Journal articles: 'Yield strengt'

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Poznyakov, V. D. "Weldability of high-strength alloyed steels with yield strength of 590–785 Mpa." Paton Welding Journal 2018, no. 3 (March 28, 2018): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2018.03.01.

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Poznyakov, V. D., V. D. Shelyagin, S. L. Zhdanov, A. A. Maksimenko, A. V. Zavdoveev, and A. V. Bernatsky. "Laser-arc welding of high-strength steels with yield strength of more than 700 MPa." Paton Welding Journal 2015, no. 10 (October 28, 2015): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2015.10.03.

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Lee, Swoo-Heon, Kyung-Jae Shin, So-Yeong Kim, and Hee-Du Lee. "Numerical Study on the Deformation Behavior of Longitudinal Plate-to-High-Strength Circular Hollow-Section X-Joints under Axial Load." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 3999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9193999.

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This study aims to investigate the joint strength of longitudinal plate-to-high-strength steel circular hollow-section X-type joints under plate axial load. The material properties of high-strength steel with nominal yield strengths of 460, 650, 900, and 1100 MPa were used for parametric analysis. The variables for analysis were ratios of chord diameter to thickness, plate width to chord diameter, and utilization. To determine the capacity of connections, the joint strengths using a deformation limit and a strength limit were considered and compared with American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), Eurocode 3, and ISO 14346. The joint strength determined by the ultimate deformation limit is approximately equal to the joint strength determined by the strength limit state at the yield strength of 460 MPa. The difference between both the joint strengths, however, becomes higher with increasing yield strength. The design equations estimate the joint strength based on the ultimate deformation limit approximately until the limitation of the nominal yield strength in each design code. As the nominal yield strength increases, the joint strengths are overestimated. In using high-strength steel in circular hollow-section X-type joints, the reduction factors of 0.75 and 0.62 for AISC and ISO 14346 are suggested for the nominal yield strengths of 900 and 1100 MPa, respectively. In Eurocode 3, the reduction factor of 0.67 is also suggested for a yield strength of 1100 MPa.

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Berdnikova, O. M. "Physico-mechanical properties of welded joints of high-strength steel with the yield strength of 690‒1300 MPa." Paton Welding Journal 2021, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37434/tpwj2021.04.01.

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Hageman, Amber, and Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh. "Sink Strength Maintenance Underlies Drought Tolerance in Common Bean." Plants 10, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030489.

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Drought is a major limiter of yield in common bean, decreasing food security for those who rely on it as an important source of protein. While drought can have large impacts on yield by reducing photosynthesis and therefore resources availability, source strength is not a reliable indicator of yield. One reason resource availability does not always translate to yield in common bean is because of a trait inherited from wild ancestors. Wild common bean halts growth and seed filling under drought and awaits better conditions to resume its developmental program. This trait has been carried into domesticated lines, where it can result in strong losses of yield in plants already producing pods and seeds, especially since many domesticated lines were bred to have a determinate growth habit. This limits the plants ability to produce another flush of flowers, even if the first set is aborted. However, some bred lines are able to maintain higher yields under drought through maintaining growth and seed filling rates even under water limitations, unlike their wild predecessors. We believe that maintenance of sink strength underlies this ability, since plants which fill seeds under drought maintain growth of sinks generally, and growth of sinks correlates strongly with yield. Sink strength is determined by a tissue’s ability to acquire resources, which in turn relies on resource uptake and metabolism in that tissue. Lines which achieve higher yields maintain higher resource uptake rates into seeds and overall higher partitioning efficiencies of total biomass to yield. Drought limits metabolism and resource uptake through the signaling molecule abscisic acid (ABA) and its downstream affects. Perhaps lines which maintain higher sink strength and therefore higher yields do so through decreased sensitivity to or production of ABA.

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Suzuki, T., I. Yonenaga, and H. O. K. Kirchner. "Yield Strength of Diamond." Physical Review Letters 75, no. 19 (November 6, 1995): 3470–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.75.3470.

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Feng, Su-Wei, Zhen-Gang Ru, Wei-Hua Ding, Tie-Zhu Hu, and Gan Li. "Study of the relationship between field lodging and stem quality traits of winter wheat in the north China plain." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 9 (2019): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19147.

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Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the North China Plain (NCP) is threatened by wheat lodging. Therefore, enhancing plant lodging resistance by improving stem quality traits is crucial to maintaining high stable yields of winter wheat. A consecutive 7-year field experiment was conducted to study the effects of stem traits on lodging resistance and the yield of four winter wheat cultivars (Bainong 418, Aikang 58, Wenmai 6 and Zhoumai 18). The results indicated that rainfall is often accompanied by strong winds that can cause lodging in the field. Stalk bending strength and wall thickness of the second internode showed significant negative correlations with lodging index, and a higher lodging index indicated increased lodging risk, which, in turn, could seriously affect the grain yield of wheat. Significant regression relationships were observed between lodging index and population lodging resistance strength, as measured using a crop lodging resistance electronic measuring device. Statistical analysis revealed that yield components and the grain yield of Bainong 418 were higher than those of the other cultivars; there was no significant difference between Bainong 418 and Aikang 58 in lodging index, stalk bending strength or single-stalk and population lodging resistance strengths at anthesis and the middle filling stages, but the mean plant height of Bainong 418 was significantly higher than that of Aikang 58. These results provide a new and reliable method for assessing lodging resistance capacity and indicate that greater lodging resistance, as determined by simultaneously considering plant height and basal stem strength, is an important way to achieve high, stable yield in winter wheat.

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Naji, Arash, and Fereidoon Irani. "P-∆ Effects in Steel Structures Using Yield Point Spectra." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.477.

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Yield Point Spectra (YPS) are used to indicate the influence of P-∆ effects on the lateral strengths of structures with constant ductility demands. The intensity of P-∆ effects is represented by an index, called the effective height, heff . Both the yield displacement and the effective height are stable parameters, even when the structure shows nonlinear behavior. The strength ratio, n, is defined as the ratio of lateral strength associated with P-∆ effect at the peak displacement and the total strength developed at the peak displacement response. In this paper by Ploting strength ratio(n) vs. yield displacement , the influence of P-∆ effects has been verified.

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Tan, Thiam-Soon, Teik-Cheong Goh, G. P. Karunaratne, Toshiyuki Inoue, and Seng-Lip Lee. "Yield stress measurement by a penetration method." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 28, no. 4 (August 1, 1991): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t91-068.

