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Journal articles on the topic 'Yellow fever, prevention'
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Barnett, E. D. "Yellow Fever: Epidemiology and Prevention." Clinical Infectious Diseases 44, no. 6 (March 15, 2007): 850–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/511869.
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Ribeiro Junior, Marcelo Augusto Fontanelle, Vinicius Cunha Rodrigues, Celia Ya Dan Feng, Alexander Trong Minh Nguyen, Giovana El Khouri Bechara, and Raíssa Reis de Moura. "Yellow Fever." Revista de Medicina 97, no. 4 (December 18, 2018): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v97i4p407-414.
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Since January 2017, there have been at least 1563 suspected cases of Yellow Fever, 629 confirmed cases and 232 confirmed deaths. Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease endemic to the tropical parts of Africa and South America. At the present time, it has presented a significant increase in its incidence in Brazil, with important repercussions and impacts on the public health. This review paper outlines the causes of yellow fever, as well as the disease epidemiology, progression, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. We conclude by reporting on the current epidemic in Brazil and future directions for research. Method: Data from Pubmed, SciELO, Medline and government sources concerning Yellow Fever were used, dating from 2002 to 2018. In the collection of the data the following descriptors were used: Yellow-fever, Aedes, Arbovirus and Flavivirus.
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Reno, Elaine, Nicolas G. Quan, Carlos Franco-Paredes, Daniel B. Chastain, Lakshmi Chauhan, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, and Andrés F. Henao-Martínez. "Prevention of yellow fever in travellers: an update." Lancet Infectious Diseases 20, no. 6 (June 2020): e129-e137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30170-5.
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Stephenson, J. R. "Prevention and control of yellow fever in Africa." Vaccine 5, no. 3 (September 1987): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410x(87)90138-1.
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Stovba, L. F., V. T. Krotkov, S. A. Melnikov, D. I. Paveliev, N. K. Chernikova, and S. V. Borisevich. "Using the vaccinia virus MVA strain for developing recombinant vector vaccines against current arboviral infections." Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology 98, no. 5 (November 2, 2021): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-102.
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Epidemic vector-borne viral infections pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. There is currently no specific preventive treatment for most of them. One of the promising solutions for combating viral fevers is development of vector vaccines, including MVA-based vaccines, which have virtually no adverse side effects. The safety of the MVA strain and absent reactogenicity of recombinant MVA vaccines have been supported by many clinical trials.The article focuses on test results for similar preventive products against viral fevers: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever, Chikungunya and Zika fevers.Their immunogenicity was evaluated on immunocompetent and immunocompromised white mice; their protective efficacy was assessed on immunocompromised white mice deficient in IFN-α/β receptors, that are used for experimental modeling of the infection. Nearly all the new recombinant vaccines expressing immunodominant antigens demonstrated 100% protective efficacy. It has been found that although the vaccine expressing Zika virus structural proteins induced antibodies against specific viral glycoproteins, it can be associated with high risks when used for prevention of Zika fever in individuals who had dengue fever in the past, due to the phenomenon known as antibody-dependent enhancement of infection, which can occur in diseases caused by antigenically related flaviruses. For this reason, the vaccine expressing non-structural protein 1 (NS1) was developed for vaccination against Zika fever.The yellow fever vaccine developed on the MVA platform had immunogenicity similar to that of the commercial 17D vaccine, outperforming the latter in safety.
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Handari, Bevina D., Dipo Aldila, Bunga O. Dewi, Hanna Rosuliyana, and Sarbaz H. A. Khosnaw. "Analysis of yellow fever prevention strategy from the perspective of mathematical model and cost-effectiveness analysis." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 19, no. 2 (2021): 1786–824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022084.
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<abstract><p>We developed a new mathematical model for yellow fever under three types of intervention strategies: vaccination, hospitalization, and fumigation. Additionally, the side effects of the yellow fever vaccine were also considered in our model. To analyze the best intervention strategies, we constructed our model as an optimal control model. The stability of the equilibrium points and basic reproduction number of the model are presented. Our model indicates that when yellow fever becomes endemic or disappears from the population, it depends on the value of the basic reproduction number, whether it larger or smaller than one. Using the Pontryagin maximum principle, we characterized our optimal control problem. From numerical experiments, we show that the optimal levels of each control must be justified, depending on the strategies chosen to optimally control the spread of yellow fever.</p></abstract>
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Tomashek, Kay M., Mark Challberg, Seema U. Nayak, and Helen F. Schiltz. "Disease Resurgence, Production Capability Issues and Safety Concerns in the Context of an Aging Population: Is There a Need for a New Yellow Fever Vaccine?" Vaccines 7, no. 4 (November 8, 2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7040179.
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Yellow fever is a potentially fatal, mosquito-borne viral disease that appears to be experiencing a resurgence in endemic areas in Africa and South America and spreading to non-endemic areas despite an effective vaccine. This trend has increased the level of concern about the disease and the potential for importation to areas in Asia with ecological conditions that can sustain yellow fever virus transmission. In this article, we provide a broad overview of yellow fever burden of disease, natural history, treatment, vaccine, prevention and control initiatives, and vaccine and therapeutic agent development efforts.
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Monath, Thomas P., and Martin S. Cetron. "Prevention of Yellow Fever in Persons Traveling to the Tropics." Clinical Infectious Diseases 34, no. 10 (May 15, 2002): 1369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/340104.
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Avelino-Silva, Vivian Iida, Hilario Sousa Francelino, and Esper Georges Kallás. "YELLOW FEVER PREVENTION STRATEGIES AWARENESS AMONG HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 56, no. 5 (September 2014): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652014000500008.
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Introduction: Vaccination is the main preventive strategy against Yellow Fever (YF), which is a public health concern in Brazil. However, HIV-infected patients might have insufficient knowledge regarding YF, YF prevention, and vaccines in general. Methods: In this questionnaire-based study, data from 158 HIV-infected individuals were addressed in three distinct outpatient clinics in São Paulo. Information was collected on demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as patients' knowledge of vaccines, YF and YF preventive strategies. In addition, individual YF vaccine recommendations and vaccine status were investigated. Results: Although most participants adequately ascertain the vaccine as the main prevention strategy against YF, few participants were aware of the severity and lack of specific treatment for YF. Discrepancy in YF vaccine (patients who should have taken the vaccine, but did not) was observed in 18.8% of participants. Conclusion: YF is an important and preventable public health concern, and these results demonstrate that more information is necessary for the HIV-infected population.
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Lima, Maura Antonia, Nicolina Silvana Romano-Lieber, and Ana Maria Ribeiro de Castro Duarte. "Circulation of antibodies against yellow fever virus in a simian population in the area of Porto Primavera Hydroelectric Plant, São Paulo, Brazil." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 52, no. 1 (February 2010): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652010000100002.
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Yellow fever (YF) is an acute viral infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes which occurs in two distinct epidemiological cycles: sylvatic and urban. In the sylvatic cycle, the virus is maintained by monkey's infection and transovarian transmission in vectors. Surveillance of non-human primates is required for the detection of viral circulation during epizootics, and for the identification of unaffected or transition areas. An ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was standardized for estimation of the prevalence of IgG antibodies against yellow fever virus in monkey sera (Alouatta caraya) from the reservoir area of Porto Primavera Hydroelectric Plant, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 570 monkey sera samples were tested and none was reactive to antibodies against yellow fever virus. The results corroborate the epidemiology of yellow fever in the area. Even though it is considered a transition area, there were no reports to date of epizootics or yellow fever outbreaks in humans. Also, entomological investigations did not detect the presence of vectors of this arbovirus infection. ELISA proved to be fast, sensitive, an adequate assay, and an instrument for active search in the epidemiological surveillance of yellow fever allowing the implementation of prevention actions, even before the occurrence of epizootics.
