Academic literature on the topic 'Yield Differences'
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Journal articles on the topic "Yield Differences"
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Olson, Stephen M., and Peter J. Stoffella. "Yield Stability Differences Among Collard Cultivars." HortScience 24, no. 3 (1989): 495–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.24.3.495.
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Abstract Eight collard (Brassica oleracea L. Acephala Group) cultivars were evaluated for phenotypic yield stability during 4 years in northern Florida. A cultivar, characterized as possessing stability, performed above average yield in both favorable and unfavorable environments, with minimal deviations between environments. Linear relationships between individual cultivar yields and environmental mean yields were used to statistically evaluate phenotypic stability. Cultivars with mean yields above the grand mean, regression coefficients ≤1, and coefficient of linear determination ≥50% were considered to have phenotypic stability. Using these statistical criteria, only ‘Blue Max’ was considered to have phenotypic yield stability; all other cultivars were considered to be unstable. Selection for improved collard yield adaptability could be performed using empirical formulas already developed.
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Kupkanchanakul, K., T. Kupkanchanakul, and S. Roontun. "Yield Differences Among Some Deepwater Rices (DWRs)." International Rice Research Newsletter 16, no. 3 (1991): 11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7218261.
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This article 'Yield Differences Among Some Deepwater Rices (DWRs)' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.
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Kobayashi, S., K. Deguchi, and H. Nakashima. "Detection of yield-independent forage quality differences among timothy genotypes." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 4 (2005): 857–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-037.
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The trade-off between forage yield and quality would be minimized by selecting a genotype that produces high-quality forage regardless of yield. This paper attempts to detect forage quality differences among timothy (Phleum pratense L.) genotypes that are independent of yield. Two separate field experiments were conducted from 1993 to 1995 on an Ando loamy sand in Hokkaido, Japan. For exp. 1, timothy plants (cv. Nosap) were harvested at various maturity stages for the first, second, and third cuts in 1994 and 1995 to evaluate the relationships of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) yields with dry matter (DM) yield. The relationship between NDF and DM yields was positive and linear across different cuts (r2 = 0.98–0.99), and was slightly affected by year. In contrast, the relationship between CP and DM yields depended on the cuts (r2 = 0.01–0.98). In exp. 2, four genotypes were evaluated in 1994 to compare the coefficients of the NDF vs. DM yield regressions using ANCOVA. The comparison showed that the NDF yields of Kitami 20, Kitami 21, and Hokuo were less than that of Nosap (P < 0.01) for a wide range of DM yields (150–700 g m-2). Thus, NDF concentrations were lower in the former genotypes across varying forage yields. Using the regression lines as indices could facilitate selection of timothy genotypes that reduce the trade-off between yield and quality, although further experiments are needed to confirm the usefulness of this method. Key words: Acid detergent fibre, crude protein, forage yield, neutral detergent fibre, timothy
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Liatukas, Žilvinas, and Jovita Bukauskaitė. "Differences in Yield of Diploid and Tetraploid Red Clover in Lithuania." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences 66, no. 4-5 (2012): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10046-012-0023-y.
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The research was carried out in 2003-2011 at the Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry. The fresh forage, dry matter (DM) and seed yields of red clover diploid and tetraploid populations and cultivars were determined. In total 58 diploids and 35 tetraploids were evaluated during four cycles in the study period. The average DM yield of diploids was 16.6 t ha -1 and of tetraploids was 17.8 t ha -1 . The tetraploid average DM yield surpassed that of diploids by only 6.5%. The seed yield was very low over the period. The average seed yield of diploids was 110.4 kg ha -1 . The average seed yield of tetraploids was 94.9 kg ha -1 . The diploid average seed yield was higher than that of tetraploids by 16.3%. The highest negative impact on seed yield was due to wet weather in the seed harvest year, which was favourable for development of diseases on above-ground plant parts. The study showed that tetraploid red clover had no significant advantage over diploid red clover in DM yield under Lithuanian conditions. Variation in seed yield showed that production of diploid red clover seed is less problematic. It seems that only directed disease resistance breeding can improve seed yield as well as forage yield of red clover.
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Krystyna, Zarzyńska, Boguszewska-Mańkowska Dominika, and Nosalewicz Artur. "Differences in size and architecture of the potato cultivars root system and their tolerance to drought stress." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 4 (2017): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4/2017-pse.
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Drought can cause substantial yield losses, particularly for crops with shallow root systems, such as potato (Solanum tuberosum). This study tested whether root system architecture could affect potato yield under drought conditions. The following parameters of the roots were measured: depth range, total length, total area, surface area, average diameter, and total dry weight of the root system. These parameters in soil layers were also measured at different depths. Five potato cultivars from a group of mid-early cultivars were examined in this study. The same cultivars were tested under two conditions: control with optimal irrigation and drought stress treatment without irrigation for three weeks after the end of tuberization to check the tuber yield. Significant differences were observed among cultivars in the size of the root system and its architecture. The biggest differences in the individual layers of soil profile related to the diameter of the root, the root length, and the surface area. Also a relationship between the size of the root system and yield of tubers was found. The strongest correlations involved the root length and the root surface area with the decrease in tuber yield under the drought, then the dry root mass with the decrease in yield. These correlations were negative: the higher the value of the parameter, the smaller the observed decrease in yield. This showed a relationship between root length and mass with the decrease of yield; this relationship was stronger for roots in deeper layers than in the shallowest layers. Therefore, this study indicates that breeding potato cultivars with deep root systems might improve tuber yields under drought conditions.
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Grigorova, F., and V. Dzhuvinov. "YIELD COMPONENT OF CULTIVAR DIFFERENCES IN STRAWBERRY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 814 (March 2009): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.814.38.
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Vonhoff, Volker. "Yield differences between coupon and principal STRIPS." Managerial Finance 40, no. 4 (2014): 326–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-08-2013-0217.
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Purpose – Coupon and principal Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal Securities (STRIPS) maturing at the same date often trade at different yields. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – This paper analyzes for the first time the maturity structure of these differences for the US Treasury STRIPS market. Findings – The paper surprisingly finds that short-term coupon STRIPS persistently trade at lower yields whereas long-term coupon STRIPS trade at higher yields compared to matched-maturity principal STRIPS. Originality/value – An integrated analysis of Treasury STRIPS and the underlying notes market allows us to isolate two determinants: first, properties of the underlying notes that spill over to principal STRIPS, and second, the liquidity of coupon STRIPS measured by stripping activity and stripping volume.
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Yang, Rui, Matthew Tom Harrison, and Xiaoyan Wang. "Current State and Limiting Factors of Wheat Yield at the Farm Level in Hubei Province." Agronomy 13, no. 8 (2023): 2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082043.
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Longitudinal wheat yields in China have declined in recent times due to climate change, more frequent natural disasters, and suboptimal agronomic management. To date, it has been unclear which factors have predominated yield penalties realised hitherto in Hubei Province. This study aimed to identify key factors limiting wheat production across systems and agroecological regions, and provide a basis for increasing crop production while engendering food security. Survey data from 791 households in Hubei Province were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Significant spatial heterogeneity in average wheat yields was observed, with the Jianghan Plain region having significantly lower yields compared with the northwest region (yield gap: 1125 kg·hm−2). Dryland wheat had higher average yields than rice-rotation wheat (yield gap: 134 to 575 kg·hm−2). Socioeconomic factors, cultivation management measures, and environmental factors contributed differently to yield differences. Input costs and economic benefits were key social factors influencing wheat production. Variation in management were mainly attributed to planting methods, while soil fertility and climatic factors limited yields in some regions. In the northwest, low soil fertility and susceptibility to drought and high temperatures had greater influence on yields. In the Jianghan Plain, soil waterlogging and erosion were key challenges. Waterlogging increased the probability of low yields by 8.6 times, while severe soil erosion increased probability of yield loss by a factor of almost five. Low-yield farms in the Jianghan Plain were 21% higher than those in the northwest. Extreme weather events also contributed to low yields in the Jianghan Plain. We note significant potential for increasing farm-level wheat production in Hubei Province, with large existing differences across agro-ecological regions and planting modes. Differences in cultivation practices was a major driving factor of yield gaps between planting modes, while soil fertility and meteorological disasters drive regional yield differences. These results have implications for those aspiring to narrow the yield gap across regions and increase production of cereal crops.
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Parish, Richard L., Regina P. Bracy, and Hershel F. Morris. "Broadcast vs. Band Applications of Fertilizer for Vegetable Crops." HortScience 32, no. 4 (1997): 599D—599. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.599d.
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A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of banding or broadcasting fertilizer on yield and quality of turnip (Brassica rapa L. Rapifera group), sweetcorn (Zea mays var. rugosa Bonaf), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group). Preplant fertilizer was applied broadcast prior to bedding, broadcast after bedding, or banded after bedding. Sidedress applications were broadcast or banded on the beds. Strong visual differences were noticed early in the season in the spring turnip crop with the growth in the broadcast-then-bed treatment appearing superior. The yield at first harvest and total yield were lower for turnip growth with the bed-and-broadcast treatments. No differences in yield of cabbage and sweetcorn resulted from the treatments. Few differences in turnip stem to leaf ratio were noted due to fertilizer treatment. Few differences in yield due to sidedress method were noted with any of the crops. Since broadcasting can be done with a faster, wider applicator, growers could reduce costs by broadcasting fertilizer and obtain yields that are at least equivalent to the yields from banding.