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Shear strength is an important parameter in the study of extremely soft clays or slurries. Measurement of shear strength less than 0.5 kPa is limited to a few methods such as the rotary viscometer and the Swedish fall cone; the former is suitable for slurries and the latter for soft clay. An alternative method that relies on the incremental vertical penetration of a thin plate under an incremental load to directly obtain the shear strength of extremely soft clays is investigated here. The effect of the plate material is shown to be negligible. The shear strength determined using this method was then compared with those obtained from the rotary viscometer and the Swedish fall cone. Good agreement is achieved in the ranges where they overlapped, thus confirming the validity of this method. The attractiveness of this method is its simplicity. Moreover, it is suitable for measurement of shear strengths below the Swedish fall cone range. Key words: thin plate, penetration, slurry, yield stress.

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Singh, V. Ram, V. Srinivasa Reddy, S. Shrihari, and T. Srikanth. "Effect of basalt fibre on the mechanical properties of M70 grade high performance concrete." E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401110.

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The presented work reveals the strength properties of M70 grade high performance basalt fibre reinforced concrete (BFRCC) containing 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% basalt fibre content by volume of concrete. 10% Silica fume is admixed for attaining higher strengths as preferred. Compressive, split-tensile and flexural strengths are evaluated. The BFRCC microstructure is found to be improved due to enrichment of interfacial transition zone with chopped basalt fibres. It was found that different fibre lengths require different dosages to yield maximum effect on the properties of concrete. Stress- strain responses of M70 grade BFRSCC yields improved ultimate strain and strain at peak load indicating its energy dissipation capacity at fracture.

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Cho, Seoungho, Myungkwan Lim, and Changhee Lee. "Study on the Bending and Joint Performances of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using High-Strength Rebars." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 21, 2021): 3482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063482.

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High-strength reinforcing bars have high yield strengths. It is possible to reduce the number of reinforcing bars placed in a building. Accordingly, as the amount of reinforcement decreases, the spacing of reinforcing bars increases, workability improves, and the construction period shortens. To evaluate the structural performance of high-strength reinforcing bars and the joint performance of high-strength threaded reinforcing bars, flexural performance tests were performed in this study on 12 beam members with the compressive strength of concrete, the yield strength of the tensile reinforcing bars, and the tensile reinforcing bar ratio as variables. The yield strengths of the tensile reinforcement and joint methods were used as variables, and joint performance tests were performed for six beam members. Based on this study, the foundation for using high-strength reinforcing bars with a design standard yield strength equal to 600 MPa was established. Accordingly, mechanical joints of high-strength threaded reinforcing bars (600 and 670 MPa) can be used. All six specimens were destroyed under more than the expected nominal strength. Lap splice caused brittle fractures because it was not reinforced in stirrup. Increases of 21% to 47% in the loads of specimens using a coupler and a lock nut were observed. Shape yield represents destruction—a section must ensure sufficient ductility after yielding. Therefore, a coupler and lock nut are effective.

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Olson, Scott M., and Benjamin B. Mattson. "Mode of shear effects on yield and liquefied strength ratios." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 4 (April 2008): 574–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t07-114.

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A database of 386 laboratory triaxial compression, direct simple shear, rotational shear, and triaxial extension test results was collected to examine yield and liquefied strength ratio concepts used in liquefaction analysis of sloping ground. These data envelope the yield and liquefied strength ratios obtained from back-analyses of liquefaction flow failure case histories. Generally, triaxial compression exhibits the highest yield and liquefied strength ratios, triaxial extension yields the lowest ratios, and direct simple shear – rotational shear shows intermediate responses. However, mode of shear appears to have a considerably smaller effect on laboratory-measured liquefied strength ratios for specimens with a positive state parameter (i.e., difference in consolidation void ratio and steady state void ratio at the same effective stress).

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Meade, Charles, and Raymond Jeanloz. "Yield strength ofAl2O3at high pressures." Physical Review B 42, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 2532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.42.2532.

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Belomyttsev, M. Yu. "Mathematical modeling of strength characteristics of chromium ferritic-martensitic steels." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 6 (July 1, 2020): 458–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-6-458-468.

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To predict the chemical composition of heat-resistant high-chromium steels with ferritic-martensitic structure (HFMS) (with the number of alloying elements up to 10 and the same number of parameters of production and heat treatment technology), a mathematical model is needed. In this work, I searched for the dependences of the yield strength and ultimate strength of HFMS on the content of alloying elements and test temperature without analyzing technological factors due to their uniformity. Analysis of the samples from ten steel grades was carried out on the basis of the experimental data including 63 tensile tests at 20 – 720 °С. Regression multiplicative dependencies are proposed to take into account exponential and power-law form through the corresponding factors: solid solution and dispersion hardening, total temperature softening of the steel, carbon content, total molybdenum and tungsten content, and strengthening effect of manganese. Estimates of the effect of nitrogen and silicon on the predicted strength characteristics have shown that a factor that takes into account the effect of nitrogen improves the model and is necessary in the general formula, and introduction of a factor that takes into account silicon content, worsens the model. Introduction of a silicon factor in the formula may be necessary in analysis of steels with high silicon content (type EP-823). The experimental fact of a close relationship between yield strengths and tensile strengths for the studied HFMS steels made it possible to use for the yield strength the form of equation and forecast for the ultimate strength, which differs only by coefficients in variables. Deviation of the calculated model yield strengths and tensile strengths from experimental is 13 – 18 %. An example of analysis of the yield strength behavior of steels with experimental chemical compositions is given. It is shown that the dependences found for the yield strength and tensile strength are stable with respect to the increase of experimental data matrix: with an increase in the number of experiments from 94 and higher, the coefficient of variation V monotonously decreases up to a maximum array size of 299 experiments.

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Gorash, Yevgen, and Donald MacKenzie. "On cyclic yield strength in definition of limits for characterisation of fatigue and creep behaviour." Open Engineering 7, no. 1 (June 23, 2017): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2017-0019.

