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.287.432.

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A polytitanocarbosilane (20-30 mass%)-xylene solution was infiltrated into a porous laminated composite with 35-40 vol% Si-Ti-C-O fabric of 11 diameter fiber and 15-25 vol% mullite filler, and decomposed at 1000°C in an Ar atmosphere. This polymer impregnation and pyrolysis method was repeated 8 times to produce the composites of 76-82 % theoretical density. The yarn (662-765 filament / yarn), fabric and composite provided the following average strengths : 1240 MPa for the yarn; 768 MPa for the fabric; 117 MPa for the composite. The fracture probability of the yarn, fabric and composite was well fitted by the normal distribution function. The tensile strength of the composite was interpreted by the product of the effective fiber content, the Young's modulus of the fiber and elongation of the composite.

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7

Matsuo, Tatsuki, and Naoto Ikegawa. "Impregnation Behavior and Longitudinal Bending properties of Thermoplastic Composites Made from Commingled Twisted Spun Yarn." Advanced Composites Letters 1, no. 3 (May 1992): 096369359200100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359200100309.

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Unidirectional composites were fabricated from twisted spun yarn commingled of carbon fiber and Nylon 6 fiber by compression molding. Longitudinal bending strength was saturated with a rather lower pressure and shorter period of compression. A clear fiber bundles- boundaries pattern is observed. Two steps of impregnation is also presumed.

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8

Kim, Sun Kyoung, Gong Min Kim, Hee June Kim, and Woo IL Lee. "An Experimental Study on the Thermoplastic Filament Winding Process using Commingled Yarns." Advanced Composites Letters 11, no. 2 (March 2002): 096369350201100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350201100203.

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A filament winding process of commingled yarn is investigated. This study aims to verify the feasibility of the proposed winding process experimentally. A laboratory scale winding system is built which can perform in situ consolidation using a hot nitrogen gas torch. The degree of impregnation is evaluated for different process parameters including the hot nitrogen gas temperature, the process speed and the compaction force to provide a process window.

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9

Khodadadi, A., GH Liaghat, AR Sabet, H. Hadavinia, A. Aboutorabi, O. Razmkhah, M. Akbari, and M. Tahmasebi. "Experimental and numerical analysis of penetration into Kevlar fabric impregnated with shear thickening fluid." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31, no. 3 (June 6, 2017): 392–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705717704485.

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This study presents the high-velocity impact performance of a composite material composed of woven Kevlar fabric impregnated with a colloidal shear thickening fluids (STFs). Although the precise role of the STF in the high-velocity defeat, process is not exactly known but it is suspected to be due to the increased frictional interaction between yarns in impregnated fabrics. In order to explore the mechanism of this enhanced energy absorption, high-velocity impact test was conducted on neat, impregnated fabric and also on pure STF without fabric. A finite element model has been carried out to consider the effect of STF impregnation on the ballistic performance. For this purpose, fabric was modeled using LS-DYNA by employing the experimental results of yarn pull-out tests to characterize the frictional behavior of the STF impregnated fabric. The simulation result is a proof that the increased performance for STF impregnated Kevlar fabric is due to the increased friction.

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10

Thomann, Urs I., Michael Sauter, and Paolo Ermanni. "A combined impregnation and heat transfer model for stamp forming of unconsolidated commingled yarn preforms." Composites Science and Technology 64, no. 10-11 (August 2004): 1637–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2003.12.002.

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11

Akhoundi, Behnam, Amir Hossein Behravesh, and Arvin Bagheri Saed. "Improving mechanical properties of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites produced by FDM 3D printer." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 38, no. 3 (October 23, 2018): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684418807300.

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The main purpose of this research is to bolster mechanical properties of the parts, produced by an extrusion-based 3D printer, or fused deposition modeling machine, via increasing the content of continuous fiber yarn to its practical limit. In-melt continuous glass fiber yarn embedding was applied as a reliable and consistent method for simultaneous impregnation to produce continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites in the fused deposition modeling process. It is well known that the main weakness in the fused deposition modeling 3D printed products is their low strength compared to the manufactured ones by conventional methods such as injection molding and machining processes. This characteristic can be related to both inherent weakness of thermoplastic materials and poor adhesion between the deposited rasters and the layers. Although various attempts have been performed to tackle this issue, it is widely believed that using continuous fibers is the most effective method to serve this purpose if a reliable and consistent method is implemented. Since the mechanical properties of continuous fiber-reinforced composites directly depend on the content of fiber volume, maximizing the fiber content as well as producing an integrated part was assumed as the main objective. In this work, an analysis of various patterns of raster deposition was conducted, followed by the experiments and verification. The effective parameters on the fiber yarn volume, such as fiber yarn diameter, fiber yarn laying pattern, extrusion width, layer height, and flow percentage, were investigated and their optimal values were reported. The attained experimental results showed that, for polylactic acid-glass fiber yarn reinforced composite, with the extrusion width of 0.3 mm, the layer heights of 0.22 mm, flow percentage of 0.43, and the rectangular laying pattern, approximately 50% fiber-volume content can be achieved which resulted in tensile yield strength and modulus of 478 MPa and 29.4 GPa, respectively. There was an excellent agreement between these experimental results and predicted theoretically values by rule of mixture.

