Journal articles: 'Yarn/matrix interface'

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Donnini, Jacopo, Giovanni Lancioni, Tiziano Bellezze, and Valeria Corinaldesi. "Bond Behavior of FRCM Carbon Yarns Embedded in a Cementitious Matrix: Experimental and Numerical Results." Key Engineering Materials 747 (July 2017): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.747.305.

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The use of inorganic cement based composite systems, known as Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM), is a very promising technique for retrofitting and strengthening the existing masonry or concrete structures. The effectiveness of FRCM systems is strongly related to the interface bond between inorganic matrix and fabric reinforcement, and, since the major weakness is often located on this interface, the study of stress-transfer mechanisms between fibers and matrix becomes of fundamental importance.FRCM are usually reinforced with uni-directional or bi-directional fabrics consisting of multifilament yarns made of carbon, glass, basalt or PBO fibers, disposed along two orthogonal directions. The difficulty of the mortar to penetrate within the filaments that constitute the fabric yarns and the consequent non-homogeneous stress distribution through the yarn cross section makes difficult to access the characterization of the composite material. The use of polymer coatings on the fibers surface showed to enhance the bond strength of the interface between fibers and mortar and, as a consequence, to improve the mechanical performance of the composite. The coating does not allow the mortar to penetrate within the filaments while is able to improve the bond between the two materials and to increase the shear stress transfer capacity at the interface.An experimental session of several pull out tests on carbon yarns embedded in a cementitious matrix was carried out. Different embedded lengths have been analyzed, equal to 20, 30 and 50 mm. The carbon yarns object of this study were pre-impregnated with a flexible epoxy resin enhanced with a thin layer of quartz sand applied on the surface.A variational model was proposed to evaluate the pull-out behaviour and failure mechanisms of the system and to compare numerical results to the experimental outcomes. Evolution of fracture in the yarn-matrix system is determined by solving an incremental energy minimization problem, acting on an energy functional which account for brittle failure of matrix and yarn, and for debonding at the yarn-matrix interface. The model was able to accurately describe the three phases of the pull-out mechanism, depending on the embedded length.

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Zhu, Chao, Ping Zhu, Zhao Liu, and Wei Tao. "Numerical investigation of fiber random distribution on the mechanical properties of yarn in-plain woven carbon fiber-reinforced composite based on a new perturbation algorithm." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 6 (June 20, 2017): 755–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317714856.

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Interior fibers in yarns of plain woven carbon fiber-reinforced composite are distributed randomly, which further influences the mechanical properties of yarns. To explore the stochastic nature of fibers’ distribution in yarn and its effect on the properties of yarn, this study proposes a new perturbation algorithm named Sequential Random Perturbation algorithm to reconstruct the microstructure of randomly distributed fibers, based on which representative volume element micromechanical models consisting of three phases to accurately predict the mechanical properties of yarn are established. The algorithm is based on successive smart perturbations of fibers to gain microstructures of arbitrary volume fraction, and statistical study shows that the algorithm is in good agreement with experimental results. Finally, representative volume element models are simulated to predict the whole mechanical properties of composite yarns to reflect the failure mechanisms and microstructure–property relations. The randomness of fiber distribution has some degree of influence on mechanical properties of yarn, especially strength responses. The failures under axial tension and compression are dominated by fiber breakage, while under transverse and shear loading conditions, the failures are mostly decided by interface debonding and matrix damage.

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Rossettos, J. N., and T. A. Godfrey. "Damage Analysis in Fiber Composite Sheets and Uncoated Woven Fabrics." Applied Mechanics Reviews 51, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3099010.

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The mechanics of damage of fiber composite sheets has been reviewed, including cases where the analytical models have been compared to experiments. The emphasis has been on the micromechanics approach, where equilibrium of the constituents of the composite lead to appropriate equations for determining stress distributions. The damage mechanisms that have been treated include fiber breaks, matrix cracking (splitting), and debonding at the fiber/matrix interface. Effects of matrix yielding, hybrid composites, the hybrid effect, and thermal response have also been discussed. The usefulness of the shear lag model (SLM) in both stress and fracture considerations is clearly exhibited by the results in the literature. Work on damage growth in uncoated woven fabrics has also been reviewed, together with its importance in Army applications. In the study of the localized mechanics of woven fabrics near damage sites (eg, yarn breaks), the important deformation mechanisms include crimp interchange between yarns, yarn slipping, and yarn rotation. Growth of slit-like damage as a progression of yarn breaks is reviewed. The structure of the equations in the analytical models is similar to the SLM, and a parameter appears which can be used to compare fabrics as to their damage tolerance. This review article includes 117 references.

