Journal articles on the topic 'Yenisei Kyrgyz'

The purpose of this article can be described as a scientific review of the Yenisei script as a source in the study of the history of the Kyrgyz language. The Yenisei (Kyrgyz) script provided an opportunity to preserve and pass on to posterity reliable facts about significant milestones in the history of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyz statehood. The high level of farming and the state structure of the Kyrgyz people fully corresponded to their written culture. The Yenisei script can be recognized as an indicator of the high culture of the Yenisei Kyrgyz. Undoubtedly, the Yenisei script played a huge role in the study of not only the history of the Kyrgyz people, but also in the study of the formation of their language.

This article attempts to systematize various source materials for comprehensive coverage of the issues of the functioning of the statehood of the ancient Kyrgyz and restoration of the canvas of historical events of the period covered. The author gives a description of the kagan dynasty and its representatives, examines the levels of the social hierarchy of the nomadic society, the system of interaction of vertical and horizontal structural formations, the canons of customary law in the Kyrgyz kaganate. The study provides links to ancient Türkic written monuments, Chinese chronicles, Tibetan documents, Mongol legends and Arab geographical works, which reflect various hypotheses about the origin of the Kyrgyz ruling dynasty «Azho» («Azhe»), and also analyzes the interpretation of the words «az «,» Az budun «by various scientists in the context of the ethnogenesis of the Kyrgyz people. It covers diplomatic activities, military campaigns and the death of the first Kyrgyz kagan Barsbeg, his family ties and political relations with the rulers of the Turkic kaganate. The highest officials of the Kyrgyz state – begi were subdivided into the following six groups: tsaysians (high administrative rank), tutuki (governors), buyruks (messengers), zhangshi (clerks), chory or churas (military title), tarhans (collectors of taxes and taxes) , each of which performed the corresponding functions in the management of society and solved the current tasks facing the kaganate. An important role in the life of the nomadic society of the ancient Kyrgyz was played by the patriarchal family – «arch kun» and the tribal community – «aal kun». In the Kyrgyz state, one of the manifestations of socio-ethnic exploitation was the institution of Kyshtym, whose origins date back to the HunnoScythian era. Kyrgyz society had the beginnings of judicial legislation, expressed in the functioning of a system of strictly established orders of customary (traditional) law – «töre»

One of the confusing problems of ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Kyrgyz people is the ethnogenetic relationship between the Yenisei and Tien Shan Kyrgyz. In the middle of the 9th century once a single ethnic group was divided in different regions of Central Asia.

Purpose. This article considers and analyzes the information, contained in ancient and medieval sources, about residence areas of the Yenisei and Central Asian Kyrgyz during particular historical periods, including late Antiquity, Early and High Middle Ages. These periods are related to the time of existence of political and military domination in the Central Asian Region of the ancient and medieval Turkic and Mongolian nomads, including Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turkic, Teles and Khitan nomadic ethnic groups. Results. During one of those historical periods, after the defeat of the Uyghur Khaganate, the Kyrgyz themselves dominated over Central Asian steppes. Resettlement areas of the Kyrgyz in Central Asia and Southern Siberia changed considerably on several occasions. During various historical periods, the Kyrgyz resided in the territory of Eastern Tian Shan, within the bounds of modern Xinjiang and during the following historical periods in Minusinsk Basin as well, followed by the vast territories of the Sayan and Altai Mountains and a major part of Central Asia, as well as within the bounds of the Western Tian Shan mountain range. The article analyzes the available informative historical data in ancient and medieval sources about the main resettlement areas of the Kyrgyz in different territories in definite time periods of their residence within the bounds of the Central Asian historical and cultural region. Conclusion. Since their repeated resettlement into the eastern Tian Shan region in the era of the Kyrgyz Great Power, the Old Kyrgyz descendants could have reclaimed the mountains and valleys of Tengir-Too. They could have also restored their statehood at the turn of historical modernity, firstly in its capacity as a republic within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and during the last decades by way of the independent state of the Kyrgyz Republic in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Despite all existing current complexities, the Kyrgyz keep their State.