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12

Dong, Wei Gou, and Hai Ling Song. "Transverse Impact and Tensile Behavior of the Three-Dimensional Woven Fabric Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 1238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.1238.

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Two forms of perform were prepared by a Glass fiber/Polypropylene fiber commingled yarn. One was a three-dimensional woven fabric with an angle-interlock structure, and another was a two-dimensional plain woven fabric laminate. The three-dimensional woven fabric reinforced thermoplastic composites(3-DWRC) and two-dimensional woven fabric reinforced thermoplastic composites(2-DWRC) were fabricated by hot-press process. The Impact and tensile performances of both 3-DWRC and 2-DWRC were examined. Compared to the 2-DWRC, the 3-DWRC have better impact properties, the energy required to initiate cracks, the threshold force of the first oscillation and maximum load increased by 41.90%, 54.41%, 38.75% respectively under the low-energy impact conditions. The tensile tests shown that the 3-DWRC presented batter fracture toughness than the 2-DWRC. The use of thermoplastic composites is growing rapidly because of their excellent properties, a high toughness and damage tolerance, short processing cycles, and the ability to be reprocessed. But thermoplastic materials usually have a difficulty to impregnate between reinforcing fibers, due to high melt polymer viscosity. It is a technology innovation that the commingled yarns composed of reinforced fibers and thermoplastic fibers are used as prepreg for thermoplastic composite materials. Because thermoplastic fiber and reinforced fiber are closely combined, which reduces distances of resin’s infiltration, this can effectively overcome the difficulties of resin’s impregnation. The commingled yarns can be woven and knitted, and can facilitate the processing of complex structural composites. Three-dimensional fabrics reinforced composites are ideal materials with excellent integrity because it is linked with yarns between layers. Its shearing strength between layers, damage tolerance and reliability are better than the two-dimensional fabric laminated composites. At present, the researches of thermoplastic materials with two-dimensional fabric reinforced structure made from commingled yarns are much more, such as manufacturing technology, material properties ,effects of process conditions on properties, relationship between structures and properties, and so on [1-8]. However, only a few studies appear in literature on the structure-property relationships of three-dimensional fabric reinforced thermoplastic composite materials made of commingled yarns [9-10]. Byun, Hyung Joon et al. [9] undertook the impact test and the tensile test on 3-D woven thermoplastic composite materials and 2-D plain woven laminate which is made by CF/PEEK mixed yarn. Dong Weiguo and Huang Gu[10] studied the porosity, tensile and bending properties on 3-D woven thermoplastic composites which make from core-spun yarn containing glass fibers and polypropylene fibers. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact behavior of and tensile properties of 3-D woven fabric thermoplastic composites made by a GF/PP commingled yarns. Attempts was made to identify the damage mode of the 3-D woven fabric thermoplastic composites under the low energy impact and tensile conditions.

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13

Homoro, O., M. Michel, and T. N. Baranger. "Pull-out response of glass yarn from ettringite matrix: Effect of pre-impregnation and embedded length." Composites Science and Technology 170 (January 2019): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.11.045.

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14

Arnold, M., F. Gortner, M. Cojutti, M. Wahl, and P. Mitschang. "Influence of Textile Parameters on the Out-of-Plane Permeability of Carbon Fiber Non-Crimp Fabrics." Advanced Composites Letters 25, no. 5 (September 2016): 096369351602500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369351602500503.

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Within the last years, liquid composite molding (LCM) is gaining more and more importance for the automotive industry due to weight saving of (semi-)structural car parts. In order to make carbon fibre parts economically more interesting for this area, short cycle times are necessary. Hence, one concept is the impregnation of carbon fibre parts in through-the-thickness direction. The behaviour of the impregnability depends mainly on the out-of-plane permeability of the fabric. The permeability of the fabric is mainly influenced by the fibre type, orientation of the fibres, and the stitching parameters. In this study the influence of textile parameters on the out-of-plane permeability of 45° and 0°/90° biaxial carbon fibre non-crimp fabrics (NCF) was investigated. The stitching yarn parameters (linear mass density and stitch length) were varied to see the influence on the out-of-plane permeability. The out-of-plane permeability was measured using a measurement cell based on flow front monitoring with ultrasonic technology at a minimum of three different fibre volume contents between 47 % and 63 % to show the decrease of permeability with respect to the fibre volume content. The results show that the out-of-plane permeability of the 0°/90° carbon fibre NCF are not significantly affected by the yarn linear mass density and the stitch length. Conversely the 45° carbon fibre NCF is affected by the stitch length, but not by the yarn linear mass density.