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Jiang, Jin Hua, Ze Xing Wang, and Nan Liang Chen. "Natural Fibre/Polypropylene Wrap Spun Yarns and Preforms for Structured Thermoplastic Composites." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.427.

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In the past decade, natural fibre composites with thermoplastic matrices had attracted many composites manufactures for the superiority of lightweight and low-cost. A major challenge for natural fibre composites was to achieve high mechanical performance at a competitive price. Composites constructed from yarn and fabric structure preforms were better than composites made from random nonwoven mats. However, the twist structure of conventional ring spun yarns prevented the full utilization of fibre mechanical properties in the final composites. In this paper, the wrapped yarns were produced by wrap spun method with flax and polypropylene (PP), in which all flax fibres were twistless, then woven to be fabric preforms. The PP fibres served as a carrier for flax fibres during processing and became the polymer matrix in the final composites. The homogenous distribution of fibre and thermoplastic matrix in preforms could be achieved before hot pressing, so that not lead to impregnate difficultly, and prevented damage to the reinforced nature fibres during processing. Composites made from the wrapped yarn demonstrated significant tensile and peeling properties. The fabric structures (include plain, twill, and basket weave) and yarn tensile orientation (in 0°, 90°, 45°), had great influence on tensile strength and elongation of preforms. The cavity thickness of hot pressing mould had different influence on the tensile strength and peeling strength of thermoplastic composites, and the mechanical properties were superior when the thickness was 0.8-1.2 mm. The microstructure of thermoplastic composites showed uniform infiltration between layers, and had good bonding interface between flax fibre and PP matrix in composites.

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Slama, Anne-Claire, Jean-Louis Gallias, and Bruno Fiorio. "Study of the pull-out test of multifilament yarns embedded in cementitious matrix." Journal of Composite Materials 55, no. 2 (July 29, 2020): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320946368.

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In order to understand the impregnation mechanism of a yarn by a cementitious matrix and its influence on the mechanical properties of a yarn/cement composite, pull-out tests have been performed on samples of yarn/cement. Two embedded lengths for the yarn and different rheological and mechanical properties for the matrix were tested. Two pull-out modes were distinguished according to the compressive strength of matrices. For matrices with a compressive strength between 60 and 70 MPa the pull-out mode is characterized by a behaviour close to the tensile behaviour of the yarn, with maximum load values reaching approximately 60% of the tensile maximum load because of filaments damages. For matrices with compressive strength inferior to 60 MPa, the pull-out mode exhibits a residual phase linked to a slippage and an extraction of a variable number of filaments, with lower maximum load values than the first pull-out mode. After pull-out test, for some samples with filaments extraction, an innovative method based on a double impregnation with resin enables to visualize the yarn/matrix interface and identify the level of impregnation of the filaments by using confocal microscopy. It is concluded that this level of impregnation has a direct influence on the mechanical behaviour of the embedded yarn, except for the slippage and extraction phase, but the rheological properties of the matrix has no significant influence on this impregnation.

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Guillebaud-Bonnafous, C., D. Vasconcellos, F. Touchard, and L. Chocinski-Arnault. "Experimental and numerical investigation of the interface between epoxy matrix and hemp yarn." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 43, no. 11 (November 2012): 2046–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.07.015.

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Tao, Wei, Ping Zhu, Di Wang, Changhu Zhao, and Zhao Liu. "Progressive damage modelling and experimental investigation of three-dimensional orthogonal woven composites with tilted binder." Journal of Industrial Textiles 50, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 70–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718821888.

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This paper investigates the tensile properties of 3D orthogonal woven carbon fiber composites with tilted binder by experiment and simulation. The tensile failure strain and fracture mode of this composite show distinguished discrepancy with idealized 3D orthogonal woven composites experimentally. In order to explain this specific failure mechanism, a unit cell finite element model incorporated with damage models of constituents is established to reproduce the damage initiation and propagation of 3D orthogonal woven composites with tilted binder during tensile test. A three-dimensional failure criterion based on Hashin's criterion and Pinho's criterion is utilized to describe the progressive damage of yarns, while the non-linear behavior of the matrix is predicted by Drucker-Prager yield criterion. Besides, a traction-separation law is applied to predict the damage of yarn-matrix interface. The proposed unit cell model is correlated and validated by global stress–strain curves, DIC full-field strain distributions and modulus history curve. The damage evolution process of 3D orthogonal woven carbon fiber composites with tilted binder, including fiber tow failure, matrix cracking, and interfacial debonding, is recorded and investigated by the modulus history curve from simulation.

