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Leal, Joana Ferreira. "Photo-degradation of contaminants as a way of remediation of aquaculture’s water." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22462.
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Doutoramento em QuímicaAs result of an increase in fish consumption and fisheries stagnation, aquaculture is a growing and widespread activity. The increasing density in aquaculture production potentiates the appearance of pathogenic microorganisms, like bacteria, requiring a greater health control, achieved with disinfectants. In some cases, the use of antibiotics may be necessary. In this work, two chemical compounds approved for aquaculture are studied: oxytetracycline (antibiotic) and formalin (disinfectant). In addition to the intentionally introduced compounds, several others reach these water systems indirectly. As example of an indirect contaminant, decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was also included in this study. The photo-degradation under sunlight is one of the main routes of natural degradation of contaminants in surface waters and may be an economic process for treatment of contaminated waters before their reuse or discharge. However, this process is influenced by water matrix, namely the nature and concentration of organic matter and salts. Under the direct action of sunlight, BDE-209 and oxytetracycline (OTC) are rapidly degraded. However, in the presence of humic substances (HS), which are the main components of organic matter, the degradation of these two compounds is delayed. While the filter effect of light explains the delay on OTC photo-degradation, in the case of BDE-209, the hydrophobic interactions between the compound and the HS are the main reason for the delay. Salts and pH of marine aquaculture’s water favour the OTC photo-degradation relatively to deionized water. Calcium and magnesium have a strong influence on the kinetics and products of OTC photo-degradation. It should be noted that, in all saline matrices, the products resulting from OTC photo-degradation revealed no biological activity for E. coli, Aeromonas sp. and Vibrio sp., which is an advantage in what the bacterial resistance to this antibiotic is concerned. Formalin (aqueous formaldehyde) undergoes only indirect photo-degradation. Neat TiO2 and two visible light active TiO2 composites (TiO2–Tetra-phenyl porphyrin and TiO2–Graphene oxide) were tested as photo-catalysts. The combination of TiO2 with graphene oxide was the best choice for formalin degradation, under sunlight. However, the methodology proposed should be optimized in view of its application to marine aquaculture’s waters since the matrix of these waters reduces the photo-catalyst efficiency. In summary, the work carried out and disclosed herein has great application potential, especially in the aquaculture industry, but also in other water systems where these contaminants are present.
A aquacultura é uma atividade em crescente expansão em resultado do aumento do consumo de peixe e da estagnação das pescas. O aumento da densidade de produção em aquacultura potencia o aparecimento de microrganismos patogénicos, como as bactérias, obrigando a um maior controlo sanitário que é feito com desinfetantes. Em alguns casos, pode ser necessário o uso de antibióticos. Neste trabalho são estudados dois compostos químicos autorizados em aquacultura: a oxitetraciclina (antibiótico) e a formalina (desinfetante). Além dos compostos introduzidos intencionalmente, existem outros que, por via indireta, atingem estes sistemas aquáticos. Como exemplo de um contaminante indireto, o éter deca-bromodifenilo (BDE-209) foi também incluído neste estudo. A foto-degradação com luz solar é uma das principais vias de degradação natural de contaminantes em águas superficiais e pode constituir uma via económica para o tratamento de águas contaminadas antes da sua descarga ou reutilização. Contudo, este é um processo influenciado pela matriz das águas, nomeadamente pela concentração e natureza da matéria orgânica e pelos sais. Sob a ação direta da luz solar, o BDE-209 e a oxitetraciclina (OTC) são degradados rapidamente. Contudo, na presença de substâncias húmicas (HS), que são as principais componentes da matéria orgânica, a degradação de ambos é retardada. Enquanto o efeito de filtro da luz explica o atraso da foto-degradação da OTC, no caso do BDE-209, as interações hidrofóbicas entre o composto e as HS são a razão principal desse atraso. Os sais e o pH das águas de aquacultura marinha favorecem a foto-degradação da OTC relativamente à água desionizada. O cálcio e o magnésio têm uma forte influência na cinética e nos produtos de foto-degradação da OTC. Importa salientar que, em todas as matrizes salinas, os produtos resultantes da foto-degradação da OTC não revelaram atividade biológica para a E. coli, Aeromonas sp. e Vibrio sp., o que é uma vantagem no que diz respeito à resistência bacteriana a este antibiótico. A formalina (formaldeído aquoso) apenas sofre foto-degradação indireta. O TiO2 puro e dois compósitos de TiO2 ativos na zona visível (TiO2–Tetra-fenilo porfirina e TiO2–óxido de grafeno) foram testados como foto-catalisadores. A conjugação de TiO2 com óxido de grafeno revelou-se a melhor escolha para a degradação da formalina, usando luz solar. Contudo, a metodologia proposta deverá ser otimizada com vista à sua aplicação a águas de aquacultura marinha, uma vez que a matriz destas águas reduz a eficiência do foto-catalisador. Em suma, o trabalho desenvolvido e aqui apresentado tem grande potencialidade de aplicação, em particular no setor da aquacultura, mas também em outros sistemas aquáticos onde estes contaminantes estejam presentes.
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FORSBERG, SEBASTIAN, and ANTON SVENSSON. "Enabling One-Way Leases of Temperature Controlled Containers: A Heuristic Model." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-236771.
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There is an asymmetry in demand for transportation means of goods and commodities globally. One industry in which this trend is especially prominent is the pharmaceutical industry, where the European Union is by far the largest net exporter of pharmaceutical products globally, followed by Switzerland. The largest global net importer of pharmaceutical products is America, and given that many pharmaceutical products need to be transported in a cold chain, a niche within the transportation industry has grown – one that focuses primarily on transportation of high-value temperature-sensitive goods. Transportation companies working with circulating assets around the world need to determine how much capacity can be allocated to the sale of one-way trips (which may displace assets within the fleet to places in which they cannot be sold again due to the lack of business) whilst still allowing the sale of round-trip leases to continue. We conducted a case study within Company A that is a cold chain provider for air freight to provide context on how a heuristic model for capacity control should be developed, and incorporated this with learnings from theory within the fields of revenue management and fleet management together with literature in similar business settings. This resulted in a four-step model with unique planning horizons for each level, ranging from strategic perspectives for fleet balancing down to operational aspects of daily allocation and release of containers. We conclude which factors are essential for the context of the case study and showcase how a model can be constructed taking these findings into account. The thesis deals with the issue of capacity control for one-way leases. Other models have used pricing strategies to accomplish similar tasks and this is not included in the proposed model which is a limitation of this study, this is discussed and elaborated on. Furthermore, possible implications for the customer behaviour with the suggested model is discussed.Det finns en global asymmetri i efterfrågan för transport av gods och råvaror. En industri där detta är speciellt framstående är läkemedelsindustrin – där Europa är den största exportören globalt följt av Schweiz. Den största importören av dessa produkter är Nordamerika, och givet att många läkemedelsprodukter behöver transporteras i en kylkedja har en nisch inom transportsektorn vuxit fram – en som fokuserar primärt på transport av temperaturkänsligt gods av högt värde. Transportbolag som jobbar med cirkulerande tillgångar världen över behöver bestämma hur mycket kapacitet som kan allokeras till envägsuthyrningar (vilket kan fördela flottan så att ingen efterfrågan finns för att sälja dessa igen) medan den fortsatta försäljningen av tur-och-retur-uthyrningar fortfarande tillåts. Vi utför en fallstudie inom Företag A, som tillhandahåller tjänster för kylkedjor gjorda för flygfrakt, detta för att skapa förståelse för hur en heuristisk modell för kapacitetskontroll kan utvecklas. Detta vävs samman med lärdomar från teori inom fälten intäktsoptimering och förvaltning och styrning av utrustningsflottor tillsammans med litteratur inom liknande affärskontexter. Detta resulterade i en fyrstegsmodell med unika planeringshorisonter för varje nivå. Modellen sträcker sig från strategiska beslut för balansering av flottan ner till operationella aspekter för daglig allokering och överlåtande av containrar. Vi sammanfattar vilka faktorer som är relevanta inom ramarna för fallstudien och visar hur en modell kan vara uppbyggd där dessa faktorer tas i beaktning. Avhandlingen hanterar problemet kapacitetskontroll för envägsuthyrningar. Andra modeller har använt prissättningsstrategier för att åstadkomma liknande mål och detta har inte inkluderats i den föreslagna modellen vilket är en begränsning i avhandlingen, detta diskuteras och vidareutvecklas. Möjliga implikationer på kundbeteende med den föreslagna modellen diskuteras också.