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15

Yin, Shiping, Bo Wang, Fei Wang, and Shilang Xu. "Bond investigation of hybrid textile with self-compacting fine-grain concrete." Journal of Industrial Textiles 46, no. 8 (January 28, 2016): 1616–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083716629137.

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This paper presents an experimental investigation into the influence of bond characteristics between textile and matrix on the mechanical behavior of textile-reinforced concrete (TRC). Two types of tests were performed, i.e. pullout test and uniaxial tensile test. Self-compacting fine-grain concrete was adopted. Two kinds of hybrid textile, consisting of both carbon and E-glass yarns, were specially prepared for this study. The experimental results show that sticking sands on the textile after epoxy resin impregnation can improve the interfacial property between textile and matrix. The specimens with textile of 10 mm × 10 mm mesh have stronger bond strength than those with textile of 25 mm × 25 mm mesh, and can reach the maximum tensile strength of yarns when the initial bond length is between 30 mm and 35 mm. Moreover, sticking sands on the textile can improve the multiple cracks form and the ultimate bearing capacity of TRC under uniaxial tensile load. Specimens with textile of 10 mm × 10 mm mesh have higher first-crack loads than those with textile of 25 mm × 25 mm mesh whether or not the textile surface treatment was conducted, and also have better crack distribution. Finally, based on the experimental results from TRC under uniaxial tensile load, a double linear constitutive equation of stress–strain relationship of carbon fiber yarn is provided in this paper.

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16

Gürgen, Selim. "An investigation on composite laminates including shear thickening fluid under stab condition." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 8 (August 22, 2018): 1111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318796158.

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Shear thickening fluids have been extensively utilized in composite laminate structures to enhance the impact resistance in the last decade. Despite the contribution of shear thickening fluids to the protective systems, the mechanism behind the energy absorption behavior of shear thickening fluids is not fully understood. In the present study, various configurations of composite laminates were prepared and these structures were investigated under low velocity stab conditions. Contrary to the common idea of shear thickening fluid impregnation for fabrics, shear thickening fluids were used in bulk form and by means of this, pure contribution of shear thickening behavior to the energy absorption was investigated. To hold the bulk shear thickening fluids in the composite laminates, Lantor Soric SF honeycomb layers were filled with shear thickening fluids and Twaron fabrics were plied in the structures as the reinforcement. As a result of this study, it is stated that shear thickening behavior is insufficient to effectively improve the energy absorption performance of composite laminates; however, shear thickening fluids are beneficial to fabric based composites because the inter-yarn friction of fabrics is enhanced using shear thickening fluids as an impregnation agent rather than a bulk form.

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17

Mingazzini, Claudio, Alida Brentari, Federica Burgio, Emiliano Burresi, Matteo Scafè, Luciano Pilloni, Daniele Caretti, and Daniele Nanni. "Optimization of a Pyrolysis Procedure for Obtaining SiC-SiC_f CMC by PIP for Thermostructural Applications." Advances in Science and Technology 77 (September 2012): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.77.153.

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Polymer Impregnation Pyrolysis (PIP) is a cost effective technique for obtaining Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC) modified with nanoparticles. Commercial UBE polymeric precursor (Tyranno polymer VL-100, diluted in xylene) of a SiC ceramic matrix (with 11 wt% O and 2 wt% Ti) was used to infiltrate 100x85x3 mmSuperscript text3 SiC felts (Tyranno ZM fibers, diameter 14 microns, 800 filament/yarn, 270 g/mSuperscript text2, with 9 wt% O and 1 wt% Zr), applying different pyrolysis procedures. In particular, pyrolysis was performed in two conditions: 1) at 1000 °C for 60 min; 2) at 900 °C for 120 min. A pyrolysis at 900 °C could be more convenient since it can be easily performed in a steel furnace, without a refractory lining. The SiC felts were pretreated by CVD (Chemical Vapour Deposition) in order to deposit a pyrolytic carbon interphase (about 0.1 microns). Impregnation was performed under vacuum, and drying was carried out in an explosion-proof heating oven. Pyrolysis at 900°C was performed in a AISI 310S austenitic steel furnace, under nitrogen flow. Geometric density was monitored during densification. Mechanical characterisation (bending tests at room temperature, following UNI EN 658-3:2002) was performed after 11 PIP cycles. The results were used to compare the influence of pyrolysis temperature on densification.