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Siqueira-Batista, Rodrigo, Marli doCarmo Cupertino, Rebeca Garcia, AndréiaPatrícia Gomes, SérgioOliveira de Paula, and Nicholas Mayers. "Epidemiological, prevention and control updates of yellow fever outbreak in Brazil." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 12, no. 2 (2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.250837.
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Caasi, Jovic Aaron S., Brian M. Joseph, Heera J. Kodiyamplakkal, Jaelene Renae U. Manibusan, Leslie J. Camacho Aquino, Hyunju Oh, Jan Rychtář, and Dewey Taylor. "A Game-Theoretic Model of Voluntary Yellow Fever Vaccination to Prevent Urban Outbreaks." Games 13, no. 4 (August 9, 2022): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g13040055.
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Yellow fever is a vector-borne acute viral hemorrhagic disease. It is endemic in tropical areas of Africa and Latin America but demonstrated the potential for international spread during the 2016 outbreak in Luanda, Angola. Yellow fever can be prevented by vaccination, vector control, and avoiding mosquito bites. To account for human behavior in disease dynamics, we add a game-theoretic component to a recent compartmental model of yellow fever transmission. The self-interested individuals evaluate the risks of contracting yellow fever and choose to vaccinate or avoid the bites to minimize the overall costs. We find the Nash equilibria, the optimal levels of vaccination and bite protections if the individuals can decide on the use of only one of the prevention methods as well as when they can decide on the use of both of them. In the later case, we show that vaccination is the preferred method of protection from the individual standpoint and, in the Nash equilibrium, individuals use vaccination only. Our model predicts the vaccination coverage in Angola to be around 65%, which is in reasonable agreement with the empirical value of 68%. We also study whether voluntary prevention can lead to the elimination of the disease in endemic areas. We show that voluntary vaccination alone is not enough to mitigate the risks of outbreaks, suggesting that a mandatory vaccination policy is necessary.
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NGALAMULUME, KALALA. "KEEPING THE CITY TOTALLY CLEAN: YELLOW FEVER AND THE POLITICS OF PREVENTION IN COLONIAL SAINT-LOUIS-DU-SÉNÉGAL, 1850–1914." Journal of African History 45, no. 2 (July 2004): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853703008636.
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This article explores the ways in which French colonial authorities met the life and death challenge represented by the re-emergence of yellow fever epidemics in Saint-Louis-du-Sénégal at a time when physicians knew very little about the etiology, diagnosis, transmission and treatment of most infectious and parasitic diseases. The discussion focuses on changing strategies and policies designed to address yellow fever threats, the attitudes and priorities of the authorities, the limits of ‘colonial medicine’ and the responses of people affected by sanitary measures. The article argues that because of the ignorance of the etiology and epidemiology of yellow fever, policies were misdirected and did not achieve their primary goals. Even after the introduction of germ theory, the gap between medical thinking and practice persisted for another decade. The African urban working class and underclass were the first victims of this state of affairs. The article also examines the conflict between the interests of public health, commerce and privacy rights.
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São Thiago, André Iwersen de, Emil Kupek, Joaquim Alves Ferreira Neto, and Paulo de Tarso São Thiago. "Software for pattern recognition of the larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 35, no. 3 (June 2002): 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822002000300012.
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Software for pattern recognition of the larvae of mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, biological vectors of dengue and yellow fever, has been developed. Rapid field identification of larva using a digital camera linked to a laptop computer equipped with this software may greatly help prevention campaigns.
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Vicente Santos, Ana C., Francisca H. Guedes-da-Silva, Carlos H. Dumard, Vivian N. S. Ferreira, Igor P. S. da Costa, Ruana A. Machado, Fernanda G. Q. Barros-Aragão, et al. "Yellow fever vaccine protects mice against Zika virus infection." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): e0009907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009907.
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Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged as an important infectious disease agent in Brazil in 2016. Infection usually leads to mild symptoms, but severe congenital neurological disorders and Guillain-Barré syndrome have been reported following ZIKV exposure. Creating an effective vaccine against ZIKV is a public health priority. We describe the protective effect of an already licensed attenuated yellow fever vaccine (YFV, 17DD) in type-I interferon receptor knockout mice (A129) and immunocompetent BALB/c and SV-129 (A129 background) mice infected with ZIKV. YFV vaccination provided protection against ZIKV, with decreased mortality in A129 mice, a reduction in the cerebral viral load in all mice, and weight loss prevention in BALB/c mice. The A129 mice that were challenged two and three weeks after the first dose of the vaccine were fully protected, whereas partial protection was observed five weeks after vaccination. In all cases, the YFV vaccine provoked a substantial decrease in the cerebral viral load. YFV immunization also prevented hippocampal synapse loss and microgliosis in ZIKV-infected mice. Our vaccine model is T cell-dependent, with AG129 mice being unable to tolerate immunization (vaccination is lethal in this mouse model), indicating the importance of IFN-γ in immunogenicity. To confirm the role of T cells, we immunized nude mice that we demonstrated to be very susceptible to infection. Immunization with YFV and challenge 7 days after booster did not protect nude mice in terms of weight loss and showed partial protection in the survival curve. When we evaluated the humoral response, the vaccine elicited significant antibody titers against ZIKV; however, it showed no neutralizing activity in vitro and in vivo. The data indicate that a cell-mediated response promotes protection against cerebral infection, which is crucial to vaccine protection, and it appears to not necessarily require a humoral response. This protective effect can also be attributed to innate factors, but more studies are needed to strengthen this hypothesis. Our findings open the way to using an available and inexpensive vaccine for large-scale immunization in the event of a ZIKV outbreak.
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Beasley, David W. C., Alexander J. McAuley, and Dennis A. Bente. "Yellow fever virus: Genetic and phenotypic diversity and implications for detection, prevention and therapy." Antiviral Research 115 (March 2015): 48–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.12.010.
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Rocha, Marcele Neves, Myrian Morato Duarte, Simone Brutman Mansur, Bianca Daoud Mafra e. Silva, Thiago Nunes Pereira, Talita Émile Ribeiro Adelino, Marta Giovanetti, et al. "Pluripotency of Wolbachia against Arbovirus: the case of yellow fever." Gates Open Research 3 (February 12, 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12903.1.
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Background: Yellow fever outbreaks have re-emerged in Brazil during 2016-18, with mortality rates up to 30%. Although urban transmission has not been reported since 1942, the risk of re-urbanization of yellow fever is significant, as Aedes aegypti is present in most tropical and sub-tropical cities in the World and used to be the main vector in the past. The introgression of Wolbachia bacteria into Ae. aegypti mosquito populations is being trialed in several countries (www.worldmosquito.org)as a biocontrol method against dengue, Zika and chikungunya. Here, we studied the ability of Wolbachia to reduce the transmission potential of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes for yellow fever virus (YFV). Methods: Two recently isolated YFV (primate and human) were used to challenge field-derived wild-type and Wolbachia-infected (wMel +) Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. The YFV infection status was followed for 7, 14 and 21 days post-oral feeding (dpf). The YFV transmission potential of mosquitoes was evaluated via nano-injection of saliva into uninfected mosquitoes or by inoculation in mice. Results: We found that Wolbachia was able to significantly reduce the prevalence of mosquitoes with YFV infected heads and thoraces for both viral isolates. Furthermore, analyses of mosquito saliva, through indirect injection into naïve mosquitoes or via interferon-deficient mouse model, indicated Wolbachia was associated with profound reduction in the YFV transmission potential of mosquitoes (14dpf). Conclusions: Our results suggest that Wolbachia introgression could be used as a complementary strategy for prevention of urban yellow fever transmission, along with the human vaccination program.
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Moreno, Eduardo Stramandinoli, and Rita de Cássia Barradas Barata. "Municipalities of higher vulnerability to Sylvatic Yellow Fever occurrence in the São Paulo State, Brazil." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 53, no. 6 (December 2011): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652011000600007.