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Kapounová, Radka. "Porovnání cen ovocných dřevin zjištěných zjednodušeným a výnosovým způsobem v okrese Hodonín." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232804.
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The aim of diploma thesis is comparison prices for fruit trees found yield way and prices found simplified way. Comparison wil be made with selected fruit trees lokated in different areas in the distrikt Hodonín. In the three (four) lokations will be changed the age of trees and there will be monitored effect on price. The first part of thesis defines neceessary concepts and the basic knowledge about fruit trees. In the second part there is making valuation, comparison values in differrent lokations and there is making an assessment of individual methoods.
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Fan, Jin. "Response of Reinforced Concrete Reservoir Walls Subjected to Blast Loading." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31441.
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Recent events including deliberate terrorist attacks and accidental explosions have highlighted the need for comprehensive research in the area of structural response to blast loading. Research in this area has recently received significant attention by the civil engineering community. Reinforced Concrete (RC) water reservoir tanks are an integral part of the critical infrastructure network of urban centers and are vulnerable to blast loading. However, there is a lack of research and knowledge on the performance of RC reservoir walls under blast loading. The objective of this research study is to experimentally investigate the performance of reinforced concrete reservoir walls subjected to blast loading and to analyze the structural response. This study provides experimental test data on the performance of reinforced concrete reservoir walls under blast loading and complementary analytical predictions using the Singe-Degree-Of-Freedom (SDOF) analysis method.
The reservoir walls in this study were designed according to the water volume capacity using the Portland Cement Association (PCA 1993) methodology. The design was validated using software SAP 2000. The experimental program involved the construction and simulated blast testing of two RC reservoir wall specimens with different support conditions: (1) two opposite lateral edges fixed, bottom edge pinned and top edge free; and (2) two opposite lateral edges fixed, and bottom and top edges free. The first boundary condition was intended to promote two-way bending action, while the second was dominated by one-way bending. The two specimens were each subjected to a total of six consecutive incrementally increasing blast tests. The experimental program was conducted in the shock tube testing facility that is housed in the University of Ottawa. Wall displacements, reinforcement strains, and reflected pressures and impulses were measured during testing.
Analytical calculations were conducted using the equivalent SDOF method to simulate the dynamic response of the RC reservoir wall specimens under different blast loadings. Published tables, charts and coefficients contained in Biggs (1964) and UFC 3-340-02 (2008) were adopted in the equivalent SDOF calculations. The analytical results were compared against the
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experimental data. The SDOF method predicted smaller displacements than those recorded during testing. The approximate nature of the parameters and tables used in the equivalent SDOF calculations contributed to the discrepancy between the analytical and experimental results. Furthermore, assumptions regarding the support conditions and neglecting residual damage from previous blast tests contributed to the underestimation of the displacements.
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Aydin, Selahattin. "The relationship between grain yield and waxy endosperm in Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) Moench." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2256.
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In sorghum, a single recessive gene Wx conditions waxy endosperm type. While parental inbred lines and hybrids with waxy endosperm have been developed, there has been little to no adoption of these hybrids by producers, primarily because waxy hybrids consistently yield 5-10% less than non-waxy hybrids and end-use buyers will not pay for the utilization benefits. While current waxy germplasm does not yield competitively at this time, there is a question as to whether the yield reduction is due to a negative relationship between waxy per se or due to the lack of effort to develop high yielding waxy germplasm. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the waxy endosperm phenotype and grain yield in sorghum. From each of two F2 breeding populations segregating for waxy endosperm, 50 inbred lines were derived, selected only for homozygosity of endosperm type. No selection for yield was practiced during the development of these lines. Approximately 25 waxy and 25 non-waxy lines were selected for further evaluation from each population. These lines and a set of testcross hybrids were evaluated in four environments. When combined across environments and populations, waxy inbred lines and hybrids yielded 17% less than non-waxy inbred lines and hybrids. However, analysis of the individual inbred lines and hybrids indicated that several waxy inbred lines were competitive in yield with the best non-waxy genotypes. The results indicate that it should be possible to develop waxy hybrids that are competitive in yield, but that this will require additional breeding efforts to identify the correct inbred lines and hybrids.
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Fakroun, Abubaker A. "The Development of a Knowledge-Based Wax Deposition, Three Yield Stresses Model and Failure Mechanisms for Re-starting Petroleum Field Pipelines. Building on Chang and Boger’s Yield Stresses Model, Bidmus and Mehrotra’s Wax Deposition and Lee et al.’s Adhesive-Cohesive Failure Concepts to better Underpin Restart Operation of Waxy Crude Oil Pipelines." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16792.
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Twenty years ago, Chang et al. (1998) introduced the three-yield stresses concept (dynamic, static and elastic limits) to describe yielding of waxy crude oils cooled below the wax appearance temperature (WAT). At the time, the limits in rheological instruments were such that they never actually measured the elastic-limit, a key fundamental property. Using modern instruments, this research succeeds in recording for the first time the entire yielding process down to stresses of 10-7 Pa and shear rate of 10-6 min-1 as a function of temperature, cooling rate and stress loading rate using two waxy oils of different origins and wax content. A four-yield stress model is established using derivative data (dynamic fluidity and failure acceleration). In addition, calorimetry (DSC) and microscopy (CPM) helped extract WAT, the gel and pour points and link gel crystal structure and its yielding and breakage to rheological properties.
The yielding stresses measured rheologically were tested in laboratory pipelines at two diameter scales, 6.5mm and 13.5mm to compare stresses in uniform and non-uniform cooling. It is demonstrated that rheological instruments can only predict gel breaking pressure when the cooling rate is low, i.e. yielding at the pipe wall. A complementary heat transfer study was performed on a section of pipe statically cooled, both experimentally and theoretically to predict the gel front-liquid oil interface that develops in industrial pipeline where gel breaking occurs. This key information together with rheological data provide the means to predict accurately restart pressures of shut gelled pipelines that have eluded previous research.Ministry of Higher Education of the Libyan Government
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Kuhlman, Leslie Charles. "Investigation of a xenia effect for yield caused by the waxy gene in grain sorghum." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2624.