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18

Kobayashi, Satoshi, Takamasa Tsukada, and Tetsuya Morimoto. "Resin impregnation behavior in carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composite: Effects of yarn thickness, fabric lamination and sizing agent." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 101 (October 2017): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.06.030.

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19

Wakeman, M. D., L. Zingraff, P. E. Bourban, J. A. E. Månson, and P. Blanchard. "Stamp forming of carbon fibre/PA12 composites – A comparison of a reactive impregnation process and a commingled yarn system." Composites Science and Technology 66, no. 1 (January 2006): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.06.001.

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20

Morii, Tohru, Jan Ivens, and Ignaas Verpoest. "Interfacial Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Glass/Phenolic Composites." Advanced Composites Letters 8, no. 6 (November 1999): 096369359900800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359900800604.

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The effect of interface on the mechanical properties of glass fibre/phenolic composites is discussed in this paper. Standard and silane modified resins are used as matrix, and a yarn and two kinds of rovings with different sizing are used as reinforcement. The effect of fibre on wetting is evaluated, and it is shown that sizing specially developed for phenolic resin is quite effective to improve resin impregnation into the fibre bundle. The mechanical properties are evaluated by using the resin impregnated unidirectional fibre bundle composite specimens. The effects of resin and fibre on strength and crack propagation are evaluated by the lateral compression test. The type of the fibre affected the dispersion of fibres in the matrix resin, and the roving developed for phenolic resin gave the best dispersion of the fibre. This led the high mechanical properties and high resistance to the crack initiation.

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21

MATSUO, Tatsuki, Hiroyuki HAMADA, Zen-ichiro MAEKAWA, Naoto IKEGAWA, and Masachika YAMANE. "Effect of Processing Condition on Bending Properties of Thermoplastic Composites with Commingled Supn Yarn. Longitudinal Bending Strength and Impregnation Behavior." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 42, no. 474 (1993): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.42.311.

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22

Goda, Koichi, Junji Noda, and Hyun-Bum Kim. "Development of a new production method of natural fiber yarn composite stands by multi-pin assisted resin impregnation (M-PaRI)." Proceedings of Conference of Chugoku-Shikoku Branch 2018.56 (2018): Prize2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecs.2018.56.prize2.

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23

Alotaibi, Hatim, Masoud Jabbari, and Constantinos Soutis. "A Numerical Analysis of Resin Flow in Woven Fabrics: Effect of Local Tow Curvature on Dual-Scale Permeability." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020405.

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Permeability is a crucial flow parameter in liquid composite moulding (LCM), which is required to predict fibre impregnation, void formation and resin back flow. This work investigates the dual-scale (micro- and meso-) nature of permeability during resin infusion into woven fabric by incorporating the intra tow flow where the degree of local tow curvature (tow/yarn undulation) is taken into account. The mesoscopic permeability of a dual-scale porous media in a unit cell is estimated using Darcy’s law, where the Gebart analytical model is applied for the intra tow flow in longitudinal and transverse directions with respect to distinct fibre packing arrangements. The results suggest that for a low fibre volume fraction (≤42%), the degree of local curvature at the mesoscale can be neglected. However, for a high fibre volume fraction (>42%) and a higher fibre bundle curvature, the proposed model should be adopted, since the resin flow is affected by a mesoscopic tow curvature that could result in around 14% error in predicting permeability. It is shown that the permeability results of the current study are in good agreement with and in the range of the retrieved available experimental data from the literature.

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24

Hasan, Mir Mohammad Badrul, Martin Hengstermann, Rebekka Dilo, Anwar Abdkader, and Chokri Cherif. "Investigations on the Manufacturing and Mechanical Properties of Spun Yarns Made from Staple CF for Thermoset Composites." Autex Research Journal 17, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2016-0034.

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Abstract This article reports the results of investigations carried out to produce yarns consisting of staple carbon fiber (CF) obtained from process waste for the manufacturing of composites suitable especially for thermoset applications. For this purpose, a comparative analysis is done on processability between 100% staple CF and 60 weight% staple CF mixed with 40 weight% PVA fibers in carding, drawing and spinning process. The hybrid yarns are produced by varying twist level. The PVA fibers of the hybrid yarn are then dissolved using hot water treatment. The mechanical properties of yarns consisting of 100% staple CF and hybrid yarns consisting of staple CF and PVA before and after hot water treatment are investigated. Furthermore, test specimen is also prepared by impregnating 100% staple CF yarn and the hybrid yarns (after the dissolving of PVA) with epoxy resin. The results of the tensile test of the yarns in consolidated state reveals that the hybrid yarn produced with 80 T/m after hot water treatment exhibits approximately 75% of the tensile strength of virgin filament tow, and it is expected that the hybrid yarns can be applied for the manufacturing of thermoset based composites for load bearing structures.