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Ober, Eric S., Peter Werner, Edward Flatman, et al. "Genotypic differences in deep water extraction associated with drought tolerance in wheat." Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 11 (2014): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14094.
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The ability of roots to extract soil moisture is critical for maintaining yields during drought. However, the extent of genotypic variation for rooting depth and drought tolerance in Northern European wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm is not known. The objectives of this study were to measure genotypic differences in root activity, test relationships between water use and yield, examine trade-offs between yield potential and investment of biomass in deep roots, and identify genotypes that contrast in deep root activity. A diverse set of 21 wheat genotypes was evaluated under irrigated and managed drought conditions in the field. Root activity was inferred from patterns of water extraction from the soil profile. Genotypes were equally capable of exploiting soil moisture in the upper layers, but there were significant genotypic differences in rates of water uptake after anthesis in deeper soil layers. For example, across the three years of the study, the variety Xi19 showed consistently deeper root activity than the variety Spark; Xi19 also showed greater drought tolerance than Spark. There were positive correlations between water extraction from depth and droughted yields and drought tolerance, but correlations between deep water use and yield potential were not significant or only weakly negative. With appropriate screening tools, selection for genotypes that can better mine deep soil water should improve yield stability in variable rainfall environments.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Yield Differences"
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Mühleisen, Jonathan [Verfasser], and Jochen Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Reif. "Differences in yield performance and yield stability between hybrids and inbred lines of wheat, barley, and triticale / Jonathan Mühleisen. Betreuer: Jochen Christoph Reif." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2015. http://d-nb.info/107058052X/34.
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Guo, Jianmin. "Physiological characters underpinning cultivar differences in spear yield of field-grown asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Botany, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5648.
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Although it has long been recognized that genetic variation in spear yield in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is related to the amount of storage carbohydrate reserve in the storage roots, which in turn is linked to photoassimilate production in the previous season, the physiological basis for this variation is not known. In this study, diurnal and seasonal changes in photosynthetic parameters, carbon partitioning parameters and carbon utilization in developing spears were investigated in two asparagus cultivars with contrasting yield. The purpose of the investigations described in this thesis was to characterize the physiological characters underlying cultivar differences in spear yield of asparagus, with the emphasis on carbon assimilation, partitioning, utilization and sucrose metabolism during an annual cycle.
Seasonal patterns in photosynthetic parameters were strongly dependent on cladophyll developmental stage in both cultivars. The greatest photosynthetic rates (A) of 8.94 ± 0.54 /µmol m-2
s-1 for the high-yielding cultivar (ASP-69) and 6.50 ± 0.38 /µmol m-2 s-1 for the low-yielding cultivar (ASP-03) were observed in fully expanded cladophyll tissue measured in mid-summer (February) when both photon flux density (PFD) and temperature were at a maximum. A significant decline in A was measured in April. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in both stomatal conductance (gs) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) activity. A close
correlation between A and gs (r = 0.84) was observed. Although a correlation between A and total rubisco activity did not exist, both in vivo and fully activated rubisco activities in ASP-69 were significantly greater than in ASP-03, indicating the important role of this enzyme to cultivar differences in photosynthetic capacity. The difference in photosynthetic capacity between the two cultivars was related to significant differences in cladophyll thickness and specific leaf weight (SLW).
Maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) was positively correlated with sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity (r = 0.86). ASP-69 exhibited greater SPS activity and sucrose content than ASP-03 in fully expanded and mature cladophyll tissue. ASP-69 also displayed a higher percentage of soluble sugar in stem cell sap than did ASP-03. These results suggest that carbon translocation rate in ASP-69 is higher than in ASP- 03. Sucrose synthase (SS) activity in storage roots in ASP-69 was significantly greater than in ASP-03 during fern growth season. Total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration in storage roots did not differ in the two cultivars. Biomass analysis revealed that ASP-69 had a greater root/shoot ratio than in ASP-03, suggesting that the total carbohydrate storage pool rather than carbohydrate concentration is an important determinant of asparagus yield.
Rates of assimilate export estimated from A and dry mass changes were highest at midday and coincided with maximum assimilation rate in both cultivars. A positive correlation was found between A and assimilate export rate (r = 0.87) and this relationship did not differ between the two cultivars studied. The greater carbon export rate per unit cladophyll area measured in ASP-69 was associated with significantly higher A and sucrose concentration in the cladophyll tissue in comparison to ASP-03. Biochemical evidence indicated that the greater A and sucrose accumulation in ASP-69 were associated with a significantly higher SPS activity (P < 0.05). Phloem 14C exudate analysis confirmed the results estimated by dry mass changes and revealed that 14C flux out of cladophyll tissue in ASP-69 was significantly greater than in ASP-03.
The greater spear elongation rate measured in ASP-69 was associated with a significantly higher hexose accumulation (P < 0.05) in spear tissue in comparison to ASP-03. However, sucrose content was similar in the two cultivars, suggesting more efficient machinery for transport and catalysis of carbohydrate in spears of ASP-69. Biochemical evidence indicated that the greater elongation rate in ASP-69 was associated with a significantly higher acid invertase (AI) activity (P < 0.05) in the elongation zone, whereas SS activity was not significantly different between the two cultivars. There was little neutral invertase (NI) activity detected in either cultivar. These results strongly suggest that it is AI and not SS or NI that is an important determinant of the difference in sucrose metabolism between the two asparagus cultivars in metabolising imported sucrose in the elongation region, which in turn plays a part in regulating the import of sucrose into spear tissue. The profile of sucrose cleaving enzyme activities along spear sections indicated that SS was the dominant enzyme in both tip and base of spears, whereas AI was the dominant enzyme in the elongation zone. Overall the data substantiate the conclusion that changes in activities of sucrose cleaving enzymes are correlated with sink functions in developing spears.
The results obtained from this study are consistent with a feed-forward relationship among photosynthesis, sucrose synthesis and assimilate export in the cladophyll tissue. Both metabolic and anatomical factors appear to play significant roles in determining differences in photosynthetic capacity between the two asparagus cultivars studied. For the role of carbohydrate storage roots, it is the pool of total carbohydrate storage rather than carbohydrate concentration that is an important determinant of asparagus yield. This was indicated by the fact that high-yielding cultivar (ASP-69) exhibited a high percentage of young roots to the total biomass than the low-yielding cultivar (ASP-03). This difference was related to a great SS activity in ASP-69. In developing spears, ASP-69 displayed great sucrose cleaving enzyme activities than in ASP-03, indicating that carbohydrate demand in the sink tissue is an important determinant of spear development.
The overall results substantiate the conclusion that spear yield is influenced by both source and sink properties, in which spear elongation is closely related to spear ability to import carbon and the overall yield is determined by the available carbohydrate reserve accumulated in the carbohydrate storage pool, which in turn is linked to assimilate production.
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陳承信 and Shing-shun Dominic Chan. "Analysis of the differences in the level & pattern of office investment yield between Hong Kong & London." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31979798.
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Chan, Shing-shun Dominic. "Analysis of the differences in the level & pattern of office investment yield between Hong Kong & London." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1991. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?
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Retief, Nicky. "Breed differences in ruminal digestibility of forages in dairy cows receiving high concentrate diets." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51641.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Statistical analysis was conducted on data from two Elsenburg herds, containing 105 Jersey
and 232 Holstein cows. The data was examined for external factors which may affect milk
yield and milk composition. The data consisted of 337 first lactation records, taken over a 20
year time period. Breed of cow had an effect on milk yield, butterfat and protein production,
as did the year in which the cows were born and the age of the heifer at first calving. There
was a significant interaction between the breed and year of birth. There are other external
factors, which are difficult to quantify, which may have an effect on production. In the
following trials, eight ruminally cannulated dairy cows (four Jerseys and four Holsteins) were
used to determine the effect of breed on forage digestibility in the rumen. All cows received a
high concentrate mixed ration, with supplementary wheat straw. An in situ rumen
degradability trial was conducted with three different forages, viz. lucerne, wheat straw and
NaOH-treated wheat straw. The bags were incubated in the rumen for time intervals of 2,4,
8, 12, 16,20,24, 36,48, 72 and 96 hours and samples were analysed for dry matter (DM) and
neutral-detergent fibre (NDF). Higher rumen degradability values (P<0.01) ofDM and NDF
were observed in Jerseys for all three forages. Differences were more apparent for wheat
straw and treated wheat straw than for lucerne. The rate of passage of digesta from the rumen
was measured in both breeds by a chromium mordanted wheat straw marker. The Holsteins
manifested a higher rate of passage (P<0.05) than the Jerseys, while daily feed intakes were also higher (P<O.Ol) for the Holsteins than for the Jerseys. Daily feed intake, expressed as
percentage of body weight was, however, slightly higher for the Jerseys than for the
Holsteins. The pH value of the rumen fluid was measured at 0, 4, 8, 10 and 12 hours postfeeding.
The only significant difference (P<O.OI)in pH between the breeds was at 4 hours
post-feeding, when the ruminal pH dropped more rapidly in the Holsteins than in the Jerseys.
