Relevant bibliographies by topics / Year 1-4

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Year 1-4'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Year 1-4"

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REECE, G. "A 4-1/2 year- old with a swollen knee*1." Journal of Pediatric Health Care 18, no. 3 (2004): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5245(04)00016-1.

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Pugliese, Gina. "Survey: 1 in 4 Phlebotomists Stuck by Needle in 1 Year." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 16, no. 1 (1995): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700007153.

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Cornell, Edward H., C. Donald Heth, Lorri S. Broda, and Victoria Butterfield. "Spatial matching in 1½- to 4½-year-old children." Developmental Psychology 23, no. 4 (1987): 499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.23.4.499.

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Wong, Siew Sun, Melinda Manore, Tonya Johnson, et al. "WAVE∼Ripples for Change (Year 4 of 5): Baseline and Year 1 Exit Findings." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 49, no. 7 (2017): S123—S124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2017.05.117.

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MacWhinney, K., S. A. Cermak, and A. Fisher. "Body Part Identification in 1- to 4-Year-Old Children." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 41, no. 7 (1987): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.41.7.454.

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Hoppu, U., E. Isolauri, P. Koskinen, and K. Laitinen. "Diet and blood lipids in 1–4 year-old children." Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 23, no. 10 (2013): 980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012.10.007.

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Rahmanou, Philip, B. White, N. Price, and S. Jackson. "Laparoscopic hysteropexy: 1- to 4-year follow-up of women postoperatively." International Urogynecology Journal 25, no. 1 (2013): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00192-013-2209-5.

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Listernick, Robert. "A 4-Year-Old Girl with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and Hepatosplenomegaly." Pediatric Annals 37, no. 10 (2008): 662–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00904481-20081001-05.

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Ha, Jeong Ku, Hyung-Won Jang, Jae Eun Jung, Seung Ik Cho, and Jin Goo Kim. "Clinical and Radiologic Outcomes After Meniscus Allograft Transplantation at 1-Year and 4-Year Follow-up." Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 30, no. 11 (2014): 1424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2014.05.032.

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Kaasa, Torill, Luis Romundstad, Helge Roald, Knut Skolleborg, and Audun Stubhaug. "Hyperesthesia one year after breast augmentation surgery increases the odds for persisting pain at four years A prospective four-year follow-up study." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 1, no. 2 (2010): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2010.01.010.

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AbstractIn this long-term follow-up study of 175 women, we investigated the prevalence of and factors associated with persisting pain and sensory changes four years after augmentation mammoplasty. Previously the women had participated in an acute postoperative pain study, and follow-up investigations at 6 weeks and 1 year after surgery. In the present study, the women were mailed questionnaires about pain, sensory changes, and affection of daily life, quality of life and pain catastrophizing 4 years after surgery.One hundred and sixteen women answered the questionnaire. The fraction of women reporting evoked- and/or spontaneous pain during the last 24 h had declined from 20% at 1 year to 14% at 4 years. Hyperesthesia had declined from 46% at 1 year to 32% at 4 years, while the change in hypoesthesia was small, 47% at 1 year to 51% at 4 years. Methylprednisolone and parecoxib given pre incisionally reduced acute postoperative pain and reduced the prevalence of hyperesthesia after 6 weeks/1 year, but after 4 years we found no significant differences between the test drug groups. Those having concomitant pain and hyperesthesia at 6 weeks and 1 year had high odds for persisting pain at 4 years (OR 7.8, 95% CI 2.1–29.8, P = 0.003; OR 13.2, 95% CI 2.5–71.3, P = 0.003). In patients without pain but with hyperesthesia at 1 year, the hyperesthesia increased the odds for pain at 4 years (OR 2.6 95% CI 1.1–6.1, P = 0.03). Hypoesthesia at 6 weeks or at 1 year did not affect the odds for pain at 4 years. A good general health condition (mental and physical) was associated with reduced odds for pain at 4 years (OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.35–0.88, P = 0.01). However, using the Short Form health survey, SF-12, the Mental Component Summary Score seemed to affect the odds for chronic pain more than the Physical Component Summary Score.To conclude, the prevalence of pain and hyperesthesia after breast augmentation declined from 1 to 4 years. Nevertheless, the most striking finding in the current trial was that pain coinciding with hyperesthesia at 6 weeks and 1 year resulted in highly increased odds for persistent postoperative pain. Even hyperesthesia alone, without pain, increased the odds for chronic postsurgical pain. Thus, the present study suggests hyperesthesia as an independent risk factor for chronic postsurgical pain.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Year 1-4"

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Ormandy, Sally-Marie. "The CLASS Project: A New Zealand Pilot." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Educational Studies and Human Development, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5445.

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The aim of this project was to evaluate the Contingencies for Learning Academic and Social Skills (CLASS) programme in four New Zealand classrooms. Four students with antisocial behaviour were nominated by their teachers to take part in an intervention that included differential attention, increased praise and rewards. Direct observations were made of compliance to teacher instructions, on-task behaviour, teacher praise and teacher instructions. Results indicated that on-task behaviour and compliance to teacher instructions increased during the intervention phase and was maintained during the follow-up. Teachers were also able to increase their rate of praise per hour during the intervention phase and their praise rate remained greater at follow-up than during the baseline phase. In the absence of pre-service and in-service behaviour management training for teachers, the CLASS programme proved to be a useful tool to assist teachers who have to work with children with high rates of antisocial behaviour.
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Picard, J. A. "Respiratory pathogens in thoroughbred foals up to one year of age on a stud farm in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22867.

