Academic literature on the topic 'Yellow beetle, eng'

Over the course of three years (2016–2018), the effects of insecticides on stem-mining weevils [(Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus (Marsham, 1802), Ceutorhynchus napi (Gyllenhal, 1837)] were assessed under field conditions. The dates for spraying were determined on the basis of the recorded percentages of weevil females carrying mature eggs in their ovaries (timing I: the first females with mature eggs present in yellow water traps; timing II: more than 50% of the females with mature eggs present). Delaying the first spring insecticide application till timing II made it possible to combine the control of the stem weevil along with the control of the pollen beetle, Brassicogethes aeneus (Fabricius, 1775). However, the poor effectiveness of the tested insecticides on the stem-mining weevils, regardless of the date they were sprayed, indicates it is impossible to successfully control the insect pests with one insecticide application during the seasons with prolonged egg-laying periods.

Olfaction plays a dominant role in insect communication. Alarm pheromones, which alert other insects of the same species of impending danger, are a major class of releaser pheromones. The major components of alarm pheromones in red imported fire ants, honeybees and aphids have been identified as 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine (2E-3,6-DP), isopentyl acetate (IPA), and E-β-farnesene (EβF), respectively. In this study, electroantennography (EAG) responses to EDP (a mixture of 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine and 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine), IPA and EβF were investigated in a wide range of insect species. Beside imported fire ants, the EDP (2-ethyl-3,6(5)-dimethylpyrazine) elicited significant EAG response from all other tested insects, including six ant species and one hybrid ant, honeybee, bagrada bug, lady beetle, housefly, small hive beetle, yellow fever mosquito, termite, bedbug, water hyacinth weevil, southern green stink bug and two aphid species. In contrast, IPA elicited significant EAG response only in the honeybee, red imported fire ant, an Aphaenogaster ant, and the water hyacinth weevil. The EβF only elicited EAG responses in two aphids, small hive beetle and housefly. The results clearly indicate that EDP can be detected by widespread insect species that did not coevolve with S. invicta and further suggested alkylpyrazine may activate multiple generally tuned olfactory receptors (ORs) across a wide number of insect species.

Comparative biology and development study of B. longissima Gestro was conducted using different coconut varieties namely: Baybay tall (BAYT) green, Baybay tall (BAYT) brown, Malayan Red dwarf (MRD), Malayan Yellow dwarf (MYD), Albuera dwarf (ALD), and Tacunan dwarf (TACD) varieties was investigated in the laboratory. The duration of the developmental period of B. longissimi was influenced by the different coconut varieties used as host plant. Duration from egg laying to hatching of eggs of B. longissima on tall varieties ranged from 3 to 5 days, while on dwarf varieties it took 4 to 5 days. In all varieties, Brontispa beetles underwent 5–6 instars. In addition, it was observed that the fifth and sixth instars took a longer time period compared to other instars. The total mean developmental period of Brontispa on BAYT (green and brown) was shorter in days compared to all dwarf varieties except to ALD. The results generally showed that BAYT (green and brown) seemed to be a preferred variety. There was considerably higher larvae mortality in dwarf variety like MRD (40%) than those reared in the BAYT green and brown (22.21%, 19.12%), respectively. Beetles reared on BAYT (brown) also had the highest fecundity which was statistically different from the rest of the varieties. In addition, results showed that adults reared in both BAYT (green and brown) had the highest longevity observed compared to other varieties

