Journal articles: 'Youth externalizing'

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Ruhland, Ebony L., Laurel Davis, Julie Atella, and Rebecca J. Shlafer. "Externalizing Behavior Among Youth With a Current or Formerly Incarcerated Parent." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 64, no. 1 (June 14, 2019): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x19855317.

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This study examined associations between parental incarceration and youths’ externalizing behaviors (e.g., damage to property, fighting, theft, etc.). Data were drawn from the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey, a statewide sample of 126,868 youth in public schools. Logistic regression analyses examined associations between youths’ experience of parental incarceration and their self-reported externalizing behaviors, controlling for key demographic characteristics. Youth with a currently or formerly incarcerated parent reported significantly more externalizing behaviors compared with youth who never had a parent incarcerated. In addition, youth with a currently incarcerated parent reported significantly more externalizing behaviors than youth who had a formerly incarcerated parent in six out of the eight externalizing behaviors. However, youth who reported having a formerly incarcerated parent were more likely to report lying or conning and more likely to have difficulty paying attention than youth who currently had an incarcerated parent. Results illustrate that parental incarceration has important implications for youths’ own risk for delinquency and high-risk behavior.

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Gonzales, Nancy A., Yu Liu, Michaeline Jensen, Jenn Yun Tein, Rebecca M. B. White, and Julianna Deardorff. "Externalizing and internalizing pathways to Mexican American adolescents’ risk taking." Development and Psychopathology 29, no. 4 (April 3, 2017): 1371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579417000323.

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AbstractThis study used four waves of data from a longitudinal study of 749 Mexican origin youths to test a developmental cascades model linking contextual adversity in the family and peer domains in late childhood to a sequence of unfolding processes hypothesized to predict problem substance use and risky sexual activity (greater number of sex partners) in late adolescence. Externalizing and internalizing problems were tested as divergent pathways, with youth-reported and mother-reported symptoms examined in separate models. Youth gender, nativity, and cultural orientation were tested as moderators. Family risk, peer social rejection, and their interaction were prospectively related to externalizing symptoms and deviant peer involvement, although family risk showed stronger effects on parent-reported externalizing and peer social rejection showed stronger effects on youth-reported externalizing. Externalizing symptoms and deviant peers were related, in turn, to risk taking in late adolescence, including problem alcohol–substance use and number of sexual partners. Peer social rejection predicted youth-reported internalizing symptoms, and internalizing was related, in turn, to problem alcohol and substance use in late adolescence. Tests of moderation showed some of these developmental cascades were stronger for adolescents who were female, less oriented to mainstream cultural values, and more oriented to Mexican American cultural values.

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Zajac, Kristyn, Jeff Randall, and Cynthia Cupit Swenson. "Multisystemic Therapy for Externalizing Youth." Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 24, no. 3 (July 2015): 601–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2015.02.007.

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Yeung, Jerf W. K., Eileen Y. H. Tsang, and Hui-Fang Chen. "Parental Socialization and Development of Chinese Youths: A Multivariate and Comparative Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 16, 2019): 1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101730.

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Parental socialization has been recently reported as a multifaceted concept, which includes parenting practices and family processes. Nevertheless, prior family research generally treated parental socialization tantamount to parenting behavior only and overlooked its different effects on multiple youth outcomes simultaneously, especially in the Chinese population. This study, with a sample of 223 Chinese parent-youth dyads (80.7% mothers; 55.6% male youths; meanage = 16.7 years), found that both authoritative parenting and positive family processes, as measured by a multi-informant approach, significantly predicted higher self-esteem, self-control, future orientation, other perspective taking and lower externalizing problem behavior of Chinese youths concomitantly. Furthermore, youth self-esteem was found to significantly mediate the effects of authoritative parenting and positive family processes on their self-control, future orientation, other perspective taking and externalizing problem behavior, and different facets of parental socialization significantly predicted the youth outcomes differentially. Results of this study highlight importance of considering the multifaceted nature of parental socialization and interrelations of youth development.

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Salbach-Andrae, Harriet, Klaus Lenz, and Ulrike Lehmkuhl. "Patterns of agreement among parent, teacher and youth ratings in a referred sample." European Psychiatry 24, no. 5 (June 2009): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.07.008.

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AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of agreement among parents, teachers and adolescents with respect to the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Teacher's Report Form (TRF), and the Youth Self Report (YSR). In addition we evaluated the suitability of these three forms (CBCL, TRF and YSR) in terms of their contribution to understanding internalizing and externalizing disorders in youths being referred to a child and adolescent unit of a psychiatric care facility.MethodsA total of 611 patients aged 11–18 years (mean age 13.0, SD 1.6) were assessed using the CBCL, the TRF and the YSR.ResultsIntraclass coefficients (ICC) showed low to moderate agreement among informants. Furthermore, the level of agreement was generally less among patients suffering from internalizing disorders than for young patients who displayed externalizing disorders. Logistic regression revealed that the TRF internalizing syndrome scale, the CBCL internalizing syndrome scale and gender were relevant prognostic factors for the occurrence of internalizing disorders in youth. The YSR internalizing syndrome scale, on the other hand, was not a relevant factor among adolescents of a clinical target population. Likewise, only the TRF externalizing syndrome scale, the CBCL externalizing syndrome scale and gender were relevant prognostic factors for the occurrence of externalizing disorders in youth.ConclusionsParticularly the CBCL and TRF are useful instruments in assessing internalizing and externalizing disorders in adolescents referred to a mental health setting.