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AbstractThis study proposes cyclic yield strength as a potential characteristic of safe design for structures operating under fatigue and creep conditions. Cyclic yield strength is defined on a cyclic stress-strain curve, while monotonic yield strength is defined on a monotonic curve. Both values of strengths are identified using a two-step procedure of the experimental stress-strain curves fitting with application of Ramberg-Osgood and Chaboche material models. A typical S-N curve in stress-life approach for fatigue analysis has a distinctive minimum stress lower bound, the fatigue endurance limit. Comparison of cyclic strength and fatigue limit reveals that they are approximately equal. Thus, safe fatigue design is guaranteed in the purely elastic domain defined by the cyclic yielding. A typical long-term strength curve in time-to-failure approach for creep analysis has two inflections corresponding to the cyclic and monotonic strengths. These inflections separate three domains on the long-term strength curve, which are characterised by different creep fracture modes and creep deformation mechanisms. Therefore, safe creep design is guaranteed in the linear creep domain with brittle failure mode defined by the cyclic yielding. These assumptions are confirmed using three structural steels for normal and high-temperature applications. The advantage of using cyclic yield strength for characterisation of fatigue and creep strength is a relatively quick experimental identification. The total duration of cyclic tests for a cyclic stress-strain curve identification is much less than the typical durations of fatigue and creep rupture tests at the stress levels around the cyclic yield strength.

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Lee, In-Hwan, Yo-Jin Song, and Soon-Il Hong. "Tensile shear strength of steel plate-reinforced larch timber as affected by further reinforcement of the wood with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)." BioResources 16, no. 3 (May 27, 2021): 5106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.5106-5117.

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To improve the connecting strength of larch timbers, tensile shear test specimens were fabricated, and their connecting shear strength performance was examined. The control specimens consisted of larch timber reinforced with steel plate. These were compared with similar specimens in which the wood had been reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). The reinforced specimens were fabricated in three types depending on the position of the CFRP reinforcement in the wooden part. All specimens were fabricated in two end distance types, depending on the bolt insertion position. The end distances examined were 60 mm (5D) and 84 mm (7D). The maximum connecting strength and the yield shear strength of each type were not different according to the CFRP reinforcement position. The reinforced specimens had an average connecting strength and yield shear strength that was 24% to 29% higher than the control specimens. The CFRP-reinforced specimens with an end distance of 5D had an average connecting strength and an average yield shear strength that that was 70% and 26% higher, respectively, than non-reinforced 7D specimens. The yield shear strength was predicted by measuring the bearing strengths of the larch timber samples and CFRP-reinforced timber samples. The predicted yield shear strength matched the measured yield shear strength.

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Ekolu, Stephen O., Zaid Mohamed, and Sean Kay. "Experimental Investigation and Yield Line Prediction for Ultimate Capacity of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Slabs." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 47 (March 2020): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.47.31.

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The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the influence of recycled aggregates on structural behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs. Concrete mixtures of 0.6 and 0.4 water/cement ratios were used to produce normal strength concretes and high strength concretes, respectively. Various concrete mixtures were prepared by replacing 19 mm natural coarse aggregates with 0, 25, 50, 100% recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) then used to cast RC slabs of size 500 x 300 x 100 mm thick, and 100 mm cubes. The two-way concrete slabs were reinforced orthotropically with Y12 steel bars. Workability, compressive strength, and split tensile strength properties of concrete were measured, while the RC slabs were subjected to monotonic loading until failure. The experimental results obtained were compared with theoretical failure loads predicted using the yield line theory. It was found that the use of RCA in concrete generally leads to reduction of workability and concrete strength in proportion with the RCA content incorporated into the mixture. The yield line method gave a conservative and accurate theoretical prediction of the actual ultimate loads for control concretes, predicting 10% lower values, but it exhibited loss of prediction accuracy for RCA concretes of normal strengths basically overestimating their failure loads. Accordingly, it would be unsafe to employ the yield line method for design of RCA concrete slabs of normal strengths. Generally, the adverse effects of RCA on concrete properties and structural behaviour can be mitigated significantly by adjusting mixture designs to higher strengths or by employing high strength concretes

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Salim, Urip Agus, Suyitno, Rahadyan Magetsari, and Muslim Mahardika. "Increasing Yield Strength of AISI 316L Plastically Deformed by Expanded Hole Techniques." Materials Science Forum 901 (July 2017): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.901.97.

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AISI 316L has been used to produce implant plates such as dynamic copmresion plates (DCP). The implant plates might experienced failure due to either suffer higher stresses exceeding the allowable maximum strenght or presents small crack growing through fatigue mechanism. Most of DCP fractures occured at the gliding holes region. This study conducted improving strength of DCP locally on the gliding holes. Strengthening on the gliding holes of DCP was performed by cold working method involving plastically deformation using an expanded hole technique. This study was conducted by both experimental and numerical simulation. Increasing strength locally on the gliding hole region was evaluated by measuring some parameters incorporated with strain hardening mechanism such as hardness and residual stresses. Increasing yields strength locally on the hole region was estimated by Takakuwa’s formulas. By this method, yields strength of the gliding hole of DCP made of AISI 316L increased from 325 MPa to be 600−1050 MPa.

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Xin, Tongzheng, Yuhong Zhao, Reza Mahjoub, Jiaxi Jiang, Apurv Yadav, Keita Nomoto, Ranming Niu, et al. "Ultrahigh specific strength in a magnesium alloy strengthened by spinodal decomposition." Science Advances 7, no. 23 (June 2021): eabf3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf3039.

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Strengthening of magnesium (Mg) is known to occur through dislocation accumulation, grain refinement, deformation twinning, and texture control or dislocation pinning by solute atoms or nano-sized precipitates. These modes generate yield strengths comparable to other engineering alloys such as certain grades of aluminum but below that of high-strength aluminum and titanium alloys and steels. Here, we report a spinodal strengthened ultralightweight Mg alloy with specific yield strengths surpassing almost every other engineering alloy. We provide compelling morphological, chemical, structural, and thermodynamic evidence for the spinodal decomposition and show that the lattice mismatch at the diffuse transition region between the spinodal zones and matrix is the dominating factor for enhancing yield strength in this class of alloy.

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Ienaga, Yuichi. "Mechanical Properties of Large-Scale Extruded Mg-Zn-Y Alloys." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 1541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.1541.