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Sorghum grain with a waxy endosperm is more digestible and has a higher
feeding efficiency compared to sorghum grain with a non-waxy (or normal) endosperm.
However, waxy sorghums (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) yield 10-15% less than
normal sorghum and the cause of the yield reduction is unclear. The objective of this
research is to determine if the yield decrease could be due to the waxy phenotype itself.
The waxy phenotype is an example of a xenia effect, where the pollen not only
contributes to the genotype of the resulting hybrid, but also immediately influences the
phenotype of the resulting seed. Sterile hybrids under different pollination types, and
different genotypes of fertile hybrids, both resulted in hybrids that produced different
ratios of waxy phenotype seed. The effects on yield and 500 kernel weight were
investigated in Weslaco, College Station, and Halfway, Texas over two years. Yields of
sterile heterozygous waxy hybrids under waxy pollination, which produced an average
27% waxy seed over all environments, were nearly identical to homozygous nonwaxy
hybrids that produced 0% waxy seed. Average 500 kernel weights for the same hybrids
were not different. Grain yields for the fertile hybrid genotypes were significantlydifferent. Hybrids which produced 100% waxy seed yielded significantly less than
hybrids which produced 25% waxy seed. Upon further examination, hybrids that were
produced from waxy F1 endosperm seed (wxwxwx) had significantly worse stand and
panicle number per plot means than did hybrids from nonwaxy F1 endosperm seed
(Wxwxwx). Grain yields adjusted for panicle number showed no significant differences.
The average 500 kernel weights between hybrids with different amounts of waxy
phenotype grain did not significantly differ. The yield effect seen in this population was
the result of waxy endosperm hybrid seed displaying significantly poorer stand
establishment than nonwaxy endosperm hybrid seed. These data do not support a xenia
yield effect due to the waxy gene.
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Fakroun, A., and Hadj Benkreira. "Rheology of waxy crude oils in relation to restart of gelled pipelines." Elsevier Ltd, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17283.
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YesWaxy crude oils are pumped hot but upon power cut, pumping stops, the oil cools leading below the wax appearance temperature to precipitation of the wax and the formation of a gel throughout the pipe. In such a situation, what is the minimum pressure required to restart flow, not to merely deform the gel or break it? This paper provides a solution to this problem using microscopic observations under controlled cooling conditions and rheological data conducted in constant stress mode under controlled temperature and cooling conditions and restart experiments in laboratory pipelines replicating the rheometric conditions and deviations from them to inform large diameter operation in the field. Three important findings derive from the experimental data collected: (i) A fragmentation stress , rather than the static stress that precedes it, is found to be the more accurate predictor of flow re-start pressures; (ii) Waxy crude oils gels exhibit true yield stress and yielding process but also show flow on application of the slightest stress below yielding; (iii) This flow, in the elastic region, is jagged rather than continuous suggesting a consolidation process of the crystals and their agglomerates forming the gel. In the broader context of the existence of a yield stress, the data presented here show that there is such a thing as a yield stress and the concepts of a yield stress and that everything flows are not mutually exclusive.
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Pettersson, Carl Göran. "Variation in yield and protein content of malting barley : methods to monitor and ways to control /." Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen för växtproduktionsekologi, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/10114798.pdf.
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Engelbrecth, Stefhanus Francois. "Momentum investing : does it yield excess returns to investors and why? A study of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95667.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.The success of momentum investing has puzzled the investment society for quite some time. Numerous academics have released studies that proved the success of different momentum investing strategies, even after compensating for trading costs. According to the efficient market hypothesis investors can only realise additional returns by taking additional risks. But no real risk factors can be ascribed to momentum investing. This study investigated the success of momentum investing strategies on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) during the period January 1997 to March 2012. Three strategies were tested, namely: return momentum, price relative to high price and the crossover ratio. These strategies were tested using different combinations of testing and holding periods and only the more liquid stocks trading on the JSE were used in the study. The study showed that the momentum investing strategies generated statically significant outperformance over the period. The momentum investing strategies were then dissected according to the three risk factors identified by the Fama and French (1992) three-factor model. None of the risk factors were able to explain the outperformance of the momentum strategies. The outperformance of the momentum strategies also showed remarkable resilience after being subjected to trading costs. The success of the three momentum investing strategies is in clear contravention of the efficient market hypothesis and adds to the growing body of evidence against the hypothesis.
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Abdelrahim, A. M. A. "Rheology and Pumping of Waxy Crude Oils: An experimental study of the yield stresses of waxy crude oils measured using a range of rheological techniques." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5482.
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Mohamed, Fathia A. B. "An Experimental Study on the Effects of Heat and Chemical Inhibitors on the Flow Behaviour of Waxy Crude Oils. The Effects of Heat and Chemical Inhibitors on the Rheological Properties of Waxy Crude Oils with regard to Pumping in Pipelines." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18393.
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Waxy crude oils (1/3 of oil produced worldwide), pumping through
pipelines considered risky operation due to the crude wax content (15-40
wt.%) and to the temperature at which wax supersaturates and precipitates,
leading to the danger of pipe blockage, eventually resulting, in multimillion
dollars loss in production and maintenance.
This research undertaken to develop operational strategy of waxy crude
pipelines, considering the crude and crude gel properties and flow conditions.
The research problem was approached by characterizing the crude gel with
and without additives using chromatography (GC), differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC), cross polarised microscopy (CPM), controlled stress and
oscillatory shear rheology (CSR and OSR), the principal parameters being the
crude temperature and the rate at which the crude was cooled. GC and DSC
were useful in establishing wax composition, content and wax appearance
temperature (WAT). Control stress rheometer proved to be the most
appropriate as it measured the reduction in apparent viscosity at full production
(10-50 s-1 shear rate), near shutdown (1 s-1
) and yielding when the oil was
statically cooled. On this basis, it was established that the wax inhibitor was the most effective. CPM revealed that only the wax inhibitor changed the
structure of the gel, disrupting its otherwise knitted crystal network. Dilution
with the light crude oil merely reduced the wax content and the pour point
depressant reduced the gelling temperature. OSR provided a check on CSR
and confirmed the gelation temperature measured. CSR provided the yield
stress measured, it also provided comprehensive data that can be used for
theoretical modelling of this complex flow.Libyan Petroleum Institute, Libya
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Olmos, Alejo Hector Elias. "Improving capabilities for dealing with key complexities of water availability modeling." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1463.
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Water availability has been of great concern in the State of Texas and many other places worldwide. During 1997-2003, pursuant to the 1997 Senate Bill 1, the Texas
Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), its partner agencies, and contractors
developed a Water Availability Modeling (WAM) System based on the Water Rights
Analysis Package (WRAP) model, developed at Texas A&M University. WAM has been
widely applied in the State of Texas and because of its convenience, applications, and
capabilities, it is planned to be implemented in other States and Countries.
This thesis addresses different aspects of WAM, including conditional reliability
modeling, firm yield analysis following classic and recently developed methodologies,
evaluating the impact of different considerations on reliability analyses, simplification of
complex WAM datasets and the display of WRAP results into ArcMap.
Conditional reliability modeling evaluates short term diversion/storage
reliabilities based on an initial storage level. WRAP-CON has been evaluated and
improved, in addition a new modeling methodology has been developed, in which
probabilities of occurrence for each hydrologic sequence is based on the relationship
between storage and future flows.
