Academic literature on the topic 'YB 3000'

Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi áp dụng kỹ thuật ID-ICP-MS để xác định hàm lượng của Ce (LREE), Sm (MREE), và Yb (HREE)trong ba mẫu chuẩn địa chất: BHVO-2, BCR-2, và NIST 2711a. Các thí nghiệm hiệu chuẩn trong kỹ thuật ID như hiệu chuẩn hàm lượng và độ phổ biến đồng vị tương đối của dung dịch spike đã được tiến hành bằng thực nghiệm. Bên cạnh đó, nhiễu phổ khối, phân đoạn khối trong ICP-MS cũng được khảo sát, hiệu chỉnh và bình luận. Lần đầu tiên tại Việt Nam kỹ thuật ID-ICP-MS được áp dụng thành công để xác định ba nguyên tố đất hiếm Ce, Sm, và Yb trong mẫu địa chất có nền là đá basalt (BHVO-2 và BCR-2) với độ chính xác và độ lặp lại rất cao (< 5%). Đối với mẫu NIST SRM 2711a có nền là đất, kết quả phân tích có độ lặp lại và độ chính xác xấp xỉ 10%, ngoại trừ kết quả phân tích Ce với hệ số pha loãng DF ~ 3000, là thấp hơn giá trị thông tin của nhà sản xuất là 15.4%.

The southernmost exposed rocks of the North American Midcontinent rift system (1100 Ma) consist of 3000 m of mafic volcanic flows and minor interflow sediment exposed along the St. Croix River in Minnesota and Wisconsin. The flows are mostly high-Fe tholeiitic basalt with plagioclase phenocrysts and ophitic to subophitic clinopyroxene. Abundant secondary chlorite, epidote, and actinolite indicate the group was metamorphosed to greenschist facies (~350 °C). Low sodium (M4 site) and tetrahedral aluminum (AlIV) contents of actinolite indicate low-pressure metamorphism (0.25 GPa) and imply a geothermal gradient of 45 – 50 °C/km. Low magnesium (Mg# = 0.37–0.58) and Ni contents (36–185 ppm) indicate the basalts have undergone significant fractionation and are not primary mantle melts. Incompatible element abundances are inversely correlated with Mg#, and most samples plot within either high or low trace element groups (e.g., Ti, P, Zr). The basalts are enriched in the light rare earth elements and Th, and are variably depleted in Ta and Nb relative to La and Th. Initial 143Nd/144Nd compositions of the group range from 0.51099 to 0.51122 (initial εNd = −4.5 to +0.1). Most flows have isotopic compositions within a relatively limited range (initial εNd = −2.5 to −1.6), but exhibit variable trace element abundances. Flows with the highest and lowest initial 143Nd/144Nd ratios have isotopic compositions that are inversely correlated with trace element abundances and ratios (e.g., La/Yb, Th/La, Th/Ta). The combined geochemical data suggest that the Chengwatana basalts originated from plume-derived melts and underwent variable fractional crystallization and crustal contamination. These melts may have interacted with lithospheric mantle enriched during Penokean subduction.

The analyzes carried out in this work aims to contribute to the discussion about the ceramic objects founded in Monte Castelo’s sambaqui located at south-west Amazonia. The first study accomplished by Miller in 1980 suggests that this archaeological site is inserted in the oldest contexts of production of ceramics in the Amazon. Until today, there aren't any physical and chemical analysis studies in this ceramics and this kind of studies may help archaeological studies performed at the sambaqui. With this purpose, this work presents a preliminary study of chemical characterization of eighty-four ceramic samples using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) by means of the determination of Na, K, La, Sm, Yb, Lu, U, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Rb, Cs, Ce, Eu, Hf and Th. With the purpose to study the similarity/dissimilarity between the samples, cluster and discriminant analysis were used. The results showed the existence of three different chemical groups whose dating ranging 3000 b.P. to 1500 b.P. that are in agreement with the archaeological studies made by Miller and suggest Bacabal’s phase as the oldest ceramist culture in the Southwest of the Amazon.