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Bozzay, Melanie L., Lendi N. Joy, and Edelyn Verona. "Family Violence Pathways and Externalizing Behavior in Youth." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 23-24 (August 8, 2017): 5726–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517724251.

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While studies suggest that youth who experience violence in the home are more likely to engage in externalizing behaviors (e.g., aggression, substance use, rule breaking), research is needed to understand factors that may explain how family violence is linked to externalizing, and whether there may be gender-specific trajectories to this outcome. The present study used a cross-sectional design and multigroup, path analytic modeling to test the degree to which personality traits (negative emotionality, constraint) in boys and girls (Model 1), as well as status offending primarily in girls (Model 2), may help explain relationships between exposure to familial adversity (witnessing family violence and child abuse) and adolescent externalizing behaviors in a mixed-gender, community sample with both caregiver and youth reports ( N = 237, 57% female, 10-17 years old). Results indicated that personality traits fully explained the relationship between witnessing family violence and externalizing and partially explained the relationship between child abuse and externalizing among youth. Despite theory suggesting a female-specific trajectory involving status offenses, both models were similarly relevant for boys and girls. These findings have implications for understanding processes by which adverse family circumstances may relate to externalizing behavior in youth. Preliminary suggestions are provided for future longitudinal research, policy changes, and clinical techniques that may be essential in preventing the progression to long-term adverse outcomes among youth.

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Perry, Nicole B., Carrie E. DePasquale, Bonny Donzella, and Megan R. Gunnar. "Associations between stress reactivity and behavior problems for previously institutionalized youth across puberty." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 5 (December 2020): 1854–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579420001297.

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AbstractMegan Gunnar's pubertal stress recalibration hypothesis was supported in a recent study of previously institutionalized (PI) youth such that increases in pubertal stage were associated with increases in cortisol stress reactivity. This work provides evidence that puberty may open up a window of recalibration for PI youth, resulting in a shift from a blunted to a more typical cortisol stress response. Using the same sample (N = 132), the current study aimed to elucidate whether increases in cortisol are associated with increases in adaptive functioning or whether they further underlie potential links to developmental psychopathology. Specifically, we examined the bidirectional associations between cortisol stress reactivity and both internalizing and externalizing symptoms across three timepoints during the pubertal period. Youth reported on their own internalizing symptoms and parents reported on youths’ externalizing symptoms. Cortisol reactivity was assessed during the Trier social stress test. Analyses revealed no associations between cortisol reactivity and externalizing symptoms across puberty for PI youth. However, longitudinal bidirectional associations did emerge for internalizing symptoms such that increases in cortisol reactivity predicted increases in internalizing symptoms and increases in internalizing symptoms predicted increases in cortisol reactivity. Findings suggest that recalibrating to more normative levels of cortisol reactivity may not always be associated with adaptive outcomes for PI youth.

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Figge, Caleb J., Cecilia Martinez-Torteya, and Jessica E. Weeks. "Social–ecological predictors of externalizing behavior trajectories in at-risk youth." Development and Psychopathology 30, no. 1 (May 16, 2017): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579417000608.

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AbstractExtant research consistently links youth externalizing problems and later maladaptive outcomes, and these behaviors are particularly detrimental given their relative stability across development. Although an array of risk and protective factors for externalizing problems have been identified, few studies have examined factors reflecting the multiple social–ecological levels that influence child development and used them to predict longitudinal trajectories of externalizing problems. The current study examined externalizing behavior trajectories in a sample of 1,094 at-risk youth (539 boys, 555 girls) from the Longitudinal Studies in Child Abuse and Neglect multisite longitudinal study of child maltreatment. Normed Child Behavior Checklist externalizing scores were used to estimate group trajectories via growth-based trajectory modeling at ages 10, 12, 14, and 16 using the SAS PROC TRAJ procedure. Model fit was assessed using the Bayes information criterion and the Akaike information criterion statistics. Analyses revealed optimal fit for five distinct behavioral trajectories: low stable, mid-increasing, mid-decreasing, medium high, and high stable. Multinomial logistic regressions revealed that a combination of risk and protective factors at individual, family, school, and neighborhood levels contribute to distinct trajectories of externalizing problems over time. Predictors of low and decreasing trajectories can inform interventions aimed at addressing externalizing problems among high-risk adolescents.

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Huber, Rebekah S., Sarah K. Sifers, Daniel Houlihan, and Rachel Youngblom. "Teacher Support as a Moderator of Behavioral Outcomes for Youth Exposed to Stressful Life Events." Education Research International 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/130626.

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The present study examined the relationship between teacher support, life stress, and behavioral outcomes in 103 youth. Participants completed questionnaires regarding life events, social support, personality, and behavior. Moderated regression analyses were conducted using youth perceptions of teacher support and negative life events to predict externalizing and internalizing problems. Results revealed a significant interaction between teacher support and life stress, indicating teacher support successfully moderated the effect of stress on externalizing problems. Main effects for life stress were consistent with previous literature suggesting that higher amounts of stress predict greater externalizing and internalizing problems. Implications for teacher support are discussed.