Recently developed WRAP capabilities have been evaluated, providing users
new tools and increased flexibility. Some of these improvements are firm yield analysis,
cycling and dual simulation.
In addition to improved software, guidelines have also been developed,
including a set to simplify extremely large WAM datasets, while maintaining the effect of
all the other water rights in a basin.
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Korte, Hubert. "The integration of Wide Area Network Differential Global Positioning Systems (WAN-DGPS) into yield mapping on the combine harvester." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285322.
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Frizell-Armitage, Amelia. "The effect of non-glaucousness, as conferred by Inhibitor of Wax 1, on physiology and yield of UK wheat." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2016. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/59421/.
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As the first barrier to the external environment, the epicuticular waxes have a number of key roles in plant physiology. Although the wheat wild progenitors display a diversity of epicuticular wax phenotypes, the glaucous (visible wax) phenotype dominates cultivated varieties. However, the UK winter wheat variety Shamrock is unusual in that it exhibits a non-glaucous phenotype, conferred by the wild emmer gene Inhibitor of Wax 1 (Iw1). UK field trials with Shamrock associated a yield advantage of 4.15% with Iw1. This PhD tests the hypothesis that Iw1 imparts an advantage for wheat yield and physiology in the UK. Crossing Shamrock with six glaucous UK winter wheat varieties (Malacca, Alchemy, Hereward, Xi19, Robigus and Einstein) created non-glaucous near isogenic lines (NILs) with Iw1. NILs were grown at multiple field trial locations in the east of England over four years. A long-term shade trial reducing incoming light by 40 and 60% was also carried out in 2014. Yield, and various physiological components including water use efficiency (WUE) and spectral properties, were measured. Iw1 reduced flag leaf photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reflectance by 15-40% and canopy reflectance by 12-20% (p<0.05). Despite this, Iw1 did not affect flag leaf PAR absorbance or canopy temperature, and conferred no advantage under long-term shading. Furthermore, there was no difference between NILs in photoinhibition following an extended period of high light stress. Iw1 did not affect WUE or yield. However, non-glaucous Hereward and Alchemy NILs yielded 4.96±1.15% (p<0.001) and 2.59±1.01% (p=0.045) more than their glaucous counterparts, although this advantage did not map to Iw1. Iw1 offered no advantage to UK winter wheat under normal UK growing conditions, nor under long-term shading. However, the yield advantage associated with the Iw1 introgression in Hereward and Alchemy is significant within a backdrop of plateauing wheat yields and worth pursuing.
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Alghanduri, Layla Mhemmed Mbrouk. "Rheological characterization of some Lybyan waxy crude oil." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21175.
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Doutoramento em Engenharia QuímicaThe precipitation of wax in crude oils at temperatures below their pour point leads to the formation of a network structure of waxy crystals and the gelation of the oil. It is thus very important to have a good understanding of the behavior of waxy crude oils during transportation at low temperature, and the rheological behavior of the gelled crude, as this would be useful information for the design and operation of pipeline systems that would help decrease the costs of production and transportation. This thesis was motivated by the lack of information on the characteristics of the wax phase of Libyan waxy crude oils and of their rheological behavior at temperatures below the pour point. The characterization of the oil and wax provides useful information required for operational engineering, and process development, including modifications to the processing of the crude oils. This study used DSC to measure the wax appearance temperature for five Libyan crude oils; the carbon number distribution of these waxes was determined by GC-FID; extensive information about the structural composition of these waxes was obtained using C-NMR; and information about the crystalline structure of these waxes was obtained using X-ray diffraction. A better understanding and more detailed knowledge of the rheological behavior of some Libyan waxy crude oils was developed in this work. The characterization of the rheological characteristic of Libyan waxy oils is an important contribution to the Libyan oil industry. This can be illustrated by the fact that the rheological characterization of gelled waxy oils near their pour point is useful to extract information about the gel structure, the gel strength and to further explore the network stability due to wax deposition, i.e. the flowability of crude oils in pipelines by prediction of the successful start-up pressure and pump capacity required after shutdown. This will allow to avoid operational problems and reduce the cost of production by the use of hazardous chemicals, which are not only costly but also have negative environmental impacts, while minimizing losses by reduced production due to line blockage. Based on the considerations exposed above this thesis focus on the study of the flow behavior of the oils below their pour point temperatures. Furthermore the effect of stress applied on the gelling properties and the gel breakdown of crude oil samples after a specified aging time was investigated. Lastly, in order to explore the elasticity, stability and strength of the crude oils gels we have experimentally studied the viscoelastic properties of the oils above and below the pour point.
A precipitação de cera em petróleos brutos a temperaturas inferiores ao seu ponto de escoamento, conduz à formação de uma estrutura de cristais de cera e à gelificação do óleo. Assim, é muito importante ter uma boa compreensão do comportamento dos óleos brutos e da precipitação de cera durante o transporte a baixa temperatura, bem como do comportamento reológico do crude gelificado, já que esta seria uma informação útil para o projeto e operação de sistemas de oleodutos, e que permitiria diminuir os custos de produção e transporte. Esta tese foi motivada pela falta de informação sobre as características de óleos brutos parafínicos da Líbia e do seu comportamento reológico a temperaturas inferiores ao ponto de fluxão. A caracterização do óleo e da sua cera pode fornecer informação útil necessária para a engenharia operacional e o desenvolvimento de processos, incluindo a modificação do processamento dos petróleos brutos. Este estudo utilizou DSC para medir a temperatura de formação da cera em cinco óleos brutos de petróleo Líbio; a distribuição dos alcanos presentes nestas ceras foi determinada por GC-FID; extensa informação sobre a composição estrutural destas ceras foi obtida usando CRMN; e informações sobre a estrutura cristalina dessas ceras foi obtida usando difracção de raios-X. Neste trabalho tentamos desenvolver um conhecimento mais aprofundado acerca do comportamento reológico de alguns petróleos brutos parafínicos da Líbia. A caracterização reológica de petróleos parafínicos é uma contribuição importante para a indústria petrolifera Líbia. Isto pode ser explicado pelo facto de o comportamento reológico de óleos parafínicos próximo do ponto de fluxão ser útil para caracterizar a estrutura do gel, a sua resistência e a estabilidade da rede resultante da deposição de cera, permitindo assim prever os perfis de escoamento do petróleo em dutos, a pressão de arranque e a capacidade da bomba, minimizando problemas de operação, reduzindo o uso de produtos químicos perigosos e impactos ambientais negativos, e em geral, os custos associados ao processo. Baseado nestes argumentos expostos acima, esta tese foca-se no estudo do comportamento reológico dos óleos selecionados abaixo das suas temperaturas de ponto de fluxão. O efeito da tensão aplicada sobre as propriedades de escoamento e de gelificação e a quebra de gel de amostras de petróleo em bruto, após um tempo de envelhecimento especificado foi investigada. Por último, a fim de explorar a elasticidade, a estabilidade e a resistência dos géis formados por petróleos parafínicos, estudamos experimentalmente as propriedades viscoelásticas dos óleos acima e abaixo do ponto de fluxão.
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Wahlen, Bradley D. "1. Improving the Yield of Biodiesel from Microalgae and Other Lipids. 2. Studies of the Wax Ester Biosynthetic Pathway and Potential Biotechnological Application." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1387.
