Academic literature on the topic 'Years 1970s'
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Journal articles on the topic "Years 1970s"
1
Ramsey, Justin, and Tara S. Ramsey. "Ecological studies of polyploidy in the 100 years following its discovery." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1648 (2014): 20130352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0352.
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Polyploidy is a mutation with profound phenotypic consequences and thus hypothesized to have transformative effects in plant ecology. This is most often considered in the context of geographical and environmental distributions—as achieved from divergence of physiological and life-history traits—but may also include species interactions and biological invasion. This paper presents a historical overview of hypotheses and empirical data regarding the ecology of polyploids. Early researchers of polyploidy (1910s–1930s) were geneticists by training but nonetheless savvy to its phenotypic effects, and speculated on the importance of genome duplication to adaptation and crop improvement. Cytogenetic studies in the 1930s–1950s indicated that polyploids are larger (sturdier foliage, thicker stems and taller stature) than diploids while cytogeographic surveys suggested that polyploids and diploids have allopatric or parapatric distributions. Although autopolyploidy was initially regarded as common, influential writings by North American botanists in the 1940s and 1950s argued for the principle role of allopolyploidy; according to this view, genome duplication was significant for providing a broader canvas for hybridization rather than for its phenotypic effects per se . The emphasis on allopolyploidy had a chilling effect on nascent ecological work, in part due to taxonomic challenges posed by interspecific hybridization. Nonetheless, biosystematic efforts over the next few decades (1950s–1970s) laid the foundation for ecological research by documenting cytotype distributions and identifying phenotypic correlates of polyploidy. Rigorous investigation of polyploid ecology was achieved in the 1980s and 1990s by population biologists who leveraged flow cytometry for comparative work in autopolyploid complexes. These efforts revealed multi-faceted ecological and phenotypic differences, some of which may be direct consequences of genome duplication. Several classical hypotheses about the ecology of polyploids remain untested, however, and allopolyploidy—regarded by most botanists as the primary mode of genome duplication—is largely unstudied in an ecological context.
2
Bergh, Bruce G. Vanden, Nora J. Rifon, and Molly Catherine Ziske. "What's Bad in an Ad: Thirty Years of Opinion from Ad Age's “Ads-We-Can-Do-Without” Letters." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72, no. 4 (1995): 948–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909507200417.
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Advertising practitioners' criticism of ad content was studied through the lens of Advertising Age's ads-we-can-do-without letters for a thirty-year period from 1962 to 1992. A content analysis of 404 complaint letters and accompanying ads found significant changes in practitioner criticism as we movefrom the 1960s to the 1970s. The 1960s produced significantly more complaints about executional errors while the 1970s was a time of heightened concern about the negative social impact of sex, violence, and vulgarity in ads. Concern about sexually- related content and vulgarity continued through the 1980s but appeared to drop off significantly in the 1990s.
3
LeMone, Margaret A., Wayne M. Angevine, Christopher S. Bretherton, et al. "100 Years of Progress in Boundary Layer Meteorology." Meteorological Monographs 59 (January 1, 2019): 9.1–9.85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-18-0013.1.
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AbstractOver the last 100 years, boundary layer meteorology grew from the subject of mostly near-surface observations to a field encompassing diverse atmospheric boundary layers (ABLs) around the world. From the start, researchers drew from an ever-expanding set of disciplines—thermodynamics, soil and plant studies, fluid dynamics and turbulence, cloud microphysics, and aerosol studies. Research expanded upward to include the entire ABL in response to the need to know how particles and trace gases dispersed, and later how to represent the ABL in numerical models of weather and climate (starting in the 1970s–80s); taking advantage of the opportunities afforded by the development of large-eddy simulations (1970s), direct numerical simulations (1990s), and a host of instruments to sample the boundary layer in situ and remotely from the surface, the air, and space. Near-surface flux-profile relationships were developed rapidly between the 1940s and 1970s, when rapid progress shifted to the fair-weather convective boundary layer (CBL), though tropical CBL studies date back to the 1940s. In the 1980s, ABL research began to include the interaction of the ABL with the surface and clouds, the first ABL parameterization schemes emerged; and land surface and ocean surface model development blossomed. Research in subsequent decades has focused on more complex ABLs, often identified by shortcomings or uncertainties in weather and climate models, including the stable boundary layer, the Arctic boundary layer, cloudy boundary layers, and ABLs over heterogeneous surfaces (including cities). The paper closes with a brief summary, some lessons learned, and a look to the future.
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Stockemer, Daniel, and Rodrigo Praino. "The Incumbency Advantage in the US Congress: A Roller-Coaster Relationship." Politics 32, no. 3 (2012): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2012.01438.x.
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While every student in American politics knows that the incumbency advantage grew post-1965, it is less clear as to whether or not this growth has been sustainable throughout the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. Focusing on the last three decades, we show that the electoral margins of sitting members of the House of Representatives have not linearly grown over the past 60 years. On the contrary, the constant increase in incumbents' vote shares between the 1960s and 1980s could not be sustained in the 1990s. In fact, in the 1990s, the incumbency advantage dropped sharply to levels experienced in the 1960s. In recent years, the electoral margin of sitting House members seems to have grown again to levels comparable to those in the 1970s.
5
Wei, Yu Hang, De Shan Tang, and Zhen Zhu Meng. "Analysis on the Relation of Water Environment and Economic Development." Applied Mechanics and Materials 737 (March 2015): 941–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.737.941.
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The similarity in water environment variation course and economic development of the Taihu Lake riverbasin and Japan is analyzed and harnessing countermeasures are introduced. The close relation between economic development and water environment is analyzed. It is suggested that coordinated development policy of “Population-Resources-Environment-Economy” should be adopted. The research results demonstrate that water quality variation trend of the Taihu Lake riverbasin in the period of 1980s-the late 1990s was very similar the that of Japan in the period of 1960s-1980s, the rapid economic development of the Taihu Lake Riverbasin in the 1980s-1990s was similar to that of Japan rapid economic development period of 1960s.-1970s, the economic development level and water environment state of Japan in 1970 was very similar to that of the Taihu Lake Riverbasin in 1998,the economic development and water environment variation of the Taihu Lake riverbasin lags behind 20 plus years than that of Japan. We can infer the present and future situation of the Taihu Lake according to the history and present social-economic and water environment development situation of Japan.
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Law, Cheryl, and Magdala Peixoto Labre. "Cultural Standards of Attractiveness: A Thirty-Year Look at Changes in Male Images in Magazines." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 79, no. 3 (2002): 697–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769900207900310.
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This study examined images of male bodies in the popular magazines GQ, Rolling Stone, and Sports Illustrated, from 1967 to 1997. A sample of images was analyzed using an eight-point scale measuring levels of body fat and muscularity. Findings suggest that the male bodies featured in these magazines became more lean, muscular, and V-shaped (featuring a broad chest tapering to a narrow waist) over the years. Leanness and V-shape increased dramatically from the 1960s and 1970s to the 1980s, declining slightly in the 1990s. Muscularity increased progressively over the years, reaching its highest level in the 1990s.