Purpose. We studied a rare finding of an iron sword, that was coincidentally discovered at the beginning of the 20th Century in the outskirts of Kuragino Village on the territory of Minusinsk Hollow. At present, the finding is stored in the collection of long blade weapon objects in the Minusinsk Museum of Local History. Results. The authors traced the most significant events and results achieved in the course of previous studying of archaeological findings of ancient and medieval swords on the territory of Southern Siberia and Central Asia. Definite formal signs, considerable for identification of typological affiliation, of the sword finding from the Kuragino Village are singled out. According to the formal signs, this finding is related to a particular individual type of iron swords. The item has a long, right double-edged blade and a removable guard, which is smoothly curved to sideways of the blade, and a right handle’s haft. Conclusion. Our analysis allows us to conclude that the iron sword was likely to be used by the Yenisei Kyrgyz warriors in the course of hostilities with their adversaries among the nomads, against the Old Turks and Uyghurs people, on the territory of Southern Siberia and contiguous territories of the Central Asian region during a certain historical period, including the Early Middle Ages, in particular the third quarter of the 1st millennium A. D. That historical period included inception of the Yenisei Kyrgyz state on the territory of the steppe regions of Minusinsk Hollow, which is located to the north of the West-Sayan Mountains.

It is represented in an article the history of the Turks till the second half of the 1st millennium A.D., from migration period out of Central Asian steppes to boundaries of the Chinese empire and their resettlement to the Altai Mountains, when the Old Turkic state was at its greatest height, took control the number of sedentary agriculturist oases and successfully confronted the major powers of that time - Chinese Persian and Byzantine empires. Throughout the vast territory of the Sayan and Altai Mountains and Central Asian region there are represented all major types of funerary and memorial constructions of the Old Turks, which constitutes burial places according to the ritual of inhumation accompanied by riding horses or rams and memorial complexes in the form of vertically dug stone plates fences with vertically fixed stone steles. Authors of the article consider designated historical period of the Old Turkic history from the perspective of interaction of the Old Turks and Kyrgyz, who resided in the territory of Minusinsk Hollow. Mutual relations between those two peoples took various forms in different times: unabashedly hostile passively feudatory, when the Yenisei Kyrgyz preferred not to show pure resistance to the Turks. However, such instability of their own position has not disturbed the Kyrgyz to expand the range of their own vassals.

We describe bronze plaques representing armed horsemen, found in the Issyk-Kul Basin and in the Chuya valley, northern Kyrgyzstan, and owned by public and private museums in Bishkek. Similar plaques from southern Siberia and Central Asia were described by many Russian, Kazakh, Kirghiz, and Mongolian historians and archaeologists. A formal classifi cation of plaques is proposed, and their chronology, cultural attribution, and function are assessed. Such items, associated with early medieval Turkicspeaking nomads of Tian Shan and Semirechye, are similar to those worn by the Yenisei Kyrgyz of the Minusinsk Basin in southern Siberia, by the Kimek of the steppe Altai and the upper Irtysh in Kazakhstan, by the Qarluq of southwestern Central Asia, and by other Turkic tribes inhabiting areas from the Ural to Mongolia.

The article is devoted to the problem of the ethnogenesis of the Tuvinian people. The ancestors of the Tuvans are considered to be the ancient ethnos who called themselves the Dubo-Tumat and Uryanhai-Uranhai. Therefore, first of all, a search was carried out for ethnic connections with the carriers of these ethnonyms. Indeed, the basis for the formation of the Tuvinian people was the medieval tribe of Samoyed origin Dubo. The presence of the ancient Türkic, Uygur and Kyrgyz components in the processes of ethnogenesis is also traced. Traces of ethnocultural contacts with the ancestors of the Sakha people are noted. They are the carriers of the ethnonym Uranhai. If the Tuvinians use this name through descendants of the Dubo – mountain-taiga (inhabitants of the forest), Oin-Uryankhats, then the name Sakha as Uranghayans is a reminder of the Türkic-speaking Tumats as the main ancestors of the Yakut-Sakha. The article emphasizes ethnic differences between the Mongolian steppe Uryanghai and the forest – the ancestors of the Tuvans. However in the Mongol-Oirat period there was a rapprochement between these two groups of Uryankhai people, as a result of which the Altai Uryankhai people, the probable descendants of the steppe, can be attributed to the ethnic group of the Tuvan people, as well as the Darchats. In general, the Tuvinians can be called direct descendants of the ancient Turks, Uigurs, Yenisei Kyrgyz and Kereits, as well as forest Oin-Uryankhats. In the history of their ethnogenesis, the Scythian-Siberian, Old Samodian, Ancient Turkic, Uygur, Kypchak, Kereit and Mongolian periods stand out.