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The production of biofuels and oleochemicals from renewable sources offers an opportunity to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. The work contained in this dissertation has focused on developing and improving methods for the production of biodiesel from non-traditional feedstocks and understanding biosynthetic pathways that result in the production of oleochemicals and fuels.
Pure vegetable oil can account for 70-80% of the total cost of biodiesel production. Many low-cost oils contain high amounts of free fatty acids, which are unsuitable for base-catalyzed transesterification. Herein an approach is described that efficiently accomplishes the simultaneous esterification and transesterification of both free fatty acids and triglycerides found in low-cost oils. The approach utilizes an acid catalyst and longer-chain alcohols to improve biodiesel yields from oils high in free fatty acids.
Microalgae are a promising biodiesel feedstock, due to its high lipid productivity and its ability to be cultivated using resources, land and water, unsuitable for agriculture. As part of this work, reaction conditions were optimized for the direct (or in situ) transesterification of algal biomass to biodiesel. This approach accomplishes the simultaneous extraction and conversion of the total lipids from microalgae and results in increased yields compared to extraction followed by conversion. The use of this process to effectively produce biodiesel from wet algal biomass is also discussed.
Wax esters are a class of oleochemicals that can be used for a wide range of applications in diverse industries. The chemical composition of native wax esters from the bacterium Marinobacter aquaeolei was determined. It was found that including small alcohols in the growth medium resulted in the in vivo formation of esters similar to biodiesel. All of the proteins involved in the wax ester biosynthetic pathway are not known. The cloning, purification, and characterization of a putative fatty aldehyde reductase from M. aquaeolei, believed to be involved in the production of wax esters, is reported. Finally, the expression of a ws/dgat (wax ester synthase) gene from M. aquaeolei in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is discussed as an approach to producing biodiesel in vivo from sunlight and CO2.
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Žižka, Jiří. "Optimalizace vtokové soustavy s ohledem na využití tekutého kovu při výrobě Al odlitků technologií vytavitelného modelu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-416634.
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This diploma thesis deals with the optimization of gating systems of shape-complex aluminum castings produced by investment casting process. Two castings whose massive gating systems make problem with the use of liquid metal (so called yield) were chosen for optimization. Each casting is described in its own chapter. The individual subchapters deal with description of the original and newly designed gating system. Simulation, test castings, X-ray inspection and metallographic examination were performed for each variant. At the end of each chapter there is an evaluation of the results of the optimization of gating system.
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Mendes, Rafael. "Comportement rhéologique et modélisation des bruts paraffiniques en écoulement instationnaire." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST1062/document.
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Le transport des bruts paraffiniques, et tout particulièrement leur remise en écoulement après un arrêt, dans de longues conduites sous-marines soumises à de basses températures, peut être difficile du fait de l'augmentation de leur viscosité. Le comportement rhéologique d´une huile paraffinique modèle, possédant des propriétés macroscopiques d'écoulement analogues à celles des bruts paraffiniques, est d'abord analysé en utilisant la vélocimétrie par imagerie par résonance magnétique associée à des mesures de contrainte de cisaillement au sein d'une géométrie Couette. Nous montrons que lors d'un écoulement forcé à température constante le matériau subit une déstructuration irréversible qui dépend de l'intensité du cisaillement. Ainsi la contrainte apparente critique permettant l'écoulement du matériau dépend de l'histoire thermique et d'écoulement subie par le matériau. Nous étudions ensuite le comportement rhéologique complet de deux bruts réels à partir de différents types de tests rhéométriques (fluages, redémarrage, régime permanent, changement brusque de vitesse) pour différentes histoires d'écoulement, notamment pendant la période de refroidissement. Le comportement détaillé du matériau en régime transitoire ainsi observé peut alors être modélisé. De plus les variations du seuil de contrainte en fonction de l'histoire thermique et de l'écoulement sont aussi décrites, ce qui nous donne le champ de contrainte seuil dans la conduite à l'état initial. Le modèle dans son ensemble est finalement implémenté dans un code de calcul pour simuler le redémarrage de l´écoulement d'un brut paraffinique dans une conduite réelleTransporting waxy crude oils through long pipelines at low temperatures may be challenging, particularly its flow restart after a pipeline shut-in, due to its viscosity increase. The rheological behavior of a model waxy oil with macroscopic flow properties analogous to waxy crude oils is first analyzed using Magnetic Resonance Imaging velocimetry associated to stress measurements in a Couette geometry. While flowing at constant temperature, major irreversible structure break depending on shear intensity are observed. Thus, the critical apparent shear stress beyond which the material flows depends on the thermal and flow histories of the oil. Next, the rheological behavior of two waxy crude oils is studied using rheometrical tests (creep tests, flow restarts, abrupt changes of shear rate and steady flow) after different flow histories, notably during the cooling process. Then, those experimentally observed trends are modeled. Additionally, a comprehensive study of the yield stress in function of flow and temperature histories is presented. It provides an approach for describing the yield stress field inside the pipeline at the flow restart moment. Finally, the entire rheological model is implemented in the computational code for simulating waxy crude oils flow restart of a real scale pipeline
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Janoušková, Dominika. "Srovnání vybraných způsobů ocenění pro nemovitost typu byt v lokalitě Pardubice a Prosetín." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233148.
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TING, LIN HUAN, and 林煥庭. "Cutting Press Of Stabilize Way to Promote Panel Scribe Yield Research." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sc857p.
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碩士國立高雄海洋科技大學
微電子工程研究所
102
"Cutter pressure stability" in the definition is the pressure on the cutter located in the center of the range of values of 8 ~ 25N, which can only float amount of (+ / -) of 0.5N flowing, how to make a cutter pressed for a long time unattended case has remained stable, is also the direction of the paper. The current panel because the price is very cheap, how to increase the subtract utilization is very important. Subtract must accommodate more small panel now. The usual practice is to remove the residual material connection between the panel area (head-to-tail process), in which case there will be no residual material TFT surface, leaving only residual material CF, this time must be less than 2mm in the distance, the number of knives to cut wood residue falling convenient, but also because the distance is very short, between the knife and the knife blade pressure will influence each other, like a press is unstable and will cause the pressure is not easy to take tablets, wheel slip caused by a knife or knives idling residual material terminals mutual friction caused by scratching, to want to have to use the tool in a subtract the key into several panel yet maintain a high yield (YIELD) lies in the control of the tool cutting pressure stability. In the past to stabilize the cutter pressure, try replacing the cutter block, replacing the transmission or redesign blowing bodies were nothing came. Re-examining this thesis cutter block transmission principle and design principles blowing past, find blow body design is the main cause of the greatest reduce Bernoulli's principle caused by particle drainage in this thesis has been stable at the cutting stability (+ / -) 0.35N, better than expected, and bring cost down profit for the plant, then offerings to this article. Keywords: Deviation of scribe, Subtract, Yield, Panel
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Μπαλιούκος, Χρήστος. "Χρήση ινοπλεγμάτων ανόργανης μήτρας για την ενίσχυση πλακών οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος δύο διευθύνσεων." Thesis, 2008. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/1036.