<em>Galerucella placida</em> Baly is a small leaf beetle belonging to the family Chrysomelidae. which feeds on aquatic weed <em>Polygonum hydropiper</em> Linn. The insect was reported from various regions of India during 1910-1936. Investigation on some biological parameters of <em>G. placida</em> and feeding of the <em>P. hydropiper</em> by <em>G. placida</em> was conducted in laboratory. The results indicated the fecundity of <em>G. placida</em> was 710-1210 eggs per female. Eggs were markedly bright yellow, pyriform basally rounded and oval at tip. It measured 0.67 mm in length and 0.46 mm in width. Average incubation period was 3.80 days. Larvae of <em>G. placida</em> underwent three moults. The first instar larva was yellow in colour and measured 1.26 mm in length and 0.40 mm in width. The second instar was yellowish in colour but after an hour of feeding, the colour of the grub changes to blackish brown from yellow. It measured 2.64 mm in length and 0.77 mm in width. The third instar measured 5.59 mm in length and 1.96 mm in width. The average total larval duration of <em>G. placida</em> was 13.30 days. The fully developed pupa looked black in colour and measured 4.58 mm in length and 2.37 mm in width. Adult 4.50 days. The adult female was bigger than male. The adult male measured 5.60 mm in length and 2.35 mm in width and adult female measured 6.25 mm in length and 2.50 mm in width. Longevity of adult male was 35.40 days and while female was 40.40 days. Total life cycle duration of <em>G. placida</em> was completed in 21.60 days from egg to adult emergence. The damage was caused by both adult as well as grubs. At high population densities of adults and grubs, complete defoliation was seen. The average leaf area scrapped by larva and adult was 511.61 sq. cm and 866.35 sq. cm respectively.

AbstractMany insects show a greater attraction to multimodal cues, e.g. odour and colour combined, than to either cue alone. Despite the potential to apply the knowledge to improve control strategies, studies of multiple stimuli have not been undertaken for stored product pest insects. We tested orientation towards a food odour (crushed white maize) in combination with a colour cue (coloured paper with different surface spectral reflectance properties) in three storage pest beetle species, using motion tracking to monitor their behaviour. While the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.), showed attraction to both odour and colour stimuli, particularly to both cues in combination, this was not observed in the bostrichid pests Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (lesser grain borer) or Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (larger grain borer). The yellow stimulus was particularly attractive to S. zeamais, and control experiments showed that this was neither a result of the insects moving towards darker-coloured areas of the arena, nor their being repelled by optical brighteners in white paper. Visual stimuli may play a role in location of host material by S. zeamais, and can be used to inform trap design for the control or monitoring of maize weevils. The lack of visual responses by the two grain borers is likely to relate to their different host-seeking behaviours and ecological background, which should be taken into account when devising control methods.

Weed management strategies differ in their ability to control weeds, and often have unique agroecological implications. To provide growers with an improved sense of trade-offs between weed control and ecological effects, we implemented several prominent organic weed management strategies in yellow onion in 2014 and 2015. Strategies included cultivation of weed seedlings during the early, weed-sensitive “critical period” of the crop; frequent cultivation events to ensure “zero seed rain”; and weed suppression with polyethylene or natural mulches. As expected, end-of-season weed biomass and weed seed production were greatest in the critical period system and nearly zero for the zero seed rain system. Weeds were also well controlled in natural mulch systems. Average onion yield per treatment was 50.7 Mg ha−1. In 2014, the critical period system and the polyethylene mulch systems demonstrated yield loss, likely due to weed competition and excessive soil temperature, respectively. Onion soluble solids content was also diminished in these systems in 2014, but bulb firmness was greatest in unmulched systems. Carabid beetles, earthworms, soil compaction, soil nitrate, and microbial biomass were affected by weed management strategy, with natural-mulched systems generally performing most favorably. However, these effects were not substantial enough to affect yield of a subsequent sweet corn crop grown in weed-free conditions. In contrast, sweet corn managed with only early-season cultivations demonstrated yield loss (P=0.004) in plots where the critical period treatment was implemented the prior year, indicating that weed competition resulting from abundant weed seed production in that system was the most influential legacy effect of the weed management strategies.