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Kan, Jin, Liming Wei, Songhe Meng, and Chenghai Xu. "Real-Time Observation of Damage Nucleation in 3D Braided Carbon/Carbon Composites." Advanced Composites Letters 18, no. 4 (July 2009): 096369350901800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350901800403.

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The micro mechanisms of flexure damage at the notch tip in a three-dimensionally braided carbon/carbon composite (3D–C/C) were investigated in real-time through a Scanning Electron Microscopy. It was found that the damage was nucleated in the fibre bundle/matrix interface around the notch tip. The different damage modes were found in different directions of the 3D–C/C. The x-directional flexural specimens seem to be insensitive to the pre-notch while the z-directional flexural specimens seem to be sensitive to the pre-notch. Fibre yarns acted as an obstacle to crack propagation and it was necessary to increase the load to propagate the crack through the adjacent fibre yarn. Comparing with the x-directional flexural specimens, the forces could be better transmitted in z-directional flexural specimens because the fibres of z-direction bundles can tightly adjoin to each other.

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Hamdan, A., F. Mustapha, K. A. Ahmad, A. S. Mohd Rafie, M. R. Ishak, and A. E. Ismail. "The Effect of Customized Woven and Stacked Layer Orientation on Tensile and Flexural Properties of Woven Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composites." International Journal of Polymer Science 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6514041.

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The synthetic fibres have created some issues including risk of inhalation during fabrication process, renewability, biodegradability, and recyclability in composites industry. The usage of biocomposites as a replacement to synthetic fibres is beginning to be widespread. However, it is noted that lesser attention has been devoted to evaluating the mechanical properties of woven kenaf composites at various woven and stacked layer orientation. Thus, the research objective is to identify the effect of woven and stacked layer orientation on tensile and flexural properties of kenaf composites. Two types of fibre orientation are employed; type A contains a higher yarn density and type B contains a low yarn density. The tensile and flexural tests are conducted to analyze the mechanical properties of woven kenaf fibre composites and compare them to random chopped kenaf composites. The fracture interface between fibre and matrix epoxy is further investigated via scanning electron microscope. Type A kenaf improved up to 199% and 177% as compared to random chopped kenaf for flexural strength and tensile strength, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy analysis shows that resin matrix is properly induced into kenaf fibre gap hence giving additional strength to woven kenaf as compared to random chopped kenaf.

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NODA, Junji, Tomohiro SUGITA, Takahiro SHIMIZU, and Koichi GODA. "J0250202 Adhesive estimation of interface between fiber and matrix using fragmentation tests for yarn reinforced green composites." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2015 (2015): _J0250202——_J0250202—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2015._j0250202-.

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Lariviere, D., P. Krawczak, C. Tiberi, and P. Lucas. "Acoustic Emission Applied to Failure Analysis of Commingled Yarn GF/PP Composites in Transverse Tension and Mode I Delamination." Advanced Composites Letters 12, no. 5 (September 2003): 096369350301200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350301200502.

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This work aims to analyse the influence of the fibre/matrix interface on the acoustic response of commingled yarn thermoplastic composites submitted to transverse tension and mode I fracture mechanics loading. For this purpose, different interfacial qualities were obtained by modification of the fibre reinforcement sizing and the matrix coupling. The acoustic emission rate (number of acoustic events emitted per time unit) has appeared suitable to quantify the damage involved by the mechanical loading according to the interfacial quality. The comparison of the acoustic emission obtained for the two loading modes has shown that, although the amplitude range [59-66dB] is characteristic of interfacial debondings in transverse tension, it is no more the case for a mode I delamination test for these commingled GF/PP composites.

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Morii, Tohru, Jan Ivens, and Ignaas Verpoest. "Interfacial Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Glass/Phenolic Composites." Advanced Composites Letters 8, no. 6 (November 1999): 096369359900800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359900800604.

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The effect of interface on the mechanical properties of glass fibre/phenolic composites is discussed in this paper. Standard and silane modified resins are used as matrix, and a yarn and two kinds of rovings with different sizing are used as reinforcement. The effect of fibre on wetting is evaluated, and it is shown that sizing specially developed for phenolic resin is quite effective to improve resin impregnation into the fibre bundle. The mechanical properties are evaluated by using the resin impregnated unidirectional fibre bundle composite specimens. The effects of resin and fibre on strength and crack propagation are evaluated by the lateral compression test. The type of the fibre affected the dispersion of fibres in the matrix resin, and the roving developed for phenolic resin gave the best dispersion of the fibre. This led the high mechanical properties and high resistance to the crack initiation.