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In order to realize large-scale Mg-Zn-Y alloys with high strength and high heat resistance, we have developed a unique casting process to produce a large homogeneous ingot investigating the mechanical properties of the extruded alloys. First homogeneous ingots (335 mm x 850 mm) were prepared by a unique stir casting process. Then large-scale extruded alloys (100 mm) were prepared at 648 K with the extrusion ratio of 10. The Mg-Zn-Y alloys have exhibited higher yield and fatigue strengths than those of aluminum alloys. The yield strengths of the aluminum alloys have decreased drastically above 473 K, whereas those of the Mg-Zn-Y alloys have not. It is noteworthy that the yield strength (200 MPa) and the fatigue strength (75 MPa) of the Mg-Zn-Y alloys at 523 K are about twice and 1.2-1.4 times as high as those of the aluminum alloys respectively. Moreover, the creep strengths have been equivalent or higher than those of aluminum alloys. From the above results, we have verified that even being made by the large-scale extrusion, the Mg-Zn-Y alloys possess higher strength than those of heat resistant aluminum alloys.

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Lipski, Adam. "Change of Specimen Temperature during the Monotonic Tensile Test and Correlation between the Yield Strength and Thermoelasto-Plastic Limit Stress on the Example of Aluminum Alloys." Materials 14, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010013.

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This paper presents an attempt to generalize the description of the course of specimen temperature changes during the tensile test and to connect the value of the thermoelasto-plastic limit stress with the value of a clear (physical) or proof strength (offset yield strength) on the example of tests of the following aluminum alloy sheets used in Poland for airplane structures: 2024-T3 and D16 in three grades: D16ATV, D16CzATV, and D16UTV. A thermographic camera was used for specimen surface temperature measurement during the tensile test. The Portevine–Le Chatelier effect (the so-called PLC effect) was observed for tests of specimens cut from sheet plates, which was strongly reflected in the temperature fluctuations. The course of temperature change during tensile tests was divided into four characteristic stages related to the occurrence of a clear or offset yield strength. It was found that if there is a clear yield strength, the value of the thermoelasto-plastic limit stress was greater than this yield strength. If there was an offset yield strength, the value of the thermoelasto-plastic limit stress was lower than this yield strength. The differences in the aforementioned values of individual yield strengths did not exceed several percent. Thus, it can be concluded that the thermoelasto-plastic limit stress determined on the basis of the course of specimen temperature changes during the tensile test is well correlated with the value of the yield strength of the material.

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Re, Dino, Francesco De Angelis, Gabriele Augusti, Davide Augusti, Sergio Caputi, Maurizio D’Amario, and Camillo D’Arcangelo. "Mechanical Properties of Elastomeric Impression Materials: An In Vitro Comparison." International Journal of Dentistry 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/428286.

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Purpose.Although new elastomeric impression materials have been introduced into the market, there are still insufficient data about their mechanical features. The tensile properties of 17 hydrophilic impression materials with different consistencies were compared.Materials and Methods.12 vinylpolysiloxane, 2 polyether, and 3 hybrid vinylpolyether silicone-based impression materials were tested. For each material, 10 dumbbell-shaped specimens were fabricated (n=10), according to the ISO 37:2005 specifications, and loaded in tension until failure. Mean values for tensile strength, yield strength, strain at break, and strain at yield point were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (α=0.05).Results.Vinylpolysiloxanes consistently showed higher tensile strength values than polyethers. Heavy-body materials showed higher tensile strength than the light bodies from the same manufacturer. Among the light bodies, the highest yield strength was achieved by the hybrid vinylpolyether silicone (2.70 MPa). Polyethers showed the lowest tensile (1.44 MPa) and yield (0.94 MPa) strengths, regardless of the viscosity.Conclusion.The choice of an impression material should be based on the specific physical behavior of the elastomer. The light-body vinylpolyether silicone showed high tensile strength, yield strength, and adequate strain at yield/brake; those features might help to reduce tearing phenomena in the thin interproximal and crevicular areas.

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MASUDA, T., S. IKEDA, MAKII.K., S. MIYAKE, and K. OGAWA. "IMP-08: Effects of Bake Hardening Property on Dynamic Yield Strength of Ultra High Strength Sheet Steels(IMP-I: IMPACT BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURESG)." Proceedings of the JSME Materials and Processing Conference (M&P) 2005 (2005): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeintmp.2005.30_1.

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Yamabe-Mitarai, Yoko, Syuji Kuroda, Norie Motohashi, Takanobu Hiroto, Akira Ishida, Hideyuki Murakami, and Yoshio Itsumi. "Correlation between Solution Treatment Temperature, MicroStructure, and Yield Strength of Forged Ti-17 Alloys." Crystals 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11060625.

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The Ti compressor disks of aviation jet engines are produced by forging. Their microstructure, which depends on the forging conditions, strongly affects their mechanical properties. In this study, changes in the microstructure of Ti-17 alloy as a result of different solution-treatment (ST) temperatures and the related tensile yield strengths were investigated to elucidate the correlation between the ST temperature, microstructure, and yield strength. Ti-17 alloys ingots were isothermally forged at 800 °C and solution-treated at 750, 800, and 850 °C. The microstructure and yield strength were investigated for samples subjected to different ST temperatures. The primary α phase formed during the ST, and the secondary α phase formed during the aging treatment at 620 °C. The yield strength increased with increasing volume fraction of the primary α phase and increased further upon formation of the secondary α phase during the tensile test at room temperature. The correlation of the primary and secondary α phases with yield strength was clarified for tensile properties at room temperature, 450, and 600 °C. An equation to predict the yield strength was constructed using the volume fraction of the primary and secondary α phases.

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Barton, N., P. Dawson, and M. Miller. "Yield Strength Asymmetry Predictions From Polycrystal Elastoplasticity." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 121, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2812370.

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Since the 1960s, it has been known that elastoplastic polycrystal models predict asymmetries in the yield strength for polycrystals that have been prestrained. After prestraining in tension, a model polycrystal exhibits Bauschinger-like behavior in that it yields in compression at a lower stress magnitude than in tension. Furthermore, the knee of the reloading stress-strain curve is more gradual for compression than for tension. The origins of these behaviors reside in the assumption that links the macroscopic deformation to the deformations in individual crystals. More precisely, the reloading response is biased by the residual stress field which is induced with plastic straining by the anisotropy of the single crystal yield surface. While the earlier work pointed to the polycrystalline origins of the asymmetry, it did not resolve the degree to which the particular linking assumption affects the amount of asymmetry. However, due to the strong influence of the linking assumption on the crystal stresses, the sensitivity of the asymmetry to the linking assumption is expected to be appreciable. In this paper we examine the influence of the linking assumption on the magnitude of the computed yield strength asymmetry of prestrained polycrystals. Elastoplastic polycrystal simulations based on upper bound (Taylor) and lower bound (equilibrium-based) linking assumptions are compared to finite element computations in which elements constitute individual crystals. The finite element model maintains compatibility while satisfying equilibrium in a weak sense and treats the influence of neighboring crystals explicitly. The strength of the predicted Bauschinger effect does depend on the linking assumption, with ‘compatibility first’ models developing stronger yield strength asymmetries.