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Dimitrova, Radosveta, Athanasios Chasiotis, and Fons van de Vijver. "Adjustment Outcomes of Immigrant Children and Youth in Europe." European Psychologist 21, no. 2 (April 2016): 150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000246.

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Abstract. Compared to natives, immigrants have been reported to display either more (migration morbidity) or fewer (immigrant paradox) adjustment problems. We examined these two perspectives using a meta-analysis from 51 studies (N = 224,197), reporting internalizing, externalizing, and academic outcomes among immigrant children and youth in Europe. Overall, migration morbidity was better supported than the immigrant paradox. Migration morbidity was supported for (a) externalizing outcomes in Northern Europe and adolescent samples; (b) academic outcomes for low SES and fewer girls across samples; (c) internalizing outcomes in Western Europe and preadolescent samples. Cultural diversity and long-term residence of immigrants are favorable factors for the paradox in externalizing outcomes, whereas immigrant family reunion was predictive for the paradox in internalizing and academic outcomes. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.

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Eilander, Minke M. A., Maartje de Wit, Joost Rotteveel, and Frank J. Snoek. "Low Self-Confidence and Diabetes Mismanagement in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes Mediate the Relationship between Behavioral Problems and Elevated HbA1c." Journal of Diabetes Research 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3159103.

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Introduction. Previous studies indicated an association between behavior problems (internalizing, externalizing) and glycemic control (HbA1c) in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The aim of this study is to examine if this association is mediated by self-confidence and mismanagement of diabetes.Methods. Problem behavior was assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Mediating variables were assessed using the Confidence in Diabetes Self-Care-Youth and Diabetes Mismanagement Questionnaire. HbA1c was derived from hospital charts. Bootstrap mediation analysis for multiple mediation was utilized.Results. 88 youths with T1D, age 11–15 y, participated. The relation between both overall problem behavior and externalizing behavior problems and HbA1c was mediated throughconfidence in diabetes self-careandmismanagement(a1b1+a2b2 path; point estimate = 0.50 BCa CI 95% 0.25–0.85;a1b1+a2b2 path; point estimate = 0.73 BCa CI 95% 0.36–1.25).Conclusions. Increased problem behavior in youth with T1D is associated with elevated HbA1c and mediated by low self-confidence and diabetes mismanagement. Screening for problem behavior and mismanagement and assisting young patients in building confidence seem indicated to optimize glycemic control.

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Quimby, Dakari, Catherine Rice Dusing, Kyle Deane, Cara M. DiClemente, Mirinda M. Morency, Kevin M. Miller, Andre Thomas, and Maryse Richards. "Gun Exposure Among Black American Youth Residing in Low-Income Urban Environments." Journal of Black Psychology 44, no. 4 (May 2018): 322–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798418773188.

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Objective: The current study examined the extent of gun exposure, referring to the mere presence of guns in youth’s lives, in a sample of Black American adolescents residing in low-income urban neighborhoods. The relationship of gun exposure to internalizing and externalizing outcomes was also explored. Method: Data were collected from a sample of 185 Black American eighth-grade students ( M = 13.58 years old, 59% female). Results: Just under half of the youth reported some type of gun exposure with youth most often exposed to guns outside of the home. Overall gun exposure was related to externalizing but not internalizing symptoms, while knowing someone who owns a gun was related to both externalizing and internalizing symptoms. However, the majority of youth reported exposure to guns in a safe manner (stored locked and unloaded). Conclusions: In addition to gun violence and gun carrying, general gun exposure is a factor that should be accounted for when attempting to address consequences associated with guns.

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Rosen, Maya L., Alexandra M. Rodman, Steven W. Kasparek, Makeda Mayes, Malila M. Freeman, Liliana J. Lengua, Andrew N. Meltzoff, and Katie A. McLaughlin. "Promoting youth mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): e0255294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255294.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced novel stressors into the lives of youth. Identifying factors that protect against the onset of psychopathology in the face of these stressors is critical. We examine a wide range of factors that may protect youth from developing psychopathology during the pandemic. We assessed pandemic-related stressors, internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, and potential protective factors by combining two longitudinal samples of children and adolescents (N = 224, 7–10 and 13–15 years) assessed prior to the pandemic, during the stay-at-home orders, and six months later. We evaluated how family behaviors during the stay-at-home orders were related to changes in psychopathology during the pandemic, identified factors that moderate the association of pandemic-related stressors with psychopathology, and determined whether associations varied by age. Internalizing and externalizing psychopathology increased substantially during the pandemic. Higher exposure to pandemic-related stressors was associated with increases in internalizing and externalizing symptoms early in the pandemic and six months later. Having a structured routine, less passive screen time, lower exposure to news media about the pandemic, and to a lesser extent more time in nature and getting adequate sleep were associated with reduced psychopathology. The association between pandemic-related stressors and psychopathology was reduced for youths with limited passive screen time and was absent for children, but not adolescents, with lower news media consumption related to the pandemic. We provide insight into simple, practical steps families can take to promote resilience against mental health problems in youth during the COVID-19 pandemic and protect against psychopathology following pandemic-related stressors.

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Liu, Jingwen, Brian Mustanski, Danielle Dick, John Bolland, and Darlene A. Kertes. "Risk and protective factors for comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems among economically disadvantaged African American youth." Development and Psychopathology 29, no. 3 (October 19, 2016): 1043–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579416001012.