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Rao, Jingade Gururaja, Ponnusamy Selvam, and K. H. Sinnur. "Effect of Type of Carbon Matrix on Tribological Properties of C C Aircraft Brake Discs." Defence Science Journal 69, no. 6 (December 16, 2019): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.69.13688.

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Four type of Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composite brake discs (A, B, C, D) were manufactured using different process routes, using spun yarn graphitised carbon fabric as reinforcement. These discs were densified with different types of carbon matrices derived from different precursor materials. C/C brake disc of type A is having carbon matrix derived from pitch precursor, type B has a mixture of resin and pitch derived carbon matrices, type C has a combination of resin derived, pyro and pitch derived carbons and type D has pyro and pitch derived carbon matrices. Friction and wear performance of these brake discs were studied by simulating aircraft landing braking energies (normal and over load) corresponding to one interface using disc-on-disc dynamometer. It was found that the type of carbon matrix influences the nature of friction film formed, which in turn affects the wear rate of C/C brake discs. It was also discussed how the matrix characteristics affected the mechanical properties and the friction film formed affect the coefficient of friction of each type of disc.

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Lenfeld, Petr, Irena Lenfeldová, Luboš Bĕhálek, and Martin Boruvka. "Mechanical Properties of Hierarchical Biopolymer Composite with a Modified Surface of Knitting Fabric." Materials Science Forum 994 (May 2020): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.994.179.

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The paper deals with the evaluation of mechanical properties of a biopolymer biodegradable composite obtained by injection molding (InMold technology) of knitted hierarchical fabric in the injection mold. Two methods of modifying natural fibers of the hierarchical fabric were used to influence adhesion at the interface between the polymer and the knitted fabric. The first type of modification was acetylation and the second type was the use of physical treatment using low temperature plasma, atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). The polymer composite matrix was PLA polymer from NatureWorks LLC. The structural fabric was a weft interlock knitted fabric in three different geometric characteristics made from natural cotton yarn. Experimental measuring on evaluation of mechanical properties, tensile, flexural and charpy impact tests were performed on prepared samples not only for different types of modifications of natural fibers of knitted fabric, but also in terms of orientation of knitted fabric in a biopolymer composite system.

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Li, Cuiyu, Gaopan Wang, Jingyan Jia, Rui Zhang, and Yameng Shi. "The Mechanical Properties of UHMWPE Fiber-Knitted Composites." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 13, no. 2 (June 2018): 155892501801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501801300202.

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UHMWPE fiber weft-knitted fabric was modified using a VARTM liquid oxidation molding process. The matrix was epoxy resin. The layer was prepared with vertical symmetry by knitting composite layers 10 and 16 with the unmodified and modified plain weft-knitted fabric of the composite using the two-layer blessing method. Three-point unconstrained bearings were used to conduct tensile and bending tests, and tensile stress-strain curves were obtained using Origin software. Finally, the modification results were observed using a TM3030 scanning electric microscope (SEM). The SEM results reveal longitudinal notches on the treated fiber surface, which improved the interface adhesion to the resin. However, the single yarn strength was reduced by approximately one fifth. After the modification, the knitted fabric's maximum tensile strength increased by 37.7%, and the maximum tensile strength increased by 46.35 percent. The maximum bending force increased by 37.3–53%, and the maximum bending load increased by 53.3–62 percent.

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Böhm, Holger, Hailun Zhang, Benjamin Gröger, Andreas Hornig, and Maik Gude. "Characterization and Numerical Modelling of Through-Thickness Metallic-Pin-Reinforced Fibre/Thermoplastic Composites under Bending Loading." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040188.

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Through-Thickness Reinforcement (TTR) technologies are well suited to improving the mechanical properties in the out-of-plane direction of fibre-reinforced composites. However, besides the enhancement of delamination resistance and thus the prevention of overall catastrophic failure, the presence of additional reinforcement elements in the composite structure affects also the mechanical properties in in-plane direction. In this work, the flexural behaviour of a glass-polypropylene (GF/PP) hybrid yarn-based composite with TTR in form of metallic pins has been investigated experimentally and numerically. The insertion of the metallic pins is realized via thermoactivated pinning technology (TAP). In four-point-bending tests, it is shown that the flexural stiffness and strength decreases with an increase of the overall pin density. Hereby, it is observed that the pins act as crack initiators. For numerical modelling on specimen level, a continuum damage mechanic (CDM) model is used to predict the nonlinear deformation response of the composite, as well as fibre fracture and matrix cracking. A debonding and slipping phenomena of the pin in the composite is modelled by a cohesive zone modelling approach for the interface between pin and composite.