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The project was undertaken to monitor a group of 30 foals on a farm both clinically and microbiologically from birth until one year of age, to determine the aetiology of upper respiratory tract infections and to establish immune profiles of some of the known respiratory viral pathogens. One to two months prior to the birth of their foals, blood for serology was collected from the mares. The same specimens were collected from the foals just after birth, prior to suckling and a day after suckling. Thereafter the foals were examined monthly for the presence of respiratory disease and specimens taken. The following specimens were collected from each foal: three nasopharyngeal swabs, (one for virus isolation, one for bacteria and fungus isolation, and one for mycoplasma isolation) and blood that was allowed to clot. Blood was collected in heparin from sick foals with elevated rectal temperatures. Virus isolation was done on roller tube cultures of equine embryonic lung (EEL), Vero cells and rabbit kidney 13 (RK13) cells. The bacteria (including mycoplasmas) and fungi were cultured from the swabs and identified using a variety of traditional methods. The serum neutralization test (SNT) was used to detect antibodies to equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), equid herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4), equine rhinovirus 1 (ERV-1), equine rhinovirus 2 (ERV-2) and equine adenovirus 1 (EAdV-1). The complement fixation test (CFT) was used to detect antibodies to EHV-1 and EHV-4 and the haemagglutination inhibition test (HIT) antibodies to equine influenzavirus (EIV). Only EHV-4 was cultured from the nasopharyngeal swabs of nine foals when they were 5 to 6 months of age and from one foal two months later. A wide variety of bacteria and fungi were cultured and it was established that coagulase-negative staphylococci, viridans streptococci, Moraxella spp. and Flavobacterium spp. predominated in most of the samples. Several potential bacterial pathogens were isolated but the most common were Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, Actinobacillus equuland Staphylococcus aureus. Colostrum-derived antibodies were detected for all the viruses in all but two of the foals. It was found that the foals had similar or slightly higher titres than their mothers. The levels declined in direct proportion to what they initially were and were depleted by the time the foals were 2 to 7 months of age. Antibodies to natural infection was detected to EHV-4, ERV-2 and EAdV-1. A rise in antibody titres occurred when the foals were 5 to 6 months of age, two months later and when they were one year of age. Antibodies resulting from immunization was detected to EHV-1, EHV-4 and EIV. It was established that the most important virus causing upper respiratory tract disease of the foals from 5 to 12 months of age was EHV-1 with EAdV-1 playing a minor role. These viruses caused repeated bouts of infection with a two to five months interval. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus was considered to be the most important secondary pathogen. Prior to this period most of the foals were healthy with only a few suffering from upper respiratory disease. The aetiology was not determined in these cases, but based on the bacteriology results, it was suspected that some of them were suffering from bacterial infections.<br>Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2005.<br>Veterinary Tropical Diseases<br>unrestricted
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Wood, Nicole R. Lyman Linda L. "Principals under age 30 factors affecting the first year experience /." Normal, Ill. : Illinois State University, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1251859851&SrchMode=1&sid=4&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1179157608&clientId=43838.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 2006.<br>Title from title page screen, viewed on May 14, 2007. Dissertation Committee: Linda Lyman (chair), Beth Hatt-Echeverria, Joe Pacha, Nancy Sherman. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-154) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Skirbekk, Vegard, Valeria Bordone, and Daniela Weber. "A cross-country comparison of math achievement at teen age and cognitive performance 40 years later." Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5851/1/31%2D4.pdf.

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BACKGROUND Maintaining cognitive functioning through mid- to late-life is relevant for the individual and societal aim of active ageing. Evidence shows considerable stability in individual-level rank-ordering of cognitive functioning, but little attention has been given to cohort performance over the life cycle and macro-level factors that could affect it. OBJECTIVE The main goal of this paper is to address cross-national variation in mental performance from younger to older ages. METHODS Using a quasi-longitudinal approach, we compare the relative country ranking in standardised mathematical test scores of young teenagers in 1964 from the First International Mathematics Study (FIMS) and cognitive test performance at mid-life in 2004, based on the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe(SHARE) for the cohort born between 1949 and 1952. RESULTS Our results show that those countries which had the highest scores in math tests taken by 13-year-old-grade-level students are not the same countries that, 40 years later, have the top performing scores in cognitive tests among mid-age adults. CONCLUSIONS This article highlights the importance of considering country-level influences on cognitive change over the life cycle, in addition to individual characteristics, and provides some descriptive findings that could be incorporated with further research on the link between specific contextual factors and cognitive functioning.
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SILVA, Marco Antônio Pereira da. "INFLUÊNCIA DOS TIPOS DE ORDENHA, TRANSPORTE E TEMPO DE ARMAZENAMENTO NA QUALIDADE DO LEITE CRU REFRIGERADO DA REGIÃO SUDOESTE DO ESTADO DE GOIÁS." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/1105.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacaoMarcoAntonio.PDF: 791526 bytes, checksum: 7a8a829a082433a7f23c3880ef18467d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-19<br>The objective of the research were evaluate cooled raw milk gotten in dairy properties of the Southwest Goiano in the periods rainy and dry of 2008. The samples were collected of individual producers where the storage in bulk tanks were carried for until 72 hours, with 24-hour intervals. Somatic cells count, total bacterial count and centesimal composition were carried in the Laboratório de Qualidade do Leite of the Centro de Pesquisa em Alimentos of the Escola de Veterinária of the Universidade Federal de Goiás. The microbiological analysis and titratable acidity were carried in the Laboratories of the Unidade de Agroindústria of the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano Campus Rio Verde GO. Data were submitted to the variance analysis and the analyzed factors were: period, type of milking and storage time, in entirely casualized delineation and factorial arrangement 2 x 2 x 4. The comparison of period and type of milking was carried through by means of test F of the variance analysis. The storage time was analyzed by means of regression models. Software SISVAR was used for analysis. The results of the physical-chemical composition were in accordance with the legislation. The total bacterial count of cooled raw milk to the 24 hours of storage was above of the limit of the legislation. The count of psychrotrophic, psychrotrophic proteolytic and Pseudomonas spp., was bigger in the rainy period.<br>O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o leite cru refrigerado obtido em propriedades rurais do Cerrado Goiano nos períodos chuvoso e seco de 2008. As amostras foram coletadas de produtores individuais onde o armazenamento em tanques de expansão era realizado por até 72 horas, com intervalos de 24 horas. As análises eletrônicas (contagem de células somáticas, contagem bacteriana total e composição centesimal) foram realizadas no Laboratório de Qualidade do Leite do Centro de Pesquisa em Alimentos da Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Goiás. As análises microbiológicas e de acidez titulável foram realizadas nos Laboratórios de Microbiologia e Processamento de Leite e Derivados da Unidade de Agroindústria do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano Campus Rio Verde GO. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e os fatores analisados foram: período (chuvoso ou seco), tipo de ordenha (manual ou mecânica) e tempo de estocagem (zero, 24, 48 e 72 horas), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 x 4. A comparação do período e tipo de ordenha foi realizada por meio do teste F da análise de variância. Os tempos de estocagem foram analisados por meio de modelos de regressão. Para atender as pressuposições da análise de variância a contagem de psicrotróficos, psicrotróficos proteolíticos, Pseudomonas spp., CCS e CBT foram transformadas por meio do logaritmo na base 10. Foi utilizado o Software SISVAR para análise. A contagem bacteriana total do leite cru refrigerado às 24 horas de armazenamento ficou acima do limite exigido pela legislação. A contagem de psicrotróficos, psicrotróficos proteolíticos e Pseudomonas spp., foi maior no período chuvoso. Deverão ser alertados, produtores e indústrias para a obtenção e processamento de leite com qualidade higiênico-sanitária adequada.
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Ramey, Margaret E. "The quest for the fictional Jesus : Gospel rewrites, Gospel (re)interpretation, and Christological portraits within Jesus novels." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1861.