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AbstractComorbidity of internalizing and externalizing problems and its risk and protective factors have not been well incorporated into developmental research, especially among racial minority youth from high-poverty neighborhoods. The present study identified a latent comorbid factor as well as specific factors underlying internalizing and externalizing problems among 592 African American adolescents living in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods (291 male; M age = 15.9 years, SD = 1.43 years). Stressful life events and racial discrimination were associated with higher comorbid problems, whereas stressful life events and exposure to violence were associated with higher specific externalizing problems. Collective efficacy was associated with both lower specific externalizing problems and lower comorbid problems. Moreover, high collective efficacy buffered the risk effects of stressful life events and racial discrimination on comorbid problems. Our results demonstrated the advantages of latent variable modeling to understanding comorbidity by articulating impacts of risk factors on comorbid and specific components underlying internalizing and externalizing problems. They also highlighted the protective effect of collective efficacy in mitigating risks for these problems. These findings broadly call for more studies on comorbidities in developmental psychopathology among youth from diverse sociocultural backgrounds.

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Tackett, Jennifer L., Kathleen W. Reardon, Kathrin Herzhoff, Elizabeth Page-Gould, K. Paige Harden, and Robert A. Josephs. "Estradiol and cortisol interactions in youth externalizing psychopathology." Psychoneuroendocrinology 55 (May 2015): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.02.014.

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Tackett, Jennifer L., Kathrin Herzhoff, Kathleen W. Reardon, Barbara De Clercq, and Carla Sharp. "The externalizing spectrum in youth: Incorporating personality pathology." Journal of Adolescence 37, no. 5 (July 2014): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.10.009.

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Durlak, Joseph A., Laura A. Rubin, and Rita D. Kahng. "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents With Externalizing Problems." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 15, no. 3 (January 2001): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.15.3.183.

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This article discusses three issues related to the use of cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with externalizing problems: (a) the heterogeneity of externalizing difficulties and cognitive behavioral interventions; (b) typical cognitions manifested by children and adolescents and their parents; and (c) developmental considerations in selecting appropriate therapeutic techniques.

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Hamlat, Elissa J., Hannah R. Snyder, Jami F. Young, and Benjamin L. Hankin. "Pubertal Timing as a Transdiagnostic Risk for Psychopathology in Youth." Clinical Psychological Science 7, no. 3 (November 14, 2018): 411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702618810518.

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Evidence suggests that early pubertal timing may operate as a transdiagnostic risk factor (i.e., shared across syndromes of psychopathology) for both genders. The current study examined associations between pubertal timing and dimensional psychopathology, structured across different levels of three organizational models: (a) DSM-based syndrome model, (b) traditional model of internalizing and externalizing factors, and (c) bifactor (p factor) model, which includes a general psychopathology factor as well as internalizing- and externalizing-specific factors. For study analyses, 567 youth-parent pairs completed psychopathology measures when youths (55.5% female) were 13.58 years old ( SD = 2.37, range = 9–17 years). Findings across all models revealed that early pubertal timing served as a transdiagnostic risk factor and also displayed some syndrome-specific associations. Gender did not moderate any relationships between pubertal timing and psychopathology. Study findings reinforce the importance of examining risk across different levels of psychopathology conceptualization and analysis.

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Mezulis, Amy, Ann Vander Stoep, Andrea L. Stone, and Elizabeth McCauley. "A Latent Class Analysis of Depressive and Externalizing Symptoms in Nonreferred Adolescents." Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 19, no. 4 (September 14, 2010): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1063426610377763.

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Both depressive and externalizing symptoms are common in adolescence and often co-occur. The purpose of this study was to examine whether adolescents’ patterns of depressive and externalizing symptoms can be differentiated into discrete classes and whether these classes are best distinguished by the number or type of symptoms. We examined whether there are naturally occurring discrete classes of adolescents characterized by depressive symptoms only, externalizing symptoms only, or co-occurring depressive and externalizing symptoms. In this study, 2,187 nonreferred, public school sixth graders self-reported depressive and externalizing symptoms, and these symptoms were analyzed with latent class analysis. Six latent classes of depressive and externalizing symptoms were identified; classes differed primarily by the number, not type, of symptoms endorsed. Youth with elevations in one symptom type were likely to have elevations in the other symptom type. Approximately 5% of adolescents displayed clinically significant elevations in both depressive and externalizing symptoms. Implications for understanding the co-occurrence of depressive and externalizing symptoms in adolescence are discussed.

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So, Suzanna, Noni K. Gaylord-Harden, Dexter R. Voisin, and Darrick Scott. "Future Orientation as a Protective Factor for African American Adolescents Exposed to Community Violence." Youth & Society 50, no. 6 (September 18, 2015): 734–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x15605108.

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For African American youth disproportionately exposed to community violence and the associated risk of externalizing behaviors, developmental assets that reduce the risk for externalizing behaviors and enhance adaptive coping should be explored. In a sample of 572 African American adolescents ( Mage = 15.85; SD = 1.42), the current study explored whether future orientation or gender buffered the impact of community violence exposure on externalizing behaviors. The current study also examined the interaction between future orientation, gender, and violence-specific coping strategies to determine their association with externalizing behaviors. Future orientation moderated the relationship between violence exposure and delinquent, but not aggressive, behaviors. Future orientation interacted differently with coping for males and females to predict externalizing behaviors. Research and clinical implications are discussed.