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Until 1999 the endemic cases of Sylvatic Yellow Fever were located in the states of northern, midwestern and pre-Amazon regions. Since then, the disease progressively expanded its territory of occurrence, cases being registered beyond the traditional boundaries of endemism. The São Paulo State is considered to be part of this context, since after decades without registration of autochthonous cases of the disease, it reported, in 2000 and 2008-2009, epizootic occurrence in non-human primates and 30 cases in humans. Facts like these, added to the increase in incidences of serious adverse effects resulting from the Yellow Fever vaccination, have highlighted the importance of defining priority municipalities for vaccination against the disease in the state. Two groups of municipalities, some affected and some non-affected by YF, were compared for environmental variables related to the eco-epidemiology of the disease according to literature. The Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) was used to pinpoint the factor able to differentiate the two groups of municipalities and define the levels of risk. The southeast region of the São Paulo State was considered to be the area with a higher number of municipalities classified as high risk and should be considered a priority for the application of prevention measures against Yellow Fever.
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Rocha, Marcele Neves, Myrian Morato Duarte, Simone Brutman Mansur, Bianca Daoud Mafra e. Silva, Thiago Nunes Pereira, Talita Émile Ribeiro Adelino, Marta Giovanetti, et al. "Pluripotency of Wolbachia against Arboviruses: the case of yellow fever." Gates Open Research 3 (April 16, 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12903.2.
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Background: Yellow fever outbreaks have re-emerged in Brazil during 2016-18, with mortality rates up to 30%. Although urban transmission has not been reported since 1942, the risk of re-urbanization of yellow fever is significant, as Aedes aegypti is present in most tropical and sub-tropical cities in the World and still remains the main vector of urban YFV. Although the YFV vaccine is safe and effective, it does not always reach populations at greatest risk of infection and there is an acknowledged global shortage of vaccine supply. The introgression of Wolbachia bacteria into Ae. aegypti mosquito populations is being trialed in several countries (www.worldmosquito.org) as a biocontrol method against dengue, Zika and chikungunya. Here, we studied the ability of Wolbachia to reduce the transmission potential of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes for Yellow fever virus (YFV). Methods: Two recently isolated YFV (primate and human) were used to challenge field-derived wild-type and Wolbachia-infected (wMel +) Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. The YFV infection status was followed for 7, 14 and 21 days post-oral feeding (dpf). The YFV transmission potential of mosquitoes was evaluated via nano-injection of saliva into uninfected mosquitoes or by inoculation in mice. Results: We found that Wolbachia was able to significantly reduce the prevalence of mosquitoes with YFV infected heads and thoraces for both viral isolates. Furthermore, analyses of mosquito saliva, through indirect injection into naïve mosquitoes or via interferon-deficient mouse model, indicated Wolbachia was associated with profound reduction in the YFV transmission potential of mosquitoes (14dpf). Conclusions: Our results suggest that Wolbachia introgression could be used as a complementary strategy for prevention of urban yellow fever transmission, along with the human vaccination program.
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Kazachinskaya, E. I., D. V. Shan’shin, and A. V. Ivanova. "Zika Fever: Development of Diagnostics, Prevention and Treatment." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2019-2-6-13.
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This review is devoted to the analysis of the literature data on the development of tools for diagnostics of Zika fever and detection of etiological agent – Zika virus (ZIKV) belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Preventive vaccines and antiviral drugs are also considered. RT-PCR method is critical for confirmation of Zika fever diagnosis. ZIKV RNA may be detected in blood serum, saliva, amniotic and cerebrospinal fluids, urine, semen, vaginal and cervical secretions. The duration of viremia in case of Zika fever is short; therefore the presence of ZIKV RNA in urine and sperm for up to 26 and 80 days, respectively, extends the time interval for the detection of this pathogen. Detection of IgM antibodies by serological methods is not a good reason to confirm a recent infection, since antibodies of this class, specific to flaviviruses, circulate in the bloodstream for more than 12 weeks. The IgM show high diagnostic value in confirmation of congenital infection only. There is a problem of differential diagnostics of flavivirus infections caused by antigenically related viruses that are dangerous for humans, for instance, Dengue, Yellow fever, West Nile fever viruses, tick-borne and Japanese encephalitis viruses. It is associated with the similarity of their genomes and, consequently, similar antigenic structure of viral proteins, structural glycoprotein E in particular. More reliable results can be obtained by using the nonstructural glycoprotein NS1, produced by molecular biology methods, as an antigen for the detection of specific antibodies. This viral protein can also be used in serological tests, as a clinical indicator in case of acute Zika fever. Forty five types of candidate vaccines against ZIKV, such as inactivated, live attenuated, recombinant, peptide, recombinant DNA and RNA-based, virus-vector and virus-like particle ones were designed and studied. It was established that their protective efficacy is mediated by induced antibodies, specific to structural glycoprotein E which initiates receptor binding and fusion with the membranes of infected cells. Currently, there is no licensed preparation for treating patients with flaviviral infections. Various drugs are screened, both with known antiviral effect and approved for use in clinical practice, and new compounds that inhibit the penetration of viral particles into host cells (structural glycoprotein E being the target) and virus replication (targets are NS5, NS2B nonstructural proteins).
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Ilacqua, Roberto C., Antônio R. Medeiros-Sousa, Daniel G. Ramos, Marcos T. Obara, Walter Ceretti-Junior, Luis F. Mucci, Mauro T. Marrelli, and Gabriel Z. Laporta. "Reemergence of Yellow Fever in Brazil: The Role of Distinct Landscape Fragmentation Thresholds." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2021 (July 23, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8230789.
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Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) reemergence in Brazil was followed by human suffering and the loss of biodiversity of neotropical simians on the Atlantic coast. The underlying mechanisms were investigated with special focus on distinct landscape fragmentation thresholds in the affected municipalities. An ecological study in epidemiology is employed to assess the statistical relationship between events of YFV and forest fragmentation in municipal landscapes. Negative binomial regression model showed that highly fragmented forest cover was associated with an 85% increase of events of YFV in humans and simians (RR = 1.85, CI 95% = 1.24–2.75, p = 0.003 ) adjusted by vaccine coverage, population size, and municipality area. Intermediate levels of forest cover combined with higher levels of forest edge densities contribute to the YFV dispersion and the exponential growth of YF cases. Strategies for forest conservation are necessary for the control and prevention of YF and other zoonotic diseases that can spillover from the fragmented forest remains to populated cities of the Brazilian Atlantic coast.
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Lathiya, Pankaj. "Homeopathic medicine as a prophylaxis in today’s era." Southeast Asian Journal of Case Report and Review 9, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.sajcrr.2022.009.
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It is proven that Homeopathic medicine has dynamic power to boost host's immunity when we prescribe as a prophylaxis in a pandemic era. The preventive aspect of homoeopathy is well known, and Historically Homoeopathy has repeatedly been used for prevention during the epidemics of cholera, Japanese encephalitis, Leptospirosis, Spanish Flu, yellow fever, scarlet fever, Diphtheria, typhoid etc. The success in those infectious epidemic diseases adds homoeopathy as an adjuvant to the standard of care in management of COVID 19. There are many evidences that suggest homoeopathy can be effective in the fight against the pandemic. The basic core of cure of homoeopathy is that a medicine that produces a set of symptoms when given to a healthy person under controlled settings can be prescribed in a highly diluted form to a disease person with those similar symptoms. This is what is known as Similia Similibus Curentur in Latin phrase that means like cures like.
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Villanueva‐Meyer, Pablo G., Carlos A. Garcia‐Jasso, Chelsea A. Springer, Jenna K. Lane, Bonny S. Su, Idania S. Hidalgo, Mary R. Goodrich, Emily L. Deichsel, A. C. White, and Miguel M. Cabada. "Advice on Malaria and Yellow Fever Prevention Provided at Travel Agencies in Cuzco, Peru: Table 1." Journal of Travel Medicine 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jtm.12149.
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Silva, Simone Isabel Steffens da, Ana Carolina França de Moraes, and Nadia Lisieski. "Ações para enfrentamento da febre amarela em um município da Região do Médio Vale do Itajaí." Revista Recien - Revista Científica de Enfermagem 12, no. 37 (March 15, 2022): 416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2022.12.37.416-423.