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Jesus' story has been retold in various forms and fashions for centuries. Jesus novels, a subset of the historical fiction genre, are one of the latest means of not only re-imagining the man from Galilee but also of rewriting the canonical Gospels. This thesis explores the Christological portraits constructed in four of those novels while also using the novels to examine the intertextual play of these Gospel rewrites with their Gospel progenitors. Chapter 1 offers a prolegomenon to the act of fictionalizing Jesus that discusses the relationship between the person and his portraits and the hermeneutical circle created by these texts as they both rewrite the Gospels and stimulate a rereading of them. It also establishes the "preposterous" methodology that will be used when reexamining the Gospels "post" reading the novels. Chapters 2 to 5 offer four case studies of "complementing" and "competing" novels and the techniques they use to achieve these aims: Anne Rice's Christ the Lord: Out of Egypt; Neil Boyd's The Hidden Years; Nino Ricci's Testament; and José Saramago's The Gospel according to Jesus Christ. Chapter 6 begins an examination of a specific interpretive circle based upon Jesus' temptation in the wilderness. Beginning with the synoptic accounts of that event, the chapter then turns to how Jesus' testing has been reinterpreted and presented in two of the novels. Returning to the Gospel of Matthew's version of the Temptation, chapter 7 offers a "preposterous" examination of that pericope, which asks novel questions of the text and its role with Matthew's narrative context based on issues raised by the Gospel rewrites. The thesis concludes by suggesting that Jesus novels, already important examples of the reception history of the Gospels, can also play a helpful role in re-interpreting the Gospels themselves.
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Dumas, Louise. "Performance of 3- and 4-year olds on a new symbolic play assessment for preschoolers." Thesis, 1994. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/3903/1/MM01290.pdf.

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Farooq, Jan. "Palynological studies and Holocene ecosystem dynamics in north western Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0028-8741-2.