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25

Schledjewski, Ralf, Silvia Lloret Pertegas, Yannick Blößl, Andrea Anusic, Katharina Resch-Fauster, Arunjunai Raj Mahendran, and Günter Wuzella. "High Performance Green Composites for Green Technologies." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.271.

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Composite materials do offer freedom to design a material fitting best to the requirements of a given application. In case of fiber reinforced polymers especially the low weight in combination with other favorable properties, e.g. high mechanical performance, are the driving force for their application. Materials from renewable resources are of high interest if sustainability is aimed. In this paper, in a holistic approach a green composite is aimed to be used in a rotor blade for wind energy production. The challenging topic for this approach is to identify a possibility to gain a thermoset resin being really green, i.e. based on renewable resources and being not critical, e.g. toxic, at any stage of the whole processing chain. For this purpose several different approaches are studied and compared with other solutions based on green resin systems from other resources and conventional petrochemical based resin systems. A hemp seed oil based epoxy resin has been tested successfully. But to be completely free of petrochemicals, bio-based hardener and catalysts are still an open topic. For manufacturing of a rotor blade an infusion process has been used and it was found, a through thickness impregnation of the natural fiber yarn based textile structure results in entrapped air. Only in-plane saturation delivered completely impregnated structures.

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26

Xu, Hai Yan, and Nan Liang Chen. "The Influence of the Hot Processing Conditions on the Impregnating Degree of GF/PET Friction Spun Core Yarn." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.841.

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The way of the friction spun core yarn as the fabric preform used in thermoplastic matrix composites is considered outstanding. The hot processing conditions of forming composites such as the molding temperature, the holding time and the pressure influence the impregnating degree of the composites, which is investigated though the observation of cross-section and tensile strength.

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27

Guan, Wei Bo, and Xiao Ying Zhang. "Development of Bulky Silk Knitting Fabric." Advanced Materials Research 175-176 (January 2011): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.175-176.284.

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The denier of raw silk is enlarged by selected high denier cocoon silk and combined silk filament. The silk impregnating agent was mixed with hot water in order to enhance the softness of silk when reeling silk. After reeling, the silk and polyester partially oriented yarn（POY）were combined and textured by mechanical force and heat, and the silk multifilament with physic mechanical and geometric distortion was produced. Several silk multifilaments were fed together into the yarn carrier of coarse V-bed flat machine and grey cloth was knitted. The silk knitting fabrics with coarse style were produced through refining and drying. Such fabric, which bulkiness, elasticity and drapability are excellent, is suitable for kinds of knitting outer wear.

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Amba Sankar, K. N., and Kallol Mohanta. "Preparation of Highly Conductive Yarns by an Optimized Impregnation Process." Journal of Electronic Materials 47, no. 3 (December 7, 2017): 1970–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-017-5998-3.

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Hamada, Hiroyuki, Zen-Ichiro Maekawa, Naoto Ikegawa, Tatsuki Matsuo, and Masachika Yamane. "Influence of the impregnating property on mechanical properties of commingled yarn composites." Polymer Composites 14, no. 4 (August 1993): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750140406.

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30

Gennaro, R., A. Greco, and A. Maffezzoli. "Numerical simulation of the microscale impregnation in commingled thermoplastic composite yarns." Advances in Polymer Technology 29, no. 2 (July 8, 2010): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adv.20179.

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31

Titova, S. M., N. V. Obabkov, A. F. Zakirova, V. S. Dokuchaev, and I. F. Zakirov. "Production of zirconia-based ceramic fibers using viscose material." Journal of «Almaz – Antey» Air and Space Defence Corporation, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.38013/2542-0542-2019-1-85-90.

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The paper focuses on the technology of producing ZrO2-Y2O3 ceramic fibers by impregnating twisted viscose yarns with zirconyl nitrate solutions with the addition of yttrium nitrate and subsequent heat treatment. We determined the effect of the impregnating solution concentration on the strength characteristics of the obtained ceramic fibers. As a result, we proposed a method for determining the tensile strength of discrete ceramic fibers

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32

Yu, Jiali, Binjie Xin, and Cuicui Shen. "Preparation and characterization of PSA/PEDOT conductive composite yarns." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 5 (July 21, 2016): 528–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516632475.