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Le Chi, Hiep, Petr Louda, Aravin Periyasamy, Totka Bakalova, and Vladimir Kovacic. "Flexural Behavior of Carbon Textile-Reinforced Geopolymer Composite Thin Plate." Fibers 6, no. 4 (November 8, 2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib6040087.

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Textile-reinforced Portland cement-based concrete has been researched and developed over the last few decades. It was widely used in a different range of applications, such as repair and/or strengthening of structural elements, thin walls, lightweight structures, façade elements, and others. Due to its varied application, this study aims to develop the carbon textile-reinforced geopolymer composite. Specimens of rectangular form with the dimensions of 400 × 100 × 15 mm3, reinforced with carbon textile, were produced. Four-point bending test was used to evaluate the effect of carbon textile on the mechanical strength of reinforced geopolymer composite based on the three factors: the different mortar compositions corresponding to the addition of the chopped basalt fiber (BF), the number of carbon textile layers, and the different thicknesses of the mortar cover layer. Besides that, a small part of the pull-out test was also considered to assess the adhesion strength at the interface between carbon textile and geopolymer mortar. The experimental results from the four-point bending test showed that the mechanical strength of composite specimens increased when the content of the chopped basalt fiber increased. With the increasing number of the textile layers, the specimens improved the flexural strength significantly. However, the flexural toughness of the specimens reinforced with three textile layers did not improve, as compared to those reinforced with two textile layers. The experimental results for the specimens related to the mortar cover thicknesses indicated that specimens with the mortar cover thickness of 2 mm provide the best strength. The experimental results from the pull-out tests showed that all the specimens have the same failure mode by slipping of the fiber yarn from the matrix.

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Sbardella, F., M. Lilli, M. C. Seghini, I. Bavasso, F. Touchard, L. Chocinski-Arnault, I. Rivilla, J. Tirillò, and F. Sarasini. "Interface tailoring between flax yarns and epoxy matrix by ZnO nanorods." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 140 (January 2021): 106156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106156.

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Li, Fan, Ma, Xue, Yuan, Dang, and Meng. "Influence of Reinforcement Structures and Hybrid Types on Inter-Laminar Shear Performance of Carbon-Glass Hybrid Fibers/Bismaleimide Composites Under Long-Term Thermo-Oxidative Aging." Polymers 11, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11081288.

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The effects of reinforcement structures and hybrid types on the inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) of carbon-glass hybrid fibers/bismaleimide composites under thermo-oxidative aging conditions were investigated. The process resulted in progressive deterioration of the matrix and fiber/matrix interfaces, in the form of chain scissions, weight loss, and fiber/matrix debonding, which significantly led to the decrease of the ILSS of composites. Moreover, the three-dimensional orthogonal woven hybrid composites (3D composites) showed higher ILSS retention rate than those of the laminated orthogonal hybrid composites (laminated composites). No delamination occurred in the aged 3D composites like in the aged laminated composites. This was because the Z-binder yarns in the 3D composites resisted the inter-laminar shear load, although the resin was damaged and the adhesive force between fiber bundles and resin decreased seriously after thermo-oxidative aging. Meanwhile, the ILSS retention rate of the laminated composites with the carbon fiber as intermediate layers was higher than that of the laminated composites with the glass fiber as the intermediate layers. This was because the carbon fiber/bismaleimide interface bonding performance was stronger than that of the glass fiber/bismaleimide at the same thermo-oxidative aging condition.

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Li, Juanzi, Wei Fan, Tao Liu, Linjia Yuan, Lili Xue, Wensheng Dang, and Jiaguang Meng. "The temperature effect on the inter-laminar shear properties and failure mechanism of 3D orthogonal woven composites." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 23-24 (June 3, 2020): 2806–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517520927009.

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Recent increases in the use of carbon fiber reinforced plastics, especially for high-temperature applications, has induced new challenges in evaluating their mechanical properties. The effects of temperature on the shear performance of 3-dimensional orthogonal and 2-dimensional plain woven composites were compared in this study through double-notch shear tests. A scanning electron microscope was employed to investigate the fiber/matrix interface properties to reveal the failure characteristics. The results showed that temperature had a visible impact on the inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS), deformation modes, and failure mechanism. The ILSS decreased as temperature increased, which was caused by the degradation of the matrix properties and fiber/matrix interface properties at high temperature. A finite element model was established to analyze the transient deformation process and the damage mechanism of the 3D orthogonal woven composite. This indicated that Z-binder yarns could improve the delamination resistance of 3D orthogonal woven composites, especially under high temperatures. The changes in failure modes of the 3D orthogonal woven composites was put down to thermal softening of the epoxy resin caused by high temperature and the undulation of the yarns.