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Hanagan, Michael P. "Labor History and the New Migration History: A Review Essay." International Labor and Working-Class History 54 (1998): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900006219.
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Debates over the significance of immigration and demands for its restriction in industrialized nations have been a major feature of political life in the 1980s and 1990s. There are several reasons for this heightened concern. In Western Europe, the 1990s have been a decade of slower growth, particularly compared with the halcyon decades of the 1950s and 1960s when mass migration, severely restricted during the interwar years, again became a routine aspect of European life.Even more persistent and troubling has been the declining position of less skilled workers in the economies of industrial nations. The International Monetary Fund notes that, beginning in the 1970s or the early 1980s, “labor markets in the advanced economies have been characterized by marked increases in wage inequality in some countries between the more skilled and less skilled, and in other countriesby rises in unemployment among the less skilled.” Many less skilled workers believe that migrants are responsible for their declining wages and unemployment.
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Gill, Brian P., and Steven L. Schlossman. "A Nation at Rest: The American Way of Homework." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 25, no. 3 (2003): 319–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/01623737025003319.
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We use several national surveys to provide a 50-year perspective on time spent on homework. The great majority of American children at all grade levels now spend less than one hour studying on a typical day—an amount that has not changed substantially in at least 20 years. Moreover, high school students in the late 1940s and early 1950s studied no more than their counterparts did in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. Changes in educational opinion on homework over the last half century have had little effect on student behavior, with only two notable exceptions: a temporary increase in homework time in the decade following Sputnik, and a new willingness in the last two decades to assign small amounts to primary-grade students.
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Curral, Rosário, Rui Lopes, Celeste Silveira, et al. "Forty years of a psychiatric day hospital." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 36, no. 1 (2014): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2013-0018.
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INTRODUCTION: Day hospitals in psychiatry are a major alternative to inpatient care today, acting as key components of community and social psychiatry. Objective: To study trends in the use of psychiatric day hospitals over the last decades of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century, focusing on patient age, sex, and diagnostic group, using data from Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal. METHODS: Data corresponding to years 1970 to 2009 were collected from patient files. Patients were classified into seven diagnostic groups considering their primary diagnoses only. RESULTS: Mean age upon admission rose from 32.7±12.1 years in the second half of the 1970s to 43.5±12.2 years in 2005-2009 (p for trend < 0.001). Most patients were female (63.2%), however their proportion decreased from nearly 70% in the 1970s to 60% in the first decade of the 21st century. In males, until the late 1980s, neurotic disorders (E) were the most common diagnosis, accounting for more than one third of admissions. In the subsequent years, this proportion decreased, and the number of admissions for schizophrenia (C) exceeded 50% in 2004- 2009. In females, until the late 1980s, affective disorders (D) and neurotic disorders (E), similarly distributed, accounted for most admissions. From the 1990s on, the proportion of neurotic disorders (E) substantially decreased, and affective disorders (D) came to represent more than 50% of all admissions. CONCLUSIONS: Mean age upon admission rose with time, as did the percentage of female admissions, even though the latter tendency weakened in the last 10 years assessed. There was also an increase in the proportion of patients with schizophrenia.
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Sjare, Becky, and Garry B. Stenson. "Changes in the reproductive parameters of female harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) in the Northwest Atlantic." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 2 (2009): 304–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp267.
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Abstract Sjare, B., and Stenson, G. B. 2010. Changes in the reproductive parameters of female harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) in the Northwest Atlantic. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 304–315. Changes in female harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) reproductive parameters from 1980 to 2004, and long-term trends since the early 1950s, are evaluated. Estimates of the total number of seals in the Northwest Atlantic declined from ∼3.0 million in the 1950s to 1.8 million in the early 1970s, then increased steadily to 5.5 million in 1996, at which relatively stable level it has remained since. Pregnancy rates increased from ∼86% in the 1950s to a high of 98% in the mid-1960s, then declined to ∼65–70% by the early 1990s; the rate then varied between 45 and 70% from 2000 to 2004. Concurrently, the mean age at sexual maturity decreased from 5.8 (s.e = 0.02) years in the mid-1950s to 4.1 (s.e. = 0.02) in the late 1970s, increased to 5.5 (s.e. = 0.03) years by the early 1990s, and peaked at 5.7 (s.e. = 0.01) in 1995. From 2000 to 2004, mean age varied from 4.9 (s.e. = 0.01) to 6.0 (s.e. = 0.01) years. Although the direction of change in each of the parameters was consistent with a density-dependent response, changes in population size explained relatively little of the variability observed, suggesting that other ecological or environmental factors were influential.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Years 1970s"
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MAROJA, CAMILA SANTORO. "THREADING THE LABYRINTH: THE WORK OF ROBERT MORRIS IN THE YEARS 1960S-1970S." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=8481@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>Rejeitando a noção de uma produção artística pautada em
uma linearidade,
o trabalho de Robert Morris das décadas 1960-1970 escapa a
rótulos como
minimalista, arte processual ou arte de site-specific,
embora seus escritos e obras
tenham sido fundamentais para que críticos e historiadores
de arte pudessem
delimitar e/ou cunhar esses mesmos termos. A mobilidade
adotada pelo artista -
seja na adoção de um espaço e de um tempo da obra de arte
como co-extensivos
aos de seu público, seja na forma de obras que incorporam
o observador - resulta
numa ida em direção à experiência sensível vivida pelo
espectador, que é
transformado em um visitante/participante. Apesar de
estarem inseridos em
preocupações de seu momento histórico, esses trabalhos
apontam para uma
pesquisa estética que continua ainda hoje. Ao oferecerem,
por meio de uma série
de iniciativas exploratórias, os termos para uma
experiência escultural, as obras de
Morris impulsionam uma reflexão sobre as opções da
escultura e de sua
percepção. São obras cuja compreensão exige o tempo, o
espaço e o corpo como
condição da experiência estética.<br>In its refusal of the idea of an artistic production based
on linearity, the work
of Robert Morris in the years 1960s-1970s cannot be
designated as minimalist art,
process art or site-specific, although his writings and
pieces were essential for
critics and art historians to define and/or to create the
definitions themselves. The
mobility which the artist adopts - both in his performance
pieces and his process
pieces - leads viewers into a sensible space/time
experience turning them into
participants/visitors. Although the works of Robert Morris
point to the concerns of
its historical background, they also foresee an aesthetic
research that has
continued to this day. By offering a series of exploration
initiatives, they compel a
reflection about the options of sculpture and about its
perception. They are works
that entail time, space, and the body as conditions of an
aesthetic experience.
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Sawyer, Wayne. "Simply growth? : a study of selected episodes in the history of years 7-10 English in New South Wales from 1970s to the 1990s /." View thesis, 2002. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030623.111035/index.html.