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Villodas, Miguel T., Alan J. Litrownik, Richard Thompson, Deborah Jones, Scott C. Roesch, Jon M. Hussey, Stephanie Block, Diana J. English, and Howard Dubowitz. "Developmental transitions in presentations of externalizing problems among boys and girls at risk for child maltreatment." Development and Psychopathology 27, no. 1 (July 21, 2014): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414000728.

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AbstractThe present study examined the impact of children's maltreatment experiences on the emergence of externalizing problem presentations among children during different developmental periods. The sample included 788 youth and their caregivers who participated in a multisite, prospective study of youth at-risk for maltreatment. Externalizing problems were assessed at ages 4, 8, and 12, and symptoms and diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder were assessed at age 14, during interviews with youth and caregivers. Information about maltreatment allegations was coded from official records. Latent transition analysis identified three groups of youth with similar presentations of externalizing problems (“well adjusted,” “hyperactive/oppositional,” and “aggressive/rule-breaking”) and transitions between groups from ages 4, 8, and 12. A “defiant/deceitful” group also emerged at age 12. Girls were generally more likely to present as well adjusted than boys. Children with recent physical abuse allegations had an increased risk for aggressive/rule-breaking presentations during the preschool and preadolescent years, while children with sexual abuse or neglect allegations had lower probabilities of having well-adjusted presentations during middle childhood. These findings indicate that persistently severe aggressive conduct problems, which are related to the most concerning outcomes, can be identified early, particularly among neglected and physically and sexually abused children.

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Boyle, Michael H., Katholiki Georgiades, Laura Duncan, Li Wang, and Jinette Comeau. "Poverty, Neighbourhood Antisocial Behaviour, and Children’s Mental Health Problems: Findings from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 64, no. 4 (April 2019): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743719830027.

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Objectives: To determine if levels of neighbourhood poverty and neighbourhood antisocial behaviour modify associations between household poverty and child and youth mental health problems. Methods: Data come from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study—a provincially representative survey of 6537 families with 10,802 four- to 17-year-olds. Multivariate multilevel modelling was used to test if neighbourhood poverty and antisocial behaviour interact with household poverty to modify associations with children’s externalizing and internalizing problems based on parent assessments of children (4- to 17-year-olds) and self-assessments of youth (12- to 17-year-olds). Results: Based on parent assessments, neighbourhood poverty, and antisocial behaviour modified associations between household poverty and children’s mental health problems. Among children living in households below the poverty line, levels of mental health problems were 1) lower when living in neighbourhoods with higher concentrations of poverty and 2) higher when living in neighbourhoods with more antisocial behaviour. These associations were stronger for externalizing versus internalizing problems when conditional on antisocial behaviour and generalized only to youth-assessed externalizing problems. Conclusion: The lower levels of externalizing problems reported among children living in poor households in low-income neighbourhoods identify potential challenges with integrating poorer households into more affluent neighbourhoods. More important, children living in poor households located in neighbourhoods exhibiting more antisocial behaviour are at dramatically higher risk for mental health problems. Reducing levels of neighbourhood antisocial behaviour could have large mental health benefits, particularly among poor children.

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Hindt, Lauren A., Grace Jhe Bai, Brynn M. Huguenel, Anne K. Fuller, and Scott C. Leon. "Impact of Emergency Shelter Utilization and Kinship Involvement on Children’s Behavioral Outcomes." Child Maltreatment 24, no. 1 (September 9, 2018): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559518797198.

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Youth in child welfare often experience emergency shelter care, a type of congregate setting, while a permanent placement is arranged. The present longitudinal study explored the impact of initial emergency shelter placement on long-term externalizing behavior (i.e., aggression, delinquency) and internalizing symptom (i.e., anxiety, depression) trajectories, and whether kinship involvement moderated the effect of shelter placement on behavioral outcomes. The sample consisted of 282 youths (55.3% male) with an average age of 9.90 years ( SD = 2.37); 36.9% experienced an emergency shelter placement. Data were collected from the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services. Caseworkers completed the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths, which measured youths’ behavioral outcomes. Results suggested that shelter care was not associated with externalizing behavior trajectories. However, shelter care was associated with internalizing symptoms among children with less kinship involvement. Results from this study suggest that best practices for shelter care should leverage kinship involvement.

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Huemer, Julia, Richard J. Shaw, Antonio Prunas, Rebecca Hall, James Gross, and Hans Steiner. "Adolescent Defense Style as Correlate of Problem Behavior." Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie 43, no. 5 (September 2015): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917/a000368.

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Abstract. Objective: Adolescent problem behaviors are often the visible results of intrapsychic distress. Defensive reactions are the unconscious means of managing intrapsychic distress. This cross-sectional study examines the strength of defensive style as measured by self-report on the Response Evaluation Measure (REM-71) relative to age, sex, and SES, as a correlate of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors, as assessed by the Youth Self Report (YSR). Methods: A sample of 1,487 students from two suburban high schools completed self-report measures of defense style, self-esteem, and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. Demographic variables (age, sex, and SES) were included as covariates. Results: Mature and immature defense style correlated as expected with problem behaviors. Demographic variables contributed minimally to the variance in the outcome variable. Conclusions: Defense style, as assessed by the REM-71, is a significant correlate of clinically elevated internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in youth as in adults. This study adds to the convergent validity of the REM-71.

