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1
R, Middleton G., ed. Lodgepole pine product yields related to differences in stand density. Forintek Canada Corp., Western Laboratory, 1995.
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2
Fielder, Lonnie L. Measurement of price, yield, and revenue variability for Louisiana crops. Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 1985.
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Harrison, Scott. Productivity differences across New South Wales rice farms: Links to resource quality. ABARE, 1999.
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4
Mendoza-Denton, Rodolfo, and Jordan B. Leitner. Stigma, Health, and Individual Differences. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.20.
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This chapter discusses how within-group variability is as important a component to understanding the relationship between stigma and health outcomes as between-group variability. The chapter offers a framework that proposes that people’s expectations, beliefs, attitudes, goals, and self-regulatory competencies interact with one another, as well as with people’s cultural environment, to yield individual differences in response to perceived discrimination. The chapter reviews a set of individual difference constructs that have been shown to affect physical and psychological health-related outcomes. Throughout the chapter, we emphasize that individual differences can arise not only through differences in how much a given construct characterizes a person but also through differences in the relationships among the constructs themselves as well as differences in the environment. The broad goal is to reconcile individual variability with group-level differences.
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De Los Reyes, Andres, Tara M. Augenstein, and Melanie F. Lipton. Developmental Issues in Assessment and Treatment. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.7.
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Clinicians and researchers who work with children and adolescents (i.e., youth) have long known of the value of collecting clinical reports from multiple informants. Along with youth self-reports, a number of significant others in lives of youth can provide reliable and valid reports about youth mental health problems. However, these informants’ reports often yield discrepant conclusions about both the presence of problems and treatment response, and only recently have controlled laboratory studies directly tested the idea that these discrepancies may yield valuable information on individual differences in youth’s clinical presentations. Consequently, clinicians and researchers continue to encounter uncertainty about constructing treatment response assessments. This chapter discusses key developmental considerations when constructing treatment response assessments; future research directions are highlighted for decreasing the uncertainty that clinicians and researchers currently face with selecting, using, and interpreting multi-informant assessments when treating youth.
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Epstein, Richard A. Optimal Constitutional Structure. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684250.013.43.
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The optimal constitution is classical liberal in form with a commitment to private property and limited government. These principles are not absolutes, and must yield to the need for the public control of force, fraud, and monopoly. This distribution of public and private rights is best understood by comparison to organizations like corporations and planned unit developments. This chapter identifies the mechanisms that corporate organizers and property developers use to attract and keep outside capital, noting the role structural protections and protections for individual rights. It examines how these mechanisms carry over to political institutions along two key axes—one dealing with the difference between unitary and federalist systems, and the other between presidential and parliamentary systems. It concludes that developing any general theory about the structural constitution as regards individual rights depends on the size, shape, and ethnic and regional differences within the polity.
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Barker, Richard. The gaps in translating biomedical advance into patient benefit. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737780.003.0003.
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There are no less than five major gaps in translation in the long journey from discovery to practical patient benefit. Insufficient understanding of disease mechanisms (T0), limited skills and motivation in turning lab discoveries into potential products (T1), huge wastage in bringing promising products to market (T2), disappointingly slow adoption by doctors and adherence by patients (T3), and failure to learn from past experience (T4): all cripple the productivity of life sciences. T2 is a particular challenge, especially in medicines, with a high attrition rate in costly clinical trials and increasing difficulties in persuading health technology assessment (HTA) agencies of the added-value of new technologies, combined with HTA differences across countries. Major cultural barriers between academia, practical medicine, and industry make matters worse, as mismatched incentives and mutual suspicion impede collaboration. The net result is poor yield at every stage in the innovation process and therefore very poor translation overall.
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Öztürk, Balkız, and Eser Erguvanlı Taylan. Omnipresent little v in Pazar Laz. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767886.003.0009.