Eines der Ziele der pränatalen Diagnostik ist die rechtzeitige Entdeckung von fetalen Erkrankungen und Fehlbildungen. Bei 11-20% der sonographisch diagnostizierten Fehlbildungen liegen chromosomale Aberrationen zugrunde (Holzgreve et al.1990, Gagnon et al.1992). Klinisch relevant sind vor allem die Trisomie 21, Trisomie 18, Trisomie 13, Monosomie X und Triploidie sowie in einigen wenigen Fällen Mosaike und Strukturaberrationen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, anhand von ausgewerteten Fällen fetaler Chromosomenanomalien die jeweiligen Spektren sonographischer Auffälligkeiten darzustellen. Für die einzelnen Fehlbildungen und Hinweiszeichen sollten die häufigsten zugrundeliegenden Chromosomenstörungen herausgefunden werden. Dazu wurden retrospektiv die Ultraschallbefunde von 118 Feten mit Chromosomenaberrationen analysiert, die in einem Zeitraum von 3,5 Jahren (1994-1997) an der Abteilung "Pränatale Diagnostik und Therapie" der Universitätsfrauenklinik der Charité diagnostiziert wurden. Material und Methoden: Der Zeitpunkt der Diagnose lag zwischen der 11.-38. (Median 20.SSW) Schwangerschaftswoche. Vor der 24.SSW. wurden 80% (94/118) der Fälle erkannt. Bei 60% (71/118) der Schwangeren war ein auffälliger Ultraschallbefund der Grund zur Überweisung an das Perinatalzentrum. 75% der Schwangeren (88/118) waren jünger als 35 Jahre. Neben Fehlbildungen im Bereich des ZNS, des Schädels/Gesichts, des Herzens, des Abdomens, der Nieren und der Extremitäten wurden auch zystische Hygromata colli, intrauterine Wachstumsretardierung und Anomalien des Fruchtwassers und der Plazenta analysiert. Als Hinweiszeichen wurden Anomalien des ZNS (dilatierte Cisterna magna, dilatierte Lateralventrikel, Plexus choroideus-Zysten, Brachycephalie), Nackenödem, Pyelectasie, echogener Darm, singuläre Umbilikalarterie, relativ verkürzter Femur, hypoplastische Mittelphalanx des fünften Fingers und echogener Focus im Herzen untersucht. Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerungen: Die einzelnen Chromosomenanomalien zeigen jeweils typische Spektren an Fehlbildungen und Hinweiszeichen. Die Bilder der Trisomie 18 und Trisomie 13 überlappen sich, so daß allein mit Hilfe von Ultraschall die Unterscheidung nicht immer möglich ist. Aufgrund der Tatsache, daß die Ursache fetaler Fehlbildungen häufig Chromosomenanomalien sind, sollte die sonographische Diagnose einer Fehlbildung unabhängig vom mütterlichen Alter oder der Schwangerschaftswoche eine Bestimmung des fetalen Chromosomensatzes nach sich ziehen. Anhand der vorliegenden Studie konnte jedoch auch nachgewiesen werden, daß die beschriebenen Hinweiszeichen Marker chromosomaler Anomalien sind, die zur Erhöhung der Sensitivität des Ultraschalls bei der Entdeckung von Chromosomenstörungen beitragen. Damit bestätigt sich die bisher angewandte Vorgehensweise der invasiven Diagnostik bei Vorliegen von mindestens zwei Hinweiszeichen, wobei zukünftig auch Anomalien wie der echogene Focus im Ventrikel des fetalen Herzens, ZNS-Hinweiszeichen, singuläre Umbilikalarterie und die verkürzte Femurlänge einbezogen werden sollen.