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Ma, Julie, Yoonsun Han, Andrew Grogan-Kaylor, Jorge Delva, and Marcela Castillo. "Corporal punishment and youth externalizing behavior in Santiago, Chile." Child Abuse & Neglect 36, no. 6 (June 2012): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.03.006.

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Goense, Pauline, Leonieke Boendermaker, Tom van Yperen, Geert-Jan Stams, and Jose van Laar. "Implementation of Treatment Integrity Procedures." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 222, no. 1 (January 2014): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000161.

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This systematic review evaluates the implementation of treatment integrity procedures in outcome studies of youth interventions targeting behavioral problems. The Implementation of Treatment Integrity Procedures Scale (ITIPS), developed by Perepletchikova, Treat, and Kazdin (2007) , was adapted (ITIPS-A) and used to evaluate 32 outcome studies of evidence-based interventions for youths with externalizing behavioral problems. Integrity measures were found to be still rare in these studies. Of the studies that took integrity into account, 80% approached adequacy in implementing procedures for treatment integrity. The ITIPS-A is recommended as an instrument to guide development of integrity instruments and the implementation of treatment integrity procedures in youth care.

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Muniz, Caitlyn N., Bryanna Fox, Lauren N. Miley, Matt Delisi, Gerald P. Cigarran, and Aliya Birnbaum. "The Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Internalizing Versus Externalizing Outcomes." Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 4 (February 10, 2019): 568–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854819826213.

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This study examines the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on the risk of internalizing or externalizing outcomes among juveniles. While myriad research has investigated the impacts of ACEs on internalizing and externalizing outcomes, it is unclear whether ACEs have a stronger link to one outcome over the other when controlling for other factors. Using a sample of 30,909 youth who exclusively exhibited internalizing ( n = 1,030) or externalizing problems ( n = 29,879), regression techniques and propensity score matching were utilized to evaluate the impact of each ACE on the risk of internalizing versus externalizing outcomes. Results indicate that the most pertinent factor for predicting externalized problems is emotional abuse. Household member incarceration, physical abuse, emotional neglect, and household violence or substance abuse also predicted externalizing outcomes. Sexual abuse was the only ACE predictive of internalizing, while physical neglect and parental mental illness did not have a correlation with either outcome.

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Dieleman, Lisa M., Sarah S. W. De Pauw, Bart Soenens, Wim Beyers, and Peter Prinzie. "Examining bidirectional relationships between parenting and child maladjustment in youth with autism spectrum disorder: A 9-year longitudinal study." Development and Psychopathology 29, no. 4 (December 29, 2016): 1199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579416001243.

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AbstractLongitudinal bidirectional effects between parents and children are usually studied in samples of typically developing children, but remain understudied in families with a child with autism spectrum disorder. This three-wave longitudinal study examined how parents and children with autism spectrum disorder influence one another, relying on parent reports of parenting behaviors and children's problem behaviors across 9 years, in a sample of 139 youngsters (M age Time 1 = 10.2 years, 83% boys). Cross-lagged analyses indicated that children's externalizing problems at Time 1 predicted negative controlling parenting 6 years later (Time 2) that in turn predicted externalizing problems 3 years later (Time 3). Negative parental control at Time 1 also increased the risk for internalizing problems at Time 2. It was surprising that externalizing problems at Time 2 also predicted positive parental involvement at Time 3. Thus, although results indicate that externalizing problems generally elicit maladaptive reactions in parents, this study also suggests that parents adjust their way of reacting to externalizing child problems as their child reaches adolescence/emerging adulthood. Implications for future research on parenting dynamics in families with a child with autism spectrum disorder are discussed.

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Irwin, Alexandra, Joyce Li, Wendy Craig, and Tom Hollenstein. "The Role of Shame in the Relation Between Peer Victimization and Mental Health Outcomes." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 1 (October 22, 2016): 156–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516672937.

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Youth who experience peer victimization are at risk of developing mental health problems. However, little is known about the emotional causal mechanisms linking peer victimization with these negative outcomes. This study investigated whether shame mediated this relationship. At three time points (T1-T3), 396 10- to 13-year-olds completed measures of peer victimization, shame (characterological, bodily, and behavioral; shame proneness), and mental health (depression, social anxiety, and externalizing behavior). Three multiple mediation models tested the indirect effects of T1 victimization on T3 mental health through the four T2 shame-related variables. Analyses revealed indirect effects for the shame-related mediators on depression, social anxiety, and externalizing behaviors. Specifically, indirect positive effects for characterological and bodily shame on depression and social anxiety were found, with greater bodily shame linked to higher levels of social anxiety in girls but not boys. In addition, an indirect negative effect for behavioral shame on externalizing problems was found, with higher levels of externalizing problems in victimized boys but not in girls. Finally, an indirect positive effect for shame proneness and externalizing problems was found. To clarify the directionality, three additional mediation models were run with mental health symptoms as predictors of shame and subsequent victimization. Indirect effects for the shame-related mediators were found for all outcomes, specifically bodily shame and shame proneness as mediators between internalizing and externalizing symptoms and victimization. These three models were compared and contrasted with the hypothesized models. In sum, findings support the role of shame as an underlying emotional mechanism of peer victimization, and may guide intervention programs to address the mental health concerns of victimized youth.