The Spider and the Fly You little spider,To death you aspire...Or seeking a web wider,To death all walking,No escape you all fighters…Weak and fragile in shape and might,Whatever you see in the horizon,That is destiny whatever sight.And tomorrow the spring comes,And the flowers bloom,And the grasshopper leaps high,And the frogs happily cry,And the flies smile nearby,To that end,The spider has a plot,To catch the flies by his net,A mosquito has fallen down in his net,Begging him to set her free,Out of that prison,To her freedom she aspires,Begging...Imploring...crying, That is all what she requires,But the spider vows never let her free,His power he admires,Turning blind to light,And with his teeth he shall bite,Leaving her in desperate might,Unable to move from site to site,Tied up with strings in white,Wrapped up like a dead man,Waiting for his grave at night, The mosquito says,Oh little spider,A stronger you are than me in power,But listen to my words before death hour,Today is mine and tomorrow is yours,No escape from death...Whatever the color of your flower… Little soundsThe AntThe ant is a little creature with a ferocious soul,Looking and looking for more and more,You can simply crush it like dead mold,Or you can simply leave it alone,I wonder how strong and strong they are!Working day and night in a small hole,Their motto is work or whatever you call…A big boon they have and joy in fall,Because they found what they store,A lesson to learn and memorize all in all,Work is something that you should not ignore! The butterfly:I’m the butterflyBeautiful like a blue clear sky,Or sometimes look like snow,Different in colors, shapes and might,But something to know that we always die,So fragile, weak and thin,Lighter than a glimpse and delicate as light,Something to know for sure…Whatever you have in life and all these fields,You are not happier than a butterfly The beetle:The beetle is a legend,Calm and quiet,Never harm or hurt,But live in the dark,A beetle can say something,We are peaceful creatures…Never interfere, sulking alone,We do sometimes eat together,But we are lazy and sleepy…Something we care about most,Is to see all in peace!That is all…. I shall back to sleep …… (Yawning) The Cricket:I’m the gift of the spring,Black, green, white and yellow,My music is beyond imagination,Sharp and loud my message is,Proud to feel this creation,My heart is bigger than a hill,Peaceful and loving to all,So close to joyful hearts,In deep sleep or isolation,The best thing I always do,Is to sing for my determination! The Cat:I’m the cat,No name or identity,No house or food,I’m the lovely cat,So poor but so happy,My motto is joy,Whatever ups and downs,I’m always happy,I run and jump,I speak my language,I cook my food, I eat...Canned food, mice, bread, grass,That is what I like,Whatever joy you shall have,Will it feel like chasing a mouse!!

Cronartium ribicola J. C. Fisch., causal agent of white pine blister rust (WPBR), is one of the most damaging pathogens of five-needle pines, forming aecial states on the trunk and branches and causing cankering, topkill, and branch dieback. Infection can predispose hosts to attack by other pests such as bark beetles, and can result in host mortality. Various species of Ribes, Pedicularis, and Castilleja are alternate hosts on which C. ribicola forms its uredinial and telial states during the mid-summer to fall. In an effort to mitigate the damage caused by white pine blister rust, the planting of ornamental species of Ribes, such as R. occidentalis, is prohibited in 14 states. Indiana currently has no restrictions on the planting of Ribes spp. Since 2010, a Cronartium sp. has been observed producing uredinia and telia on R. odoratum ‘Crandall’ H.L. Wendl. leaves in an urban environment in West Lafayette, Indiana. Symptoms include yellow-orange lesions on the leaf upper surface with uredinia on the underside. These persist from late summer until leaf drop. Telia were collected in 2011 to establish the identity of the causal agent using morphological and molecular analyses. Morphological comparisons between this specimen and other Cronartium species were made using Arthur (2). Filiform telial columns ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 mm in length. Teliospores were cylindrical to sub-ventricose, truncate on either end with one end generally tapering more than the other, and measured 9.0 to 18.6 × 37.2 to 60.0 μm (average 11.9 × 47.4 μm from 30 spores across 4 leaves). These teliospore measurements overlap those of C. ribicola and C. occidentale, but are more consistent with C. ribicola, in which the spores are wider and longer (8 to 12 × 30 to 60 μm) than in C. occidentale (9 to 10 × 27 to 56 μm). For molecular analyses, two nuclear ribosomal loci were sequenced: the internal transcribed spacer regions 1, 2, and 5.8S (ITS) and the 5′ end of the large subunit (28S) (1). The ITS sequence was 665 bp long (KF387533) and the 28S was 892 bp (KC876675). These sequences were queried to GenBank using a BLASTn search. The 28S shared 99% identity (891/892 bp) and the ITS shared 100% identity (663/663 bp) to other published C. ribicola sequences with no close matches to any other species with either locus. Both morphological and molecular methods indicate this species to be C ribicola, making this a first report of white pine blister rust on R. odoratum in Indiana. This fungus has been observed previously on R. odoratum in the northeastern United States (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont, and New Hampshire), the Rockies (Colorado), northwestern United States (Washington), and Canada (3). In Indiana, C. ribicola has also been reported on R. cysnobati. There are no other reports of this fungus on any other host within the state. However, the aecial host, Pinus strobus, does grow within the state, and within West Lafayette. To our knowledge, WPBR has only been observed (not reported) once in Indiana in the past 30 years (Paul Pecknold, personal communication). Further monitoring of C. ribicola hosts is needed in Indiana to determine the extent of the disease. The specimen has been vouchered in the Arthur Herbarium (PUR N6734). References: (1) M. C. Aime. Mycoscience 47:112. 2006. (2) J. F. Arthur. Manual of the Rusts in United States and Canada. Purdue Research Foundation, 1934. (3) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ April 23, 2013.