One of the objects of prenatal diagnostics is the early detection of fetal illnesses and malformations. About 11-20% of sonographically diagnosed malformations show underlying chromosomal defects. (Holzgreve et al. 1990, Gagnon et al. 1992). Of clinical interest are Trisomy 21, Trisomy 18, Trisomy 13, Monosomy X and Triploidy, in a few cases mosaics and structural aberrations. The aim of this study was to demonstrate typical features of the respective chromosomal aberrations on the basis of analysed cases of fetal chromosomal abnormalities. For the individual malformations and minor anomalies the aim was to find out the most frequent underlying chromosomal defects. Ultrasound findings of 118 affected fetuses were evaluated retrospectively, diagnosed during a period of 3.5 years (1994-1997) at our unit of Prenatal Diagnostics and Therapy, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology Charité. Material and methods: Time of diagnosis was between 11.-38.week (median 20.week). 80% of cases (94/118) were detected before 24 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound findings were indication for referal to our centre in 60% of cases (71/118). 75% of pregnant woman (88/118) were younger than 35 years. The following structural malformations and pathologic findings were evaluated: malformations of the brain, head/face, the heart, the abdomen, the kidneys, extremities, cystic hygromata, intrauterine growth retardation and abnormalities of amnion fluid and placenta. Furthermore we studied the following markers: anomalies of the brain (dilated Cisterna magna and lateral ventricles, choroid plexus cysts, brachycephaly), nuchal thickening, pyelectasis, echogenic bowel, singular umbilical artery, relatively short femur, hypoplastic middle phalanx of the 5th digit and intracardiac echogenic focus. Results and conclusions: Each chromosomal aberration demonstrates its own sonographical feature of malformations and minor anomalies. Ultrasound findings of Trisomy 18 and Trisomy 13 overlap each other so that by sonography alone the distinction is not always possible. After diagnosing a malformation fetal karyotyping should be offered to the patient, independent of maternal age. On the results of this study we can conclude that the minor anomalies described above contribute to increase the sensitivity of sonography in detecting fetal chromosomal defects. Thus the methodology of applying invasive testing in the presence of at least two minor anomalies is acknowledged, whereby in the future also anomalies like intracardiac echogenic focus, abnormalities of the brain, singular umbilical artery and short femur should be taken into the evaluation.

This thesis presents a comprehensive study of the magnetic properties and of quantum phase transitions (QPTs) of two different systems which have been investigated by means of low-temperature magnetization measurements. The systems are the heavy-fermion Yb(Rh1-xCox)2Si2 (metallic) and the quantum magnet NiCl2-4SC(NH2)2 (insulator). Although they are very different materials, they share two common properties: magnetism and QPTs. Magnetism originates in Yb(Rh1-xCox)2Si2 from the trivalent state of the Yb3+ ions with effective spin S = 1=2. In NiCl2-4SC(NH2)2, the magnetic Ni2+ ions have spin S = 1. These magnetic ions are located on a body-centered tetragonal lattice in both systems and, in this study, the QPTs are induced by an external magnetic field. In Yb(Rh1-xCox)2Si2 the evolution of magnetism from itinerant in slightly Co-doped YbRh2Si2 to local in YbCo2Si2 is examined analyzing the magnetic moment versus chemical pressure x phase diagram in high-quality single crystals, which indicates a continuous change of dominating energy scale from the Kondo to the RKKY one. The physics of the antiferromagnet YbCo2Si2 can be completely understood. On the other hand, the physics of pure and slightly Co-containing YbRh2Si2 is much more complex, due to the itinerant character of magnetism and the vicinity of the system to an unconventional quantum critical point (QCP). The field-induced AFM QCP in Yb(Rh0.93Co0.07)2Si2 and in pure YbRh2Si2 under a pressure of 1.5GPa is characterized by means of the magnetic Grüneisen ratio. The final part of this thesis describes quantum criticality near the field-induced QCP in NiCl2-4SC(NH2)2 . These results will be compared to the theory of QPTs in Ising and XY antiferromagnets. Since the XY -AFM ordering can be described as BEC of magnons by mapping the spin-1 system into a gas of hardcore bosons, the temperature dependence of the magnetization for a BEC is analytically derived and compared to the results just below the critical field. The remarkable agreement between the BEC theory and experiments in this quantum magnet is one of the most prominent examples of the concept of universality.