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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (31 ° 49'N, 70 ° 55'E bis 35 ° 50'N, 71 ° 47'E) liegt im Nordwesten Pakistans im Süden Asiens. Das Hindukusch-Gebirge in Afghanistan liegt im Westen, dem indischen Himalaya im Nordosten und die Karakorum Berge südlich vom tibetischen Hochland auf der Nordseite. Diese Arbeit besteht überwiegend aus drei separaten Studien entlang eines 200 km langen Transekts mit einem Höhengradienten ausgehend von den Sedimentbecken im Peshawar Tal (275 m ü.M.) bis hinauf zu den Malam Jabba Hills im Swat-Tal (2600 m ü.M.). Die erste Studie, die auf einer Datengrundlage von 160 Poaceae Arten beruht, zeigt Trends, dass polyploide C3- und C4-Poaceae-Arten größere Pollenkkörner als die jeweiligen diploiden Arten haben. In diesem Datensatz haben alle C4-Arten größere Pollenkörner als die C3-Arten. Ob Grassländer von C3 oder C4 Arten dominiert werden kann in verschiedenen Regionen und Lebensräumen durch die Untersuchung der Muster des Trends von zu- oder abnehmenden Pollenkorngrößen ermittelt werden. In unserem Datensatz ist Polyploidie bei C4-Gräsern häufiger als bei den C3 Arten. Die verwendete Methode kann auf Poaceae-Pollenkörner in Umweltarchiven angewendet werden, um das Klima der Vergangenheit zu rekonstruieren und die Dynamik der früheren Graslandökosysteme zu bewerten. Dieser Ansatz wird nicht nur bei laufenden paläoökologischen Studien helfen aufzuklären, wie die Änderungen der Vegetations-zusammensetzung und die Veränderungen in Biomen vergangener Graslandökosysteme zu entschlüsseln sind, sondern auch nützliche Erkenntnisse für die Vorhersage zukünftiger Entwicklungen ermöglichen. Die zweite Studie befasst sich mit modernen Pollenspektren aus Oberflächenproben und ihre Beziehung zu der umgebenden Vegetation, die nützliche Daten für die Interpretation von holozänen Pollenprofilen bietet. Dabei konnten entlang eines 200 km langen Höhengradienten vier verschiedene Höhenstufen unterschieden werden, wo die dominierenden Pflanzenfamilien, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Verbenaceae, Acanthaceae und Euphorbiaceae eine signifikante Korrelation mit dem gefunden Pollenniederschlag hatten, während sich bei anderen Familien, den Boraginaceae, Saxifragaceae, Apiaceae, Balsaminaceae und Rubiaceae große Unterschiede zu der zugehörigen Vegetationszusammensetzung ergaben. Für die Kalibrierung und Interpretation fossiler Pollendaten sollte also immer auch die aktuellen Beziehungen von Pollenniederschlag und Vegetationsdaten zumindest auf der Familienebene berücksichtigt werden. Die dritte Studie befasst sich mit einem Pollenprofil aus der Kabal Swat-Region, welches eine detaillierte Geschichte der Vegetation und des Klimas des Hindukuschs der letzten 3300 Jahre, also dem späten Holozäns enthält. Von 3300 bis 2400 cal BP, war eine subtropische semiaride krautige Vegetation hauptsächlich durch Cyperaceae- und Poaceae-Arten vertreten. Sie wurde ersetzt von gemischten Nadelwäldern mit Taxus, Pinus, sowie Juglans, Poaceae und Cyperaceae während der Zeit von 2400 bis 900 cal BP, was auf eine vergleichsweise moderate Klimaschwankung während des späten Holozäns weist. Der Rückgang der Poaceae von 2400 bis1500 cal BP und eine erneute Zunahme von 1500 bis 1200 cal BP Jahre zeigen, dass das Kabal Swat nass-kühlere und trocken-wärmere Phasen durchmachte. Nadelbäume in den gemischten Nadelwäldern treten heute bei größeren Höhe im alpinen Bereich auf. Weitere hochauflösende holozäne Pollenprofile des Hindukusch sind notwendig, um einen ausführlicheren Vergleich zu anderen süd- und zentralasiatischen Paläo-Archiven zu ermöglichen, die auch ein detaillierteres und anwendbares Wissen für Management und Naturschutzfragen ergeben.
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Books on the topic "Year 1-4"

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Rodrigo, Moreno, ed. 4 kids in 5E and 1 crazy year. Scholastic Canada, 2007.

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University College, London. Enterprise in Higher Education Programme. Annual report year 4 [1 April 1994 - 31 March 1995]. University College London, 1995.

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Brotherton, Ian. Farm grant notifications in national parks: Analysis for the 3 year period 1/4/83 - 31/3/86. University, Department of Landscape Architecture for the Countryside Commission, 1987.

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ASIS, Mid-Year Meeting (1997 Scottsdale Ariz ). Information privacy, security and data integrity: Proceedings of the 1997 ASIS Mid Year Meeting, June 1-4, 1997, Scottsdale, Arizona. American Society for Information Science, 1997.

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Ofsted. Science: Key stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 : fourth year, 1992-93 : a report from the Office of HerMajesty's Chief Inspector of Schools. HMSO, 1993.

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Berndtsson, M., J. Hansson, B. Olsson, and B. Lundell. Planning and Implementing your Final Year Project — with Success! Springer London, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3846-4.

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IEEE, International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (8th 1997 Helsinki Finland). Waves of the year 2000+: PIMRC'97 : the 8th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications : September 1-4, 1997 : the technical program, proceedings. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1997.

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Conference, United States Catholic. Catechetical Sunday 1998, Holy Spirit source of unity, September 20, 25th Sunday in ordinary time, Cycle: Year C : Amos 8:4-7, 1 Timothy 2: 1-8, Luke 16: 1-13 =: Domingo Catequético de 1998, el Espiritu Santo fuente de unidad, 20 de Septiembre ... United States Catholic Conference, 1998.

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Gajdusek, D. Carleton. A year in the Middle East: Expeditions in Iran and Afghanistan, with travels in Europe and North Africa : February 4, 1954 to December 22, 1954 (Bahman 25, 1332 to Dey 1, 1333). U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, 1991.

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Taylor, Elizabeth M. The place of phonics in the teaching of reading with special reference to able pupils: A case study focussing on the grapho-phonic skills of 4 able readers in a year 1 class. University of Surrey Roehampton, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Year 1-4"

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Stone, Wendy L. "Screening Tool for Autism in Two-Year-Olds (STAT)." In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer New York, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_608-4.

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Nazi, Sepideh, Farzaneh Rohani, Firoozeh Sajedi, Akbar Biglarian, and Arya Setoodeh. "Motor Development Skills of 1- to 4-Year-Old Iranian Children with Early Treated Phenylketonuria." In JIMD Reports. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/8904_2013_248.

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Albrektsson, B. E. J., and P. Herberts. "ICLH arthroplasty of the knee with cementless fixation of the tibial component: A 1–4 year experience." In Surgery and Arthroscopy of the Knee. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71022-3_103.

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Hutter, James. "One Year Forward." In Knowledge Discovery, Transfer, and Management in the Information Age. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4711-4.ch006.