Orientador: Júlio César Galli
Banca: Arlindo Leal Boiça Júnior
Banca: Valter Arthur
Resumo: O presente trabalho objetivou conhecer a flutuação populacional de moscas-das-frutas (Anastrepha spp. e Ceratitis capitata) e de Triozoida limbata, o efeito do suco açucarado de goiaba e de diferentes concentrações de Moscatex® como atrativo alimentar de tefritídeos, e a evolução do dano de Costalimaita ferruginea e Triozoida limbata em um pomar de goiaba em Jaboticabal/SP. Para o estudo da flutuação populacional das moscas-das-frutas e do efeito dos atrativos alimentares foram empregados quinzenalmente, no período de março de 2005 a junho de 2006, frascos caça-moscas, contendo o atrativo alimentar proteína hidrolisada de milho (Moscatex®) nas concentrações de 1%, 2%, 3% e 3% + suco açucarado de goiaba 50%. Para a observação da evolução do dano de T. limbata e de C. ferruginea foram analisadas quinzenalmente 20 plantas do pomar. Para cada planta foram avaliadas 10 folhas contendo o sintoma do ataque da respectiva praga atribuindo-se uma nota de 1 a 4 de acordo com a porcentagem de dano. Os picos populacionais de Anastrepha spp. observados ocorreram no período frutificação da cultura, sendo mais de 90% dos tefritídeos pertencentes a este gênero. O aumento na concentração de Moscatex®, bem como a adição de suco açucarado de goiaba foi eficiente na captura das moscas-dasfrutas. A densidade populacional do psilídeo aumentou consideravelmente com o surgimento das brotações e apresentou uma correlação positiva com a temperatura. O dano do psilídeo acompanhou a densidade populacional da praga. O dano de C. ferruginea se manteve baixo após a aplicação de inseticida e apresentou uma correlação positiva com a umidade relativa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The present work aimed to know the populational fluctuation of fruit flies (Anastrepha spp. and Ceratitis capitata) and Triozoida limbata; the effect of the sugary juice of guava and different concentrations of Moscatex® as attractive alimentary of tephritids; and the damage evolution of Costalimaita ferruginea and T. limbata in a guava orchard in Jaboticabal - SP. For the study of the populational fluctuation of fruit flies and the effect of alimentary attractive they were used biweekly, in the period of march of 2005 to june of 2006, traps containing the attractive alimentary protein corn hydrolyzed (Moscatex®) in the concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3% and 3% + sugary juice of guava 50%. For the observation of evolution of the damage of T. limbata and C. ferruginea were analyzed 20 plants of the guava orchard biweekly. For each plant they were appraised 10 leaves containing the symptom of the attack of the respective pest being attributed a note from 1 to 4 in agreement with the damage percentage. The population picks of Anastrepha spp. observed they happened in the period fruitage of the culture, being more than 90% of the tephritids belonging to this gender. The increase in the concentration of Moscatex®, as well as the addition of sugary juice of guava showed efficient in the capture of the fruit flies. The population density of T. limbata increased considerably with the appearance of the sprout and it presented a positive correlation with the temperature. The level of damage of T. limbata accompanied the populational density of the pest. The level of damage of C. ferruginea stayed low after the insecticide application and it presented a positive correlation with the relative humidity... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)
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