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Beers, Marloes. "Le choc pétrolier, nouvelle impulsion ou ralentissant pour la politique énergétique commune? Les politiques énergétiques de la Communauté européenne autour le premier choc pétrolier." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CERG0885/document.
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RésuméCette thèse a pour but de contribuer à l'histoire des communautés européennes et à la compréhension du processus de prise de décision au sein de cette coopération. Elle a pour objectif de clarifier l'importance du choc pétrolier pour la coopération européenne. Plus particulièrement, elle vise à comprendre quels effets immédiats et à court terme cette crise eut sur le développement d'une politique énergétique commune : La crise pétrolière fut-elle un levier ou une barrière au développement d'une politique énergétique commune? D'un côté, il se peut que le choc pétrolier ait accéléré le processus de prise de décision parce qu'il créa une urgence à traiter les problèmes d'approvisionnement du moment et à changer la dépendance européenne envers le pétrole du Moyen-Orient sur le long terme. D'un autre côté, il se peut que le choc pétrolier ait ralenti l'évolution d'une politique énergétique commune en intensifiant une confrontation entre les perspectives divergentes des Neuf, bloquant ainsi tout compromis. Dans ce contexte, des questions se posent quant aux raisons pour lesquelles les états membres recherchaient une coopération dans le domaine énergétique sans chercher de compromis au niveau de leurs intérêts divergents.Cette thèse a donné un aperçu sur différents aspects du processus de prise de décision dans les communautés européennes. La Commission européenne apparait dans cette recherche comme intervenant activement dans le développement d'une politique énergétique commune après la fusion de l'exécutif des communautés en 1967. L'échec de consensus en mai 1973 prouve toutefois que le besoin d'une coopération énergétique commune des gouvernements nationaux ait été moins fort que les différences d'intérêt mutuelles. En outre, on peut en conclure que les Neuf jugèrent l'OCDE comme un organisme plus approprié pour faire face aux tensions du moment du marché pétrolier.Après le début du choc pétrolier la coopération au niveau supranational fut considérablement minimisée. Il est certain que la Commission ne resta pas apathique face aux problèmes pétroliers lors du choc pétrolier. L'institution réagit vivement aux déclarations des pays producteurs de pétrole par des propositions de juridiction sur une politique pétrolière à court terme et des lettres insistant sur une position commune face aux problèmes d'approvisionnement en pétrole. Au sein de la Commission plusieurs comités et groupes furent créés, ou se rencontrèrent plus fréquemment, et se concentrèrent sur différents aspects du choc pétrolier.Le choc pétrolier ne fut pas un accélérateur du traitement des juridictions au niveau commun. Toutefois, il y a quelques remarques à faire. Il convient de mentionner que le Groupe de l'énergie du Conseil permit, curieusement, un forum pour la discussion d'actions communes possibles pour traiter les problèmes pétroliers du moment. En outre, la création du Comité de l'énergie signifiait un changement important dans le processus européen de prise décision. Troisièmement, l'OCDE a eu un rôle plus important que constaté avant en tant qu'acteur important du processus de prise de décision européen au niveau de l'énergie.Lors du choc pétrolier il ne fut pas donné à la Commission européenne de rôle d'élaboration de politique concernant les problèmes pétroliers du moment. Dans une première phase, le Conseil refusa ce rôle à la Commission à cause des mesures arabes sur les réductions de production et par crainte d'aggraver la situation. Mais même si cet argument n'était plus valable, les propositions pour des politiques à court termes de la Commission ne furent pas acceptées. Par contre, à cette époque, il fut confié à la Commission la tâche d'élaborer un programme à moyen et long terme pour une politique énergétique commune jusqu'en 1985. À cet égard, le choc pétrolier semble avoir été le catalyseur d'une politique énergétique commune<br>This thesis aims to contribute to the history of the European communities and to the understanding of the decision-making process within this cooperation. More specifically, it seeks an answer to the question of what immediate and short-term effects he oil shock had on the development of a common energy policy: Was the oil crisis a lever or a barrier for the development of a common European energy policy? On the one hand, the oil shock may have possibly accelerated the decision-making process because it created an urgency to deal with the current supply problems and to change the European dependency on Middle Eastern oil on the longer term. On the other hand, the oil shock may have slowed down the development of a common energy policy by escalating a confrontation between the diverging perspectives of the Nine, blocking, in this way, a compromise. In this context, questions arise about the reasons why member states were searching for cooperation in the field of energy without searching for a compromise for their diverging interests.This thesis gives insight into different aspects of the decision-making process at the European communities. The European Commission emerges from the research as an active actor in the development towards a common energy policy after the merger of the communities' executives in 1967. The failure to reach consensus in May 1973 shows, however, that the need from national governments for a joint energy cooperation was less significant than the mutual differences of interest. Moreover, it might be concluded that the Nine deemed the OECD a more appropriate body to face the current tensions in the oil market. Two weeks after the Energy Council, they had committed themselves to the consumer cooperation at the OECD, just like the other member countries of this organisation. The idea for such a closer cooperation had been pushed by the United States since 1972. Within the OECD's Oil Committee, the theme of a worldwide apportionment scheme was being discussed as well as the danger of outbidding prices. The most important questions of the time were thus already discussed within this forum which maintained the large advantage of including the United States.After the start of the oil shock, cooperation at supranational level was significantly minimised, although the Commission did certainly not remain apathetic towards the oil problems. The institution swiftly reacted to the oil producer countries' announcements with new proposals for jurisdiction on short-term oil policy and letters insisting on a joint position faced with the oil supply problems. Within the Commission several committees and groups were created, and existing committees met more regularly, and focused on different aspects of the oil shock. The oil shock was not an accelerator for the processing of jurisdiction at common level. Noteworthy is the fact, however, that the Energy Group of the Council surprisingly provided a forum for the discussion of possible common actions to counter the current oil problems. Moreover, the creation of this Energy Committee signified an important change within the European decision-making process. Thirdly, the OECD had a more important role than assumed in other studies in this field, as an actor in the European decision-making process on energy.During the oil shock the European Commission was not attributed a role in the policy making concerning the current oil problems. In a first phase, the Council refused to such a role for the Commission because of the Arab measures on production cuts and a fear to aggravate the situation. But even when this argument no longer applied the proposals for jurisdiction of the Commission were not accepted. By contrast, at that time the Commission was given the assignment of elaborating a mid- and long-term programme for a common energy policy until 1985. In that respect, the oil shock seems to have been a catalyst for a common energy policy
4
Smith, S. E., and D. M. Conta. "Alfalfa Varieties from the 1920s to the 1980s: Comparison of Forage Yield During the Seedling Year." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200834.
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Ffolliott, Peter F., and Malchus B. Jr Baker. "Labor Day Storm of 1970 Revisited 30 Years Later." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296585.