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da Trindade Alfaro, A., C. Simões da Costa, G. Graciano Fonseca, and C. Prentice. "Effect of Extraction Parameters on the Properties of Gelatin from King Weakfish (Macrodon ancylodon) Bones." Food Science and Technology International 15, no. 6 (December 2009): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013209352921.

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Fish bones are important sources of collagen and are usually discarded by the processing industries. A response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the extraction process of gelatin from king weakfish (Macrodon ancylodon) bones submitted to alkali pre-treatment. The experimental responses were gel strength and gelatin yield, while the studied variables were sodium hydroxide concentration (2 and 4 g/100 g), maceration time (48 and 72 h) and extraction temperature (60 °C and 80 °C). An increase in extraction temperature carried out a significant (p ≤ 0.05) reduction in gelatin gel strength. The increase in the NaOH concentration during maceration increased the process yield. Extraction temperature, NaOH concentration and their interaction had a pronounced effect on process yield. High extraction temperatures resulted in higher yields, but reduced the strength of gelatin gel.

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Vandana, R. K., and K. R. Bindhu. "Influence of geometric and material characteristics on the behavior of reinforced concrete beam-column connections." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 5 (May 2017): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0247.

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The design of reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and hence beam-column connections is of great importance in earthquake prone areas. Beam-column joints, which should be sufficiently strong to resist and sustain lateral loads, are designed on the basis of the strong-column weak-beam concept so that they undergo ductile failure. The present study describes the cyclic loading performance of six interior beam-column connection specimens designed to be seismic-resistant with varying aspect ratios, concrete compressive strengths, and beam bar yield strengths. Results indicate that joint ductility and energy dissipation capacity can be enhanced by maintaining a unit aspect ratio. Moreover, joint shear strength can be improved significantly by increasing concrete compressive strength. Beam bar yield strength is observed to influence joint ductility considerably.

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Sorensen, R. B., M. C. Lamb, and C. L. Butts. "Can Peg Strength Be Used as a Predictor for Pod Maturity and Peanut Yield?" Peanut Science 42, no. 2 (November 1, 2015): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/0095-3679-42.2.92.

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Abstract Mesocarp hull color is the current standard to estimate digging date and peanut (Arachis hypogaea, L.) maturity with acceptable yield and grade. Subjectivity of pod color and pod placement on a color chart may give a false indication of when to dig peanuts. The objective was to determine if peg strength could be used to predict pod maturity, digging date, and resultant peanut yield. Peanut peg strength was collected for two years (2011 and 2012) on three peanut cultivars (Georgia-06G, Georgia-09B, and Tifguard), at multiple plant dates (2012 only) and multiple harvest dates to determine the relationship between peg strength versus pod maturity, peanut loss, and peanut yield. Peg strength was determined using an electronic force gage that would measure peak force. Average peg strength was different for all three cultivars with Georgia-06G having the greatest average peg strength followed by Georgia-09B, and Tifguard. In general, peanut yields were greater at early plant and harvest dates and decreased with time. Conversely, peanut pod loss was lower with early plant and harvest dates but increased with later harvest dates. There was a strong positive linear relationship between peg strength and peanut yield for each cultivar. However, there was a relatively small difference with peg strength values between the maximum and minimum peanut yield. There was no relationship between peg strength and mesocarp color (pod maturity, R2 = 0.007). Small differences in peg strength and the non-relationship between peg strength and pod maturity implies: 1) a large sample size would be needed to predict peanut yield, 2) the large sample size would increase time and manpower to determine average peg strength values, and 3) peg strength was not a valid criteria to determine pod maturity or predict digging date. Overall, peg strength may be useful to describe cultivar characteristics but may not be sufficiently robust to predict pod maturity digging date, or peanut yield.

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Schmidt, CP, RK Belford, and D. Tennant. "Effect of different direct drilling and conventional sowing techniques on soil strength, root growth and grain yield of wheat on sandplain soils in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 3 (1994): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9940547.

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Experiments were conducted to compare different direct drilling and conventional sowing techniques, and describe the effects of these techniques on soil strength, root growth and grain yield of wheat on sandplain soils in the northern wheat-belt of Western Australia. Soil strength was identified as a critical factor affecting root growth; increasing the depth of soil loosening beneath seeding depth with a modified direct drill reduced soil strength relative to that found in the traditional direct drill treatments, and increased rooting density beyond the 10 cm soil depth. As loosening depth increased, there were increases in both shoot growth and grain yields, and water use efficiency also improved. Maximizing the depth of soil disturbance by deep ripping after sowing resulted in the highest grain yields, but the time and cost penalties associated with this tillage operation are substantial and likely to deter its routine use. Modifying a direct drill to loosen soil beneath sowing depth therefore combined the advantages of conventional direct drilling (timeliness, moisture conservation and lower risk of erosion), with those obtained by sowing after cultivation (improved root growth and yield) without the yield penalties associated either with direct drilling or delayed sowing on these soils.

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SANO, Makoto, Kenji GOMI, and Kensuke ICHINOSE. "Yield Strength induced by Cyclic Loading." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2000.3 (2000): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2000.3.0_313.

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31

Zhang, Yan, and Jian-Min Zhang. "Yield strength of attached copper film." Chinese Physics B 20, no. 8 (August 2011): 086802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/20/8/086802.

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32

Diao, Jiankuai, Ken Gall, and Martin L. Dunn. "Yield Strength Asymmetry in Metal Nanowires." Nano Letters 4, no. 10 (October 2004): 1863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0489992.

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33

Haden, C. V., P. C. Collins, and D. G. Harlow. "Yield Strength Prediction of Titanium Alloys." JOM 67, no. 6 (May 30, 2015): 1357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1436-2.