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Στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η διερεύνηση της αποτελεσματικότητας της ενίσχυσης στοιχείων τύπου πλάκας μέσω ενός νέου σύνθετου υλικού. Το νέο αυτό σύνθετο υλικό συντίθενται από ινοπλέγματα δύο διευθύνσεων σε ανόργανη μήτρα. Τα ινοπλέγματα αποτελούνται από ίνες άνθρακα ή ίνες υάλου, ενώ η ανόργανη μήτρα αποτελείται από κονίαμα. Ο όρος που έχει προταθεί από συγγραφείς για το νέο αυτό υλικό είναι Textile Reinforced Concrete, που στην Ελληνική γλώσσα θα μπορούσε να αποδοθεί ως Ινοπλέγματα Ανόργανης Μήτρας (ΙΑΜ).
Για τον λόγο αυτό, παρασκευάσθηκαν δοκίμια τύπου πλάκας επί τεσσάρων περιμετρικών δοκών. Συνολικά κατασκευάσθηκαν τέσσερα δοκίμια τύπου πλάκας, εκ των οποίων τρία ενισχύθηκαν μέσω ΙΑΜ και ένα ήταν το δοκίμιο αναφοράς. Τα δύο δοκίμια ενισχύθηκαν με μία και δύο στρώσεις πλεγμάτων συνεχών ινών από άνθρακα, ενώ το τρίτο ενισχύθηκε μέσω εφαρμογής τριών στρώσεων πλεγμάτων συνεχών ινών υάλου. Τονίζεται πως τρεις στρώσεις πλέγματος συνεχών ινών υάλου έχουν ισοδύναμη δυστένεια με μία στρώση πλέγματος συνεχών ινών από άνθρακα.
Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται οι ιδιότητες των ινών και της ανόργανης μήτρας, καθώς επίσης και η μηχανική συμπεριφορά του σύνθετου υλικού. Τέλος, γίνεται μια ανασκόπηση της έρευνας που έχει διεξαχθεί στο Εργαστήριο Μηχανικής και Τεχνολογίας των Υλικών, γύρω από το πεδίο των ενισχύσεων μέσω ΙΑΜ στοιχείων από οπλισμένο σκυρόδεμα.
Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο συνοψίζονται οι ήδη υπάρχουσες τεχνικές επισκευής και ενίσχυσης πλακών. Επίσης, αναφέρονται παραδείγματα ενισχύσεων στοιχείων τύπου πλάκας από την διεθνή βιβλιογραφία.
Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφονται οι εργασίες που πραγματοποιηθήκαν προκειμένου να κατασκευασθούν τα δοκίμια. Το κεφάλαιο αυτό χωρίζεται σε τέσσερις βασικές ενότητες. Στην πρώτη ενότητα παρουσιάζονται οι μηχανικές ιδιότητες των υλικών που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την παρασκευή και ενίσχυση των δοκιμίων, καθώς και οι διαδικασίες μέσω των οποίων αυτές διακριβώθηκαν. Στην δεύτερη και τρίτη ενότητα, αναφέρονται οι εργασίες που διενεργήθηκαν κατά την φάση της σκυροδέτησης και της ενίσχυσης αντίστοιχα των δοκιμίων, ενώ στην τέταρτη ενότητα αναλύεται η πειραματική διαδικασία που ακολουθήθηκε.
Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από την διεξαγωγή των πειραμάτων. Το κεφάλαιο αυτό χωρίζεται σε τρεις ενότητες. Στην πρώτη ενότητα περιγράφεται η συμπεριφορά κάθε δοκιμίου ξεχωριστά. Στην δεύτερη ενότητα γίνεται σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων που εξήχθησαν για όλα τα δοκίμια, ενώ στην τρίτη και τελευταία ενότητα παρουσιάζονται εν συντομία τα βασικότερα συμπεράσματα, που προέκυψαν από την πειραματική διαδικασία.
Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζονται οι βασικές σχέσεις μέσω των οποίων μπορεί να εκτιμηθεί το φορτίο αστοχίας πλακών δύο διευθύνσεων ενισχυμένων μέσω ΙΑΜ. Για τον λόγο αυτό δίνονται προσομοιώματα και σχέσεις, ενώ στην συνέχεια συγκρίνεται το φορτίο αστοχίας εκ των προτεινόμενων σχέσεων με το καταγραφόμενο φορτίο αστοχίας.
Το έκτο και τελευταίο κεφάλαιο, παραθέτει συνοπτικά τα βασικότερα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας Διατριβής Διπλώματος Ειδίκευσης. Γενικά η νέα τεχνική ενίσχυσης, είναι ιδιαίτερα αποτελεσματική, αφού αυξάνεται σημαντικά το φορτίο αστοχίας των ενισχυμένων δοκιμίων συγκριτικά με το δοκίμιο αναφοράς. Παράλληλα η συμπεριφορά του πλέγματος είναι άριστη, αφού μέχρι και την στιγμή της αστοχίας δεν παρατηρείται αποκόλλησή του από την επιφάνεια του σκυροδέματος. Αξίζει να σημειωθεί πως η αστοχία των δοκιμίων συνέβη λόγω διάτρησης. Στο τέλος του κεφαλαίου αναφέρονται προτάσεις για μελλοντική έρευνα.The aim of the present thesis is to investigate the efficiency of a new composite material for the strengthening of two way slabs. This new material is called “Textile Reinforced Concrete - (TRC)”. It comprises textiles, that is fabric meshes made of long woven, knitted or even unwoven fiber rovings in at least two orthogonal directions, impregnated with inorganic binders such as cement based mortars. For the purposes of this study, four specimens of two way slabs were produced. Three of them were strengthened with TRC, and the remaining specimen was kept as control. Two specimens were strengthened with one and two layers of textile respectively, whose yarns consisted of carbon fibers. The third one was strengthened with three layers of textile whose yarns consisted of glass fibers. It is worth mentioning that three layers of textiles with glass fibers, are equivalent in terms of stiffness and strength with one layer of textile with carbon fiber. The first chapter analyses the properties of fibers, yarns, textiles, and those of the inorganic matrix. The principles of the bond behavior are also presented. Moreover, the work done in the area of strengthening of concrete members at the faculty of Civil Engineering of the University of Patras is discussed. The second chapter summarizes the existing techniques of enhancement in strength of two way slabs. The purpose of the third chapter is to describe the course of action towards the construction of the specimens. The test procedure and measurements are also included in this chapter. The results as derived from the testing procedure are discussed in the fourth chapter of this dissertation. Comparisons of the results for each specimen are also drawn. In the fifth chapter, several experimentally and analytically based expressions have been used to evaluate the two-way capacity of slabs. The sixth chapter recapitulates the findings of the present research. It has been generally shown that the suggested technique appears to be effective. Noteworthy is the fact that all specimens experienced punching shear failure.
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Wang, Chen-Yu, and 王振宇. "Modeling of Wafer Die Yield by WAT Parameters." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19801027159515533428.
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碩士明志科技大學
工業管理研究所
95
Wafer die yield is a key index of business profit at the semiconductor industry as the development of the semiconductor production technology and wafer size increases. Thus, the wafer die yield prediction models become a very important issue to this industry. Early researches mostly use such parameters as defects on wafer and wafer size cooperate with a regular distribution, such as Poisson distribution or Negative Binomial distribution, to establish the wafer die yield prediction model. Since Stapper proposed the fault clusters cause by randomly and system factors on 1989 [23] [24], cluster indexes are combined to fix yield models to increase prediction accuracy. However, these prediction methods of yield models might not be suitable and accurate for all semiconductor manufacturers. In this study, we try to find out the connection between the wafer acceptance test (WAT) data and circuit probe yield. A simple, efficient and accurate wafer die yield prediction model with less WAT parameters is proposed. Various Neural Network analysis techniques such as Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN), General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) and Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) are analyzed and compared. Result of this research shows Backpropagation Neural Network in selecting WAT parameters is valid and efficient. The GMDH is recommended for establishing the model, because of the following advantages: less variables used, ability to catch data pattern, and accuracy.