The pH in the Holsteins dropped below 6.2, which may have inhibited fibrolytic microbe
activity in the rumen, resulting in a lower effective degradability of forages. Total volatile
fatty acids were higher in Holsteins from four to 10 hours after feeding, but no differences
were observed in acetic acid:propionic acid ratios. It was concluded that Jerseys appear to
utilize forages more efficiently than Holsteins and that the differences are more apparent in
low quality forages than in high quality forages.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Statistiese analises is op data van twee kuddes te Elsenburg uitgevoer, bestaande uit 105
Jersey- en 232 Holsteinkoeie. Die data is ondersoek vir eksterne faktore wat melkproduksie
en melksamestelling kan beinvloed. Die data het uit 337 eerste-laktasierekords bestaan, wat
oor 'n periode van 20 jaar ingesamel is. Ras van die koei, sowel as die jaar van geboorte en
ouderdom met eerste kalwing het 'n invloed op melkproduksie, bottervet- en proteienopbrengs
gehad. 'n Betekenisvolle interaksie is tussen ras en jaar van geboorte waargeneem.
Ander moeilik kwantifiseerbare faktore mag ook 'n invloed op melkproduksie he. In
daaropvolgende proewe is agt rumen-gekannuleerde melkkoeie (vier Jerseys en vier
Holsteins) gebruik om die invloed van ras op ruvoerverteerbaarheid in die rumen te bepaal.
Al die koeie het 'n hoe-kragvoerdieet ontvang, aangevul met koringstrooi. 'n In situ
rumendegradeerbaarheidstudie is met drie verskillende ruvoere, naamlik lusernhooi,
koringstrooi en NaOH-behandelde koringstrooi uitgevoer. Die ruvoere is vir tye van 2, 4, 8,
12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48, 72 en 96 ure in die rumen geinkubeer en monsters is ontleed vir
droemateriaal (DM) en neutraal-bestande vesel (NDF). Hoer rumen-degradeerbaarheidswaardes
(P<O.Ol) van DM en NDF is in Jerseys waargeneem as in Holsteins vir al drie
ruvoere. Verskille was meer opvallend vir koringstrooi en NaOH-behandelde koringstrooi as
vir lusem. Uitvloeitempo van digesta uit die rumen is in beide rasse met behulp van
chroomgemerkte koringstrooi bepaal. Hoer uitvloeitempo's is in die Holsteins waargeneem
as in die Jerseys, terwyl daaglikse voerinnames ook hoer was (P<O.05) by die Holsteins as by die Jerseys. Daaglikse voerinname, uitgedruk as persentasie van liggaamsmassa, was egter
effens hoer (P<O.OI)by die Jerseys as by die Holsteins. Die pH van die rumenvloeistof is op
0, 4, 8, 10 en 12 ure na voeding gemeet. Die enigste betekenisvolle verskil (P<O.OI)in pH
tussen die rasse het op 4 ure na voeding voorgekom toe die pH van die rumeninhoud vinniger
in die Holsteins as in die Jerseys gedaal het. Die pH in die Holsteins het onder 6.2 gedaal,
wat moontlik fibrolitiese mikrobe-aktiwiteit in die rumen kon inhibeer, met 'n gevolglike
daling in effektiewe degradeerbaarheid van die ruvoere. Vanaf 10 ure na voeding was die
totale vlugtige vetsuurkonsentrasies hoer in die Holsteins, maar geen verskille in
asynsuur:propionsuurverhoudings is waargeneem nie. Die gevolgtrekking is gemaak dat
Jerseys skynbaar meer doeltreffend is om ruvoere te benut as Holsteins en dat die verskil
tussen rasse meer opvallend is vir lae kwaliteit ruvoere as vir hoe kwaliteit ruvoere.
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Åhman, Hjalmar, and Sebastian Petersson. "Can difference in yield be justified?" Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22164.
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Svensk fastighetsmarknad blomstrar med anledning av rekordlåga räntor, bostadsbrist och näst intill inga vakanser. De låga räntorna har lett till att fler tar sig an fastighetsmarknaden, samtidigt som den nämnda bostadsbristen kan tänkas öka incitamenten att investera i fastigheter. Riskerna för fastigheter bör vara snarlika oavsett läge om med beaktande av att belåning är billigt, bostadsbristen hög och vakanserna närapå obefintliga. Det är därför befogat att ställa frågan hur det kommer sig att fastighetsföretag har olika direktavkastningskrav på fastigheter belägna i olika lägen? Studiens syfte är att få förståelse för hur fastighetsägare tänker när de sätter sina avkastningskrav och försöka förklara vad det finns för motiv till att de uppställer skilda avkastningskrav beroende på var fastigheterna är belägna. Vi undersöker också hur fastighetsbolagen hanterar de risker som finns kopplade till fastighetsmarknaden. En kvantitativ enkät har besvarats av 31 fastighetsbolag som arbetar med hyreslägenheter runt om i Sveriges tre största städer, Stockholm, Malmö och Göteborg. Enkäten ska ha besvarats av företagets analytiker och/eller av de investeringsansvariga på företagen. Enkätsvaren gav en inblick i fastighetsföretagens bestånd, deras avkastningskrav, vakanser, omflyttningar, standardrisk och i vilket läge de anser att risken är störst att äga fastigheter. Arbetet har inte har inte tagit hänsyn till skillnader i företagens storlek utan enbart deras verksamhetsområde det vill säga hyresbostäder. Studiens resultat bekräftar att fastighetsföretagen har väldigt låga vakanser i sitt bestånd oberoende av fastigheternas läge. Vår regressionsmodell förklarar 54,7% av direktavkastningskraven och för att signifikant kunna säkerställa vad som är bakgrunden till fastighetsbolagens direktavkastningskrav och riskbedömning krävs fler observationer och fler förklarande variabler.<br>Abstract Title: Can difference in yield be justified? Subject, Course: Real Estate Science, Bachelor Thesis 15 creditsAuthors: Hjalmar Åhman and Sebastian PeterssonAdvisor: Peter KarpestamKeywords: Risk, yield, vacancies, default risk, real estate housingSwedish real estate market is booming due to low interest rates, housing shortages and almost no vacancies. The low interest rates have made it more interesting to invest in real estate, while the mentioned housing shortage may conceivably increase the incentive to invest in real estate. The risks for real estate should be similar regardless of the situation if one looks at the above, where the borrowing is cheap, the housing shortage is high and the vacancies close to non-existing. It is therefore a fair question to ask why real estate companies have different direct yield requirements for housing properties in different locations?The purpose of the study is to gain an insight into how property owners think when they set their requirements for returns and understand why the yield requirements are different in different locations. In connection therewith, we will also study how the property companies handle the risks associated with the real estate market.A quantitative questionnaire has been answered by 31 real estate companies that manage rental apartments around Sweden's three largest cities, Stockholm, Malmö and Gothenburg. The survey was addressed to the company's analysts or investment managers. The questionnaire responses gave an insight into the companies' portfolios, their yield requirements, vacancies, relocations, standard risk and in what position they believe the risk is greatest to own real estate.The study's results confirm that the real estate companies have very low vacancies in their stock regardless of their location. Our regression model explains 54.7% of the direct yield requirements and in order to have substantially certain of the background to the property companies' direct yield requirements and risk assessment, more observations and more explanatory variables may be required.
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Faias, Sónia Maria Marques Pacheco. "Using neighbourhood vegetation information on cork oak growth and yield modelling." Doctoral thesis, ISA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21227.
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Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais / Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de Lisboa<br>The present work contributes to information regarding the competition on the tree and cork
growth, by evaluating the neighbourhood vegetation and local tree density impact.
From a specific trial established to compare the effect on the tree of different understory
management options, along a cork rotation cycle of 9 years, cork samples were taken at the
beginning and at the end of the cycle on trees within lagged cycles. Former results revealed
no effect on cork annual growth and wood increment for the trees growing under lupine
periodical seeding. When analysing the interaction between cork ring age and understory
operations, different thresholds were linked to the shrubs’ maintenance and the lupine seeding.
Later, this trial was monitored to compare the shrubs’ maintenance versus removal with or
without NP soil fertilization. On the set of selected trees, diameter increment was monthly
monitored, as well as, leaves nutrients seasonal variability, and differences were found in the
treatment with soil fertilization.
Data gathered from a Portuguese network of permanent plots across the cork oak species
distribution area was used to model tree variables including the site characteristics. Focusing
the analysis on young plantations and never debarked stands, the relationship of the diameter
relative growth rate over tree dimension showed signs of inter-tree competition before the first
cork extraction in older high-density stands. A crown width model developed with a fixed-effect
approach was applied using national forest inventory datasets. Subsequently, a decrease in
crown cover was identified in Portugal over ten years. Using the Portuguese dataset with a
Spanish dataset, a diameter increment model was developed applying two methodologies:
age-independent difference equations and potential growth times a modifier. This Iberian
dataset allowed testing the inclusion of stand variability associated with climate and soil site
conditions<br>O presente trabalho contribui com informação sobre competição, avaliando o impacto da
vegetação vizinha e da sua densidade, no crescimento da árvore e da cortiça.