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Korhonen, Marie, Ilona Luoma, Raili K. Salmelin, Mika Helminen, Riittakerttu Kaltiala-Heino, and Tuula Tamminen. "The trajectories of child’s internalizing and externalizing problems, social competence and adolescent self-reported problems in a Finnish normal population sample." School Psychology International 35, no. 6 (February 25, 2014): 561–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034314525511.

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Group-based modeling techniques are increasingly used in developmental studies to explore the patterns and co-occurrence of internalizing and externalizing problems. Social competence has been found to reciprocally influence internalizing and externalizing problems, but studies on its associations with different patterns of these problems are scarce. Using data from a Finnish longitudinal normal population sample, trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems were formed using the Child Behavior Checklist completed by the mother at the child’s age of 4- to 5-years-old, 8- to 9-years-old, and 16- to 17-years-old ( N = 261). The results indicate that adolescent’s self-reported internalizing and externalizing problems based on the Youth Self Report were associated with the trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems. Social competence both in early childhood and in adolescence was poorer among children with chronic internalizing problems and among those with adolescent-onset externalizing problems. One-third of the children who had a chronically high level of internalizing problems had an initially high but decreasing level of externalizing problems, while 33% of the adolescents with adolescent-onset externalizing problems had a chronically high level of internalizing problems. School psychologists are encouraged to screen for internalizing problems from children with behavioral, academic or social problems.

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Button, T. M. M., J. Y. F. Lau, B. Maughan, and T. C. Eley. "Parental punitive discipline, negative life events and gene–environment interplay in the development of externalizing behavior." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 1 (September 6, 2007): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707001328.

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BackgroundTo investigate the extent to which three putative ‘environmental’ risk factors, maternal punitive discipline (MPD), paternal punitive discipline (PPD) and negative life events (NLEs), share genetic influences with, and moderate the heritability of, externalizing behavior.MethodThe sample consisted of 2647 participants, aged 12–19 years, from the G1219 and G1219Twins longitudinal studies. Externalizing behavior was measured using the Youth Self-Report, MPD, PPD and exposure to NLEs were assessed using the Negative Sanctions Scale and the Life Event Scale for Adolescents respectively.ResultGenetic influences overlapped for externalizing behavior and each ‘environmental’ risk, indicating gene–environment correlation. When controlling for the gene–environment correlation, genetic variance decreased, and both shared and non-shared environmental influences increased, as a function of MPD. Genetic variance increased as a function of PPD, and for NLEs the only interaction effect was on the level of non-shared environment influence unique to externalizing behavior.ConclusionThe magnitude of the influence of genetic risk on externalizing behavior is contextually dependent, even after controlling for gene–environment correlation.

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Gibson, Chris L., and Abigail A. Fagan. "An Individual Growth Model Analysis of Childhood Spanking on Change in Externalizing Behaviors During Adolescence: A Comparison of Whites and African Americans Over a 12-Year Period." American Behavioral Scientist 62, no. 11 (August 22, 2018): 1463–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218793689.

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This study examines the long-term effect of corporal punishment on children’s externalizing behaviors, and race differences in this relationship, using 12 years of prospective data from 1,075 high-risk White and African American families participating in the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect. According to multilevel individual growth models, there was a significant, positive association between spanking during childhood (measured at ages 4, 6, and 8 years) and initial levels (at age 12 years) of externalizing behaviors for the full sample and for African Americans. The fixed effect of spanking on rates of change of externalizing behaviors during adolescence (i.e., at ages 12, 14, and 16 years) was significant for the full sample and marginally ( p < .10) significant for African Americans, with more spanking resulting in a slower rate of decrease in externalizing behaviors. Spanking was not related to initial levels or rates of change in externalizing behaviors for White youth.

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Lindsey, Eric W. "Emotion Regulation with Parents and Friends and Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior." Children 8, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8040299.

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This study examined adolescents’ self-reported use of emotion regulation strategies with parents and friends in relation to internalizing and externalizing behavior. A total of 185 children aged 13–14 years old (91 girls, 94 boys) completed three surveys to assess their emotion regulation strategies with mothers, fathers and best friends. Parents completed surveys assessing adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing behavior. Regression analysis revealed that adolescents’ self-reported ER with mothers and fathers and friends made independent contributions to parent reports of youth internalizing and externalizing behavior. Adolescents who reported engaging in more emotion suppression with friends had higher internalizing scores, whereas adolescents who reported more affective expression with friends had lower internalizing scores. Self-reported emotion regulation strategies with mothers and fathers were unrelated to internalizing behavior. Adolescents who reported engaging in higher levels of affective suppression and cognitive reappraisal with their mothers and fathers had lower parental ratings of externalizing behavior. Emotion regulation strategies with best friends were unrelated to externalizing behavior.

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Mahrer, Nicole E., Lindsay E. Holly, Linda J. Luecken, Sharlene A. Wolchik, and William Fabricius. "Parenting Style, Familism, and Youth Adjustment in Mexican American and European American Families." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 50, no. 5 (March 24, 2019): 659–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022119839153.