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A Febre Amarela é uma doença infecciosa febril aguda, transmitida pela picada de mosquitos infectados. Possui rápida evolução e elevados índices de mortalidade nas suas formas graves. O artigo tem por objetivo relatar a experiência de um Município da Região do Médio Vale do Itajaí no enfrentamento à doença, durante um surto de febre amarela registrado no período entre setembro de 2018 à março de 2020. As ações para enfrentamento da doença foram elaboradas pela equipe de Vigilância Epidemiológica e pelas enfermeiras das Estratégias de Saúde da família (ESF). As principais ações realizadas estavam relacionadas à imunização, a identificação e notificação de epizootias, e ao controle entomológico. Os enfermeiros realizaram parcerias intersetoriais e estimularam a prevenção da doença junto à comunidade. Participaram ativamente das ações e lideraram suas equipes para que a febre amarela causasse o mínimo de danos aos serviços de saúde e aos seus usuários. Descritores: Febre Amarela, Prevenção de Doenças, Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis, Vacinação.
Actions to address yellow fever in a municipality in Middle Valley of Itajaí Region
Abstract: Yellow Fever is an acute febrile infectious disease, transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. It has rapid evolution and high mortality rates in its severe forms. The article aims to report the experience of a municipality in the Mid-Valley of Itajaí Region in fighting the disease, during an outbreak of yellow fever recorded in the period between September 2018 and March 2020. Actions to fight the disease were prepared by the Epidemiological Surveillance team and the nurses from the Family Health Strategies (ESF). The main actions taken were related to immunization, identification and notification of epizootics, and entomological control. Nurses made cross-sector partnerships and encouraged disease prevention in the community. They actively participated in the actions and led their teams so that yellow fever caused minimal damage to health services and their users.
Descriptors: Yellow Fever, Prevention of Diseases, Communicable Disease Control. Vaccination.
Acciones para tratar la fiebre amarilla en un municipio del Medio Vale do Itajaí
Resumen: La fiebre amarilla es una enfermedad infecciosa febril aguda transmitida por la picadura de mosquitos infectados. Tiene una rápida evolución y elevadas tasas de mortalidad en sus formas graves. El artículo tiene como objetivo reportar la experiencia de un municipio del Valle Medio de la Región de Itajaí en la lucha contra la enfermedad, durante un brote de fiebre amarilla registrado en el período comprendido entre septiembre de 2018 y marzo de 2020. Las acciones de lucha contra la enfermedad fueron elaboradas por la Equipo de vigilancia y enfermeras de las Estrategias de Salud de la Familia (ESF). Las principales acciones realizadas estuvieron relacionadas con la inmunización, identificación y notificación de epizootias y control entomológico. Las enfermeras establecieron asociaciones intersectoriales y fomentaron la prevención de enfermedades en la comunidad. Participaron activamente en las acciones y lideraron a sus equipos para que la fiebre amarilla causara un daño mínimo a los servicios de salud y sus usuarios.
Descriptores: Fiebre Amarilla, Prevención de Enfermedades, Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles, Vacunación.
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Reed, Walter, and Donald M. McLean. "Recent researches concerning the etiology, propagation and prevention of yellow fever, by the United States Army Commission." Reviews in Medical Virology 5, no. 2 (June 1995): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rmv.1980050202.
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Tully, Danielle, and Carrie L. Griffiths. "Dengvaxia: the world’s first vaccine for prevention of secondary dengue." Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy 9 (January 2021): 251513552110158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25151355211015839.
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The objective of this manuscript was to review and evaluate the efficacy and safety data of Dengvaxia for the treatment of severe secondary dengue infection. Dengvaxia is the brand name for chimeric yellow fever-dengue-tetravalent dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV). A literature search through PubMed was conducted using the keywords ‘dengue vaccine’, ‘Dengvaxia’, ‘efficacy’ or ‘safety’. Trials were selected if they appropriately assessed vaccine efficacy or were related to the vaccine approval process for CYD-TDV. Findings from this review underline the evolution of vaccine efficacy against seroprevalence, serotypes, and various ages. There are currently no preventive measures or antiviral treatments for dengue; CYD-TDV is the first vaccine to receive US Food and Drug Administration approval. Protective responses seen with the complete administration of CYD-TDV can become a standardized tool as part of a world vaccination program.
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Hou, Baohua, Hui Chen, Na Gao, and Jing An. "Cross-Reactive Immunity among Five Medically Important Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses Related to Human Diseases." Viruses 14, no. 6 (June 2, 2022): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14061213.
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Flaviviruses cause a spectrum of potentially severe diseases. Most flaviviruses are transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks and are widely distributed all over the world. Among them, several mosquito-borne flaviviruses are co-epidemic, and the similarity of their antigenicity creates abundant cross-reactive immune responses which complicate their prevention and control. At present, only effective vaccines against yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis have been used clinically, while the optimal vaccines against other flavivirus diseases are still under development. The antibody-dependent enhancement generated by cross-reactive immune responses against different serotypes of dengue virus makes the development of the dengue fever vaccine a bottleneck. It has been proposed that the cross-reactive immunity elicited by prior infection of mosquito-borne flavivirus could also affect the outcome of the subsequent infection of heterologous flavivirus. In this review, we focused on five medically important flaviviruses, and rearranged and recapitulated their cross-reactive immunity in detail from the perspectives of serological experiments in vitro, animal experiments in vivo, and human cohort studies. We look forward to providing references and new insights for the research of flavivirus vaccines and specific prevention.
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Siconelli, Márcio Junio Lima, Danillo Lucas Alves Espósito, Nathália Cristina Moraes, Julia Maria Ribeiro, Lívia Perles, Maria Angélica Dias, Adolorata Aparecida Bianco Carvalho, et al. "The Importance of Coordinated Actions in Preventing the Spread of Yellow Fever to Human Populations: The Experience from the 2016-2017 Yellow Fever Outbreak in the Northeastern Region of São Paulo State." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2019 (May 19, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9464768.
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Yellow fever (YF) is a zoonotic arthropod-borne disease that is caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV) and characterized by a sylvatic and urban cycle. Its most severe presentation is manifested as a hemorrhagic disease, and it has been responsible for thousands of deaths in the last decades. This study describes the public health approaches taken to control the 2016-2017 YF outbreak in nonhuman primates (NHPs) that took place in the northeastern region of São Paulo state, Brazil. NHPs recovered from the field were necropsied, and YF diagnoses were made at the Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School and the Center of Pathology, Adolfo Lutz Institute of São Paulo. NHP samples were inoculated into Vero cells for YFV isolation. RNA extraction was performed directly from NHP tissues and tested by RT-qPCR. YFV-positive samples were confirmed by sequencing. Based on the rapid RT-qPCR results, surveillance actions were implemented in the entire region. Confirmatory histopathology and immunohistochemistry for YFV were also performed. Among nine NHPs, gross hepatic involvement was observed in six animals, five of which were YFV-RT-qPCR-positive. One YFV was isolated from the serum of an infant NHP. YFV RNA sequences diverged from the virus responsible for the last epizootic that occurred in São Paulo state, but it was similar to the current Brazilian epizootic. Public health actions included dissemination of information on YF transmission, investigation of the probable location of NHP infection, characterization of the environment, and subsequent creation of the blueprint from which prevention and control measures were implemented. The YFV sylvatic cycle occurred in the periurban areas of the northeastern region of São Paulo state, but no human cases were reported during this period, showing that integrated actions between human, animal, and environmental health professionals were critical to restrain the virus to the sylvatic cycle.
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Biselli, Roberto, Roberto Nisini, Florigio Lista, Alberto Autore, Marco Lastilla, Giuseppe De Lorenzo, Mario Stefano Peragallo, Tommaso Stroffolini, and Raffaele D’Amelio. "A Historical Review of Military Medical Strategies for Fighting Infectious Diseases: From Battlefields to Global Health." Biomedicines 10, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): 2050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10082050.