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With the prevalence of affordable e-Readers in the consumer marketplace and library users increasingly having access to lendable e-Books from their local library institutions, library administrators continue to have difficulty in determining the immediate and long term effect of these technologies on their organizations. This chapter attempts to provide administrators with a brief overview of the current e-Reader and e-Book technology landscape and describe trends and issues. To help Administrators better understand their library users' experiences and expectations with e-Readers and e-Books, the researcher conducted a survey of 70 individuals. This survey is a follow-up to 2012's E-Readers and E-Books in Public Libraries: Measuring Library Patron Expectations research project. Using the same survey questions, format and potential respondent pool, One Year Forward demonstrates that patrons are increasingly demanding access to e-Books and e-Readers. Library patrons are finding these services more easy to use than in the past. Users clearly see value in these services both now and in the future. The results of this research project should be difficult for any library administrator to ignore.
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"Patient 25 Patient 25 Patient 25 Extra 1 year Extra 2 years Extra 4 years Patient 2 Patient 2 Patient 2 Extra 1 year Extra 2 years Extra 4 years Survival Probability." In Joint Models for Longitudinal and Time-to-Event Data. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12208-21.

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"Provincialate: Year 4, Semester 1, 1890, Jesuits Meddling in Politics." In Jesuit Superior General Luis Martín García and His Memorias. BRILL, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004435384_033.

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Landreth, Garry L., and Sue C. Bratton. "Debbie’s Journey Through CPRT Training: A 1-Week, 4-Year, and 13-Year Follow-Up." In Child-Parent Relationship Therapy (CPRT). Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315537948-23.

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Duncan, Charlotte A., and Colleen E. Russo. "Hey Inner Four-Year-Old, Wanna Play?" In Advances in Media, Entertainment, and the Arts. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0504-4.ch010.

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Though the spontaneous creativity of children narrows naturally in development, the rigid structures of our culture further suppress these necessary abilities. Enhanced by the ubiquity and interactivity of emerging technologies, media provides a unique method of encouraging creativity in a manner children are growing ever more familiar with. The authors discuss the role of creativity in children's media from multiple angles: the importance of creativity in children's play and development, how creativity is cultivated through effective media, and the creativity involved in producing media content. Relevant scientific research is explored throughout the chapter. Extensive interviews with two prominent creative producers in children's media, Tone Thyne and J.J. Johnson, contribute expert perspectives and provide detailed insight into the creative process behind children's media.
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Berry, Richard B., and Mary H. Wagner. "A 35-Year-Old Man Requesting Stimulant Medication." In Sleep Medicine Pearls. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4557-7051-9.00095-4.

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Koopman, Oscar. "Flipping the Second Year Pre-Service Chemistry Teacher Classroom." In Student Support Toward Self-Directed Learning in Open and Distributed Environments. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9316-4.ch008.

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This chapter is a recount of the author's experiences in flipping his second year Chemistry classroom during the #Fallism movement at a University of Technology in South Africa. The main aim of this chapter is to narrate how the author used online-platforms, such as Blackboard, social media (WhatsApp), and YouTube, to not only complete his curriculum during this period but also how he used these Web 2.0 applications to support his students in completing their tasks. In this chapter “support” refers to how the author used various online tools (Blackboard, WhatsApp, YouTube) to communicate, design, and develop his lessons, and present them with their associated assessment tasks. A direct consequence of this flipped classroom model was self-directed and deeper learning in Chemistry.
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Conference papers on the topic "Year 1-4"

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T. D. Glanville, T. L. Richard, J. D. Harmon, D. L. Reynolds, H. K. Ahn, and S. Akinc. "Environmental Impact & Bio-security of Composting for Emergency Disposal of Livestock Mortalities - Year 2 Project Update." In 2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.16778.

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Guild-Bingham, Avery, Daniel Haber, and Paul Ainsworth. "4‐D Aggregate Deconvolution for Aerial Measurements RSLN-026-20, Year 1." In FY 2020 SDRD Annual (Webex) Meeting scheduled for September 23–24, 2020. US DOE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1663149.

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Stutterheim, Janine, Lily Zappeij-Kannegieter, Rogier Versteeg, C. Ellen van der Schoot, Huib N. Caron, and Godelieve A. M. Tytgat. "Abstract 843: Fast molecular response of marrow disease is highly prognostic in stage 4 neuroblastoma > 1 year." In Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am10-843.

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Adriansyah, Dimas, and Decy Situngkir. "Factors Related to the Occurrence of Disease ISPA Infant Age 1-4 Years in the Work Area Health Center Village Pluit Year 2019." In 1st International Conference on Health. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009582501890196.

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Shevchenko, Georgy Vladimirovich, and Dmitry Evgenevich Besedin. "The currents features on the northeastern Sakhalin shelf in the cold season of the year according to instrumental measurements." In The International Symposium “Mesoscale and Submesoscale Processes in the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere”. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/978-5-9901449-4-1-2018-109.

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Iden, Michael E., Mark A. Coles, and Thomas A. Kennedy. "NOx Reducing and Aftertreatment Technologies for EPA Tier 4 Locomotives: Railroad Perspective and Expectations." In ASME 2010 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2010-42017.