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Campbell, Jason. "Responding to the Plague Years: AIDS Theatre in the 1980s." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1698.
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first discovered in 1981 and consequently changed United States history. Initially, it affected the gay community, and the United States Government did not actively combat the spread of the disease for the first four years of the epidemic. In response to a need for education, the theatre community took it upon itself to raise awareness about the disease. Artists such as Robert Chesley and Larry Kramer created pieces of theatre that helped society deal with AIDS. This thesis explores the AIDS theatre canon while focusing on two major works: Robert Chesley’s Night Sweat: A Romantic Comedy in Two Acts and Larry Kramer’s The Normal Heart. I also created a class on AIDS theatre that I taught in the fall semester of 2008 at Virginia Commonwealth University. Information on the process of teaching the class as well as the class outcome is also addressed.
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Finnigan, Simon Lloyd. "The 1990s new wave : how new writing was revitalised in four years, 1993-1997." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443888.
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Hallam, Michael Neil. "Avant-garde realism : James Hanley, Patrick Hamilton and the lost years of the 1940s." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7573/.
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This thesis examines the dynamic relationship between realism and experimentalism in the 1940s and mid-century fiction of James Hanley and Patrick Hamilton. It is argued that the work of both writers during this period, although it might utilise realist forms and techniques, is not characterised by reversion to a traditional and outmoded model of novel writing that predates modernism, but rather, is engaged in a productive and sometimes tense dialogue with the gestures, manners and experiments of the avant-garde. In so doing, Hanley and Hamilton are read as key exemplars of a varied and adventurous literary moment that has been frequently overlooked within the broad narrative of twentieth century British fiction. It is argued that these works complicate the vocabulary of literary realism by suggesting the novel as a hybrid form: an aesthetic which privileges fidelity to a contemporary ―real‖, especially the conditions of wartime and post-war and the shifting configurations of social and economic relations, even as it simultaneously projects a deep estrangement or satirical detachment from a sense of unified reality. Whilst registering the manifest differences between the two writers, the thesis explores their fiction‘s varying reactions towards and absorption of avant-garde idioms, such as the surrealist and expressionist, and analyses the affective qualities of that ―heightening‖ of language in the construction of their realist narratives. All the novels discussed, in a series of close readings, possess a stylistic or tonal singularity that tangibly frames their narratives, a process of divergence that contests and reconceptualises the concept and aims of literary realism. In historicising this phase of literary change, the thesis draws on the work of various cultural theorists and historians and elaborates the interpretive framework in which the literary 40s and the fiction of Hanley and Hamilton can be recast.
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SA, PATRICIA TEIXEIRA DE. "THE PROFESSIONAL SOCIALIZATION OF HISTORY TEACHERS FROM TWO GENERATIONS: THE YEARS OF 1970 AND 2000." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9176@1.
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FUNDAÇÃO DE APOIO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>O estudo aborda a socialização profissional de professores
no
contexto da profissão docente na história recente do
Brasil. Trata-se de
um estudo comparativo entre os processos de socialização
profissional de
professores de História de dois períodos: a década de 1970
e os anos
2000. Foram focalizadas, de modo especial, duas dimensões
básicas da
socialização profissional de professores: a formação
inicial ou pré-serviço
e o componente exercício ou experiência profissional,
sobretudo em seus
anos iniciais. Foram entrevistados professores de História
que
vivenciaram a formação e o início da vida profissional nos
anos de 1970 e
de 2000. O estudo propõe conhecer o que professores de
História de
duas épocas distintas têm a dizer sobre seus processos de
socialização
profissional, analisando como cada geração se relacionou
com as
condições sociais de seu tempo e identificando aspectos
relevantes e
influentes na socialização profissional dos atores
pesquisados.<br>This study is about the professional socialization of
teachers in the
context of their work in the recent history of Brazil. It
is a comparative
study between the processes of professional socialization
of History
teachers from two different periods: the decades of 1970
and 2000. Two
special dimensions of the professional socialization were
focused on: the
initial studies and the professional experience and the
practice, above
specially in its first years. History teachers who had
their studies and their
first years of teaching in the years of 1970 and 2000 were
interviewed.
The aim is to know what History teachers of two distinct
periods have to
say about their professional socialization, in relation to
the social
conditions of their historical time.
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VELHO, ANA LUCIA DE OLIVEIRA LEITE. "SIGNAGE DESIGN IN BRAZIL: THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW CONCEPTS BETWEEN THE YEARS 1970 AND 2000." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2007. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=11097@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>O design de sinalização no Brasil: a introdução de novos
conceitos de 1970 a
2000, retrata a construção do conceito de design de
sinalização, a partir da observação
das mudanças ocorridas na estruturação do briefing e no
processo de design em
projetos brasileiros, no período de 1970 a 2000. A
introdução de novos requisitos e
conceitos no seu desenvolvimento foi observada
considerando: o ambiente físico do
projeto e do mercado; a especificação, a elaboração do
briefing e os elementos
adotados na especificação dos projetos; o gerenciamento do
projeto; os conceitos e as
teorias utilizadas no seu desenvolvimento, assim como as
interfaces com outras
disciplinas. Através de entrevistas realizadas com
designers experientes, atuantes no
mercado de trabalho, e que têm projetos expressivos na
área do design de sinalização,
retrata-se a sua trajetória e a quebra de paradigmas
ocorrida neste período.<br>Signage design in Brazil: the introduction of new concepts
between the years 1970 and
2000 presents the construction of a concept of signage
design from the point of view
of the changes occurred between 1970-2000. The structuring
of the briefing, the
process of design, and its project and results. The
introduction of new postulates and
concepts in its development taking into account the
physical and spatial ambiences,
the project and the market were observed considering: the
elaboration of the briefing
and the evaluation of relevant elements to the projects.
The management of the
project: the concepts and theories employed in the
development of a project, the
multidisciplinarity.Through interviews with expert
designers, with vast experience in
this market and well known projects in signage design we
have meant to present the
course signage design has taken and the paradigm ruptures
that have occurred
throughout these years.
Books on the topic "Years 1970s"
1
Owens, Ken. Western movie photographs and autographs: 50 years of western movies, 1920s-1970s. Schiffer Pub. Limited, 2012.
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Sargent, Pamela. Women of Wonder, the Classic Years: Science Fiction by Women from the 1940s to the 1970s. Harvest Books, 1995.
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A hundred years of Texas waterfowl hunting: The decoys, guides, clubs, and places, 1870s to 1970s. Texas A&M University Press, 2012.
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Fairfax, Daniel. The Red Years of Cahiers du cinéma (1968-1973). Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789048543908.