Para comparar o efeito na árvore da gestão do subcoberto, durante um ciclo de
descortiçamento (9 anos), foram recolhidas amostras de cortiça, no início e final do ciclo, em
árvores sujeitas a ciclos desfasados num ensaio específico. Primeiramente não foi encontrado
efeito no crescimento anual da cortiça e no incremento em madeira entre árvores sujeitas a
diferente gestão. Mas analisando a interação entre a idade do anel de cortiça e as operações
realizadas, foram associados diferentes limites à manutenção dos arbustos e à sementeira de
tremocilha. Este ensaio foi continuado para comparar a manutenção com a remoção dos
arbustos, com ou sem fertilização NP do solo, monitorizando um conjunto de árvores
selecionadas. Analisando o registo do incremento em diâmetro mensal e da variabilidade
sazonal dos nutrientes das folhas, foram encontradas diferenças no tratamento com
fertilização do solo.
Os dados recolhidos numa rede de parcelas permanentes localizadas na área de distribuição
de sobreiro em Portugal, foram utilizados para analisar e modelar variáveis arbóreas.
Abordando apenas dados de plantações jovens e povoamentos não descortiçados, a relação
entre a taxa de crescimento relativo em diâmetro com a dimensão da árvore mostrou sinais
de competição nas árvores não descortiçadas, em povoamentos adultos de elevada
densidade. Foi desenvolvido um modelo predição do diâmetro da copa que aplicado aos
dados do inventário florestal nacional, indicaram uma diminuição da percentagem de coberto,
num horizonte de dez anos. Juntando a este conjunto, dados de parcelas espanholas, foi
desenvolvido um modelo para o incremento em diâmetro, com a inclusão da variabilidade
local associada ao clima e ao solo, abordando duas metodologias: equações às diferenças
independentes da idade e potencial de crescimento multiplicando um modificador<br>N/A
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Marly, Arthur. "Analyse mathématique et numérique d'écoulements de fluides à seuil." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN034/document.
Full textAbstract:
Ette thèse traite d’écoulements de fluides à seuil (ou viscoplastiques) en milieu confiné. Les difficultés analytiques et numériques sont dues à la multivaluation du tenseur des contraintes dans les zones plastiques ainsi qu’à la non-différentiabilité du problème de minimisation associé. Cette thèse s’articule en deux parties.Dans un premier temps, des simulations numériques parallèles très précises à l’aide d’algorithmes de dualité ont été effectuées. Elles ont permis de retrouver des résultats observés expérimentalement dont l’existence d’une ligne de glissement pour l’écoulement au dessus d’un obstacle et le caractère quasi-Poiseuille de la vitesse au-delà de cette ligne. Par ailleurs, la théorie de couche limite viscoplastique définie par Oldroyd (1947, à nombre de Bingham asymptotiquement grand) a été revisitée à nombre de Bingham modéré en milieu confiné. L’étude a mis en œuvre des allers-retours entre ces simulations et les expériences physiques de Luu et al. d’IRSTEA ainsi qu’une dérivation théorique. L’approximation de couche limite est vérifiée dans une certaine mesure à l’intérieur de la cavité. Une adaptation de la notion de couche limite viscoplastique est alors exhibée et permet d’étendre les scalings dérivés par Oldroyd (1947) et Balmforth et al. (J. of Fluid Mech, 2017). Ces scalings sont aussi généralisés au cas de la loi d’Herschel-Bulkley. Dans un second temps, on présente une analyse asymptotique des champs de vitesses et de contraintes pour des écoulements en faible épaisseur (ε). Un développement à l’ordre ε2 de la vitesse permet de trouver une équation de Reynolds à la même précision. Cette équation de Reynolds prolonge les résultats déjà existants dans le cadre newtonien, d’une part et dans le cadre fluide à seuil avec une surface libre, d’autre part<br>This thesis is devoted to the flow of yield stress (or viscoplastic) fluids in pipes.Analytical and numerical difficulties lie in the multivaluation of the stress tensor in the plastic regions and in the non-differentiability of the associated minimization problem. This manuscript is organized following two main axes.First, very accurate numerical simulations were carried out using duality methods and parallel multifrontal solvers. Thus, experimental observations were recovered, namely the existence of a slip line for the flow over an obstacle and the Poiseuille-like behaviour of the velocity above this line. Moreover, the viscoplastic boundary layer theory defined by Oldroyd (1947 at high Bingham numbers) was revisited at moderate Bingham numbers in confined areas. This study provided an opportunity to go back and forth between these simulations and the physical measures of Luu et al. from IRSTEA and to perform a theoretical derivation. The boundary layer approximation is valid up to a certain extent in the cavity. An adaptation of the viscoplastic boundary layer definition is then given and allows to generalize the scalings shown by Oldroyd (1947) and Balmforth et al. (JFM 2017). These scalings are also generalized to the Herschel-Bulkley case. Then, an asymptotic analysis of the velocity and stress fields for thin layer (ε) flows is presented. A velocity development up to ε2 lets us find a Reynolds equation of same accuracy. This Reynolds equation extends the already existing results, on the one hand in the newtonian case and on the second hand for free surface flows
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Veiverberg, Kelly Taline. "DELINEAMENTO DE ZONAS POTENCIAIS PARA MANEJO DIFERENCIADO EM NÍVEL DE TALHÃO APARTIR DE DADOS DE COLHEITA E DE IMAGENS DE SATÉLITE." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4831.
Full textAbstract:
Precision agriculture has been used to assist farmers to choose the best management
strategies, by identifying variability present in the area and from that, to determine the
limiting factors and propose different management alternatives, according to the needs of each
zone. It is important to create instruments that respond to one of the main issues, common to
all of those who have ambition to the adoption and implementation of production
modernization techniques: the technical and economic viability of modern production
agriculture. The aim of this study was to relate stability maps for yield productivity and
stability maps by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for determination of
management zones. The study was based on an analysis of five years of crop yield data and
five satellite images Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 for Vegetation Index (NDVI) data for 2007
(wheat), 2008 (soybean), 2009 (soybean), 2013 (wheat) and 2014 (soybean). With processed
data, stability maps for yield productivity and stability maps by Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index (NDVI) were generated, following data parameters and coefficient of
variation. Both maps were compared and validated by the Kappa index. As a result, we
obtained a weak Kappa index relationship (0.2623), but 57.48% of the area could be classified
correctly, when comparing the correlation maps. We concluded that crossing data of areas
classified by productivity yield and NDVI is valid and that the zoning method for NDVI
method is a way to determines areas, but with greater emphasis in areas classified as "Stable
High."<br>A agricultura de precisão surge para auxiliar o produtor na escolha das melhores estratégias
de manejo, permitindo identificar a variabilidade presente na área e, a partir disso, averiguar
os fatores limitantes e propor alternativas de manejo diferenciado, de acordo com as
necessidades de cada zona de manejo. É necessário criar instrumentos que respondam a uma
das principais questões, comum a todos aqueles que têm ambição à adoção e aplicação de
técnicas de modernização da produção: a viabilização técnica-econômica da produção
moderna na agricultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relacionar mapas de Estabilidade de
Rendimento por produtividade e de Estabilidade de Rendimento por Índice de Vegetação por
Diferença Normalizada para determinação de zonas de manejo. O estudo foi baseado na
análise de cinco anos de dados de produtividade, em rendimento absoluto, e
consecutivamente, cinco imagens de satélite Landsat 5 e Landsat 8, para Índice de Vegetação
por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI), dados referentes aos anos de 2007 (cultura do trigo),
2008 (cultura de soja), 2009 (cultura de soja), 2013 (cultura de trigo) e 2014 (cultura de soja).
Com esses dados processados foram gerados os mapas de Estabilidade de Rendimento por
Produtividade e Estabilidade de Rendimento por NDVI, seguindo parâmetros de dados
relativizados e coeficiente de variação. Com os dois mapas de Estabilidade processados, foi
feito o comparativo e validação dos dados através do índice Kappa. Como resultado obteve-se
um índice Kappa de fraca relação com valor de 0,2623, porém 57,48% da área pode ser
classificada corretamente quando comparando zonas geradas por mapas de produtividade com
zonas geradas por mapas de NDVI. Concluiu-se, assim, que o cruzamento dos dados das
zonas classificadas em Estabilidade de Rendimento por Produtividade e Estabilidade de
Rendimento por NDVI é válido e que o método de definição de zonas por Estabilidade de
Rendimento por NDVI permite determinar zonas, porém com maior ênfase em zonas
classificadas como Estável Alta .
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Teng, Mee Lok. "Modelling the seasonal variation of groundwater recharge and yield of the Barwon Downs aquifer, south-western Victoria." 1996. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/2846.
Full textAbstract:
The Barwon Downs Aquifer in south western Victoria has long been recognized to have extensive groundwater resources. It is also an important source of supply in Barwon Water’s drought emergency management plan. An understanding of the aquifer behaviour in relation to its recharge and withdrawal rates is essential for sustainable development. The main aim of this modelling exercise is to evaluate the present groundwater use and estimate the maximum possible extraction from the aquifer without serious consequences, and hence evaluate the groundwater management options and possible augmentation of the Barwon Downs Wellfield.
Books on the topic "Yield Differences"
1
R, Middleton G., ed. Lodgepole pine product yields related to differences in stand density. Forintek Canada Corp., Western Laboratory, 1995.
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Fielder, Lonnie L. Measurement of price, yield, and revenue variability for Louisiana crops. Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 1985.
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3
Harrison, Scott. Productivity differences across New South Wales rice farms: Links to resource quality. ABARE, 1999.
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4
Mendoza-Denton, Rodolfo, and Jordan B. Leitner. Stigma, Health, and Individual Differences. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.20.