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The environmental conditions generated by war and characterized by poverty, undernutrition, stress, difficult access to safe water and food as well as lack of environmental and personal hygiene favor the spread of many infectious diseases. Epidemic typhus, plague, malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis, tetanus, and smallpox have nearly constantly accompanied wars, frequently deeply conditioning the outcome of battles/wars more than weapons and military strategy. At the end of the nineteenth century, with the birth of bacteriology, military medical researchers in Germany, the United Kingdom, and France were active in discovering the etiological agents of some diseases and in developing preventive vaccines. Emil von Behring, Ronald Ross and Charles Laveran, who were or served as military physicians, won the first, the second, and the seventh Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discovering passive anti-diphtheria/tetanus immunotherapy and for identifying mosquito Anopheline as a malaria vector and plasmodium as its etiological agent, respectively. Meanwhile, Major Walter Reed in the United States of America discovered the mosquito vector of yellow fever, thus paving the way for its prevention by vector control. In this work, the military relevance of some vaccine-preventable and non-vaccine-preventable infectious diseases, as well as of biological weapons, and the military contributions to their control will be described. Currently, the civil–military medical collaboration is getting closer and becoming interdependent, from research and development for the prevention of infectious diseases to disasters and emergencies management, as recently demonstrated in Ebola and Zika outbreaks and the COVID-19 pandemic, even with the high biocontainment aeromedical evacuation, in a sort of global health diplomacy.
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Shrivastava, SaurabhR, PrateekS Shrivastava, and Jegadeesh Ramasamy. "Continue the intensity of the ongoing prevention and control measures to contain the 2016 outbreak of yellow fever in Angola." Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 10, no. 5 (2017): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1755-6783.217528.
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Udovichenko, S. K., D. N. Nikitin, N. V. Boroday, A. V. Ivanova, E. V. Putintseva, D. V. Viktorov, A. V. Toporkov, and A. A. Kostyleva. "Infectious Diseases in the Americas Region that Are Relevant to the Global Surveillance and Control." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 2 (July 13, 2022): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2022-2-122-133.
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The aim of the work was information-analytical assessment of the epidemiological situation on infectious diseases that are potentially or truly dangerous in terms of occurrence of emergencies of sanitary-epidemiological nature in the Region of Americas.Materials and methods. The study was based on the official reports of the WHO, the Pan American Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the national Ministries of Health, data from the ProMED information portal, the Global Network for the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, and published scientific papers.Results and discussion. By the model of the Americas, regional epidemiological features have been established, including the endemicity (enzooticity) of territories according to the most relevant nosological forms and the intensity of the epidemic process manifestations. It is shown that the main epidemiological risks in the countries of Central, South America and the Caribbean are associated with dengue, Zika, Chikungunya fevers characterized by a wide territorial dissemination and the ability to cause large-scale epidemic outbreaks, in the countries of North America – West Nile fever. Other infections of international concern include: cholera, that twice caused epidemics of imported origin during the seventh pandemic, which changed the structure of world morbidity; plague, manifested in an annual incidence, including with a complication by the pneumonic form, which determines an increased potential danger of anthropogenic spread; malaria, demonstrating an upward trend in morbidity and the number of intra-continental imported cases; yellow fever, characterized by the activation of natural foci and the expansion of the territories of potential pathogen transmission. The data obtained can serve as a basis for assessing the risks of infectious disease introduction from the American Region into safe territories, improving epidemiological forecasting and validity in making managerial decisions when conducting sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures.
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Cordellier, Roger, and Nicolas Degallier. "Environment, arbovirus transmission and control of epidemics." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 8, no. 3 (September 1992): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1992000300004.
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In order to illustrate the relationships between the biotopes (or phytogeographical zones), arbovirus vectors and vertebrate hosts (including man), and epidemiology, current knowledge on the transmission of Yellow Fever virus in West Africa is reported. A dynamic scheme has been devised to integrate the observed geographical distribution of cases and the timing of their occurrence. Two principal areas, endemicity and epidetnicity, were defined according to the presence or absence of sylvatic monkey-mosquito transmission. The intensity and potential of contacts between humans and vectors depends on the degree of man-made changes in the environment, often increasing the extension of ecotone areas where the mosquitoes are easily biting at the ground level. Prevention and/or control of arbovirus diseases require detailed eco-epidemiological studies to determine: (1) the effective role of each potential vector in each phytogeographical region; (2) the risk factors for the people living in or near areas with a sylvatic transmission cycle; (3) the priorities - vaccination and/or control - for preventing the expansion of natural foci.
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Kushwaha, Nikhal, Vipin Kesharwani, and Pankaj Kumar Jaiswal. "A GLOBAL CONCERN ON ZIKA VIRUS: TRANSMISSION, DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 5 (September 11, 2018): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5.1972.
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Zika virus is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus belongs to family Flaviviridae which becomes the focus of an ongoing pandemic and public health emergency all around the world. Zika virus has two lineages African and Asian. Mosquito-borne flavivirus is thought to replicate initially in dendritic cell and then spread to lymph nodes and then to the bloodstream. Zika virus was initially recognized in Uganda in 1947 in Monkeys through a method that observed yellow fever. It was later distinguished in people in 1952 in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. The explosions of the zika virus disease have been recorded in Africa, The Americas, Asia, and The Pacific. Gillian-Berre syndrome and congenital malformation (microcephaly) suspected to be linked with Zika virus. The virus can only be confirmed through laboratory test on blood or other body fluids, such as urine, saliva or semen. No specific antiviral treatment for Zika virus disease exists. Treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms with rest, fluid and medications. WHO/PAHO encourages the countries to establish and maintain Zika Virus infections, detection, clinical management and community assurances strategies to reduce transmission of the virus. The future of Zika Virus spreading to other parts of the world is still unknown.
Keywords: Zika Virus, flavivirus, Mosquito, Vaccine, Treatment, Microcephaly, WHO/PAHO.
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Hirschfeld, Katherine. "Microbial insurgency: Theorizing global health in the Anthropocene." Anthropocene Review 7, no. 1 (October 23, 2019): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053019619882781.
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Several recent international health crises have revealed significant vulnerabilities in global pandemic preparedness. The 2014 Ebola fever epidemic expanded into an international threat far more quickly than experts anticipated, and the 2018 Ebola fever epidemic continues to expand, even with new technological innovations designed to control the disease. The 2015 yellow fever outbreak in Angola exhausted global vaccine supplies and put millions of people at risk. This article argues that global health authorities failed to anticipate the magnitude of these outbreaks because the field has not been updated to address the ways recent changes in international political economy are combining with environmental instabilities of the Anthropocene to increase epidemiological risks. Many public health textbooks and teaching materials continue to rely on variants of 20th-century modernization theory to explain and predict global health trends. Since the end of the Cold War, however, there has been a dramatic reconfiguration of governance in many parts of the world, and these macro-level changes are accelerating ecological destruction and fueling armed conflict in ways that will reduce the range and effectiveness of public health methods and prevention technologies that were successful during the 20th century. The combined effect of these institutional and environmental changes will increase global pandemic risks in the Anthropocene, even for infectious diseases that are easily preventable today.
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Leyssen, Pieter, Erik De Clercq, and Johan Neyts. "Perspectives for the Treatment of Infections withFlaviviridae." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.13.1.67.
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SUMMARY The family Flaviviridae contains three genera: Hepacivirus, Flavivirus, and Pestivirus. Worldwide, more than 170 million people are chronically infected with Hepatitis C virus and are at risk of developing cirrhosis and/or liver cancer. In addition, infections with arthropod-borne flaviviruses (such as dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis, West Nile, and yellow fever viruses) are emerging throughout the world. The pestiviruses have a serious impact on livestock. Unfortunately, no specific antiviral therapy is available for the treatment or the prevention of infections with members of the Flaviviridae. Ongoing research has identified possible targets for inhibition, including binding of the virus to the cell, uptake of the virus into the cell, the internal ribosome entry site of hepaciviruses and pestiviruses, the capping mechanism of flaviviruses, the viral proteases, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and the viral helicase. In light of recent developments, the prevalence of infections caused by these viruses, the disease spectrum, and the impact of infections, different strategies that could be pursued to specifically inhibit viral targets and animal models that are available to study the pathogenesis and antiviral strategies are reviewed.