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This study argues that in Pazar Laz, an endangered South-Caucasian language spoken in Turkey, all eventive verbal predicates, including both unergatives and unaccusatives, pattern as transitives syntactically, involving a subject and an object position. Thus, there are no syntactic differences between transitives, unergatives, and unaccusatives. The chapter argues that this pattern correlates with the voice system in the language. While it lacks the voice phenomena associated with passives, middles, and anticausatives, Pazar Laz exhibits a three-way voice system involving Initiator (Actor) Voice, Undergoer (Object) Voice, and Active Impersonal Voice, which yield transitive constructions retaining both the subject and the object positions in syntax. The voice system is shown to be in line with Pazar Laz being a very conservative example of Initiation-language à la Ritter & Rosen (2000), who present a typology of languages, depending on whether the language defines an event based on its initial bound or its terminal bound.
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Roush, Sherrilyn. The Difference between Knowledge and Understanding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724551.003.0024.
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I characterize Gettier cases as failures of understanding, and give a theory of what it is to understand why proposition p is true. This view is based on the concept of probabilistic relevance matching, having one’s dispositions to believe p mirror the probabilistic relations that p has to all other matters. Based in probability, the view yields a clear relationship, and also distinction, between the concept of understanding and the concept of knowledge defined in terms of probabilistic tracking. With these tools we are able to see that gettierization avoidance has a value independent of the value of knowledge, viz. understanding, but that it is also in the nature of tracking-type knowledge to discourage gettierization quite specifically. The concept of understanding here captures several key features of this phenomenon, such as breadth, depth, and appreciation of connections, and allows us to see understanding as simulation.
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Elwood, Mark. The results obtained from studies of causation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0004.
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This chapter shows the format and derivation of results from studies. Cohort and intervention studies yield relative risk and risk difference, also known as attributable risk, and number needed to treat (NNT). Count and person-time methods are shown. Additive and multiplicative models for two or more exposures are shown. Case-control studies give primarily odds ratio; the relationship between this and relative risk is explained. Different sampling schemes for case-control studies include methods were a case can also be a control. Surveys yield results similar to cohort studies.
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Bäck, Thomas. Evolutionary Algorithms in Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195099713.001.0001.
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This book presents a unified view of evolutionary algorithms: the exciting new probabilistic search tools inspired by biological models that have immense potential as practical problem-solvers in a wide variety of settings, academic, commercial, and industrial. In this work, the author compares the three most prominent representatives of evolutionary algorithms: genetic algorithms, evolution strategies, and evolutionary programming. The algorithms are presented within a unified framework, thereby clarifying the similarities and differences of these methods. The author also presents new results regarding the role of mutation and selection in genetic algorithms, showing how mutation seems to be much more important for the performance of genetic algorithms than usually assumed. The interaction of selection and mutation, and the impact of the binary code are further topics of interest. Some of the theoretical results are also confirmed by performing an experiment in meta-evolution on a parallel computer. The meta-algorithm used in this experiment combines components from evolution strategies and genetic algorithms to yield a hybrid capable of handling mixed integer optimization problems. As a detailed description of the algorithms, with practical guidelines for usage and implementation, this work will interest a wide range of researchers in computer science and engineering disciplines, as well as graduate students in these fields.
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Boterbloem, Kees, and Lisa Pine. Soviet and Nazi Posters. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350399488.
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This book examines the key content and propaganda value of posters in the dictatorships of Stalin’s USSR (1927-53) and Hitler’s Germany (1933-43), using posters as a point of entry for discussing key Soviet and Nazi policies. In so doing,Soviet and Nazi Postersprovides a compelling account of the posters utilised by both regimes for the first time. Kees Boterbloem and Lisa Pine employ a comparative approach throughout, analysing commonalities and differences, and inspecting the regimes’ use of posters as propaganda. Richly illustrated with 50 images, 25 of which are in colour,Soviet and Nazi Postersencourages the development of vital source skills in the pursuit of understanding the complexities of 20th-century European dictatorships. What do these posters yield to the historian? What do they tell us about the regimes and their intentions? Ultimately they offer a compelling visual point of entry into Nazism and Stalinism here explored in rewarding detail. Boterbloem and Pine convincingly make the case that the use of posters as a medium of propaganda by Stalin and Hitler was advanced at the time and far-reaching. The poster campaigns were very powerful in terms of the impact on their populations and point to how the regimes could influence people outside their homes and in public places to support the regimes and their policies. The book looks at specific posters to discuss key regime policies associated with them and this offers us new insights into the nature of these authoritarian governments and the way in which they addressed their populations.