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The uprising which shook France in May 1968 also had a revolutionary effect on the country's most prominent film journal. Under editors Jean-Louis Comolli and Jean Narboni, Cahiers du cinéma embarked on a militant turn that would govern the journal's work over the next five years. With a Marxist orientation inspired by the thinking of Louis Althusser, Jacques Lacan and Roland Barthes, the "red years" of Cahiers du cinéma produced a theoretical outpouring that was formative for the establishment of film studies as an academic discipline in the 1970s, and is still of vital relevance for the contemporary audiovisual landscape. It was also the seminal experience for a generation of critics who have dedicated the following half-century to the task of critically responding to the cinema. The Red Years of Cahiers du Cinéma (1968-1973) gives a historical overview of this period in the journal's history, combining biographical accounts of the critics who were involved with Cahiers in the post-1968 and theoretical explorations of the text they wrote.
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Hayek, Friedrich A. von. A tiger by the tail: A 40-years' running commentary on Keynesianism by Hayek : with an essay on 'the outlook for the 1970s : open or repressed inflation?'. 3rd ed. Institute of Economic Affairs, 2009.
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Lillibridge, G. D. The innocent years: Growing up in a small town in the 1920s and 1930s. East Eagle Co., 1994.
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Hollywood greats of the golden years: The late stars of the 1920s through the 1950s. McFarland, 1989.
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Lewin, Leif, and Johannes Lindvall. One Hundred Years of Swedish Economic Policy. Edited by Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.36.
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This chapter analyzes the development of Swedish economic policy from the early 1920s to the present. The chapter has three objectives: to describe how Swedish economic policy-making has evolved over time, concentrating on a few especially important periods: the adoption of expansionary fiscal policies in the 1930s, the development of Sweden’s postwar economic model in the 1950s, the struggle to maintain full employment in the 1970s and 1980s, the financial crisis of the early 1990s, and Sweden’s response to worldwide recession in the 2000s. The second objective is to show if and when Swedish governments have pursued economic policies that set Sweden apart from other rich democracies; and the third is to examine a number of scholarly debates concerning how to explain some of the economic policy shifts that have occurred in Sweden since its transition to democracy in the 1910s.
Book chapters on the topic "Years 1970s"
1
Dean, Stephen O. "The Glory Years: 1970s." In Search for the Ultimate Energy Source. Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6037-4_4.
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Hopkins, Philip O. "American Missionaries in Iran During the Last Years of the Pahlavis." In American Missionaries in Iran during the 1960s and 1970s. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51214-9_4.
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Arnett, Edward M. "Some Thermochemical Studies of Solvation from the 1960s and 1970s." In The Foundations of Physical Organic Chemistry: Fifty Years of the James Flack Norris Award. American Chemical Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2015-1209.ch003.
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Mongia, Hukam C., Kumud Ajmani, and Chih-Jen Sung. "Hypotheses-Driven Combustion Technology and Design Development Approach Pursued Since Early 1970s." In 50 Years of CFD in Engineering Sciences. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2670-1_13.
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Ondetti, Gabriel. "Ideational Bases of Land Reform in Brazil: 1910 to the Present." In One Hundred Years of Social Protection. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54959-6_10.
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AbstractThis chapter explores the history of the “agrarian question,” or what to do about a deeply inequitable landowning system, in Brazil. It focuses on ideas and how they have interacted with actors, institutions and policy outcomes. It distinguishes between four periods. During the 1910s, pro-land reform ideas emerged but a conservative political context limited their influence. From the 1920s to the mid-1950s, such ideas diffused more widely, but there was little grassroots mobilisation for, or implementation of, reform. Between the late 1950s and the mid-1980s, conflict over land escalated and innovations arose in the ideational and institutional realms. Again, however, little land reform resulted. Finally, since the late 1980s, there have been major increases in mobilisation and reform. Nevertheless, the agrarian structure remains highly unequal.
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Hondrich, Karl Otto. "Value Changes in Western Societies - The Last Thirty Years." In Industrial Societies after the Stagnation of the 1970s - Taking Stock from an Interdisciplinary Perspective, edited by Burkhard Strümpel. De Gruyter, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110846898-009.
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"The Turbulent Years 1960s and 1970s." In St Joseph's Island. ATF Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt163t8dm.17.
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"The mature years (early 1970s–late 1980s)." In Cuba and Revolutionary Latin America. Zed Books Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350219458.ch-005.
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"The mid-1970s: Locust years." In European Union. Routledge, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203875698-14.
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Borstelmann, Thomas. "The Spread of Market Values." In The 1970s. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691141565.003.0004.
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This chapter tracks the economy of the 1970s as it began to decline after the prosperity of previous decades. Economic growth had defined human history for two hundred years, reaching a peak in the generation after 1945 when world economic growth averaged an extraordinary 5–7 percent per year. Americans rode that growth to a higher standard of living than anyone else. But in the 1970s it all seemed to be flowing away. Unemployment, oil shortages, a plunging stock market, recession, and, above all, inflation were apparently ending these golden years of unparalleled prosperity. Inflation hit everyone, and it hit the poor hardest of all. Persistent inflation undercut dreams and hopes for the future. The economic trauma of the 1970s threatened to destabilize Americans' understanding of how the world worked.
Conference papers on the topic "Years 1970s"
1
Campo-Ruiz, Ingrid. "Experimenting with prototypes: architectural research in Sweden after Le Corbusier’s projects." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.893.
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Abstract: Le Corbusier’s architectural production throughout the twentieth century served as a reference for subsequent developments in architecture and urban planning in Sweden. Some of the buildings and urban plans subsequently developed in Sweden and influenced by Le Corbusier’s ideas and projects also impacted on the international architectural scene. This research analyses how the study of Le Corbusier’s works affected projects in Sweden from the 1920s to the 1970s and how they also became an international standard. Le Corbusier’s works provided a kind of prototype, with which Swedish architects experimented in alternative ways. During the 1920s, Le Corbusier’s Pavilion de l’Esprit Nouveau and the Stuttgart Weissenhofsiedlung impressed influential Swedish architect, including Uno Åhrén, Gunnar Asplund and Sven Markelius, who later became proponents of modernism in Sweden. The 1930 Stockholm Exhibition marked a breakthrough for functionalism in Sweden. After 1930, urban plans for Stockholm and its suburbs reflected some of Le Corbusier’s ideas, such as the urban plan by Sven Markelius, and Vällingby’s town centre by Leif Reinius and Sven Backström. After 1950, Léonie Geisendorf , Ralph Erskine, Sigurd Lewerentz and Peter Celsing placed considerable emphasis on rough texture in poured concrete. Lewerentz, who admired the works of Le Corbusier, designed the churches of Markuskyrkan in 1956 and St Peter’s in Klippan in 1966, with a wider international impact. Reyner Banham included several works by Le Corbusier and also Markuskyrkan Church by Lewerentz in his book The New Brutalism: Ethic or Aesthetic? in 1966. Keywords: Sweden, twentieth-century architecture, urban planning, prototype, architectural experiment, functionalism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.893
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van Roode, Mark. "Ceramic Gas Turbine Development: Need for a 10-Year Plan." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-51378.