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Rahman, Shah Md Mahfuzar, Shah Monir Hossain, and Mahmood Uz Jahan. "Dengue prevention and control: Bangladesh context." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 45, no. 2 (August 7, 2019): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v45i2.42533.
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Dengue is the most common mosquito-borne, viral disease in the world. Dengue virus is a single stranded positive polarity RNA virus, belongs to the family Flaviviridae. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected female mosquito of Aedes species - mainly the species Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, Aedes albopictus. This mosquito also transmits Chikungunya, Zika and Yellow fever viruses.1-4
There are 4 distinct, but closely related, serotypes of the virus (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4). Recovery from infection by one serotype provides heterotypic or cross-immunity to the other serotypes. This is only partial and temporary, lasts only a few months, but homotype immunity is lifelong. For this reason, a person can be infected with a dengue virus as many as four times in his or her lifetime. Subsequent infections (secondary infection) by other serotypes increase the risk of developing severe dengue.1-5 The fifth variant DENV-5 has been isolated in October 2013. DENV-5 has been detected during screening of viral samples taken from a 37 year old farmer admitted in a hospital in Sarawak state of Malaysia in the year 2007.6
The first record of a case of probable dengue fever reported in a Chinese medical encyclopedia from the Jin Dynasty (265–420AD).The first recognized dengue epidemics occurred almost simultaneously in Asia, Africa, and North America in the 1780s, shortly after the identification and naming of the disease in 1779. The first confirmed case report dates from 1789 and is by Benjamin Rush, who coined the term "breakbone fever" because of the symptoms of myalgia and arthralgia.7 Haemorrhagic dengue was first recognised in the 1950s during dengue epidemics in the Philippines and Thailand. 8
The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. A vast majority of the cases are asymptomatic and hence the actual numbers of dengue cases are underreported and many cases are misclassified. Dengue is common in more than 100 countries around the globe, with its endemicity in Asia, the Pacific, Africa and the Latin American countries. Forty percent of the world’s population, about 3 billion people live in the areas with a risk of dengue. Annually, some 400 million people get infected with dengue, with an occurrence of 100 million clinically apparent infections, and 22,000 die from severe dengue across the globe. The increasing incidence, severity and frequency of dengue epidemics are linked to trends in human ecology, demography and globalisation, and may have been influenced by climate change. 8,9
In Bangladesh, dengue occurred sporadically since 1964.10 Literature shows, the first documented case of dengue like fever occurred in 1964, popularly known as "Dacca fever" which later on serologically proved as dengue fever.11
Bangladesh has been experiencing episodes of dengue fever in every year since 2000. All four serotypes have been detected, with DENV-3 predominance until 2002.12,13
After that, no DENV-3 or DENV-4 was reported from Bangladesh. During 2013-2016, DEN2 was predominant followed by DEN-1 in circulation. Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control & Research (IEDCR) predicted that as the serotypes DENV-3 and DENV-4 are in circulation in the neighbouring countries, they may create epidemics of secondary dengue in the near future in Bangladesh.14 In 2017, reemergence of DENV-3 was identified; subsequently there was a sharp rise in dengue cases from the beginning of the monsoon season in 2018.15
In 2000, dengue attacked 5,551 individuals and the number of deaths was 93. Since 2003, the death rate has declined gradually, with zero fatalities in subsequent couple of years, but a devastating turn with 10,148 cases and 26 deaths in 2018. In 2019, during January to July, number total cases were 18,484, with 57 deaths.16
Directorate General of Health Services conducts periodical (Pre-monsoon, Monsoon and Post- monsoon) Aedes survey to estimate the vector density of the mosquito. The monsoon survey (18-27 July 2019) of 100 sites of 98 wards in Dhaka city both North and South revealed that the number of adult aedes mosquito was increased by 13.52 folds, in compare to the pre-monsoon (3-12 March 2019) survey.17
The aedes larvae were also increased by 12.5 folds in this period. Breteau Index (BI) was considered in the study. Report shows that the BI was more than 20 in 57% and 64% of total wards in Dhaka North and Dhaka South respectively. Furthermore, in terms of House Index (HI) or percentage of houses infested, 75% and 83% of total wards in North and South city respectively having HI more than 5.17 Furthermore, recent studies show that mosquitoes have grown resistant, and how certain insecticides are completely ineffective against them.18
Considering the situation, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, has taken commendable steps including training on case management for nurses and doctors across the country, review of the national guidelines on case management, expansion of dengue services along with increasing bed capacities in hospitals, strengthened mass awareness with special attention to the school children and the community people, ensuring availability of dengue diagnostic kits, diagnostic services at free of cost in public health facilities and fixed and reduced rate in private sectors, strengthening collaboration with city corporations, municipalities and other agencies both in public and private sectors and development partners.
Prevention and control of dengue in Bangladesh, is not a sole responsibility for any single ministry and or its agencies. It needs effective and timely coordination, collaboration and partnership, among all the concerned ministries and their agencies, led by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Furthermore, strengthening of the existing efforts including capacity building and resource mobilisation, and integrated surveillance, sustainable vector control, optimum and active community participation, and adequate monitoring and periodic evaluation throughout the year across the country, considering it an endemic disease, are strongly recommended.
Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2019; 45: 66-68
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Jiang, Xinjie, Zhenyu Fan, Shijia Li, and Haichang Yin. "A Review on Zoonotic Pathogens Associated with Non-Human Primates: Understanding the Potential Threats to Humans." Microorganisms 11, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020246.
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Non-human primates (NHP) share a close relationship with humans due to a genetic homology of 75–98.5%. NHP and humans have highly similar tissue structures, immunity, physiology, and metabolism and thus often can act as hosts to the same pathogens. Agriculture, meat consumption habits, tourism development, religious beliefs, and biological research have led to more extensive and frequent contact between NHPs and humans. Deadly viruses, such as rabies virus, herpes B virus, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and monkeypox virus can be transferred from NHP to humans. Similarly, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, and yellow fever virus can be transmitted to NHP from humans. Infectious pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, can affect the health of both primates and humans. A vast number of NHP-carrying pathogens exhibit a risk of transmission to humans. Therefore, zoonotic infectious diseases should be evaluated in future research. This article reviews the research evidence, diagnostic methods, prevention, and treatment measures that may be useful in limiting the spread of several common viral pathogens via NHP and providing ideas for preventing zoonotic diseases with epidemic potential.
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Serufo, José Carlos, Andréa Marcia Souza, Valéria Aparecida Tavares, Marcos Cézar Jammal, and Josimar Gerônimo Silva. "Dengue in the South-eastern region of Brazil: historical analysis and epidemiology." Revista de Saúde Pública 27, no. 3 (June 1993): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89101993000300002.
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The aim of the study is an historical analysis of the work undertaken by the Public Health organizations dedicated to the combat of the Aedes aegypti, as well as an epidemiolocal study of persons with unexplained fever, with a view to evaluating the ocurrence of dengue within the population. The Mac-Elisa, Gac-Elisa, hemaglutination inhibition, isolation and typage tests were used. Organophosphate intoxication in agricultural workers was also assessed by measuring concentrations of serie cholinesterase. A sera samples of 2,094 were collected in 23 towns, and the type 1 dengue virus was detected in 17 towns and autochthony was confirmed in 12 of them. The cholinesterase was measured in 2,391 sera samples of which 53 cases had abnormal levels. Poisoning was confirmed in 3 cases. Results reveal an epidemic the gravity of which was not officially know. The relationshipe between levels of IgM and IgG antibodies indicates the outbreak tendency. The widespread distribution of the vector is troubling because of the possibility of the urbanization of wild yellow fever, whereas the absence of A. aegypti in 2 towns with autochthony suggests the existence of another vector. Since there is no vaccine against dengue, the combat of the vector is the most efficient measure for preventing outbreaks. The eradication of the vector depends on government decisions which depend, for their execution, on the organization of the Health System and the propagation of information concerning the prevention of the disease using all possible means because short and long term results depend on the education and the active participation of the entire population.