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Perron, Christophe, Corinne Arvieu, and Eric Lacoste. "Evaluation of an original use of spark plasma sintering to laminate carbon fibres reinforced aluminium." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 16 (November 19, 2017): 2149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317740944.

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An alternative route for producing aluminium matrix reinforced with continuous carbon fibres is proposed in this paper. On the one hand, liquid aluminium does not wet carbon; on the other hand, however, the two form a reactive system leading to carbide formation. A novel way to obtain continuous carbon fibre-reinforced aluminium was investigated, using spark plasma sintering with aluminium foils as raw material. Sintering parameters were adjusted to achieve the effective welding of aluminium foils and penetration of the metal between the filaments. A quality assessment of the fibre/aluminium coupling is presented. Interfaces were then investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive ray spectroscopy. An effective cohesion of fibres with the matrix was shown. The manageable fibre positioning could result in unidirectional architecture and reinforcement rate should be handled through foil thickness and yarn properties. Using tensile tests, cohesion between aluminium and carbon fibres can be quantified.

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Maamar, Djilali Beida, and Ramdane Zenasni. "Effect of Weaving Type on Damage Behaviour of Carbon/Epoxy Laminate under Low Velocity Impact Loading." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 61, no. 2 (March 29, 2017): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.10187.

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The main purpose of the present investigation was to determine the damages generated by the low velocity impact by mean of the finite element method. The commercial transient finite element package LS-dyna used to model the effect of slug impactor induced damage in composite material subjected to low velocity impact. Four types of weaving were considered; serge (2/2), serge (0/30/-30/0), serge (0/45-45/0) and taffeta. The Texgen package was used to build the laminate pattern weaves. The composite material was subjected to stainless steel slug impactor in the transverse direction dropping the composite laminate at the center with a velocity about of 15m/s. The analysis was carried out using the model 001-ELASTIC for matrix, 002-ORTHOTROPIC_ELASTIC for fibersand a rigid body model MAT20 for the slug impactor. The contact automatic single surface has been used between the yarns and the automatic_surface_to_surface between the matrix and the impactor and the contact automatic_surface_to_surface_tiebreak between the matrix and yarns and the contact automatic_surface_to_surface_tiebreak between layers.The impact load, energy, displacements were reported as function of impact time. The delamination area was represented at the layer interfaces for each material.

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Zuo, Hong-mei, Dian-sen Li, David Hui, and Lei Jiang. "The multiscale enhancement of mechanical properties of 3D MWK composites via poly(oxypropylene) diamines and GO nanoparticles." Nanotechnology Reviews 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2019-0052.

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AbstractInterfacial bonding between the fibers and matrix plays a large role in mechanical properties of composites. In this paper, poly(oxypropylene) diamines (D400) and graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were grafted on the desized 3D multi axial warp knitted (MWK) glass fiber (GF) fabrics. The surface morphology and functional groups of modified glass fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR). Out-of-plane compression properties and the failure mechanisms of composites at different temperature were tested and analyzed. The results revealed that GO nanoparticles were successfully grafted on fibers under the synergistic effect of D400. In addition, D400-GO-grafted composite possessed the highest mechanical properties than desized composite and GO-grafted composite. Their strength and modulus were improved by 10.16%, 10.06%, 8.92%, 8.75%, 7.76% and 40.38%, 32.74%, 29.85%, 26.98%, 25.16% compared to those of desized composites at 30∘C, 60∘C, 90∘C, 120∘C, 150∘C, respectively. The damage to D400-GO-grafted composite was yarns fracture accompanied with fibers breakage, matrix cracking, interface debonding. At higher temperature, interlayer slipping with matrix plasticization was the main failure mode.

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Déom, A., D. Boscher, L. Noirot, F. Enguehard, and D. Balageas. "Imaging of the interface between fibres and matrix in the yarns of three-directional carbon-carbon composites by a photoacoustic method." Materials Science and Engineering: B 5, no. 2 (January 1990): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5107(90)90044-c.

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Tanov, R., and A. Tabiei. "Computationally Efficient Micromechanical Models for Woven Fabric Composite Elastic Moduli." Journal of Applied Mechanics 68, no. 4 (October 24, 2000): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1357516.