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This chapter discusses how within-group variability is as important a component to understanding the relationship between stigma and health outcomes as between-group variability. The chapter offers a framework that proposes that people’s expectations, beliefs, attitudes, goals, and self-regulatory competencies interact with one another, as well as with people’s cultural environment, to yield individual differences in response to perceived discrimination. The chapter reviews a set of individual difference constructs that have been shown to affect physical and psychological health-related outcomes. Throughout the chapter, we emphasize that individual differences can arise not only through differences in how much a given construct characterizes a person but also through differences in the relationships among the constructs themselves as well as differences in the environment. The broad goal is to reconcile individual variability with group-level differences.
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De Los Reyes, Andres, Tara M. Augenstein, and Melanie F. Lipton. Developmental Issues in Assessment and Treatment. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.7.
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Clinicians and researchers who work with children and adolescents (i.e., youth) have long known of the value of collecting clinical reports from multiple informants. Along with youth self-reports, a number of significant others in lives of youth can provide reliable and valid reports about youth mental health problems. However, these informants’ reports often yield discrepant conclusions about both the presence of problems and treatment response, and only recently have controlled laboratory studies directly tested the idea that these discrepancies may yield valuable information on individual differences in youth’s clinical presentations. Consequently, clinicians and researchers continue to encounter uncertainty about constructing treatment response assessments. This chapter discusses key developmental considerations when constructing treatment response assessments; future research directions are highlighted for decreasing the uncertainty that clinicians and researchers currently face with selecting, using, and interpreting multi-informant assessments when treating youth.
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Epstein, Richard A. Optimal Constitutional Structure. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684250.013.43.
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The optimal constitution is classical liberal in form with a commitment to private property and limited government. These principles are not absolutes, and must yield to the need for the public control of force, fraud, and monopoly. This distribution of public and private rights is best understood by comparison to organizations like corporations and planned unit developments. This chapter identifies the mechanisms that corporate organizers and property developers use to attract and keep outside capital, noting the role structural protections and protections for individual rights. It examines how these mechanisms carry over to political institutions along two key axes—one dealing with the difference between unitary and federalist systems, and the other between presidential and parliamentary systems. It concludes that developing any general theory about the structural constitution as regards individual rights depends on the size, shape, and ethnic and regional differences within the polity.
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Barker, Richard. The gaps in translating biomedical advance into patient benefit. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737780.003.0003.
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There are no less than five major gaps in translation in the long journey from discovery to practical patient benefit. Insufficient understanding of disease mechanisms (T0), limited skills and motivation in turning lab discoveries into potential products (T1), huge wastage in bringing promising products to market (T2), disappointingly slow adoption by doctors and adherence by patients (T3), and failure to learn from past experience (T4): all cripple the productivity of life sciences. T2 is a particular challenge, especially in medicines, with a high attrition rate in costly clinical trials and increasing difficulties in persuading health technology assessment (HTA) agencies of the added-value of new technologies, combined with HTA differences across countries. Major cultural barriers between academia, practical medicine, and industry make matters worse, as mismatched incentives and mutual suspicion impede collaboration. The net result is poor yield at every stage in the innovation process and therefore very poor translation overall.
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Öztürk, Balkız, and Eser Erguvanlı Taylan. Omnipresent little v in Pazar Laz. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767886.003.0009.
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This study argues that in Pazar Laz, an endangered South-Caucasian language spoken in Turkey, all eventive verbal predicates, including both unergatives and unaccusatives, pattern as transitives syntactically, involving a subject and an object position. Thus, there are no syntactic differences between transitives, unergatives, and unaccusatives. The chapter argues that this pattern correlates with the voice system in the language. While it lacks the voice phenomena associated with passives, middles, and anticausatives, Pazar Laz exhibits a three-way voice system involving Initiator (Actor) Voice, Undergoer (Object) Voice, and Active Impersonal Voice, which yield transitive constructions retaining both the subject and the object positions in syntax. The voice system is shown to be in line with Pazar Laz being a very conservative example of Initiation-language à la Ritter & Rosen (2000), who present a typology of languages, depending on whether the language defines an event based on its initial bound or its terminal bound.
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Roush, Sherrilyn. The Difference between Knowledge and Understanding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724551.003.0024.
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I characterize Gettier cases as failures of understanding, and give a theory of what it is to understand why proposition p is true. This view is based on the concept of probabilistic relevance matching, having one’s dispositions to believe p mirror the probabilistic relations that p has to all other matters. Based in probability, the view yields a clear relationship, and also distinction, between the concept of understanding and the concept of knowledge defined in terms of probabilistic tracking. With these tools we are able to see that gettierization avoidance has a value independent of the value of knowledge, viz. understanding, but that it is also in the nature of tracking-type knowledge to discourage gettierization quite specifically. The concept of understanding here captures several key features of this phenomenon, such as breadth, depth, and appreciation of connections, and allows us to see understanding as simulation.
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Elwood, Mark. The results obtained from studies of causation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0004.
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This chapter shows the format and derivation of results from studies. Cohort and intervention studies yield relative risk and risk difference, also known as attributable risk, and number needed to treat (NNT). Count and person-time methods are shown. Additive and multiplicative models for two or more exposures are shown. Case-control studies give primarily odds ratio; the relationship between this and relative risk is explained. Different sampling schemes for case-control studies include methods were a case can also be a control. Surveys yield results similar to cohort studies.
Book chapters on the topic "Yield Differences"
1
Broos, Bert, B. Missotten, S. Reybrouck, and J. De Baerdemaeker. "Mapping and Interpretation of Sugar Beet Yield Differences." In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Precision Agriculture. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1999.precisionagproc4.c15.
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Babirye, A., and A. M. Fermont. "Understanding Cassava Yield Differences at Farm Level: Lessons for Research." In Innovations as Key to the Green Revolution in Africa. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2543-2_96.
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Durner, Edward F. "Contrasts." In Applied plant science experimental design and statistical analysis using the SAS® OnDemand for Academics. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249927.0008.
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Abstract Contrasts are a very powerful method for detecting specific treatment differences based upon questions posed a priori. The effects of different nitrogen rates on strawberry yield were given as an example to evaluate this method. This is the first major method for documenting specific differences among treatment means in an experiment.
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Durner, Edward F. "Mean separation (multiple comparison) techniques." In Applied plant science experimental design and statistical analysis using the SAS® OnDemand for Academics. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249927.0011.
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Abstract This chapter focuses on mean separation techniques. This technique is used to determine which means in an experiment are different from each other. The differences in yield of four cultivars of cabbage were used as an example.
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Yusop, Mohd Rafii, Yusuff Oladosu, Abdul Rahim Harun, et al. "Application of mutation techniques and genotype × environment interaction for grain yield in ion beam induced mutant rice lines tested in multiple locations in Malaysia." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0023.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Genotype evaluation for stability and high yield in rice is an important factor for sustainable rice production and food security. These evaluations are essential, especially when the breeding objective is to release rice with high yields, adaptability and stability for commercial cultivation. To achieve this objective, this study was carried out to select high-yielding rice genotypes induced by ion beam irradiation. Seeds of the rice variety 'MR219' were subjected to different doses of 320 MeV carbon-ion beam irradiation to determine the optimum dose to produce high mutant frequency and spectrum. The optimum dose was 60 Gy. After several cycles of selection and fixation between 2009 and 2014 (M<sub>0</sub>-M<sub>6</sub>), six prospective lines with desirable characters were selected at the M6 generation. The selected mutant lines along with other mutant varieties were then tested at five locations in two planting seasons to select high-yielding and stable genotypes. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications across the locations and seasons. The pooled analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.01, 0.05) among genotypes, among locations and among genotypes by location by season (G×L×S interaction) for the yield traits except for seasons and genotype by season (G×S interaction). Based on univariate and multivariate stability parameters, rice genotypes were classified into three main categories. The first group comprised genotypes with high yield stability along with high yield per hectare. These genotypes include ML4 and ML6 and are widely adapted to diverse environmental conditions. One line exhibited high yield per hectare but low stability; this genotype (ML9) is suitable for specific environments. The last group had low yield per hectare and high stability and included 'MR220', 'Binadhan4' and 'Binadhan7'. This final group is more suitable for breeding specific traits or perhaps has yield component compensation. Hence, rice mutant lines ML4 and ML6 were recommended for commercial cultivation in Malaysia.
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Wakefield, Maureen E., Sean Mason, and Michael Dickinson. "Insect products, processing and safety." In Insects as animal feed: novel ingredients for use in pet, aquaculture and livestock diets. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245929.0003.
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Abstract This chapter describes the commonly used processing methods and method development to improve the yield and purity of the processed insect products. Factors that affect the safety of the products are also considered. The focus of this chapter is primarily on black soldier fly (BSF), but the processing and safety considerations are similar for other insect species and where differences are observed this is highlighted.
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Memon, Abdul Razaque, and Anthony D. M. Glass. "Genotypic differences in subcellular compartmentation of K+: Implications for protein synthesis, growth and yield." In Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3581-5_30.
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Connor, Melanie, Arelene Julia B. Malabayabas, Phoebe Ricarte, et al. "Incentive Mechanisms, Monitoring and Evaluation, and Communication of the CORIGAP Project." In Closing Rice Yield Gaps in Asia. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37947-5_7.