This study examines the cultural ties of the early 2nd millennium AD inhabitants of Prospikhinskaya Shivera IV, on the Lower Angara River in Siberia. Artifacts dated to the 11th and 12th centuries, including a double-edged saber, iron hinged belt tips, and two metal belt sets with rectangular and ovate iron overlay demonstrate connections with the Yenisei Kyrgyz culture. In the 13th century, the Lower Angara taiga dwellers were particularly infl uenced by the Mongol Empire, as evidenced by belt sets with metal plaquelike hooks, plate metal bracelets, “question-mark” shaped earrings, wide, fl at arrowheads, jointed bits with circular cheek-pieces, coin-shaped amulets, and beads of glass, faience, and ceramic material. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, cultural ties between the Angara population and Western Siberia were stable and continuous, as evidenced by Western Siberian bronze ornaments— openwork palmate-design pendants; arch-shaped dangle pendants; bell-shaped openwork pendants; a fl at pendant in the shape of a bird; cylindrical, embossed beads; and tripartite arched and quatrefoil sewn decorations. Other markers of Western Siberian ties include Srostki-type openwork and wheel-shaped pendants, round decorative overlays, a belt set with heart-shaped ornamental plates, combs, bow plates, specifi c types of arrowheads, and pottery. These imports notwithstanding, the principal components of the Lower Angara medieval culture were autochthonous, originating from earlier prototypes.

Традиционные игры и состязания кыргызов развивались с незапамятно далёких времён. Среди средств национальной системы физического воспитания были: богатырские состязания, традиционные игры, подвижные игры, интеллектуальные игры, развлечения и упражнения. Их история, особенности и современное состояние отражены в данной статье. Эти игры и состязания занимали особое место в жизни кочевников-кыргызов. Они способствовали воспитанию детей и молодёжи, развлекали зрителей, осуществляли военно-физическое воспитание и служили укреплению здоровья людей. В устном народном творчестве кыргызов – эпосах, исторических преданиях, родословии (санжыра), сказках воспеваются подвиги богатырей, описываются многочисленные сцены поединков. Как правило, герои-богатыри наделялись большой физической силой, духовной красотой и храбростью. Исследователями традиционных игр и состязаний енисейских кыргызов обращено особое внимание на то, что в эпоху средневековья у кыргызов и сопредельных народов культивировались комплексные многоборные спортивные соревнования. Подобные комплексные спортивные состязания традиционно проводились и в последующие годы, например комплексные соревнования: Спартакиады по национальным видам спорта и народным играм, начиная с 1949 г.; всесоюзные соревнования по конным видам спорта колхозников, членов совхозов и конезаводов с 1958 г.; международные соревнования по национальным видам спорта, в честь 1000-летия эпоса «Манас», «3000-летия города Ош», 500-летия богатыря Курманбека и Всемирные игры кочевников. На дальнейшее развитие национальных видов спорта и народных игр очень важное значение имело создание Центра по развитию национальных видов спорта (2012 г.), в дальнейшем переименованный в Дирекцию по развитию национальных видов спорта. Дирекция в течение последних пяти лет провела очень большую работу по совершенствованию своей деятельности и проведению спортивных соревнований. Со временем и особенно в период суверенитета традиционные игры и состязания получили бурное развитие и международный статус. Они являются бесценным даром, доставшимся нам от мудрых предков, и имеют важное значение в организации интереснейших соревнований в виде Всемирных игр кочевников. Игры кочевников стали проводиться периодически каждые два года на берегу священного озера Иссык-Куль и им уготована блестящая перспектива. Traditional games and competitions of the Kyrgyz people have developed since immemorial time. Among the means of the national system of physical education were heroic competitions, traditional games, outdoor games, intellectual games, entertainment and exercises. Their history, features and status are reflected upon in this article. These games and competitions held a special place in the life of the nomadic Kyrgyz people. They helped the upbringing of children and youth, entertained the audience, carried out military-physical education and served to uphold people's health. In the oral folklore of the Kyrgyz people - epics, historical traditions, genealogy (sanzhyra), fairy tales, the heroic deeds were glorified, and numerous scenes of fights are described. As a rule, heroes-warriors were endowed with great physical strength, spiritual beauty and bravery. Researchers of the traditional games and competitions of the Yenisei Kyrgyz people paid particular attention to the fact that in the Middle Ages, the Kyrgyz people and neighboring peoples cultivated complex multi-athletic sports competitions. Similar integrated sports competitions are traditionally held in subsequent years, for example, integrated sports competitions in national sports and folk games, starting from 1949; All-Union competitions in equestrian sports of collective farmers, members of state farms and stud farms since 1958; international competitions in national sports in honor of the 1000th anniversary of the "Manas" epic, 3000th anniversary of Osh city, 500th anniversary of the hero Kurmanbek, World Nomad Games. The creation of the Center for Development of National Sports (2012), later renamed into the Directorate for Development of National Sports, was very important for further development of national sports and folk games. Over the past five years, the Directorate has done a lot of work to improve its activities and conduct sports competitions. Over time, and especially during the period of sovereignty, traditional games and competitions gained rapid development and international status. They are now an invaluable gift, inherited from wise ancestors and are important in organizing the most interesting competitions in the form of the World Nomad Games. They began to be held periodically every two years on the shores of the sacred Issyk- Kul Lake and they had a brilliant prospect.