Bei ca. 10 bis 20 % aller Totgeburten wird autoptisch eine Lungenhypoplasie diagnostiziert. Nierenfehlbildungen, vorzeitiger Blasensprung, Hydrops fetalis und Skelettfehlbildungen sind häufige Ursachen eines Minderwuchses der Lunge, der immer mit einer schlechten Prognose einhergeht. Bis heute gibt es jedoch kein zuverlässiges Verfahren zur pränatalen Diagnose einer Lungenhypoplasie, die das geburtshilfliche Management erheblich erleichtern könnte. Bei Totgeburten wird eine Lungenhypoplasie pathologisch-anatomisch durch einen verminderten Lungen / Körpergewichts-Index (L/KG- Index) und einen verringerten Radial Alveolar Count (RAC) belegt. Ziel dieser Studie war es, ein sonographisches Verfahren zu validieren, mit dem man eine fetale Lungenhypoplasie schon während der Schwangerschaft diagnostizieren könnte. Die Untersuchung basierte auf gestationsaltersabhängigen Referenzwerten für verschiedene Biometrieparameter, die das fetale Lungenwachstum gut erfassen. Die aufgestellten Normkurven wurden hinsichtlich ihres prädiktiven Werts zur Vorhersage einer Lungenhypoplasie geprüft. Dazu wurden Messungen bei 39 Feten mit einem hohem Risiko zur Entwicklung einer Lungenhypoplasie zwischen der 17. und 30. SSW vorgenommen. Zur Auswertung gelangten nur die 29 Fälle, bei denen der Verdacht einer Lungenhypoplasie pathologisch-anatomisch belegt oder widerlegt wurde. Die Patienten wurden vier verschiedenen Krankheitsbildern zugeordnet: Vorzeitiger Blasensprung, Hydrothorax, Nierenfehlbildungen und Skelettfehlbildungen. Es wurden jeweils der anterior-posteriore und der seitliche Durchmessers in Höhe des Zwerchfells, des Vierkammerblicks und der Clavicula sowie die Lungenlänge gemessen. Untersuchungen in der Vierkammerblickebene hatten mit einer Sensitivität von 61 % und einer Spezifität von 75 % die höchsten prädiktiven Werte zur Vorhersage einer fetalen Lungenhypoplasie. Die Untersuchung in der VKB-Ebene hat den Vorteil, daß die Einstellung dieser Ebene bei Routineultraschalluntersuchungen während der Schwangerschaft durchgeführt wird und so in der Praxis am ehesten zur Anwendung kommt. Im Vergleich zur Literatur ist unser Verfahren auch in der Vierkammerblickebene zur pränatalen Diagnose einer Lungenhypoplasie relativ unzuverlässig. Messungen in der Clavicula- und der Zwerchfellebene und Messungen der Lungenlänge waren in dieser Untersuchung zur pränatalen Diagnose einer Lungenhypoplasie ungeeignet. Mit Sensitivitäten zwischen 13 % und 47 % stellten sie keine Hilfestellung zur Vorhersage eines Minderwuchses der fetalen Lunge dar. Die Aufschlüsselung der Feten in einzelne Krankheitsbilder erbrachte weitere Informationen. Dabei wurden nur die Messungen in der VKB-Ebene ausgewertet. Bei den Feten mit vorzeitigem Blasensprung, Hydrothorax und Skelettfehlbildungen lagen die Sensitivitäten zwischen 60 % und 100 % und waren mit den Ergebnissen aus der Literatur vergleichbar. Bei den Feten mit Nierenfehlbil-dungen waren die Ergebnisse mit Sensitivitäten von 27 % enttäuschend. Bei der Auswertung wurde deutlich, daß es von großer Bedeutung ist, sowohl den anterior-posterioren als auch den seitlichen Durchmesser zu messen, da nur so zuverlässig die Ausdehnung der Lunge zu erfassen ist. Insgesamt kann das biometrische Verfahren als einfache, gut reproduzierbare, nicht invasive und schnell durchzuführende Möglichkeit zur Untersuchung der fetalen Lunge bezeichnet werden. Es kann wichtige Hinweise geben, eine Lungenhypoplasie schon pränatal zu diagnostizieren. Eine sichere Einschätzung ist jedoch nicht möglich. Neben der Lungenbiometrie könnten evtl. auch Messungen der fetalen Atembewegungen, Messungen der Fruchtwassermenge und dopplersonographische Darstellung der Lungengefäße zur Diagnose beitragen. Letztendlich bleibt eine Lungenhypoplasie eine pathologisch-anatomische Diagnose, die nur durch Autopsie gesichert werden kann. Inwiefern hier neue Aspekte in die Diagnosestellung einbezogen werden können, bleibt zukünftigen Untersuchungen vorbehalten.