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The year 2015 will be a landmark year in locomotive technology in the United States. Effective January 1st of that year, newly-manufactured U.S. line-haul and switch service (freight-and-passenger) locomotives must be manufactured to meet the fifth level of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emissions regulations since 2000. Achieving those emission levels will require aftertreatment technology in some form. Also effective December 31st of that year, U.S. railroads will be required to have in operation (on much of the rail network)1 a federally-mandated Positive Train Control (PTC) technology for collision avoidance. Class I U.S. freight railroads2 by the end of 2015 will have invested an estimated $5.8 billion in PTC technology, with a major emphasis on interoperability of PTC-equipped locomotives between different railroads. An estimated 17,000 locomotives will be retrofitted or equipped with PTC by the end of 2015 and most if not all newly-manufactured locomotives will be PTC equipped after 2015. For perspective, the U.S. freight railroad investment in PTC is roughly what the Class I railroads have spent the past 4–5 years combined on capital expenditures related to infrastructure expansion. This convergence of two new complex locomotive technologies in 2015 will create a large challenge, especially in locomotive maintainability, for freight railroads. Locomotive builders and aftertreatment suppliers must work together to provide Tier 4 locomotives with minimal impact on railroad operations. U.S. diesel locomotives share a common internal combustion engine technology with most Class 8 over-the-road diesel trucks, but the railroad and locomotive environment is very different from the highway truck environment, and a “cookie cutter” approach to replicating diesel truck aftertreatment on locomotives should be avoided. New EPA Tier 4 diesel locomotives should not be viewed as “Tier 2 or Tier 3 locomotives with truck-type exhaust aftertreatment added”. Baseline reliability of current locomotive designs must also be improved to compensate for the added complexities of both exhaust aftertreatment and PTC. This paper is focused toward educating (1) aftertreatment technology manufacturers and system integrators and (2) locomotive design engineers. The emphasis is on assisting them in understanding the operating and maintenance expectations for Tier 4 aftertreatment-equipped line-haul locomotives, from the perspective of a major freight railroad.
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Liu, Kunlun, and Victor H. Barocas. "The Dynamic Simulation of Flow Through a Tissue Engineered Bileaflet Heart Valve." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-193075.

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Approximately 250,000 patients diagnosed with valvular heart disease undergo valve repair/replacement surgery annually worldwide [1, 2]. Despite being over 50 years old, heart valve replacement technology, with the choice of mechanical or bioprosthetic, remains imperfect. The 10-year mortality rate after replacement is 30–55%, with reoperation rates of 2–4% per year because of mechanical failure, bleeding and thromboembolic complications, and calcification. It is therefore imperative that design and analysis tools be developed for the biosolid and biofluid mechanics of potential replacement valves.
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Ingole, S. M., B. Santosh Kumar, Sushil Gupta, et al. "Seismic Re-Evaluation of the Tarapur Atomic Power Plants 1 and 2." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49246.

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Two Boiling Water Reactors (BWR) of 210 MWe each at Tarapur Atomic Power Station, Units-1&amp;2 (TAPS-1&amp;2) were commissioned in the year 1969. The safety related civil structures at TAPS had been designed for a seismic coefficient of 0.2g and other structures for 0.1g. The work of seismic re-evaluation of the TAPS-1&amp;2 has been taken up in the year 2002. As two new Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) plants of 540 MWe each, Tarapur Atomic Power Project Units-3&amp;4 (TAPP-3&amp;4), are coming up in the vicinity of TAPS-1&amp;2, detailed geological and seismological studies of the area around TAPS-1&amp;2 are available. The same free-field ground motion as generated for TAPP-3&amp;4 has been used for TAPS-1&amp;2. The seismic re-evaluation of the plant has been performed as per the procedure given in IAEA, Safety Reports Series entitled “Seismic Evaluation of Existing Nuclear Power Plants”, and meeting the various codes &amp; standards, viz., ASME, ASCE, IEEE standards etc. The Safety Systems (SS) and Safety Support Systems (SSS) are qualified by adopting detailed analysis and testing methods. The equipment in the SS and SSS have been qualified by conducting a walkdown as per the procedure given in Generic Implementation Procedure, Dept. of Energy (GIP–DOE), USA. The safety systems include the systems required for safe shutdown of the plant, one chain of decay heat removal and containment of activity. The safety support systems viz., Electrical, Instrumentation &amp; Control and systems other than SS &amp; SSS have been qualified by limited analysis, testing and mostly by following the procedure of walkdown. The paper brings out the details of the work accomplished during seismic re-evaluation of the two units of BWR at Tarapur.
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Kupcˇa, L’udovi´t. "Irradiation Embrittlement Monitoring Programs of RPV’s in the Slovak Republic NPP’s." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89250.

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Four types of surveillance programs were (are) realized in Slovak NPP’s: • “Standard Surveillance Specimen Program” (SSSP) was finished in Jaslovske´ Bohunice V-2 Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) Units 3 and 4; • “Extended Surveillance Specimen Program” (ESSP), was prepared for Jaslovske´ Bohunice NPP V-2 with aim to validate the SSSP results; • For the Mochovce NPP Unit 1 and 2 was prepared completely new surveillance program “Modern Surveillance Specimen Program” (MSSP), based on the philosophy that the results of MSSP must be available during all NPP service life; • For the Bohunice V-1 NPP was finished “New Surveillance Specimen Program” (NSSP) coordinated by IAEA, which gave arguments for prolongation of service life these units for minimum 20 years; • New Advanced Surveillance Specimen Program (ASSP) for Bohunice V-2 NPP (units 3 and 4) and Mochovce NPP (units 1, 2) is approved now. ASSP is dealing with the irradiation embrittlement of heat affected zone (HAZ) and RPV’s austenitic cladding, which were not evaluated till this time in surveillance programs. SSSP started in 1979 and was finished in 1990. ESSP program started in 1995 and will be finished in 2007, was prepared with aim of: • increasing of neutron fluence measurement accuracy; • substantial improvement the irradiation temperature measurement; • fixed orientation of samples to the centre of the reactor core; • minimum differences of neutron dose for all the Charpy-V notch and COD specimens; • the dose rate effect evaluation. In the year 1996 was started the new surveillance specimen program for the Mochovce RPV’s unit-1 and 2, based on the fundamental postulate — to provide the irradiation embrittlement monitoring till the end of units operation. The “New Surveillance Specimen Program” (NSSP) prepared in the year 1999 for the Bohunice V-1 NPP was finished in the year 2004. Main goal of this program was to evaluate the weld material properties degradation due to the irradiation and recovery efficiency by annealing too. The results showed us that the NPP V-1 RPV’s can be operated without any technical limitation for minimum next 20 years. Advanced Surveillance Specimen Program (ASSP) for Bohunice V-2 NPP (units 3 and 4) and Mochovce NPP (units 1 and 2) was prepared as the part of research project dealing with the WWER-440 units ageing management.
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Mayrose, James, Dietrich V. K. Jehle, and Aruna Priya. "The Effectiveness of Adult Safety Belt Systems for Child Occupants: What Is the Role of the Booster Seat?" In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-171166.