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Polysulfonamide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PSA/PEDOT) conductive composite yarns were prepared by the vapor phase polymerization technique. Ferric chloride (FeCl3) was used as the oxidant initiator with five different concentration settings (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 g/L). The effects of oxidant concentration on the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity of PSA/PEDOT composite yarns were analyzed. The surface resistance and mass-specific resistance of conductive yarns were measured to investigate its conductive behavior in terms of oxidant concentration, reaction time, impregnating time, and heating temperature. The effects of the applied voltage and the yarn’s combination structures (knotted, bundled, series, and parallel) on the electrothermal properties were determined using a direct current regulated power. It was concluded that the molecular structure and chemical composition of PSA is not changed significantly with the deposition of PEDOT. The optimized deposition settings for the preparation of the PSA/PEDOT conductive composite yarns were found to be 10 min (reaction time), 60 min (impregnating time), 80℃ (heating temperature), and 80 g/L (FeCl3 concentration). Correspondingly, the mass-specific resistance of PSA/PEDOT composite yarns could be up to 0.94 Ω g cm−2. The maximum heating temperature of PSA/PEDOT conductive composite yarns during the electrical heating procedure could be increased rapidly with an increase of applied voltage and then tended to be stable. The electrothermal properties of PSA/PEDOT conductive composite yarns with different combination structures (knotted, bundled, series, and parallel) have been investigated systematically. This study presents a new way to develop conductive polymer based yarns, which can be used as fibrous sensors, connection devices in smart clothing, and for electromagnetic shielding applications.

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Wang, Yan, Shu Kui Li, and Xin Ya Feng. "The Ballistic Performance of Multi-Layer Kevlar Fabrics Impregnated with Shear Thickening Fluids." Applied Mechanics and Materials 782 (August 2015): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.782.153.

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This study investigates the ballistic penetration performance of aramid fabric impregnated with shear thickening fluid. The ballistic test was conducted at impact velocity of 445 m/s, and three types of shear thickening fluids prepared with silica particles of different sizes (200nm, 340nm and 480nm) are involved. The results demonstrate an enhancement in ballistic properties of fabric due to the impregnation of shear thickening fluids. The fabrics with smaller particle size show better ballistic performance. Microscopic observation of aramid fabric reveals that shear thickening fluids with smaller silica particles have a better adhesion on and between yarns, enhancinging the coupling effect between yarns. The corresponding mechanism was discussed in the paper.

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34

Klinkm�ller, V., M. K. Um, M. Steffens, K. Friedrich, and B. S. Kim. "A new model for impregnation mechanisms in different GF/PP commingled yarns." Applied Composite Materials 1, no. 5 (1994): 351–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00568041.

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35

Latyshevich, I. A. ,., E. I. Gapankova, A. Yu Klyuyev, and N. R. Prokopchuk. "Study of inhibit-ing properties of impregnating composition for bactericide protection of cable yarn." Polymer materials and technologies 4, no. 1 (2018): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32864/polymmattech-2018-4-1-57-61.

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36

Bernet, N., V. Michaud, P. E. Bourban, and J. A. E. Manson. "An Impregnation Model for the Consolidation of Thermoplastic Composites Made from Commingled Yarns." Journal of Composite Materials 33, no. 8 (April 1999): 751–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199839903300806.

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37

Yasinskaya, N. N., V. V. Murycheva, and K. E. Razumeev. "Impregnation of Woven Fabrics from Chemical Yarns during Formation of Composite Textile Materials." Fibre Chemistry 52, no. 1 (May 2020): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10692-020-10145-2.

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38

Pantaloni, Delphin, Alain Bourmaud, Christophe Baley, Mike J. Clifford, Michael H. Ramage, and Darshil U. Shah. "A Review of Permeability and Flow Simulation for Liquid Composite Moulding of Plant Fibre Composites." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 4811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214811.

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Liquid composite moulding (LCM) of plant fibre composites has gained much attention for the development of structural biobased composites. To produce quality composites, better understanding of the resin impregnation process and flow behaviour in plant fibre reinforcements is vital. By reviewing the literature, we aim to identify key plant fibre reinforcement-specific factors that influence, if not govern, the mould filling stage during LCM of plant fibre composites. In particular, the differences in structure (physical and biochemical) for plant and synthetic fibres, their semi-products (i.e., yarns and rovings), and their mats and textiles are shown to have a perceptible effect on their compaction, in-plane permeability, and processing via LCM. In addition to examining the effects of dual-scale flow, resin absorption, (subsequent) fibre swelling, capillarity, and time-dependent saturated and unsaturated permeability that are specific to plant fibre reinforcements, we also review the various models utilised to predict and simulate resin impregnation during LCM of plant fibre composites.