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34

Javaid, Muhammad Mansoor, Hasnain Waheed, Nadeem Nazami, Muhammad Ashraf, Feng-Min Li, and Asif Tanveer. "Response of chickpea to foliar supply of Hoagland’s solution under rain-fed condition." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, no. 6supl2 (November 6, 2020): 3053–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6supl2p3053.

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Under rain-fed conditions, foliar application of nutrients is an efficient tool to eliminate the adverse effects of nutrients shortage and helpful to catch the maximum yield of any crop. Field experiments were executed to evaluate the effect of foliar spray of different strengths and application times of Hoagland’s solution on growth and yield characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under rain-fed conditions. The treatments consisted of distilled water (control), 25, 50, and 75% strength of Hoagland’s solution sprayed at 7, 14, and 21 days after crop emergence (DACE) on two chickpea cultivars C-44 and CM-72. In terms of growth and yield, CM-72 showed superiority over C-44. The 75% strength of Hoagland’s solution showed an improvement of 32.9, 37.9, 35.3, 13.5, and 35% in dry weight, plant height, 100- seed weight, seed yield, and biological yield, respectively when sprayed at 21 DACE than distilled water. However, the lower strength (25%) of Hoagland’s solution produced similar results to distilled water. It is recommended that under rain-fed conditions chickpea cultivar CM-72 should be cultivated with a foliar supply of 75% strength of Hoagland’s solution at 21 DACE to obtain the maximum growth and yield.

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35

Lee, Yun Hee, Yong Hak Huh, Ju Young Kim, Seung Hoon Nahm, Jae Il Jang, and Dong Il Kwon. "Yield Property Characterization for Au and TiN Thin Films by Applying Nanoindentation Technique." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.215.

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We tried to apply the nanoindentation technique to yield strength characterization by modifying a previous research. Although the yield strength determining technique developed by Kramer et al. has been successfully demonstrated for large scale indentations on bulky metals, its applicability is still doubtful to nanoscale indentations on thin films with severe roughness, anisotropy, and interfacial constraint. In order to overcome these problems, we combined the nanoindentation technique with a three-dimensional indent visualization technique in this study. Nanoindentation tests were performed for Au and TiN thin films and their corresponding indents were scanned by using an atomic force microscope. From the three-dimensional pile-up morphology, a circular pile-up boundary was measured and input into the yield strength formulation as an effective yielded zone radius. The yield strengths calculated were directly compared with those from the microtensile test.

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36

Guo, Zherui, Stephenie Martinez-Morales, and Weinong Chen. "Projectile strength effects on the ballistic impact response of soft armor targets." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 3-4 (July 19, 2019): 282–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519862882.

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Upon impact with a target panel, a portion of a projectile's striking kinetic energy is dissipated via heat loss or deformation. Typical ballistic performance determination standards require strict projectile hardness values of Rc 29 ± 2 for consistency and repeatability, but it is of interest to examine if these required hardness values give a lower bound where the ballistic performance determination is independent of the strength of the projectile. In this study, a large range of yield strengths of metallic right-circular cylinders were used to test the effects on the ballistic response of a multi-ply soft body armor. The results show that with an increase in projectile yield strength, the ballistic limit velocity decreases. This degradation in ballistic performance of the soft armor target levels off at higher yield strengths to about 75% of the expected ballistic performance for Rc 29, indicating that there may be a minimum projectile strength after which the influence of strength is no longer significant. The degree of deformation of projectiles during impact is related to the striking velocity and the off-axis failure of the soft armor target material.

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Bian, Mingzhe, Xinsheng Huang, and Yasumasa Chino. "Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Precipitation-Hardenable Magnesium–Silver–Calcium Alloy Sheets." Metals 10, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121632.

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Precipitation hardening provides one of the most common strengthening mechanisms for magnesium (Mg) alloys. Here, we report a new precipitation-hardenable Mg sheet alloy based on the magnesium–silver–calcium system. In a solution treated condition (T4), the strength of Mg–xAg–0.1Ca alloys is enhanced with increasing the Ag content from 1.5 wt.% to 12 wt.%. The Mg–12Ag–0.1Ca (wt.%) alloy sheet shows moderate tensile yield strengths of 193 MPa, 130 MPa, 117 MPa along the rolling direction (RD), 45° and transverse direction (TD) in the T4-treated condition. Subsequent artificial aging at 170 °C for 336 h (T6) increases the tensile yield strengths to 236 MPa, 163 MPa and 143 MPa along the RD, 45° and TD, respectively. This improvement in the tensile yield strength by the T6 treatment can be ascribed to the formation of AgMg4 precipitates lying on the {112¯0}ɑ and pyramidal planes. Our finding is expected to stimulate the development of precipitation-hardenable Mg–Ag-based wrought alloys with high strength.

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38

Rammer, Douglas R., and Samuel L. Zelinka. "Withdrawal Strength and Bending Yield Strength of Stainless Steel Nails." Journal of Structural Engineering 141, no. 5 (May 2015): 04014134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001088.

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Caron, Pierre, Frédéric Diogolent, and Stefan Drawin. "Influence of Chemistry on the Tensile Yield Strength of Nickel-Based Single Crystal Superalloys." Advanced Materials Research 278 (July 2011): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.278.345.

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The tensile yield strength of AM1 and MC-NG single crystal superalloys with a γ’ precipitate size close to 300 nm were compared within the 20-1050°C temperature range. The room temperature yield strength of the fourth generation MC-NG superalloy is about 200 MPa less than that of the AM1 first generation one. Inversely, at higher temperatures (T > 800°C), the tensile strength of MC-NG is higher than that of AM1. These results are discussed by taking into account the elementary deformation mechanisms and the respective strengths of the γ and γ’ phases. Experiments on a modified MC-NG alloy show that reinforcing the γ’ phase by increasing the contents of Ti and Ta is an efficient way to recover a higher tensile strength at low temperatures. Rhenium addition and increase of the γ’ solvus temperature are suggested to be beneficial for the high temperature tensile strength. Data published on various other single crystals are in agreement with these hypotheses.

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40

Chatterjee, Subrata, S. K. Ghosh, and P. S. Bandyopadhyay. "Thermo-Mechanically Controlled Processed Ultrahigh Strength Steels." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.685.