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James, Aaron. Constructivism, Intuitionism, and Ecumenism. Edited by Serena Olsaretti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199645121.013.28.
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Constructivism and intuitionism are often seen as opposed methods of justification in political philosophy. An “ecumenical” view sees them as different but unopposed: each style of reasoning can yield fundamental principles, for different questions of distributive justice, and we can rightly take up different questions, with different, equally valid, theoretical objectives, in hopes of cultivating a thousand blooming flowers. This chapter develops this position with special interest in Rawls’s constructivism, his treatment of reflective equilibrium, self-evidence, and “moral geometry,” and his evolving dialogue with the intuitionist Henry Sidgwick. Rawls’s main difference from Sidgwick lies in the way he frames the question of right or justice in the first instance. This brings out both the possibility and the attractions of the ecumenist conception in political philosophy.
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Wambugu, Stephen K., Joseph T. Karugia, and Willis Oluoch-Kosura. Technology Use, Gender, and Impact of Non-Farm Income on Agricultural Investment: An Empirical Analysis of Maize Production in Two Regions of Kenya. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0010.
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This chapter examines maize productivity, technology use in maize, and the impact of non-farm income (NFI) on agricultural investment in Kenya, giving them a gender dimension. The study first concludes that there are no significant differences in maize yields between male-managed farms and female-managed farms (FMFs) in the study areas, Nyeri and Kakamega. Second, technology use for maize production was lower and significant in some instances for FMFs. Significant differences, especially in the use of hybrid seeds and tractor ploughs, were noted. A third conclusion is that NFI is not used in farm investment. NFI had negative coefficients on adoption and intensity of agricultural input use. Policies that encourage both farm and non-farm income should be instituted given the complementary roles that they play. Any entry barriers for disadvantaged households, especially for the FMFs, to participate in higher-paying non-farm activities need to be overcome.
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Devos, Erik. Physical Commodities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656010.003.0007.
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Unlike other financial assets, commodities have a physical component that introduces additional complexities for valuation and hedging. Physical commodities are broadly classified into energy, metals, agricultural, and livestock with each having unique characteristics. Still, commodities of the same type are subject to varying degrees of quality. Commodity investments typically use futures contracts, as opposed to spot transactions. Most futures transactions are closed before expiration and physical delivery is infrequent. The futures price is rarely equal to the spot price, and the intertemporal difference is related to the carrying costs and benefits of possessing the underlying commodity. Carrying costs include transportation, insurance, storage, and opportunity costs, while benefits are reflected in convenience yield and lease rate. Speculators seek to profit from discrepancies between markets over time. Manufacturers and end users are more likely to conduct hedging transactions, while large-scale financial institutions are more likely to conduct speculative positions.
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Krell, Jonathan F. Ecocritics and Ecoskeptics. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789622058.001.0001.
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Michel Serres and Luc Ferry represent the two opposing views of ecology in contemporary French philosophy. Serres calls for a “natural contract” that would ensure a symbiotic relationship between humans and nature. Ferry rejects Serres’s ecocentric world view, embracing instead modernist humanism that places humans squarely in the center of the world. Part 1 of Ecocritics and Ecoskeptics presents three contemporary novels that depict the world as both a beautiful and fragile place, in danger of being destroyed—as Serres fears—by human technological progress. Part 2 studies two novels that address the animal question. What is the difference between humans and animals? Are humans animals, or have they been torn away from their animality? Can humans justify their inhumane treatment of animals? Part 3 analyzes two novelists, both avowed humanists who—one through humor and the other through humanitarianism—explore potential undesirable effects of environmentalism. The conclusion states that “environmentalism is a humanism.” Traditional humanism must yield to an ecological humanism that gives dignity and respect to both humans and the earth, acknowledging the unbreakable bond between human and humus.
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Becker, Lawrence C. Disability, Basic Justice, and Habilitation into Basic Good Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812876.003.0010.