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Ceramic gas turbine development that started in the 1950s has slowed considerably since most of the large-scale ceramic gas turbine development programs of the 1970s–1990s ended. While component durability still does not meet expectations, the prospect of significant energy savings and emissions reductions, potentially achievable with ceramic gas turbines, continues to justify development efforts. Four gas turbine applications have been identified that could be commercially attractive: a small recuperated gas turbine (microturbine) with ∼35% electrical efficiency, a recuperated gas turbine for transportation applications with ∼40% electrical efficiency with potential applications for efficient small engine cogeneration, a ∼40% efficient mid-size industrial gas turbine and a ∼63% (combined cycle) efficient utility turbine. Key technologies have been identified to ensure performance and component durability targets can be met over the expected life cycle for these applications. These technologies include: a Si3N4 or SiC with high fracture toughness, durable EBCs for Si3N4 and SiC, an effective EBC/TBC for SiC/SiC, a durable Oxide/Oxide CMC with thermally insulating coating, and the Next Generation CMCs with high strength that can be used as structural materials for turbine components for small engines and for rotating components in engines of various sizes. The programs will require integrated partnerships between government, national laboratories, universities and industry. The overall cost of the proposed development programs is estimated at U.S. $100M over ten-years, i.e. an annual average of U.S. $10M.
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Pioro, Igor. "Heat-Transfer at Supercritical Pressures." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23403.
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The first works devoted to the problem of heat transfer at supercritical pressures started as early as the 1930s. E. Schmidt and his associates investigated free-convection heat transfer to fluids at the near-critical point with the objective of developing a new effective cooling system for turbine blades in jet engines. In the 1950s, the idea of using supercritical “steam”-water appeared to be rather attractive for steam generators / turbines to increase thermal efficiency of fossil-fired power plants. Intensive work on this subject was mainly performed in the former USSR and in the USA in the 1950s–1980s. Therefore, the most investigated flow geometry at supercritical pressures is circular tubes with water as the coolant. Currently, using supercritical “steam” in fossil-fired power plants is the largest industrial application of fluids at supercritical pressures. At the end of the 1950s and the beginning of the 1960s, some studies were conducted to investigate the possibility of using supercritical water as a coolant in nuclear reactors. Several concepts of nuclear reactors were developed. However, this idea was abandoned for almost 30 years, and then regained momentum in the 1990s as a means to improve the performance of water-cooled nuclear reactors. Main objectives of using supercritical water in nuclear reactors are increasing the efficiency of modern nuclear power plants, which is currently 30–35%, to circa 43–50%, and decreasing operational and capital costs by eliminating steam generators, steam separators, steam dryers, etc. Therefore, objectives of the current paper are to assess the work that was performed and to understand specifics of heat transfer at supercritical pressures.
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Stoller, Paul J., and Walter R. Niessen. "Lessons Learned From the 1970s Experiments in Solid Waste Conversion Technologies." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2348.
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Countless proposals for conversion technologies applied to municipal solid waste (MSW), such as gasification, many of which include mechanical processing of the MSW prior to the thermal conversion steps, have generated significant interest and press over the past few years. Many community groups and local officials are being pressured by developers to view these technologies as better and more politically acceptable alternatives to mass burn waste-to-energy facilities. From a historical perspective, most (but not all) of the basic technologies being promoted today are not new, but are variations of technologies that were evaluated and tested during the 1970s for use in processing and converting MSW. This paper presents overviews and several case studies of the MSW conversion technologies that were developed and tested during the 1970s including MSW processing and gasification technologies, and sets forth: • Lessons learned from those experiments. • Based upon the lessons learned, recommended rules of engagement for those contemplating evaluation or use of a processing and/or conversion technology. • A practical application of the above lessons learned and rules of engagement to the plasma arc gasification technology currently being promoted by a number of developers. The contents of this paper should be carefully considered by anyone contemplating the merits and feasibility of any MSW processing and/or conversion technology being promoted today or in the future.
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ROZMARINOVÁ, Jana. "Health Technology Assessment. Literature Review." In Current Trends in Public Sector Research. Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9646-2020-12.
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Health Technology Assessment (HTA) is one of the tools that can be used to support rational and objective decision-making in healthcare in the endeavour to contain public expenditure while maintaining the availability of healthcare interventions. The complex process of HTA often struggles to find its place in public policies and faces pressure from various stakeholders. HTA has existed since the 1970s and as a formal process has its roots in the United States. During the 1980s, HTA began to spread outside the US and over the next twenty years, reached almost all European countries, including some countries in Central Europe. The rise of HTA brought about an exponential increase in the empirical studies of HTA available in academic databases. This study reviews the available literature to analyse the development and research topics and the potential pitfalls of HTA implementation.
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Varga, Audrey L., Matthew R. Chandler, Worth B. Cotton, et al. "Innovation and Integration: Exploration History, ExxonMobil, and the Guyana-Suriname Basin." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/30946-ms.
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Abstract Exploration in the Guyana-Suriname Basin has been a decades-long endeavor, including technical challenges and a lengthy history of drilling with no offshore success prior to the Liza discovery. The 1929 New Nickerie well was the first onshore well in Suriname, and was followed by 30 years of dry holes before the heavy-oil Tambaredjo field was discovered in the 1960s. In the 1990s, nearly 40 years after the Tambaredjo discovery, ExxonMobil utilized the 1970s-vintage, poor-to moderate-quality, 2D seismic and gravity data available to create a series of hand-drawn, level-of-maturity (LOM) source and environments-of-deposition (EOD) maps over the basin to move their exploration efforts forward. This work established the genetic fundamentals necessary for understanding the hydrocarbon system and led to negotiation for and capture of the Stabroek Block in 1999. The Liza-1 success in 2015 spurred extensive activity in the Basin by ExxonMobil and the Stabroek Block co-venturers, Hess Guyana Exploration Limited and CNOOC Petroleum Guyana Limited (Austin et al. 2021). The collection of extensive state-of-the art seismic data has been leveraged to enable successful exploration of multiple play types across the Guyana-Suriname Basin. Further data collection, including over 2 km of conventional core and additional seismic data acquisition and processing, has enabled ExxonMobil to adopt interpretation techniques that are applied across the entire basin to characterize and understand the subsurface better. From initial hand-drawn maps to the use of advanced technology today, ExxonMobil's work in the Guyana-Suriname Basin has relied on integration of geologic and geophysical understanding as well as the ability to leverage new technology to continue a successful exploration program with 8 billion barrels discovered to date.
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Chana, Kam, Dave Cardwell, and Terry Jones. "A Review of the Oxford Turbine Research Facility." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95687.