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AbstractIn this chapter, we propose a framework of market-based incentive mechanisms for the adoption and scaling of sustainable production standards throughout rice value chains and review evidence of two mechanisms that have been piloted in Vietnam: “internalizing” and “embodying.” The evidence suggests that sustainable production standards can be successfully “internalized” in rice value chains through policies (public governance) that provide an enabling environment for vertical coordination and private governance of standards (e.g., through contract farming). However, the major challenge policymakers and value chain actors face for this mechanism to succeed is to reconcile differences in contract preferences between contracting parties and solve trust and coordination issues (e.g., contract breach and side-selling). Market evidence suggests that sustainable production standards can be successfully “embodied” in rice products through certification and labeling. Vietnamese consumers were found to put significant price premiums on sustainable production certification and even more so if supplemental information is provided on certification and traceability. Both examples highlight the role policymakers can play in the adoption and scaling of sustainable production standards throughout rice value chains by creating an enabling environment for vertical coordination and private sector investment in certification and information campaigns. We conclude by discussing how policymakers can overcome the challenges for these mechanisms to succeed and identifying areas for future research. Furthermore, we provide a detailed description of the monitoring and evaluation process of CORIGAP activities. We explain the development from paper-based to computer-assisted survey tools, the evaluation of changes that farmers perceive and provide a case study on impact evaluation using econometric analysis. It becomes clear that a multidimensional project like CORIGAP needs a variety of means to assess the changes on different levels. We found that farmers in all CORIGAP countries perceive positive changes. Their yields and profits have increased, and the project has exceeded its target reach in all countries. This was also due to other funding schemes that supported CORIGAP technologies and practices, such as the rollout of 1M5R in Vietnam and the 3CT in China. The project used a variety of dissemination strategies to communicate the outputs and outcomes to a plethora of different stakeholders. Among the most successful were social media campaigns, including informative videos about CORIGAP technologies and practices. The chapter closes with some anecdotal evidence of how, especially postharvest technologies, influenced policies in the CORIGAP countries. We provide lessons learned from the project to be taken care of in future projects that aim to introduce sustainable agricultural practices and technologies to improve natural resource management.
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Henrekson, Magnus, and Johan Wennström. "The Way Forward for Sweden and Other Western Countries." In Dumbing Down. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93429-3_9.
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AbstractIn many Western countries, school systems are in deep crisis. Average results are disappointing, differences across schools and neighborhoods are increasing, and a student’s family background and gender have become more decisive for how well he or she fares. The chapter provides some reflections on the way forward for Sweden and Western education in general. It suggests that a reform strategy involving a paradigm shift in what is arguably the most crucial institution of the school system—the stipulated view of truth and knowledge—has the potential to yield radical improvement.
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Axelsson, B. O. "Differences in Yield at Different Sites: An Irrigation-Fertilization Study of Nutrient Flux during Fast Growth." In Forest site and productivity. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4380-3_16.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Yield Differences"
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Bruemmer, S. M., and E. P. Simonen. "Radiation Hardening and Radiation-Induced Chromium Depletion Effects on Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Steels." In CORROSION 1993. NACE International, 1993. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1993-93616.
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Abstract Radiation hardening and radiation-induced chromium depletion are related to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) response among various stainless steels. Available data on neutron-irradiated materials have been analyzed and correlations developed between fluence, yield strength, grain boundary chromium concentration and cracking susceptibility in high-temperature water environments. Large heat-to-heat differences in the critical fluence (0.2 to 2.5 n/cm2) for IGSCC are documented. In many cases, this variability is consistent with yield strength differences among irradiated materials. IGSCC correlated better to yield strength than to fluence for most heats suggesting a possible role of the radiation-induced hardening (and microstructure) on cracking. However, isolated heats reveal a wide range of yield strengths from 450 to 800 MPa necessary to promote IGSCC which cannot be understood by strength effects alone. Grain boundary chromium depletion is found to qualitatively explain differences in IGSCC susceptibility for irradiated stainless steels. Examination of measured chromium contents versus SCC shows that all materials showing IG cracking have some grain boundary depletion (≥2%). Grain boundary chromium concentrations for cracking (below ~16 wt%) are in good agreement with similar SCC tests on unirradiated 304 SS with controlled depletion profiles. Heats that prompt variability in the yield strength correlation, are accounted for by differences in their interfacial chromium contents. Certain stainless steels are more resistant to cracking even though they have significant radiation-induced chromium depletion. It is proposed that chromium depletion is required for IASCC, but observed susceptibility is modified by other microchemical and microstructural components.
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Thompson, J. J., and V. S. Agarwala. "A Heat Treatment for Reducing Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibilities in 7XXX Al Alloys." In CORROSION 1986. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86204.
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Abstract The recently developed retrogression and reaging (RRA) heat treatments have been applied to redress the trade-off between strength and corrosion resistance in 7000 series aluminum alloys. So far they have been applied to thin and small sample sizes with some success. In this study a modified RRA treated material was found to show significant improvement in both the exfoliation and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistances, with only a minimal loss in yield strength compared to its T6 temper. Comparative SEM and TEM analyses of their fracture mode were made. A model has been proposed to explain the differences in their microstructures and marked differences in SCC susceptibilities.
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Ashida, Yugo, Peter L. Andresen, and Gary S. Was. "Effect of Yield Strength on Stress Corrosion Cracking Growth in Neutron-Irradiated Stainless Steels." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-4231.
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Abstract Mechanical properties such as yield strength and hardness of irradiated stainless steels can be significantly changed by increasing irradiation dose. An understanding of the effects of mechanical properties on crack growth in neutron-irradiated stainless steels is required for identifying the irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) mechanism and for establishing strategies for IASCC mitigation. In this study, experimental crack growth rate (CGR) data of irradiated alloys reported by the university and the Cooperative IASCC Research (CIR) program were correlated with hardness and yield strength, as well as with microstructural and microchemical variables such as loops, precipitates, and Cr depletion and Si enrichment at grain boundaries. It was found that the increase in CGR was proportional to the increase in yield strength and hardness caused by irradiation, but not directly related to many other variables. To simulate the effect of irradiation on CGR, finite element method (FEM) analyses on yield strength increased alloys were conducted to estimate the size and shape of plastic zone at the crack tip. Yield strengths of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 MPa were used to simulate stainless steels at different irradiation doses. An 8 mm round compact tension (RCT) specimen under constant K control at 15 MPa∙m1/2 was used in the FEM simulation. The CGR in high strength irradiated alloys correlates with the decrease in plastic zone size, the decrease in tensile plastic strain and strain increment, and the increase in tensile “opening” stress. In addition, similarities and differences between cold work hardening and radiation hardening are discussed.
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Bustillos, Juan L., and William F. Holtzclaw. "Built in Accordance with ASME RTP-1, What Does This Really Mean?" In CORROSION 2000. NACE International, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2000-00538.
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Abstract The American Society of Mechanical Engineers’ (ASME) RTP-11 standard is a document that was written for the design, fabrication and stamping of reinforced thermoset plastic corrosion equipment. Industry has recognized this document as a useful reference for the procurement of fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) equipment. However, the misconception that by specifying “to be built in accordance with” will automatically yield a better product has caused some users to be disappointed after they take delivery of their equipment. This paper will attempt to clarify some of the major differences in “built in accordance with” vs. “designed, fabricated and stamped in accordance with” the ASME RTP-1 Document.
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Koroleva, Polina, Dmitry Rukhovich, Alexey Rukhovich, and Galina Chernousenko. "DETECTION OF AGATE-LIKE SOIL COVER STRUCTURES USING NEURAL NETWORK FILTERING OF BIG REMOTE SENSING DATA." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s13.26.
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Agate-like soil cover structures (ASCS) of leached chernozems are common in some regions of Russia with a total area of 425 242 km2 (the republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, Orenburg, Samara, and Ulyanovsk regions). The term �agate-like structures� was proposed due to the fact that on remote sensing data they resemble a section of the Timan agate. The structures are formed on loamy and clayey Quaternary sediments with a thickness of 0.5-5 m, overlying Permian sediments (bedrock). It is possible to identify the location of agate-like structures within the framework of the theory of multi-temporal soil line and neural network filtering of big remote sensing data. The distribution of different crop productivity spatially coincides with the ASCS and is determined by the contrasting properties of the soil cover. The degree of influence of ASCS varies for different crops. The maximum differences in yield across ASCS fertility zones were noted for sunflower. The ratio of the yield of the low fertility zone to the high fertility zone within one agricultural field was one to five. The minimum ratio was noted for peas and was four to five. ASCS require specialized agricultural technologies within the framework of precision farming systems.
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Chobotský, Tomáš, Martin Kubový, Adam Čítek, and Martin Kryštov. "Effects of Hydrogen Embrittlement on the Structure and Strength of Prestressing Reinforcement." In IABSE Symposium, Tokyo 2025: Environmentally Friendly Technologies and Structures: Focusing on Sustainable Approaches. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2025. https://doi.org/10.2749/tokyo.2025.2027.
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<p>The paper focuses on studying the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of prestressing reinforcement in bridge structures. An experimental system was developed in which gaseous hydrogen is produced on the surface of steel in an exposure aqueous solution due to cathodic polarization (application of a direct current source). This hydrogen diffuses into the structure of the steel reinforcement. The influence of hydrogen on the reduction of mechanical properties (yield strength, tensile strength, ductility) is subsequently evaluated through tensile testing during the exposition of prestressing reinforcement samples, metallography, and examination of fracture surfaces (fractography) after the tensile tests. The article includes evaluations of all the above-mentioned characteristics in several different groups according to the differences of exposure and subsequent tensile tests.</p>
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Zhai, Ziqing, Mychailo Toloczko, and Stephen Bruemmer. "Role of Material Condition in Precursor Corrosion Damage and Stress Corrosion Crack Initiation Behavior of Alloy 600 in PWR Primary Water." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-14536.