Evaluation of sonographic lung biometry as a method to diagnose lung hypoplasia prenatallyIn 10 to 20 % of all stillbirths lung hypoplasia can be diagnosed by autopsy. Causes for the underdevelopment of the lung, which indicates poor prognosis, are urinary tractanomalies, preterm rupture of membranes, hydrops fetalis and skeletal dysplasia. Up to now there is no reliable method to diagnose lung hypoplasia prenatally. In stillbirths lung hypoplasia is proven by autopsy by a decreased lung/body weight index and a low radial alveolar count (RAC). Aim of this study was to evaluate a sonographic method to diagnose lung hypoplasia during pregnancy. The examination was based on normograms for different biometrical parameters, which describe the fetal lung growth between the 15th and the 30th week gestation. The predictive value of the reference curves was determined. 39 fetuses at high risk for developing lung hypoplasia were examined sonographically between the 17th and 30th week gestation. Only the measurements of 29 fetuses, whose diagnosis was proven or disproven by autopsy, were evaluated. The patients were splitted into four groups: preterm rupture of membranes, hydrothorax, urinary tract anomalies and skeletal dysplasia. In each fetus seven different parameters were measured: the anterior-posterior and the transverse diameter at the level of the diaphragm, the four chamber view and the clavicula and additionally the lung length. The best results were found at the level of the four chamber view (sensitivity 61 % and specifity 75 %). An advantage of measurements at the level of the four chamber view is that this examination is performed in normal routine Ultrasound tests during pregnancy. So measurements in this plane could become most important in clinical life. In comparison to other published studies even at the level of the four chamber view our method was not reliable to predict fetal lung hypoplasia. Measurements at the level of the clavicula and of the diaphragm and measurements of the lung length were not useful to diagnose lung hypoplasia before birth. Sensitivities between 13 and 47 % were found. Splitting the fetuses into different etiological groups gave additional information. Only the measurements at the level of the four chamber view were evaluated. In the groups preterm rupture of membranes, hydrothorax and skeletal dysplasia sensitivities between 60 and 100 % were found. These results can be compared with published results. In the group urinary tract anomalies the result was disappointing (sensitivity 27 %). During the evaluation it could be seen easily that it was very important to measure the anterior-posterior as well as the transverse diameter. Only this technique gives the possibility to measure the whole extension of the lung. Summarizing: The biometrical method is a simple, easily reproducable, not invasive and quick possibility to examine the fetal lung. It can help to predict fetal lung hypoplasia. However a reliable diagnosis could not be made. In addition to lung biometry measurements of the the fetal breathing excursions, measurements of the amount of amniotic fluid and examination of the pulmonal circulation may be useful for a prenatal diagnosis. Up to now lung hypoplasia only can be proved by autopsy. It has to be examined in future studies, if any new aspects can help to find a prenatal diagnosis.

博士
國立交通大學
電子物理系所
107
This dissertation presents the investigation of temporal dynamics and coupling effect in Nd:YVO4 and Yb:KGW lasers. We have realized low-repetition-rate nanosecond Nd:YVO4 lasers and high-repetition-rate femtosecond Yb:KGW lasers with the help of coupling effect. Mode-locked operation with the repetition rate of 48 MHz and pulse duration of 7.67 ps is achieved by employing an M-shaped multi-pass cavity. The mode-locked pulse width is tunable between 0.8 ns and 2.6 ns by exploiting internal coupled cavities with different optical lengths. The reflectivity of the end facets and the optical length of the internal Fabry-Perot cavities are experimentally found to play important roles to fulfill effective mode selection. In the following, we explore the temporal dynamics of Yb:KGW monolithic lasers. The criteria of the generation of self-Q-switching behavior in diode-pumping schemes with monolithic cavities has been manifested. The transmission of the output coupler and mode-to-pump size ratio are found to be the key factors leading to self-Q-switching. The main mechanism of the self-Q-switching behavior is attributed to the re-absorption effect originated from the quasi-three-level laser transition. Self-mode-locked operation in Yb:KGW monolithic lasers has been demonstrated with the pulse duration in the sub-2 picosecond regime and the pulse repetition rates of several GHz. Orthogonally polarized self-mode-locking is obtained in the Yb:KGW monolithic laser. We further employ external coupled cavities to explore the influence of coupling effect on the Yb:KGW monolithic laser systems. Vector temporal carpets are observed from an orthogonally polarized monolithic mode-locked laser subject to external feedback. A theoretical model is analytically developed to verify the origin of the vector mode-locked temporal carpets and to manifest their connection with the Talbot spatial carpet. With further employment of a coupled reflectivity of 95%, the optical frequency comb is broadly expanded by the first- and second-order self-Raman scattering in the gain medium at the lowest frequency mode. The optical frequency comb is successfully expanded to reach approximately 8.4 THz with the pulse width down to 53 fs and pulse repetition rate of 128.9 GHz.