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Focusing on the human necessity of habilitation leads to a more inclusive and adequate account of the circumstances of justice. Such an account involves paying persistent attention to similarities and differences in the physical and psychological abilities of actual human agents. That in turn leads to equally persistent attention to the basic good health (or lack of it) in such agents, and to their inabilities (disabilities) and abilities. Such attention to basic good health then yields a disability-friendly starting point for the construction of normative theories of basic justice generally. It does this by providing a constant undercurrent of attention to the crucial problems of human habilitation and rehabilitation that any plausible normative theory of justice must address. Those problems of justice, moreover, are framed as part of the inescapable project of working around human disabilities, or through them, toward situations in which their salience for basic justice is minimized.
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Jappelli, Tullio, and Luigi Pistaferri. The Age Profile of Consumption and Wealth. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383146.003.0002.
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The life-cycle model yields a number of important empirical predictions about consumption and saving behavior. First, the growth rate of consumption depends on the difference between the expected real interest rate and the rate of time preference and varies with the elasticity of intertemporal substitution. Second, individuals seek to smooth the marginal utility of consumption over time. Third, young consumers should be accumulating resources for retirement, and hence have an adequate level of wealth at retirement. Finally, the elderly should be decumulating resources. To test these predictions, one can draw on a vast array of data on interest rates, consumption, income, and wealth. Some come from time series and national accounts, others from cross-sectional or longitudinal surveys of households. This chapter introduces stylized facts that emerge from a first examination of such data, pointing out the merits but also the drawbacks of the available sources.
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Shiffrin, Seana Valentine. Speech Matters. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157023.001.0001.
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To understand one another as individuals and to fulfill the moral duties that require such understanding, we must communicate with each other. We must also maintain protected channels that render reliable communication possible, a demand that, this book argues, yields a prohibition against lying and requires protection for freedom of speech. The book makes a distinctive philosophical argument for the wrong of the lie and provides an original account of its difference from the wrong of deception. Drawing on legal as well as philosophical arguments, it defends a series of notable claims—that you may not lie about everything to the “Murderer at the Door,” that you have reasons to keep promises offered under duress, that lies are not protected by free speech, that police subvert their mission when they lie to suspects, and that scholars undermine their goals when they lie to research subjects. Many philosophers start to craft moral exceptions to demands for sincerity and fidelity when they confront wrongdoers, the pressures of non-ideal circumstances, or the achievement of morally substantial ends. The book consistently resists this sort of exceptionalism, arguing that maintaining a strong basis for trust and reliable communication through practices of sincerity, fidelity, and respecting free speech is an essential aspect of ensuring the conditions for moral progress, including our rehabilitation of and moral reconciliation with wrongdoers.
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McCleary, Richard, David McDowall, and Bradley J. Bartos. Noise Modeling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661557.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 introduces the Box-Jenkins AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) noise modeling strategy. The strategy begins with a test of the Normality assumption using a Kolomogov-Smirnov (KS) statistic. Non-Normal time series are transformed with a Box-Cox procedure is applied. A tentative ARIMA noise model is then identified from a sample AutoCorrelation function (ACF). If the sample ACF identifies a nonstationary model, the time series is differenced. Integer orders p and q of the underlying autoregressive and moving average structures are then identified from the ACF and partial autocorrelation function (PACF). Parameters of the tentative ARIMA noise model are estimated with maximum likelihood methods. If the estimates lie within the stationary-invertible bounds and are statistically significant, the residuals of the tentative model are diagnosed to determine whether the model’s residuals are not different than white noise. If the tentative model’s residuals satisfy this assumption, the statistically adequate model is accepted. Otherwise, the identification-estimation-diagnosis ARIMA noise model-building strategy continues iteratively until it yields a statistically adequate model. The Box-Jenkins ARIMA noise modeling strategy is illustrated with detailed analyses of twelve time series. The example analyses include non-Normal time series, stationary white noise, autoregressive and moving average time series, nonstationary time series, and seasonal time series. The time series models built in Chapter 3 are re-introduced in later chapters. Chapter 3 concludes with a discussion and demonstration of auxiliary modeling procedures that are not part of the Box-Jenkins strategy. These auxiliary procedures include the use of information criteria to compare models, unit root tests of stationarity, and co-integration.