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Gas turbine engine efficiency and reliability is generally improved through better understanding and improvements to the design of individual components. The life limiting component of the modern gas turbine is the high pressure (HP) turbine stage due to the arduous environment. Over the last 50 years significant research effort has been focused on advancing blade cooling designs and materials. Due to practical limitations little fundamental research on the turbine system is performed in the operating gas turbine engine. Consequently different types of experimental approaches have been developed over the last 4 decades to study the flow and in particular the heat transfer and cooling in turbines. In general the facilities can be divided into continuous running or short duration and cascade or rotating. Over the last 30 years short duration facilities have dominated the research in the study of turbine heat transfer and cooling. The Oxford Turbine Research Facility (formerly known as the QinetiQ Turbine Test Facility, The Isentropic Light Piston Facility and The Isentropic Light Piston Cascade) is a short duration facility developed and built in the late 1970s and early 1980s for turbine heat transfer and cooling studies. This paper presents the developments and measurements taken on the facility over the last 35 years, including the type of research that has been conducted and, the current capability of the facility.
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Lotsberg, Inge. "Development of Fatigue Design Standards for Marine Structures." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62516.
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Fatigue design standards for offshore structures became needed with development of offshore structures in harsh environments like the North Sea during the 1970s. The Ultimate Limit State had earlier been the most significant design requirement for similar platforms in the Mexican Gulf being less utilized with respect fatigue. The need for fatigue design of ship structures became increased as more high strength steel was being used in these structures during the 1970s. The analysis method for long term loading and assessment of fatigue capacity has been improved over the years and this has also resulted in need for new and revised design standards. New types of structures and structural components have been developed like tension leg platforms and support structures for wind turbines. These structures are subjected to significant dynamic loading such that fatigue design becomes the main issue and relevant fatigue design standards are needed. Fatigue assessment of fixed offshore structures in the North Sea has been standard practice since the 1970s. Fatigue of floating platforms became a requirement after the accident with the Alexander Kielland platform in 1980. Later new types of structures have been installed in the North Sea such as tension leg platforms and floating production ships where fatigue has been an important part of the design. A further challenge with respect to fatigue came with the development of support structures for wind turbines to be installed in the sea. This paper gives an overview of the development of fatigue design standards for marine structures over the last 40 years. This includes the significance of refined calculation of long term stress range distribution, calculation of hot spot stress, size effect and effect of mean stress effect on fatigue design of ship structures.
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Brennan, Feargal. "Alleviation of Fatigue in Renewable Energy Support Structures." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49477.
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Offshore renewable energy is experiencing an explosion of activity in response to ambitious renewable energy targets, however the drive to increase turbine size in deeper water whilst at the same time to reduce capex and installation costs in addition to the speed of development means there is a danger that structures may be designed and deployed that are inherently prone to fatigue. Offshore structures have come a long way since the pioneering early Oil & Gas jackets in the 1960s and 1970s. In forty years of designing and operating large Oil & Gas structures in the North Sea tremendous changes have occurred in development of advanced numerical modelling of stress, fatigue and loading in addition to vast improvements in steel quality/strength, manufacturing processes and inspection, monitoring and quality control. This paper addresses some of the fundamental areas where current design standards may not be appropriate for renewable energy support structures in this new era of advanced sensors and information systems. It will also discuss advanced fatigue alleviation techniques.
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Chen, Jenny Jing, Dan Williams, Keith Leewis, and Michael Barnum. "Long Term (1970 to 2015) Trending of the Nine Prescriptive Pipeline Threats." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64503.
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Since the 1970s, the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) has collected and published pipeline failure incident data. Operators are required to report pipeline incidents and provide the apparent cause of failures. PHMSA and ASME (B31.8S for gas and B31.4 for liquids) identify and group these failures into nine broad categories and sub-classify them into three clusters by their time-based behavior. Technical advancements in pipe manufacturing, fabrication, construction, operation, inspection, monitoring, maintenance, rehabilitation and regulation have resulted in a decrease in incidents for many of these failure causes. This paper presents a statistical trending analysis of the failure incidents for each of the nine threats. The multi-year trending of these incident metrics over the last 40+ years will be demonstrated.
Reports on the topic "Years 1970s"
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Spurling, Thomas H., and John M. Webb. The Federation of Asian Chemical Societies: Forty years on. AsiaChem Magazine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51167/acm00014.
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In the 1970s UNESCO and many national aid agencies understood the important role that the application of chemistry had in developing the social, economic, and environmental wellbeing of nations. UNESCO also understood the vital role that professional societies play in fostering chemical capability and helped organize the formation of the Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS).
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Tweet, Justin S., Vincent L. Santucci, Kenneth Convery, Jonathan Hoffman, and Laura Kirn. Channel Islands National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2278664.
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Channel Island National Park (CHIS), incorporating five islands off the coast of southern California (Anacapa Island, San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island), has an outstanding paleontological record. The park has significant fossils dating from the Late Cretaceous to the Holocene, representing organisms of the sea, the land, and the air. Highlights include: the famous pygmy mammoths that inhabited the conjoined northern islands during the late Pleistocene; the best fossil avifauna of any National Park Service (NPS) unit; intertwined paleontological and cultural records extending into the latest Pleistocene, including Arlington Man, the oldest well-dated human known from North America; calichified “fossil forests”; records of Miocene desmostylians and sirenians, unusual sea mammals; abundant Pleistocene mollusks illustrating changes in sea level and ocean temperature; one of the most thoroughly studied records of microfossils in the NPS; and type specimens for 23 fossil taxa. Paleontological research on the islands of CHIS began in the second half of the 19th century. The first discovery of a mammoth specimen was reported in 1873. Research can be divided into four periods: 1) the few early reports from the 19th century; 2) a sustained burst of activity in the 1920s and 1930s; 3) a second burst from the 1950s into the 1970s; and 4) the modern period of activity, symbolically opened with the 1994 discovery of a nearly complete pygmy mammoth skeleton on Santa Rosa Island. The work associated with this paleontological resource inventory may be considered the beginning of a fifth period. Fossils were specifically mentioned in the 1938 proclamation establishing what was then Channel Islands National Monument, making CHIS one of 18 NPS areas for which paleontological resources are referenced in the enabling legislation. Each of the five islands of CHIS has distinct paleontological and geological records, each has some kind of fossil resources, and almost all of the sedimentary formations on the islands are fossiliferous within CHIS. Anacapa Island and Santa Barbara Island, the two smallest islands, are primarily composed of Miocene volcanic rocks interfingered with small quantities of sedimentary rock and covered with a veneer of Quaternary sediments. Santa Barbara stands apart from Anacapa because it was never part of Santarosae, the landmass that existed at times in the Pleistocene when sea level was low enough that the four northern islands were connected. San Miguel Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island have more complex geologic histories. Of these three islands, San Miguel Island has relatively simple geologic structure and few formations. Santa Cruz Island has the most varied geology of the islands, as well as the longest rock record exposed at the surface, beginning with Jurassic metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks. The Channel Islands have been uplifted and faulted in a complex 20-million-year-long geologic episode tied to the collision of the North American and Pacific Places, the initiation of the San Andreas fault system, and the 90° clockwise rotation of the Transverse Ranges, of which the northern Channel Islands are the westernmost part. Widespread volcanic activity from about 19 to 14 million years ago is evidenced by the igneous rocks found on each island.