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Alijewfi, Hana, Bruno Fiorio, and Jean-Louis Gallias. "Characterization of the impregnation by a cementitious matrix of five glass multi-filament yarns." European Journal of Environmental and Civil engineering 14, no. 5 (May 16, 2010): 529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/ejece.14.529-544.

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40

Aljewifi, Hana, Bruno Fiorio, and Jean-Louis Gallias. "Characterization of the impregnation by a cementitious matrix of five glass multi-filament yarns." European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 14, no. 5 (May 2010): 529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2010.9693245.

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41

Ouali, Ahmed Amine, Roman Rinberg, Lothar Kroll, Wolfgang Nendel, Aleksandr Todorov, and Holger Cebulla. "Natural Fibre Reinforced Bioplastics - Innovative Semi-Finished Products for Series Production." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.255.

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The development of innovative bio-based composites with efficient manufacturing processes is the purpose of the current project C4 in the framework of the Excellence Cluster MERGE EXC 1075, funded by DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). Efficiency in terms of mass-production, reproducibility and flexibility requires the performance of successive steps in the manufacture of semi-finished and final bio-based products. About bio-based materials, natural fibres composite (NFC) prepregs have been recently investigated as a potential cost-efficient semi-finished product. By means of continuous production processes, prepreg rolls can be manufactured with unidirectional natural fibres (flax) fabrics as reinforcement and thermoplastic biopolymers films as matrix. The used natural fibre non-crimp fabrics are made of high twisted yarns. For a better impregnation and higher stiffness properties, non-crimp fabrics with non-twisted yarns, which have been lastly developed by natural fibres suppliers, represent an appropriate solution. A second suitable option is the substitution of the biopolymer films, whose impermeability does not facilitate the release of humidity from the natural fibres while the impregnation, by produced low cost thermoplastic spunlace fabrics with a higher permeability and lower reachable surface weights. With these material developments and innovative process optimizations suitable to natural fibres, NFC prepreg properties tend to be improved. From prepregs to finished parts can be implemented by discontinuous processes, with compression molding and back-injection molding, or by continuous processes, with devices gathering several stages such as cutting, stacking, points welding, pre-heating and back injection molding. By stacking, a multi-axial orientation of prepregs can be performed in order to optimize the placement of reinforcing yarns according to the possible load path of future products. The mechanical properties profile of the combination of non-crimp natural fibres fabrics with thermoplastic films or thermoplastic spunlace fabrics has been here studied in detail with press-engineered samples and has confirmed the potential as an alternative to glass fibre-reinforced composite.

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42

Yang, Cai Yun, and Yong Liu. "In-Plane Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of Three-Dimensional Angle-Interlock Architectural Composites." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 1880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.1880.

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An investigation is reported in which four three-dimensional angle-interlock architectural fabrics were designed and woven. Composite panels were manufactured by impregnating the fabrics with resin.The related experiments included tension, compression and bending. All those tests were performed to measure the Young's moduli and strengths in the 0°(warp direction), 30°, 45°, 60°, 90° (weft direction). The experimental methods, preforms parameters were also described in this paper. The results show that, mechanical properties of four three-dimensional angle-interlock architectural composites behaved in-plane anisotropic , two peak values along the warp and weft direction respectively appeared in any one graph , and the yarn-stuffer played a key role in determining mechanical properties of three-dimensional angle-interlock architectural composites, especially contributed intensifier in corresponding direction obviously.

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43

Lapointe, Felix, and Louis Laberge Lebel. "Fiber damage and impregnation during multi‐die vacuum assisted pultrusion of carbon/PEEK hybrid yarns." Polymer Composites 40, S2 (February 24, 2018): E1015—E1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.24788.

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44

Ferrara, Giuseppe, Marco Pepe, Enzo Martinelli, and Romildo Dias Tolêdo Filho. "Influence of an Impregnation Treatment on the Morphology and Mechanical Behaviour of Flax Yarns Embedded in Hydraulic Lime Mortar." Fibers 7, no. 4 (April 4, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib7040030.