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A low-carbon, titanium and niobium (Ti-Nb) bearing and a low-carbon titanium, niobium and copper (Ti-Nb-Cu) bearing ultra high strength steel have been thermo-mechanically processed on a laboratory scale unit. Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of the above air cooled steels have been studied at different finish rolling temperatures (FRTs). Microstructural characterization reveals largely a mixture of granular bainite and bainitic ferrite along with the precipitation of microalloying carbide/carbonitride particles and/or Cu-rich precipitates. (Ti-Nb) bearing steel yields higher yield strength (1114-1143 MPa) along with higher tensile strength (1591-1688 MPa) and moderate ductility (12-13%) as compared to (Ti-Nb-Cu) bearing steel having yield strength (934-996 MPa) combined with tensile strength (1434-1464 MPa) and similar ductility (13%) for the selected range of 850-750°C FRT. Due to higher strength-ductility combinations, these present investigated steels can be regarded as the replacement material for ballistic applications as well as other sectors like defense, pipeline, cars, pressure vessels, ships, offshore platforms, aircraft undercarriages and rocket motor casings etc. Key words: Thermo-mechanical controlled processing, ultra high strength steel, microstructure, mechanical properties.

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CHOI, H. J., J. W. KIM, M. S. CHO, C. A. KIM, and M. S. JHON. "CHARACTERISTICS OF A YIELD STRESS SCALING FUNCTION FOR ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 17n18 (July 20, 2002): 2636–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202012773.

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The electrorheological (ER) fluids exhibit a drastic change in rheological and electrical properties. Among these properties, yield stress is one of the critical evaluation parameters of the performance of ER devices. The published experimental data of yield dependence on the electric field strength and particle volume fraction are inconsistent due to the time dependence of material properties and measuring conditions. In this paper, we present a universal function, descriptive of the normalized yield stress, via scaling of the applied electric field strength. This scaling equation hybridizes both the polarization and conductivity models. Yield stress data for various ER fluids are collapsed onto a single curve for a broad range of electric field strengths, suggesting that the proposed scaling equation is adequate for predicting the ER property. Furthermore, the yield stresses, obtained from two different measuring techniques (static and dynamics methods), were also examined.

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Royes, Paul, Nicolas Masquelier, Thierry Breville, and David Balloy. "Copper Effect on Mechanical Properties of Al-CNF Composite Material Elaborated by Liquid Metallurgy with Induction Melting." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 2018–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.2018.

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Aluminum-Carbon nanoFibers (CNF) composites produce by stir casting process present a yield strengths (YS) and an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) improved up to 33%. The hardening of the Al-CNF composite was considered as the sum of elementary contributions of effects: natural hardness of pure Al; grain size; dislocation density; elements in solid solution; CNF. In order to quantify CNF effect, calculation was performed to quantify the contribution to yield strength of each other’s mechanisms. This theoretical calculation was compared to experimental results and the real effect of CNF on yield strength increase was estimated between 10 and 16%. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1: Graphical Abstract (copper dots on CNF / stir casting process / contributions to hardening) Keywords: Aluminum matrix composite; copper-coated carbon nanofibers; liquid metallurgy elaboration; mechanical properties; hardening effect

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43

Sarma, G. V. S., P. Bala Bharathi, J. V. S. Murty, G. M. J. Raju, K. V. Ramesh, and C. Bhaskara Sarma. "Improvements in Recovery Efficiencies of Phenols from Phenol Fraction Using Two-Stage Alkali Treatment." TECNICA ITALIANA-Italian Journal of Engineering Science 65, no. 2-4 (July 30, 2021): 442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ti-ijes.652-443.

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Experiments were carried out for the recovery of phenols from phenol fraction procured from tar distillation plant of Visakhapatnam steel plant by two stage alkali treatment, to study the effect of two-stage alkali treatment on the yield of phenols from phenol fraction. The results of the present investigation showed that two-stage alkali wash gives better yields of phenols compared to single stage alkali wash of the same phenol fraction with the same strength of alkali solution (NaOH). Also it is shown that maximum yield of phenols could be obtained with 35% strength of alkali. In the first stage 70% of 35% strength solution was used while in the second stage treatment 30% of the same strength solution was used. Improvements in the recovery efficiencies of phenols were found to be 47% more than those reported earlier in the single-stage extraction studies for the same strength of alkali solutions.

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44

Margalin, Brilliant, S. P. Edijanto, and Paulus B. Notopuro. "THE DIFFERENCE OF TENSILE STRENGTH AND YIELD FIBRINOGEN ON FIBRIN GLUE PREPARATIVE BY CRYOPRESIPITATE WITH AND WITHOUT FREEZE DRYING METHODS." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 25, no. 3 (April 13, 2019): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v25i3.1460.

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Fibrin glue is a useful biological product to stop bleeding, adhesive tissue and accelerate wound healing. Preparation of Fibrin Glue requires fibrinogen and thrombin components. The routine cryoprecipitation method performed at the Blood Bank can be used to improve the quality of the fibrinogen component. The Freeze Drying process can increase the retention time of plasma products at room temperature. Yield Fibrinogen and Tensile Strength is a quantitative and qualitative parameter of preparation quality of fibrin glue. This study focused on finding differences between Tensile Strength and Yield Fibrinogen on fibrin glue preparative by cryoprecipitate with and without freeze drying methods.This study is in vitro laboratory experiments design by comparing the Yield Fibrinogen and Tensile Strength of fibrin glue preparation from cryoprecipitic plasma with and without freeze dried process. The results were analyzed comparatively using paired T test.The plasma fibrinogen content of the sample was 237.66 ± 67.10 mg / dL. The fibrinogen content of the cryoprecipitate component without freeze drying process was 327.74 ± 103.42 mg / dL with a yield fibrinogen of 1.38 ± 0.25. The fibrinogen content of the cryoprecipitate component with freeze drying process was 251.20 ± 103.91 mg / dL with yield fibrinogen 1.04 ± 0.25. Tensile strength of fibrin glue from cryoprecipitate without freeze drying process was found to average 0.52 ± 0.18. Tensile strength of fibrin glue from cryoprecipitate with freeze drying process was found to average 0.33 ± 0.12. There was a significant difference between yield fibrinogen and tensile strength of fibrin glue preparation of cryoprecipitation method with and without freeze dried process.There is a significant difference on yields fibrinogen and tensile strength in the preparation of fibrin glue by the freeze drying process which is probably due to changes in the structure and function of fibrinogen proteins.