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This paper presents two newly developed micromechanical models for the analysis of plain weave fabric composites. Both models utilize the representative volume cell approach. The representative unit volume of the woven lamina is divided into subcells of homogeneous material. Starting with the average strains in the representative volume cell and based on continuity requirements at the subcell interfaces, the strains and stresses in the composite fiber yarns and matrix are determined as well as the average stresses in the lamina. Equivalent homogenized material properties are also determined. In their formulation the developed micromechanical models take into consideration all components of the three-dimensional strain and stress tensors. The performance of both models is assessed through comparison with available results from other numerical, analytical, and experimental approaches for composite laminae homogenization. The very good accuracy together with the simplicity of formulation makes these models attractive for the finite element analysis of composite laminates.

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Fuchs, Alexander, Iurie Curosu, and Michael Kaliske. "Numerical Mesoscale Analysis of Textile Reinforced Concrete." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 6, 2020): 3944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13183944.

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This contribution presents a framework for Numerical Material Testing (NMT) of textile reinforced concrete based on the mesomechanical analysis of a Representative Volume Element (RVE). Hence, the focus of this work is on the construction of a proper RVE representing the dominant mechanical characteristics of Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC). For this purpose, the RVE geometry is derived from the periodic mesostructure. Furthermore, sufficient constitutive models for the individual composite constituents as well as their interfacial interactions are considered, accounting for the particular mechanical properties. The textile yarns are modeled as elastic transversal isotropic unidirectional layers. For the concrete matrix, an advanced gradient enhanced microplane model is utilized considering the complex plasticity and damage behavior at multiaxial loading conditions. The mechanical interactions of the constituents are modeled by an interface formulation considering debonding and friction as well as contact. These individual constitutive models are calibrated by corresponding experimental results. Finally, the damage mechanisms as well as the load bearing behavior of the constructed TRC-RVE are analyzed within an NMT procedure based on a first-order homogenization approach. Moreover, the effective constitutive characteristics of the composite at macroscale are derived. The numerical results are discussed and compared to experimental results.

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Zhang, Chao, Jianchun Liu, Tinh Quoc Bui, Jose L. Curiel-Sosa, and Jinzhong Lu. "A computational approach with surface-based cohesive contact for meso-scale interface damage simulation in 3D braided composites." Journal of Industrial Textiles, December 13, 2020, 152808372098017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083720980171.

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The yarn/yarn and yarn/matrix interface debonding has been recognized as a vital failure mode of 3 D braided composites. We present in this paper a meso-scale finite element (FE) model, which considers yarn/yarn and yarn/matrix interface debonding, for modeling progressive damage evolution of 3 D braided composites under typical tensile and shear loadings. In this setting, the damage state of braiding yarns and matrix is described through a continuum damage model (CDM) coupled with Murakami damage tensor; a bilinear traction-separation description is employed to govern the yarn/yarn and yarn/matrix interface behavior modeled by surface-based cohesive contact. We thus develop a user-material subroutine VUMAT (ABAQUS/Explicit) for our progressive damage simulation, including stress analysis, failure analysis and material properties degradation scheme. The mechanical properties of 3 D braided composites, and more importantly the damage evolution of interface debonding are thoroughly analyzed. The proposed FE modeling strategy provides a new perspective for the interface response study of other textile composites.

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Wei, Kunlong, Hongbin Shi, Jiang Li, and Min Tang. "A new progressive damage model for predicting the tensile behavior of the three-dimensional woven carbon/carbon composites using micromechanics method." International Journal of Damage Mechanics, August 3, 2021, 105678952110354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10567895211035496.

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A new progressive damage model for the three-dimensional (3 D) woven carbon/carbon (C/C) composites is developed at fiber-matrix level using the micromechanics method. A woven architecture based Representative Volume Element (RVE) model composed of yarns, matrix and yarn/matrix interface is constructed, in which the manufacturing void defects are accounted for. The fiber-matrix concentric cylinder model is employed as a repeating unit cell to represent the yarn, and the matrix micro strain field is computed analytically by the micromechanics method. The maximum stain criteria is utilized for fiber longitudinal breakage, and the Von-Mises criterion is applied for the damage initiation of matrix in both intra-yarns and inter-yarns. The damaged fiber and matrix are modeled by the stiffness degradation method combined with exponential damage evolution equations. The zero thickness cohesive elements governed by bilinear traction-separation constitutive are adopted for yarn/matrix interfacial debonding behavior. The micro progressive damage and failure behavior of the 3 D woven C/C composites subjected to tension is implemented through a developed user-defined material subroutine in commercial software ABAQUS. The predicted stress-strain response is in a good agreement with experimental results. In addition, the effect of manufacturing void defects is also examined by the developed model.