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The increasing attention toward environmental aspects has led, also in the sector of construction materials, to the need for developing more eco-friendly solutions. Among several options, the employment of low energy raw materials appears as an efficient solution intended to enhance the sustainability of building structures. One of the applications moving in this direction is the use of plant fibers as a reinforcement in cement-based composites, hence named as natural textile reinforced mortar (NTRM) composites. Although representing a promising technique, there are still several open issues concerning the variability of plant fibers properties, the durability, and the mechanical compatibility with the mortar. This study aims at investigating the influence of an impregnation process on the thread’s morphology and on the mechanical response. Therefore, the geometry of dry and impregnated flax threads is identified by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images analysis, and their mechanical response in tension is assessed. In addition, the fibers-to-mortar bond behavior is investigated by means of pull-out tests. The proposed results show that the impregnation procedure employed, although not improving the fibers-to matrix bond, leads to a standardisation of the threads morphology and reduces the thread’s deformability in tension, and paves the way for further investigations on a larger scale.

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45

Lee, Yu Ri, Junbeom Park, Youngjin Jeong, and Jong S. Park. "Improved Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Yarns by Wet Impregnation and Multi-ply Twisting." Fibers and Polymers 19, no. 12 (December 2018): 2478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-018-8140-0.

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46

Dawson, T. L., and B. P. Roberts. "Dyeing and Printing Methods for the Coloration of Carpet Yarns and Carpet Piece by Jet-impregnation Methods." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 93, no. 12 (October 22, 2008): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1977.tb03316.x.

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47

Hahn, Lars, Steffen Rittner, Dominik Nuss, Moniruddoza Ashir, and Chokri Cherif. "Development of Methods to Improve the Mechanical Performance of Coated Grid-Like Non-Crimp Fabrics for Construction Applications." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 27, no. 1(133) (February 28, 2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7508.

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This paper presents investigations aiming to improve the impregnation of a coating agent and thus increase the mechanical performance of geogrids, especially grid-like non-crimp fabrics (NCF) consisting of carbon fiber heavy tows (CFHT). The squeezing process is industry standard, but the relationship between the machine setting parameters (squeezing pressure and hardness of squeeze roll surface) and the impact on the tensile strength of grid-like NCF is still unexplored. The setting parameters evaluated lead to an increase in tensile strength of up to 10% compared to grid-like NCF coated without the squeezing process. Additionally the first insights into the coating process supported by ultrasonic vibrations based on CFHT single yarns are provided. It is shown that the tensile strength of treated CFHT can be increased by up to 12%, in comparison to CFHT coated without ultrasonic vibrations.

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48

Tian, Wen Ling, and Li Min Zhang. "Study on Bond Properties of Textile Reinforced Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (January 2013): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.334.

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Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) allows the light weight structures and offers a high effectiveness of the reinforcement by using continuous yarns. The study on the bond behavior between textile and concrete matrix is significant for the development of computational methods that analyze the textile reinforced concrete. The paper analyzes the bonding constitutive model of TRC and the bonding mechanism that the stress is transferred from fine concrete to textile, pointing out quadruple linear model can accurately reflect the bond behavior between fiber and concrete, illustrates the main influences on bond between the fine grained matrix and fabrics based on the pull-out test, the result reveals that with initial bond length increasing, the maximum pull force increases, and increasing concrete strength and improving workability of concrete matrix, epoxy resin impregnating and sand covering of textile as well as prestressing textile can increase the bond strength between textile and concrete. Finally the paper proposes that epoxy resin impregnating and 0.15 ~ 0.30mm sand covering of textile can be used as a practical method of improving bond properties in the engineering.

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49

kadi, Nawar, Behnaz Baghaei, and Mikael skrifvars. "Effect of Textile structure in the process parameters of thermoplastic bio-composite." MATEC Web of Conferences 261 (2019): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926101005.

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Thermoplastic bio-composite have a higher potential of use based on the sustainability benefits. Natural fibres today are a popular choice for applications in bio- composite manufacturing. Hybrid yarns are a satisfactory solution to improve the fabrication of composites containing a thermoplastic matrix and plant-based fibres. Nevertheless, it is still difficult to produce bio-composites with superior mechanical properties, due to problematic impregnation and consolidation results during the production process. This paper investigates the processing parameters for the compression moulding of two different hemp/PLA textiles structure bio-composites (warp knitting and weaving structure). Finite element simulations are used to optimise the processing parameters (pressure, temperature, and time). The results demonstrated that the textile structure has a small effect on the time of production. Main while the pressure and temperature of processing parameters depend only on the type of matrix and the thickness of biocomposite has a big impact on the time of production.

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Kruppke, Iris, Marko Butler, Kai Schneider, Rolf-Dieter Hund, Viktor Mechtcherine, and Chokri Cherif. "Carbon Fibre Reinforced Concrete: Dependency of Bond Strength on T<sub>g</sub> of Yarn Impregnating Polymer." Materials Sciences and Applications 10, no. 04 (2019): 328–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msa.2019.104025.

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