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There have been many published studies over the past few years regarding the use of belt positioning booster seats [1–4]. A recurring conclusion of these studies is that when it comes to protecting child motor vehicle occupants 4–8 years old, buckling them up in adult restraint systems is not enough. These studies also recommend that children should be restrained with safety systems that correspond with their stage of development and should progress through a series of age appropriate restraints such as child safety seats and belt positioning booster seats before moving on to adult restraint systems. Despite these recommendations, an overwhelming number of 4–8 year olds graduate to adult seat belts before they “properly fit”. It has been shown that correct safety belt fit is not usually achieved with adult lap/shoulder belt systems until children are about 4 feet 9 inches tall and weigh roughly 80 pounds [5]. For most children, this will not occur until they are about 9 years old.
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Reports on the topic "Year 1-4"

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Fouda, S. A., D. D. S. Liu, and P. M. Rahimi. Coprocessing consortium - year 2 progress report - project 5 0 4 1 0 1 -f1 4 sub-element 00002: fundamental study on coking propensity during coprocessing. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304501.

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Grace, T. M., W. J. Frederick, M. Salcudean, and R. A. Wessel. Black liquor combustion validated recovery boiler modeling: Final year report. Volume 1 (Main text and Appendix I, sections 1--4). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/296694.

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Was, G. S., M. Atzmon, and L. Wang. A Novel Approach to Materials Development for Advanced Reactor Systems. Quarterly Progress Report, Year 1; Quarter 4. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/766527.

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Lottes, S. A., R. F. Kulak, and C. Bojanowski. Computational mechanics research and support for aerodynamics and hydraulics at TFHRC year 1 quarter 4 progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1031458.

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Hellman, F. Growth induced magnetic anisotropy in amorphous thin films. Annual progress report year 1, November 4, 1994--October 31, 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/86991.

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Dettman, H., and P. M. Rahimi. Coprocessing consortium - year 2 final report - sub-unit 504101-f2-4(02) characterization of coprocessing distillates using 1- and 2- dimensional multinuclear NMR. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304528.

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Kopp, Gregory A., David Sills, Emilio S. Hong, and Joanne Kennell. Northern Tornadoes Project. Northern Tornadoes Flyover Project: Summary Technical Report of the Year 1 Pilot Study. Western Libraries, Western University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/ntpr181.

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12 January 2018 The objectives of the Year 1 Pilot Study were to (i) develop a methodology for determining tornado occurrence in Northern Ontario, and (ii) obtain research quality data for at least one event. Because of the isolation of many regions, the approach assumed the use of radar data analysis combined with aerial surveys. These objectives were achieved. Aerial surveys were conducted for a total of seven events in Ontario and southern Quebec and 15 confirmed or probable tornadoes identified. Archival geo-tagged imagery was obtained for six of these events. Ten confirmed or probable tornadoes were identified in Ontario, five of which were not in the OSPC database. In addition, 5 tornadoes were confirmed in Quebec. For the 2017 season, the OSPC had a list of 10 verified tornadoes, as of December 21, 2017. The pilot project raises this number to 15. In total, 4 EF2 tornadoes and 1 EF3 tornado were identified via aerial photography. The remainder were EF1 or EF0. UPDATE – 23 April 2018 Based on the analysis of newly available Planet.com high-resolution satellite imagery and related tools, several events were reassessed and a number of additional tornadoes were discovered. Overall, an additional three tornadoes were added to 2017 count. The updated events are listed in a revised 2017 summary table appended at the end of this document.
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Lavadenz, Magaly, Sheila Cassidy, Elvira G. Armas, Rachel Salivar, Grecya V. Lopez, and Amanda A. Ross. Sobrato Early Academic Language (SEAL) Model: Final Report of Findings from a Four-Year Study. Center for Equity for English Learners, Loyola Marymount University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.seal2020.