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Moraga, Paula, Ilaria Dorigatti, Zhian N. Kamvar, Pawel Piatkowski, Salla E. Toikkanen, VP Nagraj, Christl A. Donnelly, and Thibaut Jombart. "epiflows: an R package for risk assessment of travel-related spread of disease." F1000Research 7 (August 31, 2018): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16032.1.
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As international travel increases worldwide, new surveillance tools are needed to help identify locations where diseases are most likely to be spread and prevention measures need to be implemented. In this paper we present epiflows, an R package for risk assessment of travel-related spread of disease. epiflows produces estimates of the expected number of symptomatic and/or asymptomatic infections that could be introduced to other locations from the source of infection. Estimates (average and confidence intervals) of the number of infections introduced elsewhere are obtained by integrating data on the cumulative number of cases reported, population movement, length of stay and information on the distributions of the incubation and infectious periods of the disease. The package also provides tools for geocoding and visualization. We illustrate the use of epiflows by assessing the risk of travel-related spread of yellow fever cases in Southeast Brazil in December 2016 to May 2017.
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Moraga, Paula, Ilaria Dorigatti, Zhian N. Kamvar, Pawel Piatkowski, Salla E. Toikkanen, VP Nagraj, Christl A. Donnelly, and Thibaut Jombart. "epiflows: an R package for risk assessment of travel-related spread of disease." F1000Research 7 (August 2, 2019): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16032.2.
Full textAbstract:
As international travel increases worldwide, new surveillance tools are needed to help identify locations where diseases are most likely to be spread and prevention measures need to be implemented. In this paper we present epiflows, an R package for risk assessment of travel-related spread of disease. epiflows produces estimates of the expected number of symptomatic and/or asymptomatic infections that could be introduced to other locations from the source of infection. Estimates (average and confidence intervals) of the number of infections introduced elsewhere are obtained by integrating data on the cumulative number of cases reported, population movement, length of stay and information on the distributions of the incubation and infectious periods of the disease. The package also provides tools for geocoding and visualization. We illustrate the use of epiflows by assessing the risk of travel-related spread of yellow fever cases in Southeast Brazil in December 2016 to May 2017.
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Moraga, Paula, Ilaria Dorigatti, Zhian N. Kamvar, Pawel Piatkowski, Salla E. Toikkanen, VP Nagraj, Christl A. Donnelly, and Thibaut Jombart. "epiflows: an R package for risk assessment of travel-related spread of disease." F1000Research 7 (September 12, 2019): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16032.3.
Full textAbstract:
As international travel increases worldwide, new surveillance tools are needed to help identify locations where diseases are most likely to be spread and prevention measures need to be implemented. In this paper we present epiflows, an R package for risk assessment of travel-related spread of disease. epiflows produces estimates of the expected number of symptomatic and/or asymptomatic infections that could be introduced to other locations from the source of infection. Estimates (average and confidence intervals) of the number of infections introduced elsewhere are obtained by integrating data on the cumulative number of cases reported, population movement, length of stay and information on the distributions of the incubation and infectious periods of the disease. The package also provides tools for geocoding and visualization. We illustrate the use of epiflows by assessing the risk of travel-related spread of yellow fever cases in Southeast Brazil in December 2016 to May 2017.
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Koraka, Penelope, Byron E. E. Martina, and Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus. "Bioinformatics in New Generation Flavivirus Vaccines." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/864029.
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Flavivirus infections are the most prevalent arthropod-borne infections world wide, often causing severe disease especially among children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. In the absence of effective antiviral treatment, prevention through vaccination would greatly reduce morbidity and mortality associated with flavivirus infections. Despite the success of the empirically developed vaccines against yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus, there is an increasing need for a more rational design and development of safe and effective vaccines. Several bioinformatic tools are available to support such rational vaccine design. In doing so, several parameters have to be taken into account, such as safety for the target population, overall immunogenicity of the candidate vaccine, and efficacy and longevity of the immune responses triggered. Examples of how bio-informatics is applied to assist in the rational design and improvements of vaccines, particularly flavivirus vaccines, are presented and discussed.
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Velu, Rachel Milomba, Geoffrey Kwenda, Liyali Libonda, Caroline Cleopatra Chisenga, Bumbangi Nsoni Flavien, Obvious Nchimunya Chilyabanyama, Michelo Simunyandi, et al. "Mosquito-Borne Viral Pathogens Detected in Zambia: A Systematic Review." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081007.
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Emerging and re-emerging mosquito-borne viral diseases are a threat to global health. This systematic review aimed to investigate the available evidence of mosquito-borne viral pathogens reported in Zambia. A search of literature was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar for articles published from 1 January 1930 to 30 June 2020 using a combination of keywords. Eight mosquito-borne viruses belonging to three families, Togaviridae, Flaviviridae and Phenuiviridae were reported. Three viruses (Chikungunya virus, Mayaro virus, Mwinilunga virus) were reported among the togaviruses whilst four (dengue virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus) were among the flavivirus and only one virus, Rift Valley fever virus, was reported in the Phenuiviridae family. The majority of these mosquito-borne viruses were reported in Western and North-Western provinces. Aedes and Culex species were the main mosquito-borne viral vectors reported. Farming, fishing, movement of people and rain patterns were among factors associated with mosquito-borne viral infection in Zambia. Better diagnostic methods, such as the use of molecular tools, to detect the viruses in potential vectors, humans, and animals, including the recognition of arboviral risk zones and how the viruses circulate, are important for improved surveillance and design of effective prevention and control measures.
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Agboli, Eric, Julien B. Z. Zahouli, Athanase Badolo, and Hanna Jöst. "Mosquito-Associated Viruses and Their Related Mosquitoes in West Africa." Viruses 13, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050891.
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Mosquito-associated viruses (MAVs), including mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) and mosquito-borne (arbo)viruses (MBVs), are an increasing public, veterinary, and global health concern, and West Africa is projected to be the next front for arboviral diseases. As in-depth knowledge of the ecologies of both western African MAVs and related mosquitoes is still limited, we review available and comprehensive data on their diversity, abundance, and distribution. Data on MAVs’ occurrence and related mosquitoes were extracted from peer-reviewed publications. Data on MSVs, and mosquito and vertebrate host ranges are sparse. However, more data are available on MBVs (i.e., dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, Zika, and Rift Valley fever viruses), detected in wild and domestic animals, and humans, with infections more concentrated in urban areas and areas affected by strong anthropogenic changes. Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes albopictus are incriminated as key arbovirus vectors. These findings outline MAV, related mosquitoes, key knowledge gaps, and future research areas. Additionally, these data highlight the need to increase our understanding of MAVs and their impact on host mosquito ecology, to improve our knowledge of arbovirus transmission, and to develop specific strategies and capacities for arboviral disease surveillance, diagnostic, prevention, control, and outbreak responses in West Africa.
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Küpper, Thomas. "25th Annual Meeting of the German Society for Travel Medicine (DFR) Berlin, Germany, 15–17 September 2022." Health Promotion & Physical Activity 20, no. 3 (September 12, 2022): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.55225/hppa.442.