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"A yield Analysis Model for Correlating Critical WAT Parameters with Machines." 2006. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0016-1303200709280410.
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吳冠穎. "A yield Analysis Model for Correlating Critical WAT Parameters with Machines." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53948893499786009554.
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碩士國立清華大學
工業工程與工程管理學系
94
Wafer yield is the most important issue in the semiconductor industry. Wafer Acceptance Test (WAT) diagnoses performance of wafers after the manufacturing process has been completed. Therefore there exists relationship between the WAT measurements and wafer yield. Traditionally, engineers determine the root causes (critical machines) of low wafer yield via a lot of complicated engineering data as a low yield problem occurs. In addition, diagnosis engineers have to communicate with other engineers to explore the root causes. The task takes a lot of time and human resources. Thus this research attempts to develop the methodology to help engineers to efficiently detect the root causes of low wafer yield by decreasing the volume of engineering data. This methodology can be used to automatically find out the root causes of low yield via WAT parameters. Therefore, the aim of this research is to explore the relationship between low yield and WAT parameters and to establish a mapping table to reveal the relationship between WAT parameters and critical machines. The mapping table can help engineers to determine the root causes more efficiently. To be specifically, the relationship between low yield and WAT parameters is explored by using the decision tree (CHAID) algorithm. The relationship between WAT parameters and critical machines is derived via the stepwise regression model and correlation analysis. Finally, engineering data from a real-world semiconductor manufacturer are employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology.
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YANG, PO-LIN, and 楊柏林. "Analysis of WAT Parameters and Wafer Sort Test Data to ImproveWafer Process Yield." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cf66n3.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
電子工程系碩士在職專班
106
Semiconductor pro cess technology is very complex. integrated circuits are developing in the di rection of small size, high density, and strong performance. In the consumer marketing, customers are looking to lower power consumption, longer endurance. for manufacturers are looking for yield issue. Once the power consumption affects the output of the product, the cause of the problem must be address soon . once the problem be solved. fab will start reproduction by the new parameters. However, the reproduction will add production cycle, delivery time, cost and the increase effect will affect the profitab ility of the company. The study case of A company that suffer a problem of power consumption in the standby mode. We used a SPC (statistical process control) tool to analysis WAT and Wafer Sort data that is used to quickly list possible factors and to unde rstand the influence and process of each significant factor. The correlation in the parameters is used to conduct experiments, and the best parameters are found through the experimental results. we implement this parameters to success reduction standby current, thereby improving the yield. In addition to improving the power consumption and reducing the time of finding the main cause. the research results can also reduce the number of experiments, and can provide reference for foundries and test house in the pursuit of time-to-market and cost reduction strategies.
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張家銘. "Using CART Algorithm to Develop the Relation Model between Bin Yield and WAT Parameters." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21882595750206534552.
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碩士國立清華大學
工業工程與工程管理學系
95
In recent years, new technologies have been designed in semiconductor fabrication and led to design delicate electronic product widely used by public in application purpose. Moreover, new technologies make electronic industry a skyrocket and one of the most important industries. Due to the complexity of semiconductor manufacturing, engineers make efforts to trace causes of chip malfunctions during the process, and the analysis of correlations between WAT parameters and Bin values are one of the promising approaches to find out the root causes.. The relation between them is very complicated due to the complex fabrication and therefore, engineer can not find out the problem in a short time. This research focus on the analysis of relationship between abnormal procedure and WAT parameters. A Decision Tree algorithm is presented to analyze abnormal wafer lots in batch mode to find out valuable information, and then collects relative traits of WAT parameters to realize the relationship between Bin values and WAT parameters. Thereafter, specific WAT parameters that may cause bad Bin values under certain situations can be determined and then engineers can be able to monitor and diagnose following manufacturing process. This research collects 50 samples of wafers for the analysis. The experiment results show the accuracy of presented approach is 84.65.With the extraction method of the relation trait introduced by this research, we can effectively find out the complex relation between yield and WAT parameters and provide some useful information for engineer for further monitoring and yield improvement.
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Yeh, Chien-Hsing, and 葉建興. "Applying Soft Computing Prediction and Analysis of Wafer Die Yield Based on WAT Parameters." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32407777795189606468.
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碩士明志科技大學
工業管理研究所
96
Yield is a very important criterion to measure the semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities (FABs) productivity. The finished products will be check by Wafer Acceptance Test (WAT) and Circuit Probe (CP) to classified into ferior goods or inferior goods. This research used the data from WAT and CP to choosing the important measurement parameters to improve the yield. This research analyze the WAT and CP’s data to find the important measurement parameters by regression and Neural Network, and then used Soft Computing and Data Mining Methods, namely Support Vector Regression (SVR), Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH), Genetic Algorithm-Backpropagation Neural Network (GA-BPNN), to build the yield’s prediction model. The main idea of this research is that the data can be classified into high yield data and low yield data, and then we can find the Near-optimal solution by using GA-BPNN to analyze the data and build the prediction model and choosing the important measurement parameters to FABs to improve the yield by controling these parameters.
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Wu, Bing-De, and 吳秉德. "Using MTS and Neural Network for WAT and Circuit Probe yield model in Semiconductor Process." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62549901535087578970.
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碩士明志科技大學
工業管理研究所
96
Wafer yield is important key index of financial affairs, process capability and even guarantee the products could be supplied steadily. Under present control parameter and method adopted, appear some wafers yield on the low side, even zero.With the hiving off of yield, it influences different yield parameter groups that lead under the situation to use wafer acceptance test（WAT）data to find out. Carry on different improvement activities to different yield, use the parameter group to predicting the Circuit Probe yields model. Based on WAT datas, Mahalanobis-Taguchi System（MTS）need not any assumption and non-equilibrium categorised ability of data is it look for different yield parameter groups. And using neural networks to predicting Circuit Probe yield model. Pass factory afford the real data to analyse and prove. In accordance with dividing the yield into five groups under the engineer's suggestion at first. Using MTS to finding influence important parameter in different yield groups, it classifies total accuracy is reaching 0.7822~0.8997. MTS can gain rank of value through key parameter, to gain value heavy parameter is it carry on improving in order to improve yield to have priority. Building constructing in yield model. MTS parameter group make up as input parameter, neural network of using Group Method of Data Handing（GMDH）set up predict yield model as best. The reaching 0.6012 of the model.
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Jampala, Babitha. "Designer Sorghum Combining the High Digestibility and Waxy Grain Traits of Sorghum for Improved Nutrition Bioethanol Beer Feed and Food Products." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10846.