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The Sobrato Early Academic Language (SEAL) Model Research and Evaluation Final Report is comprised of three sets of studies that took place between 2015 and 2019 to examine the effectiveness of the SEAL Model in 67 schools within 12 districts across the state of California. Over a decade ago, the Sobrato Family Foundation responded to the enduring opportunity gaps and low academic outcomes for the state’s 1.2 million English Learners by investing in the design of the SEAL Model. The SEAL PreK–Grade 3 Model was created as a whole-school initiative to develop students’ language, literacy, and academic skills. The pilot study revealed promising findings, and the large-scale implementation of SEAL was launched in 2013. This report addresses a set of research questions and corresponding studies focused on: 1) the perceptions of school and district-level leaders regarding district and school site implementation of the SEAL Model, 2) teachers’ development and practices, and 3) student outcomes. The report is organized in five sections, within which are twelve research briefs that address the three areas of study. Technical appendices are included in each major section. A developmental evaluation process with mixed methods research design was used to answer the research questions. Key findings indicate that the implementation of the SEAL Model has taken root in many schools and districts where there is evidence of systemic efforts or instructional improvement for the English Learners they serve. In regards to teachers’ development and practices, there were statistically significant increases in the use of research-based practices for English Learners. Teachers indicated a greater sense of efficacy in addressing the needs of this population and believe the model has had a positive impact on their knowledge and skills to support the language and literacy development of PreK- Grade 3 English Learners. Student outcome data reveal that despite SEAL schools averaging higher rates of poverty compared to the statewide rate, SEAL English Learners in grades 2–4 performed comparably or better than California English Learners in developing their English proficiency; additional findings show that an overwhelming majority of SEAL students are rapidly progressing towards proficiency thus preventing them from becoming long-term English Learners. English Learners in bilingual programs advanced in their development of Spanish, while other English Learners suffered from language loss in Spanish. The final section of the report provides considerations and implications for further SEAL replication, sustainability, additional research and policy.
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Olsen, Laurie, Kathryn Lindholm-Leary, Magaly Lavadenz, Elvira Armas, and Franca Dell'Olio. Pursuing Regional Opportunities for Mentoring, Innovation, and Success for English Learners (PROMISE) Initiative: A Three-Year Pilot Study Research Monograph. PROMISE INITIATIVE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.seal2010.

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The Pursuing Regional Opportunities for Mentoring, Innovation, and Success for English Learners (PROMISE) Initiative Research Monograph is comprised of four sub-studies that took place between 2006 and 2009 to examine the effectiveness of the PROMISE Initiative across six implementing counties. Beginning in 2002, the superintendents of the six Southern California County Offices of Education collaborated to examine the pattern of the alarmingly low academic performance of English learners (EL) across Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, San Diego, Riverside, and Ventura. Together, these six counties serve over one million EL students, more than 66% of the total EL population in the state of California, and close to 20% of the EL population in the nation. Data were compiled for the six counties, research on effective programs for ELs was shared, and a common vision for the success of ELs began to emerge. Out of this effort, the PROMISE Initiative was created to uphold a critical vision that ensured that ELs achieved and sustained high levels of proficiency, high levels of academic achievement, sociocultural and multicultural competency, preparation for successful transition to higher education, successful preparation as a 21st century global citizen, and high levels of motivation, confidence, and self-assurance. This report is organized into six chapters: an introductory chapter, four chapters of related studies, and a summary chapter. The four studies were framed around four areas of inquiry: 1) What is the PROMISE model? 2) What does classroom implementation of the PROMISE model look like? 3) What leadership skills do principals at PROMISE schools need to lead transformative education for ELs? 4) What impact did PROMISE have on student learning and participation? Key findings indicate that the PROMISE Initiative: • resulted in positive change for ELs at all levels including achievement gains and narrowing of the gap between ELs and non-ELs • increased use of research-based classroom practices • refined and strengthened plans for ELs at the district-level, and • demonstrated potential to enable infrastructure, partnerships, and communities of practice within and across the six school districts involved. The final chapter of the report provides implications for school reform for improving EL outcomes including bolstering EL expertise in school reform efforts, implementing sustained and in-depth professional development, monitoring and supporting long-term reform efforts, and establishing partnerships and networks to develop, research and disseminate efforts.
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Olsen, Laurie, Kathryn Lindholm-Leary, Magaly Lavadenz, Elvira Armas, and Franca Dell'Olio. Pursuing Regional Opportunities for Mentoring, Innovation, and Success for English Learners (PROMISE) Initiative: A Three-Year Pilot Study Research Monograph. PROMISE INITIATIVE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.promise2010.

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The Pursuing Regional Opportunities for Mentoring, Innovation, and Success for English Learners (PROMISE) Initiative Research Monograph is comprised of four sub-studies that took place between 2006 and 2009 to examine the effectiveness of the PROMISE Initiative across six implementing counties. Beginning in 2002, the superintendents of the six Southern California County Offices of Education collaborated to examine the pattern of the alarmingly low academic performance of English learners (EL) across Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, San Diego, Riverside, and Ventura. Together, these six counties serve over one million EL students, more than 66% of the total EL population in the state of California, and close to 20% of the EL population in the nation. Data were compiled for the six counties, research on effective programs for ELs was shared, and a common vision for the success of ELs began to emerge. Out of this effort, the PROMISE Initiative was created to uphold a critical vision that ensured that ELs achieved and sustained high levels of proficiency, high levels of academic achievement, sociocultural and multicultural competency, preparation for successful transition to higher education, successful preparation as a 21st century global citizen, and high levels of motivation, confidence, and self-assurance. This report is organized into six chapters: an introductory chapter, four chapters of related studies, and a summary chapter. The four studies were framed around four areas of inquiry: 1) What is the PROMISE model? 2) What does classroom implementation of the PROMISE model look like? 3) What leadership skills do principals at PROMISE schools need to lead transformative education for ELs? 4) What impact did PROMISE have on student learning and participation? Key findings indicate that the PROMISE Initiative: • resulted in positive change for ELs at all levels including achievement gains and narrowing of the gap between ELs and non-ELs • increased use of research-based classroom practices • refined and strengthened plans for ELs at the district-level, and • demonstrated potential to enable infrastructure, partnerships, and communities of practice within and across the six school districts involved. The final chapter of the report provides implications for school reform for improving EL outcomes including bolstering EL expertise in school reform efforts, implementing sustained and in-depth professional development, monitoring and supporting long-term reform efforts, and establishing partnerships and networks to develop, research and disseminate efforts.
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