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This year the Annual Meeting in Berlin (September 15th to 17th) was the 25th one of the German Society of Travel Medicine and therefore it included some celebration. The scientific part included a wide variety of topics. Beside of ‘typical’ ones like malaria prevention and new vaccines there were lectures about space tourism (Prof. R. Gerzer), environmental risks (earthquakes – Dr. J. Lauterjung, altitude medicine – Dr. S. Baniya, and poisonous snakes – Dr. C. Pechmann). Prof. M. Tannheimer discussed quick ascents to extreme altitude by pre-acclimatized climbers while Dr. Kattner reported news about tick borne diseases. Yellow fever (Dr. K. Kling) and Hepatitis B in Nepal (Dr. A.S. Menner) were discussed intensively. Another topic was different aspects of cruise shipping (Prof. T.W. Heggie, C. Kopp, L. Damm). Prof. T. Küpper touched a ‘hot iron’: Ethical considerations in travel medicine. There was a special invitation to young scientists, students and clinicians with a specific event. Poster presentations added topics for discussions.The presented abstracts include lectures and posters and are listed in alphabetical order of the first author.
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Sheraz, Muhammad, Mazhar Kanak, Mahmudul Hasan, Roshan Bhattarai, Kuhanandha Mahalingam, Leanna A. Sealey, Rashshana R. Blackwood, Zhabiz Golkar, Ewen McLean, and Omar Bagasra. "Use of Flaviviral genetic fragments as a potential prevention strategy for HIV-1 Silencing." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 10, no. 08 (August 31, 2016): 870–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.7386.
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Introduction: Coinfection with certain members of the Flaviviridae, such as Dengue Virus (DV), West Nile Virus (WNV) Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) and most importantly, GBV-C have been documented to reduce HIV-1 viral load in vivo. Numerous studies strongly support the notion that persistent coinfection with non-pathogenic virus prolongs survival in HIV-1 infected individuals. Coinfected individuals show higher CD4+ cell counts, lower HIV-1 RNA viral loads and live three times longer than clinically matched HIV-1 monoinfected patients. We have previously shown that one of the major anti-HIV defenses conferred by GBV-C coinfection is the upregulation of intracellular miRNAs in CD4+ cells that share significant mutual homologies with GBV-C and HIV-1 (>80%) genomes. Methodology: Genome-wide bioinformatics analyses were carried out to search for miRNA binding sites in mutual homologies between HIV and several members of the Flaviviridae Results: Several miRNAs shared significant mutual homology with HIV-1 genetic sequences and GBV-A, B, C, DV, WNV and YFV. These may be responsible for beneficial effects in HIV-1 infected individuals. Three highly mutual homologous miRNAs (i.e. miR-627-5, miR-369-5 and miR-548f), expressed in CD4+ cell lines, reduce HIV-1 replication by up to 90% whereas miRNAs with low mutual homologies (i.e. miR-34-1 and miR-508) impart only slight inhibition of HIV-1. Conclusion: We hypothesize that a recombinant GBV-C-based vector can be constructed which expresses several beneficial genetic motifs of the Flaviviridae without causing any side effects while stimulating a wide array of beneficial miRNAs that can more efficiently prevent HIV-1 infection.
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Nasution, Abd Haris, Flores Tanjung, and Arfan Diansyah. "PENGEMBANGAN LITERATUR SEJARAH AMERIKA BERBASIS ECOPEDAGOGY DI JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN SEJARAH." Puteri Hijau : Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah 6, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/ph.v6i1.25665.
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Environmental intelligence or ecopedagogy today is important to be internalized in students as part of the environment. History records that increasing environmental intelligence / ecopedagogy is one of the solutions that have been implemented by the Americans in dealing with various pandemics such as the Blackdeath plague (14-15 century), smallpox epidemic (15 century), Yellow Fever (18 century), Spanish Flu (century 20). When the world is hit by the Sars, Mers and Covid-19 Pandemic in the 21st century, ecopedagogy is an important solution in terms of prevention. This study purpose is producing an ecopedagogy-based American History literature that can be used as a guideline / solution for the prevention of the Covid-19 pandemic against the background of the past experiences of Americans in overcoming various kinds of pandemics. This study uses the Research and Development method of the Borg and Gall model which consists of 4 stages, namely Preliminary Study, Development, Field Testing, Dissemination and Product Socialization. The results of this study indicate that as a medium of literature this is in the Good category with a mean score of 4.14 from the results of the validity test. While the material content obtained a score of 4.14 from the validity test results and entered into the good category. The limitation of this research is until the stage of product dissemination and socialization. This research has a novelty value in the form of American Green History literature products.
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Soman Pillai, Vinod, Gayathri Krishna, and Mohanan Valiya Veettil. "Nipah Virus: Past Outbreaks and Future Containment." Viruses 12, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12040465.
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Viral outbreaks of varying frequencies and severities have caused panic and havoc across the globe throughout history. Influenza, small pox, measles, and yellow fever reverberated for centuries, causing huge burden for economies. The twenty-first century witnessed the most pathogenic and contagious virus outbreaks of zoonotic origin including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Nipah virus. Nipah is considered one of the world’s deadliest viruses with the heaviest mortality rates in some instances. It is known to cause encephalitis, with cases of acute respiratory distress turning fatal. Various factors contribute to the onset and spread of the virus. All through the infected zone, various strategies to tackle and enhance the surveillance and awareness with greater emphasis on personal hygiene has been formulated. This review discusses the recent outbreaks of Nipah virus in Malaysia, Bangladesh and India, the routes of transmission, prevention and control measures employed along with possible reasons behind the outbreaks, and the precautionary measures to be ensured by private–public undertakings to contain and ensure a lower incidence in the future.
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Pollett, S., J. R. Fauver, Irina Maljkovic Berry, M. Melendrez, A. Morrison, L. D. Gillis, M. A. Johansson, R. G. Jarman, and N. D. Grubaugh. "Genomic Epidemiology as a Public Health Tool to Combat Mosquito-Borne Virus Outbreaks." Journal of Infectious Diseases 221, Supplement_3 (November 10, 2019): S308—S318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz302.
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Abstract Next-generation sequencing technologies, exponential increases in the availability of virus genomic data, and ongoing advances in phylogenomic methods have made genomic epidemiology an increasingly powerful tool for public health response to a range of mosquito-borne virus outbreaks. In this review, we offer a brief primer on the scope and methods of phylogenomic analyses that can answer key epidemiological questions during mosquito-borne virus public health emergencies. We then focus on case examples of outbreaks, including those caused by dengue, Zika, yellow fever, West Nile, and chikungunya viruses, to demonstrate the utility of genomic epidemiology to support the prevention and control of mosquito-borne virus threats. We extend these case studies with operational perspectives on how to best incorporate genomic epidemiology into structured surveillance and response programs for mosquito-borne virus control. Many tools for genomic epidemiology already exist, but so do technical and nontechnical challenges to advancing their use. Frameworks to support the rapid sharing of multidimensional data and increased cross-sector partnerships, networks, and collaborations can support advancement on all scales, from research and development to implementation by public health agencies.
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Leal Filho, Walter, Luciana Londero Brandli, Amanda Lange Salvia, Lez Rayman-Bacchus, and Johannes Platje. "COVID-19 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals: Threat to Solidarity or an Opportunity?" Sustainability 12, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 5343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135343.
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COVID-19, as a pandemic, is impacting institutions around the world. Its scope and economic dimensions also mean that it poses a major threat towards achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This article discusses how the coronavirus pandemic may influence the SDGs and could affect their implementation. The methods used entail an analysis of the literature, observations and an assessment of current world trends. The results obtained point out that, while COVID-19 has become a priority to many health systems in developing nations, they still need to attend to many other existing diseases such as malaria, yellow fever and others. Further, the study shows that strong concerns in dealing with COVID-19 are disrupting other disease prevention programs. As a result, problems such as mental health are also likely to be overlooked, since the isolation of social distancing may mask or lead to an increase in the percentage of suffers. The paper suggests that, due to its wide scope and areas of influence, COVID-19 may also jeopardize the process of the implementation of the SDGs. It sends a cautious warning about the need to continue to put an emphasis on the implementation of the SDGs, so that the progress achieved to date is not endangered.