Full textAbstract:
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench) is used for human consumption in parts of Africa and Asia and as an animal feed mainly in the U.S. Though sorghum grain contains higher amounts of protein than other cereal grains such as wheat and corn, it is not as readily available for enzyme degradation in humans and animals. Protein body matrices called kafirins surround the starch granules in sorghum. Because the protein is less digestible, the starch is also less digestible for biofuel production. However variation for this trait exists and the line P850029 has a higher protein digestibility compared to other normal grain sorghum lines. This increase in digestibility of protein is due to the rearrangement of the kafirins in the prolamin protein bodies where, the γ-kafirins are rearranged in the seed endosperm and the amount of γ-kafirin in the grain is also reduced. The assay to phenotype the HD trait is time consuming and unpredictable. So identifying a quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling the protein digestibility trait in sorghum would be beneficial in breeding. A recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population derived from P850029 x ‘Sureno’, were developed and used to map QTL regulating the protein digestibility trait. A single QTL was identified on chromosome 1 between Xtxp43 and Xtxp329. Validation of the identified QTL was done on heterogenous inbred families (HIFs). The results validate the same QTL identified on the RIL population on chromosome 1.
Later the high digestibility trait (HD) was integrated with the Waxy trait in sorghum. The Waxy (WX) sorghums have starch completely in the form of amylopectin. The effect of endosperm type on ethanol yield and fermentation efficiencies was studied among HD, WX and HD-WX lines. The HD-WX lines fermented in a shorter time i.e. completed fermentation in 48 h and their fermentation efficiencies were also higher around 90%. The DDGS of the HD-WX lines also had lower residual starch content and 50% higher amino acid lysine content when compared to wildtype sorghum.
Moreover, the relation between endosperm traits and grain yield in sorghum has not been fully explored. In this study, we compared the yield and yield components of four unique endosperm phenotypes, HD, WX, HD-WX and wildtype lines. A total of 100 F2:4 derived recombinant inbred lines population from a cross between Tx2907/P850029 were selected with 25 lines from each HD, WX, HD-WX and wild-type line were included in the study. These lines were grown in three replications in College Station and Halfway, Texas in a randomized complete block design. The results show that there are no significant differences in the grain yield.
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Froneman, Izak J. "Horticultural manipulation techniques to improve yield, fruit size and quality in 'Wai Chee' litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/7891.
Full textAbstract:
In South Africa, a shortage of litchi cultivars to expand the very short harvesting period has seriously threatened the viability of the local export orientated Litchi Industry. Only two cultivars have dominated commercial plantings for more than a century, namely ‘HLH Mauritius’ and ‘McLean’s Red’. The marketing period of litchis from South Africa coincides with large export volumes from competitor countries such as Madagascar, resulting in lower returns for local growers. To address this situation, the late season cultivar ‘Wai Chee’ was imported amongst others from Australia. ‘Wai Chee’ is harvested at a time in South Africa when there is a gap in worldwide litchi production, making the cultivar potentially very profitable. However, its potential and subsequent use in the industry is affected by small fruit size and questionable internal quality. As the South African Litchi Industry is export orientated and the qualities of ‘HLH Mauritius’ fruit currently dictate export requirements, solutions need to be found to improve fruit size and fruit quality in ‘Wai Chee’ litchi.
In this study, a number of horticultural manipulation techniques were investigated with the aim of enhancing yield, fruit size and quality in ‘Wai Chee’ litchi.
The use of chemical applications of foliar nutrients and plant growth regulators were found to improve certain fruit characteristics in ‘Wai Chee’. Foliar nutrient applications of nitrogen, potassium and calcium during the early stages of fruit set and -development improved fruit set and subsequently yield, and also increased fruit mass, fruit size and flesh mass. Treatments with potassium nitrate (KNOз), calcium nitrate (CaNOз) and calcium metalosate proved to be the most enhancing nutrient applications.
Applications of synthetic auxins and auxin-like substances during the 2-3g stage of fruit development improved fruit size, fruit mass and flesh mass in ‘Wai Chee’. The combination treatment of Tipimon® (2,4,5-TP), applied at the 2-3g stage, followed by Maxim® (3,5,6-TPA) a week later, yielded the best results in this regard.
With biological practices, pollination was found to have an influence on litchi tree- and fruit characteristics. Pollen source proved to have an influence on fruit set and fruit retention at harvest in ‘Wai Chee’. Initial fruit set was lower when using cross-pollination compared to the use of self-pollination in female flowers of ‘Wai Chee’, whereas final fruit retention was higher with the use of cross-pollinators when compared to retention of fruit with self-pollination. Although some beneficial effects with different pollen donors on fruit characteristics were observed, these effects were not significant, and would therefore necessitate further investigation. Pollen donor effect on quality parameters such as Titratable acid (TA)- and Total Soluble Solid (TSS) content of fruit was not significant.
Cultivar differences regarding fruit characteristics and maturation rate were detected with the use of cultural practices such as bunch covering materials in ‘HLH Mauritius’ and ‘Wai Chee’. Beneficial effects on fruit size were obtained with thicker covering materials with nominal mass of 70 and 80 g/m² respectively on ‘HLH Mauritius’, while with ‘Wai Chee’, thinner covering materials (60 and 65 g/m²) showed enhancing effects. Maturation rate was significantly delayed only on ‘Wai Chee’ with the use of thicker covering materials (70 and 80 g/m²). Differences in colour were detected amongst different covering materials, but these should be verified with chromameter technology. Covering of fruit bunches for better fruit size and a later harvest date would, especially for ‘Wai Chee’ as a late season cultivar, be beneficial, since better prices are realised towards the end of the season.Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.
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Musimwa, Tatenda Rambi. "Why SR52 is such a great maize hybrid." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10991.
Full textAbstract:
Maize is Africa’s most important food crop. Unfortunately a yield gap currently exists in Africa which can be attributed to the use of inferior maize varieties such as open-pollinated varieties, double and three-way cross hybrids. Single cross maize hybrids, such as the world’s first commercial hybrid, SR52, have a higher yield potential, which is reflected by the doubling of maize yields in southern and eastern Africa by SR52, within a decade of its release. The main objective of this study was to determine the genetic basis behind SR52’s high yield potential and heterosis. This was established through a generation mean and path coefficient analysis of the SR52 maize hybrid.
Research to determine genetic basis of yield and secondary trait was conducted using a randomized complete block design at two sites during the 2012/13 season, in South Africa. Six derivative generations of SR52 namely, its two parents N3 and SC, F1 and F2, and F1 backcross progenies (BC1N3 and BC1SC) were evaluated. A generation mean analysis was performed using PROC GLM procedures in SAS computer software program. High levels of mid-parent heterosis for grain yield potential was confirmed and ranged from 140% at Cedara to 311% at Ukulinga. The additive-dominance model was not adequate to explain the yield potential of SR52. Although negligible (less than 10%), epistatic gene effects were also influential (P<0.01) on grain yield and its components in SR52. The dominance and additive gene effects were highly significant (P<0.01), but dominance effects were the most influential. Correlation and path coefficient analysis of SR52’s segregating F2 and BC1 populations was performed in SAS. Most secondary traits, such as ear mass, ear length, total number of kernels per ear and plant height, were significant (P<0.05) and positively correlated with yield. However, the ear length, number of kernel rows, kernels per row and 100-kernel mass displayed the largest direct effects on yield of SR52, while indirect effects of secondary traits were small. The presence of genetic variation, as well as transgressive segregants for the yield components indicates possibility for extracting new germplasm lines with the desired QTL’s. It is concluded that SR52 is such an exceptional hybrid because of dominance gene action and direct contribution of superior cob length, number of kernel rows and mass of kernels to yield.Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.