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Kirane, Kedar, Marco Salviato, and Zdeněk P. Bažant. "Microplane-Triad Model for Elastic and Fracturing Behavior of Woven Composites." Journal of Applied Mechanics 83, no. 4 (January 25, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4032275.

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A multiscale model based on the framework of microplane theory is developed to predict the elastic and fracturing behavior of woven composites from the mesoscale properties of the constituents and the weave architecture. The effective yarn properties are obtained by means of a simplified mesomechanical model of the yarn, based on a mixed series and parallel coupling of the fibers and of the polymer within the yarns. As a novel concept, each of the several inclined or aligned segments of an undulating fill and warp yarn is represented by a triad of orthogonal microplanes, one of which is normal to the yarn segment while another is normal to the plane of the laminate. The constitutive law is defined in terms of the microplane stress and strain vectors. The elastic and inelastic constitutive behavior is defined using the microplane strain vectors which are the projections of the continuum strain tensor. Analogous to the principle of virtual work used in previous microplane models, a strain energy density equivalence principle is employed here to obtain the continuum level elastic and inelastic stiffness tensors, which in turn yield the continuum level stress tensor. The use of strain vectors rather than tensors makes the modeling conceptually clearer as it allows capturing the orientation of fiber failures, yarn cracking, matrix microcracking, and interface slip. Application of the new microplane-triad model for a twill woven composite shows that it can realistically predict all the orthotropic elastic constants and the strength limits for various layups. In contrast with the previous (nonmicroplane) models, the formulation can capture the size effect of quasi-brittle fracture with a finite fracture process zone (FPZ). Explicit finite-element analysis gives a realistic picture of progressive axial crushing of a composite tubular crush can initiated by a divergent plug. The formulation is applicable to widely different weaves, including plain, twill, and satin weaves, and is easily extensible to more complex architectures such as hybrid weaves as well as two- and three-dimensional braids.

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Peled, A., D. Yankelevsky, and A. Bentur. "Bonding and Interfacial Microstructure in Cementitious Matrices Reinforced by Woven Fabri." MRS Proceedings 370 (1994). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-370-549.

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AbstractHigh performance cementitious composites can be produced by reinforcement with a high volume of aligned fibers. One practical method of production of such composites would be based on the use of woven fabrics, where the bonding may be different from that predicted from evaluation of continuos aligned fibers. The present paper presents the study of the pull-out behavior of a fabric from a cementitious matrix. The influence of various fabric parameters were evaluated by comparing the pull-out of straight yams (fibers), crimped yams untied from the fabric and the fabric itself The influence of initial tensioning of the yams, which is an essential step in the production process, was also evaluated. SEM observations were carried out to interpret the pull-out curves in terms of microstructural characteristics. The crimped nature of the yam was found to be an important factor in enhancing the bond of the fabric, as it generated anchoring effects. Tensioning of the yam was detrimental to bond as it straightened the yarn and caused Poisson effects which damaged the interface.

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Dalfi, Hussein. "Effect of intra-yarn hybridisation and fibre architecture on the impact response of composite laminates: Experimental and numerical analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, August 28, 2021, 095440622110373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544062211037363.

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Advanced composite laminates (i.e. glass composite laminates) are highly susceptible to low velocity impact, and the induced damage failures substantially reduced their residual mechanical properties and safe-service life during their application. Therefore, experiments and simulation efforts to predict their low-velocity impact damages and energy absorbing have significant importance in composite structures design. In this regards, experimental and finite element analysis (FEA) with aiding Abaqus software were respectively performed to investigate the influence of yarn hybridisation on the response of composite laminates under low velocity impact. The hybrid yarns, which consisted of S-glass and polypropylene yarns have been used to manufacture two types of composites; non-crimp cross-ply hybrid yarns and twill hybrid fabric composites. Additionally, for comparison, the non-crimp cross-ply and twill fabric composite laminates have been made from glass fibres only. The vacuum infusion resin process has been adopted to manufacture these composite laminates. The impact performance of composite laminates has been investigated using low-velocity impact at 15 J, 35, and 50 impact energy levels. The numerical analysis was executed using Abaqus/Explicit and Hashin failure criteria and continuum damage mechanics by using homogenous shell were adopted to simulate the intra-laminar damage in layers. Meanwhile, standard cohesive inter-laminar interfaces that inserted between composite layers with quadratic stress failure criteria have been used to model delamination failures. The numerical results regarding impact force-time, displacement–time and energy-time histories plots, as well as the damage evolution behaviour of matrix crack and fibre fracture, presented an agreement with experimental results.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Yarn/matrix interface'

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