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45

Kim, Min-Jun, Bum-Sik Lee, Dong-Hwan Kim, Sang-Pil Han, and Kil-Hee Kim. "Effect of Configuration and Yield Strength of Transverse Reinforcement on Lateral Confinement of RC Columns." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 6696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156696.

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In general, the lateral confinement capacity of RC columns is influenced by the strength and configuration of transverse reinforcement. In this study, performed antisymmetric flexural moment experiments that simulated seismic loads, with the configuration and yield strength of the transverse reinforcement of RC square columns as main variables. The eight specimens were square cross-sections measuring 250 × 250 mm, and the lateral confinement effect in relation to main variables was examined by inducing flexural failure in the plastic hinge zone under a shear span-to-depth ratio (a/D) of 3.0. Transverse reinforcements comprised a square and octagonal S-series and tie-based H-series. The yield strengths of the transverse reinforcements were 453 MPa and 1053 MPa, respectively. Compared to the H-series, the S-series, whose configuration of transverse reinforcement is closer to a circular form, exhibited more prominent ductile behavior after flexural yield with increasing yield strength of transverse reinforcement, which indicates greater lateral confinement.

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Li, Zhen Bao, Wen Jing Wang, Wei Jing Zhang, Yun Da Shao, Bing Zhang, Mei Guang Fan, and Shuang Ping Lin. "Axial Compressive Experimental Study on Full-Scale Square Concrete Columns Confined by High-Strength Spiral Hoops." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 2036–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.2036.

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3 specimens of full-scale reinforced concrete columns were tested under monotonic axial loading, in which the hoop configuration of one specimen was #, and the other two used the two-directional composite spiral hoops. The axial compressive performances of full-scale reinforced concrete columns confined by different configurations and strengths of hoops were discussed. One of the columns confined by spiral hoops used high-strength steels with the yield strength of 1000MPa as hoops, while the other two columns used ordinary-strength steel with yield strength of 400MPa. Columns confined by spiral hoops exhibited slight higher bearing capacity and better deformation ability than columns with hoop configuration #. The results also indicated that compared with the specimen used ordinary-strength hoops, the bearing capacity of the specimen used high-strength hoops was basically the same, but the deformation ability improved obviously.

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47

Lim, Myunghwan, and Changhee Lee. "Flexural Performance of Reinforced Concrete Members with Steel Bars." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 4512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104512.

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The use of high-tension bars to strengthen flexural members is gaining increasing interest. However, the applicability of current standards to such bars is uncertain, because there may not be a definite yield strength and it may be unclear whether the tensile or compressive failure mode dominates. Determining the balanced–destruction steel ratio is particularly difficult. We measure the bending behaviour of flexural members containing high-tension bars with different yield strengths and tensile steel ratios. We conclude that the maximum-steel-ratio regulation and nominal -strength equation in the current standard remain applicable.

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48

Simpkin, S. P., and P. Rowlinson. "Studies on milk yield and calf suckling behaviour in Kenyan camels (Camelus dromedarius)." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600030737.

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Estimates of camel lactation yields in the literature vary from less than 1000kg to more than 12000 kg, with mean daily yields from 0.1 to 35kg (Simpkin 1985). Suckling or milking frequency and strength of the milk letdown reflex are just two of many factors that affect milk secretion rate in camels. Most of the 18 million camels in the world are kept in nomadic pastoral herds where estimation of milk yield is particularly difficult and the large variation in reported camel milk yields could be attributed to the methodology used to estimate yields. A literature survey shows most articles are based on infrequent observations on small numbers of animals over a short period of lactation and fail to state the experimental conditions or whether figures represent milk offtake for human consumption or total milk yield.

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Klenam, D. E. P., L. H. Chown, M. J. Papo, and L. A. Cornish. "Phase proportions, carbon equivalent, mechanical properties and their effect on material cost of railway axle steels." MRS Advances 3, no. 37 (2018): 2169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.348.

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AbstractCommuter trains with solid axle configuration are produced from medium carbon steel due to cost restrictions. High-speed trains have hollow axle configuration for reduced weight and are made from high strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels. The HSLA steels have higher amounts of C, Cr, Ni, Mo, V and Nb, and are more expensive than medium carbon steels. The effects of phase proportions, carbon equivalent (CE), yield strength and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) on material costs of existing railway axle steels were studied using Thermo-Calc. Medium carbon rail axle steels had higher Fe3C phase proportions than the HSLA steel rail axle grades. Higher affinity of Cr, Mo and V for C than Fe resulted in decreased cementite proportions. The HSLA steels had yield strengths above 370 MPa, and UTS above 750 MPa, with increased material cost above $3300 per ton. A scattered distribution was observed for the pearlite weight fraction and material costs, with most between $3200 and $3400. The yield and tensile strengths increased with increasing carbon equivalent and pearlite weight fraction. The data aided the selection and design of alloys with better mechanical and corrosion properties at reduced material cost.

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Kheirabadi, Khabat, and Sadegh Alijani. "Genetic parameters for milk production and persistency in the Iranian Holstein population by the multitrait random regression model." Archives Animal Breeding 57, no. 1 (May 23, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7482/0003-9438-57-012.

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Abstract. For genetic dissection of milk, fat, and protein production traits in the Iranian primiparous Holstein dairy cattle, records of these traits were analysed using a multitrait random regression test-day model. Data set included 763 505 test-day records from 88 204 cows calving since 1993. The (co)variance components were estimated by Bayesian method. The obtained results indicated that as in case of genetic correlations within traits, genetic correlations between traits decrease as days in milk (DIM) got further apart. The strength of the correlations decreased with increasing DIM, especially between milk and fat. Heritability estimates for 305-d milk, fat, and protein yields were 0.31, 0.29, and 0.29, respectively. Heritabilities of test-day milk, fat, and protein yields for selected DIM were higher in the end than at the beginning or the middle of lactation. Heritabilities for persistency ranged from 0.02 to 0.24 and were generally highest for protein yield (0.05 to 0.24) and lowest for fat yield (0.02 to 0.17), with milk yield having intermediate values (0.06 to 0.22). Genetic correlations between persistency measures and 305-d production were higher for protein and milk yield than for fat yield. The genetic correlation of the same persistency measures between milk and fat yields averaged 0.76, and between milk and protein yields averaged 0.82.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Yield strengt'

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