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Sun, Lushan, and Melody LeHew. 70 Years of Fashion in the Chinese Dress—Exploring Sociocultural influences on Chinese Qipao’s Hemline Height and Waistline Fit in 1920s-1980s. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-622.
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Anderson, Lowell A., Neal Black, Thomas J. Hagerty, John P. Kluge, and Paul L. Sundberg. Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s Disease) and Its Eradication: A Review of the U.S. Experience. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7207242.aphis.
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This report has been written to serve as a history of the U.S. Aujeszky’s Disease (Pseudorabies) Eradication Program and as a guide when future disease eradication programs are considered. The report provides an overview of the program and its history and is generally nontechnical, with specific sections written by subject matter experts. The information was compiled during 2007, three years after the last four States qualified for Stage V (Free) Status. This eradication effort was formally initiated in 1989. The contents of this report include a variety of information that represents the viewpoints of individuals participating in the eradication effort. To introduce the challenge of pseudorabies (PRV), the report covers characteristics of the virus and the history of the disease in the United States, followed by the emergence of virulent strains in the 1970s that coincided with management changes in the swine industry. The report also discusses early attempts at PRV control, vaccines, and diagnostic tools, and then reviews various pilot projects, individual State experiences, and national debate on the pros and cons of eradication versus control. In addition, the report offers details on the evolution and acceptance of a national eradication program, including debate among industry and State/Federal officials, funding, testing protocols, cleanup plans, and the development of gene-deleted vaccines and their complementary tests. The ongoing threat of reintroduction from feral swine and emergency response plans are also included. Lastly, the technical coordinators have included a chapter on lessons learned from our various viewpoints on the eradication effort.
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Kelly, Luke. Threats to Civilian Aviation Since 1975. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.019.
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This literature review finds that the main malicious threats to civilian aviation since 1975 are attacks by terrorist groups, deliberate or accidental damage arising from conflicts, and incidents caused by people who work for airlines or airports. While the sector has responded to hijackings and bombings with increasing security since the 1970s, actors seeking to attack aircraft have modified their tactics, and new threats such as liquid explosives and cyber attacks have emerged. Civilian aviation has seen relatively fewer accidents and deaths over the years, but threats remain. The review focuses on malicious threats to civilian aviation. It, therefore, excludes weather events or accidents. The first section lists major malicious threats to civilian aviation since 1975. It includes both actual and planned events (e.g. hijackings that were prevented) that are recorded in open-source documents. Each threat is listed alongside information on its cause (e.g. terrorism, state actions, crime), the context in which it occurred (broader factors shaping the risk including geography, regime type, technology), and its impact (on passengers, policy, security, economic). The second section discusses some of the trends in threats to aviation. Motives for malicious threats include terrorism, crime, asylum-seeking, and insider attacks by aggrieved or mentally ill airline staff. Hijacking has been the most common form of threat, although bombing or suicide attacks have killed more people. Threats may also take the form of accidental attacks on civilian planes misidentified as threats in conflict zones. Experts suggest that growing threats are cyberattacks and the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, although neither has yet caused a major incident.
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Burkhauser, Richard, Douglas Holtz-Eakin, and Stephen Rhody. Labor Earnings Mobility and Inequality in the United States and Germany During the Growth Years of the 1980s. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5988.
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Yeates, Elissa, Kayla Cotterman, and Angela Rhodes. Hydrologic impacts on human health : El Niño Southern Oscillation and cholera. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39483.
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A non-stationary climate imposes considerable challenges regarding potential public health concerns. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, which occurs every 2 to 7 years, correlates positively with occurrences of the waterborne disease cholera. The warm sea surface temperatures and extreme weather associated with ENSO create optimal conditions for breeding the Vibrio cholerae pathogen and for human exposure to the pathogenic waters. This work explored the impacts of ENSO on cholera occurrence rates over the past 50 years by examining annual rates of suspected cholera cases per country in relation to ENSO Index values. This study provides a relationship indicating when hydrologic conditions are optimal for cholera growth, and presents a statistical approach to answer three questions: Are cholera outbreaks more likely to occur in an El Niño year? What other factors impact cholera outbreaks? How will the future climate impact cholera incidence rates as it relates to conditions found in ENSO? Cholera outbreaks from the 1960s to the present are examined focusing on regions of Central and South America, and southern Asia. By examining the predictive relationship between climate variability and cholera, we can draw conclusions about future vulnerability to cholera and other waterborne pathogenic diseases.
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Payne, Krista. Median Age at First Marriage, 2019. National Center for Family and Marriage Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25035/ncfmr/fp-21-12.
Full textAbstract:
The median age at first marriage in the United States has increased steadily since the mid-20th century. In the mid-1950s, the median age was at a record low of just over 20 for women and 22 for men, but by 2020, the median age was 28 for women and 30 for men (see Figure 1). The median age at first marriage has increased similarly for both men and women. Consequently, the gender gap in the median age at first marriage has persisted, fluctuating between 1.6 and 2.7 years. This profile uses data from the 2019 American Community Survey (ACS), 1-year estimates to track the trends in women’s and men’s median ages at first marriage. The ACS is ideal because it provides the best annual data on marital status and demographic characteristics allowing for direct estimation of the median age at first marriage (Simmons & Dye, 2004). This is an update to our previous profiles on the topic for the years 2017 (FP-19-06), 2014 (FP-16-07), 2013 (FP-15-05), 2010 (FP-12-07), and 2008 (FP-09-03).
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Kistner-Thomas, Erica. Potential Geographical Range & Abundance of the Invasive Brown Marmorted Stink Bug under Climate Change Scenarios. USDA Midwest Climate Hub, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6947063.ch.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change is predicted to exacerbate agricultural losses from crop pests and pathogens by 1) expanding their geographic ranges, 2) reducing winter die-offs, and 3) increasing the number of generations produced per year. For example, numerous crop pests and pathogens have expanded their range northward since the 1960s due, in part, to warming annual temperatures.
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Isinika, Aida, and John Jeckoniah. The Political Economy of Sunflower in Tanzania: A Case of Singida Region. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.002.
Full textAbstract:
This paper looks at the challenges and shortcomings facing the sunflower sub-sector in Tanzania. It showcases the political economy of sunflower based on analyses of the performance of the sector over a 30-year period since the early 1990s, also studying the relations between the importers of edible oil, and the local actors of the sunflower value chain (farmers and processors). In addition, the authors discuss how disparities in accessing resources for production were established across gender, age, wealth status, which led to social differentiation. Following this, they examine how restrictions introduced as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic has affected activities and relations along the sunflower value chain.