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Abstract Stress corrosion crack (SCC) initiation testing has been performed on a 15% cold-worked UNS N06600 (Alloy 600) heat in mill-annealed (MA), solution annealed (SA), and thermally treated (TT) conditions to assess the role of grain boundary (GB) carbides on stress-assisted intergranular attack (IGA) and short crack nucleation and growth. The SCC initiation tests were conducted at a constant load equivalent to the materials’ yield stress in 360oC simulated pressurized water reactor primary water. Results revealed the highest SCC initiation susceptibility occurred in the Alloy 600 MA material, followed by the TT and SA materials, suggesting that GB carbide distribution did not have a controlling effect on SCC initiation resistance. Quantitative assessments of IGA and short cracks were conducted to help understand this phenomenon, and the role of GB carbides in precursor damage development that leads to differences in macroscopic SCC initiation behavior are discussed.
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"YIELD DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OFFICE MARKETS ALONG TIME: ECONOMETRIC PANEL ANALYSIS." In 2006 European Real Estate Society conference in association with the International Real Estate Society: ERES Conference 2006. ERES, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2006_319.
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Szüle, Borbála. "The effects of maturity differences on bond yield related market segmentation." In The 5th Human and Social Sciences at the Common Conference. Publishing Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18638/hassacc.2017.5.1.234.
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"Fruit set rate clonal variation explains yield differences at harvest in Malbec." In Open-GPB. International Viticulture and Enology Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58233/rczvnv0y.
Full textReports on the topic "Yield Differences"
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Cunha, Daniel, Giovana Craveiro, and Marina Rossi. The Impact of the Creation of a Sovereign ESG Reference Yield Curve on Corporate ESG Bonds Issuances from Latin American and Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012859.
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This paper explores a granular database from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Green Bond Transparency Platform covering the issuance of 430 corporate and sovereign Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) bonds in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) that are outstanding in international markets. The goal was to investigate how the creation of a sovereign ESG reference yield curve can boost the private ESG bond market. Using a difference-in-differences (DID) approach, we empirically estimate that the creation of a sovereign ESG reference curve roughly leads to a 60 percent increase in the volume of corporate bond issuances and a 25 percent increase in the number of ESG corporate bond issuances in the external markets after three years. On the mechanisms, we argue that the sovereign ESG reference yield curve works as a benchmark for private sector ESG bond issuers by providing a standard against which the performance of ESG bonds can be measured.
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Badami, Kaswan, Budi Setiadi Daryono, Achmad Amzeri, and Syaiful Khoiri. COMBINING ABILITY AND HETEROTIC STUDIES ON HYBRID MELON (Cucumis melo L.) POPULATIONS FOR FRUIT YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/amzeri.2020.3.
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In different crop plants, combining ability and heterosis are used as important diagnostic tools for assessing the performance of parental genotypes and their hybrids. This research aimed to evaluate heterotic and combining ability effects in the diallel crosses of melon (Cucumis melo L.) for yield- and quality-related traits. Seven melon (C. melo L.) genotypes were grown and crossed in a complete diallel fashion to produce F1 hybrids. During the 2019 crop season, 49 melon genotypes (7 parents + 42 F1 hybrids) were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Observations were made for seven characters. Analysis of variance revealed significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences among the melon genotypes for harvest age, fruit flesh thickness, fruit total soluble solids, fruit length, and fruit diameter and merely significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for fruit weight. Combining ability analysis revealed that mean squares due to general combining ability (GCA) were significant for fruit diameter but were nonsignificant for all other traits. However, mean squares due to specific combining ability (SCA) were significant for all traits. The parental genotypes PK-165, PK-464, and PK-669 exhibited the highest and desirable GCA effects for yield and quality traits. Hence, these genotypes could be used to generate high-yielding hybrid/open-pollinated cultivars. GCA:SCA ratios further revealed that the traits of harvest age, fruit flesh thickness, fruit total soluble solids, fruit length, and fruit weight were controlled by dominant gene action, whereas fruit diameter was managed by additive and dominant genes. The majority of the traits were controlled by nonadditive gene action, verifying that the said breeding material could be efficiently used for the production of hybrid cultivars on the basis of heterotic effects.
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Kaffenberger, Michelle. The Role of Purpose in Education System Outcomes: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Examples. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-risewp_2022/118.
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In many low- and middle-income countries that have achieved significant gains in learning outcomes, higher income and resources and greater knowledge of what to do to achieve learning cannot explain the differences in outcomes relative to lower performing countries. Such cases yield complex questions of “how” and “why” success was achieved. In this paper, I propose a conceptual framework for understanding drivers of education system performance and use it to argue that consensus-based commitment to the purpose of learning is a critical missing link to addressing the learning crisis. I then apply the conceptual framework to examples of successful system improvements. Finally, I propose efforts that can foster commitment to the purpose of learning in education systems.
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Cahaner, Avigdor, Sacit F. Bilgili, Orna Halevy, Roger J. Lien, and Kellye S. Joiner. effects of enhanced hypertrophy, reduced oxygen supply and heat load on breast meat yield and quality in broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699855.bard.
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Original objectivesThe objectives of this project were to evaluate the growth performance, meat yield and quality attributes of broiler strains widely differing in their genetic potential under normal temperature vs. warm temperature (short and long-term) conditions. Strain differences in breast muscle accretion rate, metabolic responses under heat load and, gross and histopathological changes in breast muscle under thermal load was also to be characterized. BackgroundTremendous genetic progress has been made in broiler chicken growth rate and meat yield since the 1950s. Higher growth rate is driven by higher rates of feed intake and metabolism, resulting in elevated internal heat production. Hot rearing conditions negatively affect broiler growth by hindering dissipation of heat and may lead to a lethal elevation in body temperature. To avoid heat-induced mortality, broilers reduce feed intake, leading to depressed growth rate, lower weight gain, reduce breast meat yield and quality. Thus, the genetic potential of contemporary commercial broilers (CCB) is not fully expressed under hot conditions. Major conclusions, solutions, and achievementsResearch conducted in Israel focused on three broiler strains – CCB, Featherless, Feathered sibs (i.e., sharing similar genetic background). Complimentary research trials conducted at Auburn utilized CCB (Cobb 500, Cobb 700, Ross 308, Ross 708), contrasting their performance to slow growing strains. Warm rearing conditions consistently reduced feed intake, growth rate, feed efficiency, body weight uniformity and breast muscle yield, especially pronounced with CCB and magnified with age. Breast meat quality was also negatively affected, as measured by higher drip loss and paler meat color. Exposure to continuous or short-term heat stress induced respiratory alkalosis. Breast muscle histomorphometrics confirmed enhanced myofiber hypertrophy in CCB. Featherless broilers exhibited a significant increase in blood-vessel density under warm conditions. Rapid growth and muscle accretion rate was correlated to various myopathies (white striping, woody and necrotic) as well as to increases in plasma creatinekinase levels. Whether the trigger(s) of muscle damage is loss of cellular membrane integrity due to oxidative damage or tissue lactate accumulation, or to loss of inter-compartmental cation homeostasis is yet to be determined. Based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism array genotyping, identification of the gene with the recessive mutation Scaleless (sc) facilitated the development a dCAPS assay to discriminate between sc carrier (sc/+) and non-carrier (+/+) individuals. ImplicationsThis project confirmed that featherless broiler strains grow efficiently with high yield and quality of breast meat, even under warm rearing conditions that significantly depress the overall performance of CCB. Therefore, broiler meat production in hot regions and climates can be substantially improved by introducing the featherless gene into contemporary commercial broiler stocks. This approach has become more feasible with the development of dCAPS assay. A novel modification of the PCR protocol (using whole blood samples instead of extracted DNA) may contribute to the efficient development of commercial featherless broiler strains. Such strains will allow expansion of the broiler meat production in developing countries in warm climates, where energy intensive environmental control of rearing facilities are not economical and easily achievable.
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Perl-Treves, Rafael, Rebecca Grumet, Nurit Katzir, and Jack E. Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Sex Expression in Cucumis. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586536.bard.