Öz Bu çalışma, 1944 yılında Sovyet Rusya tarafından, Batum’dan Kırgızistan kırsallarına sürülen Karadenizli Türklerin sosyo-kültürel yapısını analiz etme amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Karadenizli Türklerin seçilmesindeki temel sebep, yaşadıkları coğrafyada 65 yıl geçmesine rağmen horondan mıhlamaya, misafir ağırlamadan türkülere kadar kültürlerini yaşatmaya çalışan bir topluluk olarak araştırılmaya değer olmalarıdır. Karadenizli Türkleri özel kılan bir diğer sebep ise diğer sürgün topluluklardan farklı olarak bir diyaspora oluşturabilecek sayıda ve büyüklükte olmamalarına rağmen diaspora gibi hareket etmeleridir. Ancak yaşlı kuşağın aradan çekilmesiyle birlikte yavaş yavaş kültürlerini kaybetmeye başlamış oldukları da bir gerçektir. Bu çalışma, unutulmuş bir topluluğu ve onların kültürlerini yeniden gündeme getirmesi nedeniyle önem arz etmektedir. Ayrıca, bundan sonra Karadenizli Türklerle ilgili yapılacak olan çalışmalara da kaynak teşkil edecek olması bakımından da dikkate değerdir. Çalışmada nitel ve nicel teknikler uygulanarak sosyal bir yapı analizi amaçlanmıştır. Abstract This work has been prepared for a purpose to make a social structure analysis of Black Sea Turks exiled from Batumi to Kyrgyz countryside by Soviet Russia in 1944. The main concern for choosing the Black Sea Turks is their being a community which is worthy of investigation. In that, we can see that they keep their cultures alive from the horon, entertainments, guests’ rituals to folk songs though they have been living for 65 years far away from their origin region. Another reason making the Black Sea Turks special is that, unlike other exiles, they’re not a diaspora community in that number and size, but they act like diaspora communities. And it should be noted that, they have begun to lose their culture slowly as older generation fades from the scene. Therefore, this study is significant in terms of the concern of creating a zero point and being a source for the studies about Black Sea Turks in the future. In this study, it has been aimed to make a social structure analysis by carrying out qualitative and quantitative techniques.