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Monoecious species such as melon and cucumber develop separate male and female (or bisexual) flowers on the same plant individual. They display complex genetic and hormonal regulation of sex patterns along the plant. Ethylene is known to play an important role in promoting femaleness and inhibiting male development, but many questions regarding critical sites of ethylene production versus perception, the relationship between ethylene and the sex determining loci, and the possible differences between melon and cucumber in this respect are still open. The general goal of the project was to elucidate the role of ethylene in determining flower sex in Cucumis species, melon and cucumber. The specific Objectives were: 1. Clone and characterize expression patterns of cucumber genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and perception. 2. Genetic mapping of cloned genes and markers with respect to sex loci in melon and cucumber. 3. Produce and analyze transgenic melons altered in ethylene production or perception. In the course of the project, some modifications/adjustments were made: under Objective 2 (genetic mapping) a set of new mapping populations had to be developed, to allow better detection of polymorphism. Under Objective 3, cucumber transformation systems became available to us and we included this second model species in our plan. The main findings of our study support the pivotal role of ethylene in cucumber and melon sex determination and later stages of reproductive development. Modifying ethylene production resulted in profound alteration of sex patterns in melon: femaleness increased, and also flower maturation and fruit set were enhanced, resulting in earlier, more concentrated fruit yield in the field. Such effect was previously unknown and could have agronomic value. Our results also demonstrate the great importance of ethylene sensitivity in sex expression. Ethylene perception genes are expressed in sex-related patterns, e.g., gynoecious lines express higher levels of receptor-transcripts, and copper treatments that activate the receptor can increase femaleness. Transgenic cucumbers with increased expression of an ethylene receptor showed enhanced femaleness. Melons that expressed a defective receptor produced fewer hermaphrodite flowers and were insensitive to exogenous ethylene. When the expression of defective receptor was restricted to specific floral whorls, we saw that pistils were not inhibited by the blocked perception at the fourth whorl. Such unexpected findings suggest an indirect effect of ethylene on the affected whorl; it also points at interesting differences between melon and cucumber regarding the mode of action of ethylene. Such effects will require further study. Finally, our project also generated and tested a set of novel genetic tools for finer identification of sex determining genes in the two species and for efficient breeding for these characters. Populations that will allow easier linkage analysis of candidate genes with each sex locus were developed. Moreover, effects of modifier genes on the major femaleness trait were resolved. QTL analysis of femaleness and related developmental traits was conducted, and a comprehensive set of Near Isogenic Lines that differ in specific QTLs were prepared and made available for the private and public research. Marker assisted selection (MAS) of femaleness and fruit yield components was directly compared with phenotypic selection in field trials, and the relative efficiency of MAS was demonstrated. Such level of genetic resolution and such advanced tools were not used before to study these traits, that act as primary yield components to determine economic yields of cucurbits. In addition, this project resulted in the establishment of workable transformation procedures in our laboratories and these can be further utilized to study the function of sex-related genes in detail.
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Denys. L51685 Effect of Weld Metal Matching on Girth Weld Performance Volume II-Experimental Investigation. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010111.
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This is the second volume of a three-volume study (see also L51651 and L51711). The integrity of girth weld defects in gas transmission pipelines is ensured by non-destructive inspection procedures. The acceptance level of pipe line girth weld defects revealed by non-destructive testing is commonly based on workmanship quality control. Unfortunately, workmanship defect acceptance levels are based on experience and are, by necessity, both arbitrary and often conservative. This report presents the results of an experimental study of the failure behavior of 11.6 mm (0.457 in.) pipe segments taken from 36-inch diameter pipes with defects in the girth weld. Small-scale and fatigue pre-cracked, curved, wide-plate test specimens were used. The objectives were to: (1) determine the effect of pipe and weld metal yield strength differences on girth weld performance; (2) verify the assumption that the CTOD test is a reliable indicator of girth weld performance; and (3) evaluate the usefulness of the Charpy V-Notch test for predicting girth weld failures.
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Baumgartner, Franz, Cyril Allenspach, Ebrar Özkalay, et al. Performance of Partially Shaded PV Generators Operated by Optimized Power Electronics 2024. Edited by Ulrike Jahn. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, 2024. https://doi.org/10.69766/leof5152.
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Inhomogeneous shading on the PV generator leads to disproportionately high losses. As the potential of PV generation on roofs or façades is to be increasingly utilised in the coming decades, these cases will occur more frequently. The aim here is to provide an overview of the challenges and state-of-the-art technical solutions for partial shading. Current developments in PV engineering show that maximum performance lies in the combination between optimised module placement, the use of modules that are tolerant of shading and optimised power electronics. Shortly after the discovery of the solar cell, blocking or bypass diodes were used to solve the inhomogeneous currents of groups of solar cells arranged in series or parallel wiring. Even today, they are still the most efficient and robust solution for the majority of common shading PV applications. Due to the very high rated outputs of the solar modules and the presence of only three bypass diodes, high temperatures can occur on a locally shaded solar cell. This forces heat outputs of up to 200W or 100W in the butterfly module connection through the associated activated bypass diode, which must be dissipated by the most shaded cell. If additional small-area defects occur in this affected solar cell, hotspot peak temperatures can occur, which can lead to permanent damage to the module or the risk of fire. However, in order to prevent a third of the module output being lost in this case, four or more bypass diodes are now used in so-called shadow-tolerant PV modules. With a higher number of bypass diodes per module area, it is also possible to selectively bypass smaller, less efficient areas of the module, which leads to an increase in the module yield. The hotspot effects can also be comprehensively and robustly prevented by the small number of solar cells per bypass diode, provided the bypass diode is properly designed. The first manufacturers are beginning to place these shade-tolerant PV modules on the markets. Today, planners can also select different power electronics systems for the next step in system integration towards grid feed-in, i.e. the connection of the individual modules in the string. This is the classic series connection of all modules in the string to the input of the DC/AC string inverter (SINV), which leads to the highest yields for weak and medium shading. This applies, for example, to light shading with a chimney or a ventilation pipe, where no more than one tenth of the modules in the string are reached by the shade at the same time during the six hours around midday, even when using standard modules with only three bypass diodes. (see Table 1) With medium to heavy shading, the widely used DC/DC converters directly on the PV module (MLPE), often also called power optimisers, can be used profitably. However, the combination of shade-tolerant PV modules with conventional SINVs can often deliver comparable annual yields. However, if the optimisers are also used behind each module even with weak shading (allMLPE), they deliver less yield in total than the simple SINV, as their own DC/DC losses then have a negative impact compared to simple connectors. This only becomes apparent if the MLPE manufacturers' data sheet claims of 99% efficiency are not viable. The published measurements carried out in independent laboratories over the last four years are listed in this report, which suggest that losses are around 2% higher. As the differences in yield between the power electronics variants SINV and MLPE are usually less than four per cent in annual yield for light to medium shading, the above-mentioned real MLPE efficiency at the specific operating points plays the decisive role in planning the most efficient system. However, as the commercial PV software planning tools currently use these MLPE manufacturer specifications which are over estimated, no meaningful system comparison can be expected for these shading categories. In this report the results of annual simulations performed by some sophisticated simulation tools that take these real MLPE losses into account are discussed.
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Eshed, Yuval, and Sarah Hake. Shaping plant architecture by age dependent programs: implications for food, feed and biofuel. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597922.bard.
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Age dependent programs are responsible for the physiological and developmental differences of young and mature plants. These include a range of morphological characters such as leaf shape and leaf composition (waxes, lignin etc..) but also different in developmental potentials. Apical buds of juvenile plants are vegetative, while those of mature plants can be reproductive. Likewise, basal buds form in the axills of juvenile leaves have different fates than distal buds formed in the axils of mature leaves. The goal of our joint project is to understand and exploit theses age related programs for specific improvement of crop plants. To that end both the WIS group and the PGEC group are using mutants with age related defects as well as modified expression of miR156 to modify age related programs in crop plants- Tomato and potato in Israel and Maize, switchgrass and Brchipodium in the US. In the US, major effort were made to: Characterize the contribution of selected miR156 target genes to yield component traits of maize. Functional analysis of microRNAs and their targets in new crop plants. In Israel, the research progressed in several directions: Understanding the interplay between age dependent programs and the potential of tomato and potato meristems to produce tubers. Evaluation of the agronomic value of mutants that alter flowering regime in side shoots in general, and in the sympodial buds in particular Characterization of wild type axillary buds, comparing shoot ontogeny of gradually maturing apices from basal and distal positions along the main shoot of tomato.
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Brandt, Sebastian, Ralf Küsters, and Anni-Yasmin Turhan. Approximation and Difference in Description Logics. Aachen University of Technology, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.116.
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Approximation is a new inference service in Description Logics first mentioned by Baader, Küsters, and Molitor. Approximating a concept, defined in one Description Logic, means to translate this concept to another concept, defined in a second typically less expressive Description Logic, such that both concepts are as closely related as possible with respect to subsumption. The present paper provides the first in-depth investigation of this inference task. We prove that approximations from the Description Logic ALC to ALE always exist and propose an algorithm computing them. As a measure for the accuracy of the approximation, we introduce a syntax-oriented difference operator, which yields a concept description that contains all aspects of the approximated concept that are not present in the approximation. It is also argued that a purely semantical difference operator, as introduced by Teege, is less suited for this purpose. Finally, for the logics under consideration, we propose an algorithm computing the difference.
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Villa, Juan Miguel, David Card, and Pablo Ibarrarán. Building in an Evalualtion Component for Active Labor Market Programs: A Practitioner's Guide. Inter-American Development Bank, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008969.
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The guide outlines the main evaluation challenges associated with Active Labor Market Programs (ALMPs), and shows how to obtain rigorous impact estimates using two leading evaluation approaches. The most credible and straightforward evaluation method is a randomized design, in which a group of potential participants is randomly divided into a treatment and a control group. The second approach is a difference in differences design that compares the change in outcomes between the participant group and a selected comparison group from before to after the completion of the program. The change in the outcome gap between the two groups yields a reliable estimate of the program impact. This guideline reviews the various steps in the design and implementation of ALMPs, and in subsequent analysis of the program data, that will ensure a rigorous and informative impact evaluation using either of these two techniques.