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Authoritative parenting is typically considered the gold-standard parenting approach based on studies with largely European American (EA) samples. The current study evaluated a novel, “no-nonsense” parenting style in Mexican American (MA) and EA families, not captured by traditional classifications. Parenting styles of mothers and fathers, cultural values, and youth internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed in 179 MA ( n = 84) and EA ( n = 95) parents and adolescents across 2 years (seventh to ninth grade). MA families showed a higher proportion of “no-nonsense” parenting, characterized by high levels of acceptance as well as harsh discipline and rejection, compared with EA families. Cultural values influenced the link between parenting styles and youth outcomes across ethnicity such that when parents endorsed low adherence to familismo values, authoritative parenting predicted lower youth internalizing and externalizing problems compared with the “no-nonsense” parenting. Yet when parents endorsed strong adherence to familismo values, the authoritative and no-nonsense parenting functioned similarly. Findings have implications for the development of culturally competent parenting interventions that may lead to positive outcomes in youth from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds.

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Lee, Jeoung Min, Shantalea Johns, Joanne P. Smith-Darden, Jun Sung Hong, and Dexter R. Voisin. "Family Incarceration and Bullying Among Urban African American Adolescents: The Mediating Roles of Exposure to Delinquent Peer Norms, Trauma, and Externalizing Behaviors." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 100, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 422–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1044389419852017.

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The present study examined whether having had an incarcerated adult family member was associated with youth bullying perpetration. The study also examined whether exposure to delinquent peers’ norms, trauma, and externalizing behaviors mediated the link between adult family member’s incarceration and bullying perpetration. The study sample consisted of 638 African American adolescents, aged 13 to 21, in Chicago’s Southside. Major findings indicated that 46.8% of the study participants reported bullying perpetration (i.e., at least 1 to 2 times in the past 30 days). Moreover, an adult family member’s incarceration history was found to be positively associated with having peers who endorsed delinquent norms, trauma, and externalizing behaviors, which were linked to youth’s bullying perpetration. Programs addressing youth bullying need to consider the family dynamics.

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Rabinowitz, Jill A., Ijeoma Osigwe, Ashley Byrne, Deborah A. G. Drabick, and Maureen D. Reynolds. "Father- and Youth-Reported Family Affective Expression Differentially Predicts Youth Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms." Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 47, sup1 (March 2, 2017): S264—S277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2017.1280801.

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Soenen, Bram, Franky D’Oosterlinck, and Eric Broekaert. "Anxiety in youth in Flemish care: a multi-informant study." Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities 35, no. 2 (June 3, 2014): 56–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tc-02-2014-0007.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the prevalence of anxiety in youngsters with emotional and behavioral disorders, and its relation to other problems, using different informants. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected in a Flemish treatment center. Educators completed a Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for each child, teachers completed a Teacher Report Form (TRF), and youth themselves completed a Youth Self Report (YSR) and a Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Findings – Analyses indicated an explicit presence of anxiety. A clear relation was found between anxiety symptoms and internalizing problem behavior on the YSR, whereas only a slight relationship was found with the CBCL, and practically no relationship was found with the TRF. Only few correlations between anxiety and externalizing problems were found. Finally, youth themselves indicated strong correlations between anxiety and thought problems, whereas educators indicated strong correlations between youths’ anxiety and social problems. Originality/value – Several studies describe professionals’ difficulties to get a comprehensive perceptions of youths’ problems. This paper provides detailed insights in the nature of the informant discrepancies.

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Stringaris, A., and R. Goodman. "Mood lability and psychopathology in youth." Psychological Medicine 39, no. 8 (December 11, 2008): 1237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708004662.

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BackgroundMood lability is a concept widely used. However, data on its prevalence and morbid associations are scarce. We sought to establish the occurrence and importance of mood lability in a large community sample of children and adolescents by testing a priori hypotheses.MethodCross-sectional data were taken from a national mental health survey including 5326 subjects aged 8–19 years in the UK. The outcomes were prevalence and characteristics of mood lability and its associations with psychopathology and overall impairment.ResultsMood lability occurred in more than 5% of the population of children and adolescents, both by parent and self-report. Mood lability was strongly associated with a wide range of psychopathology and was linked to significant impairment even in the absence of psychiatric disorders. Mood lability was particularly strongly associated with co-morbidity between internalizing and externalizing disorders, even when adjusting for the association with individual disorders. The pattern of results did not change after excluding youth with bipolar disorder or with episodes of elated mood.ConclusionsClinically significant mood lability is relatively common in the community. Our findings indicate that mood lability is not a mere consequence of other psychopathology in that it is associated with significant impairment even in the absence of psychiatric diagnoses. Moreover, the pattern of association of mood lability with co-morbidity suggests that it could be a risk factor shared by both internalizing and externalizing disorders. Our data point to the need for greater awareness of mood lability and its implications for treatment.

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Renshaw, Tyler L., and Clayton R. Cook. "Preliminary Psychometrics of Responses to the Youth Externalizing Problems Screener." Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 37, no. 8 (November 2, 2018): 1016–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734282918809814.

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This brief report presents preliminary psychometrics of responses to the Youth Externalizing Problems Screener (YEPS), which is a 10-item self-report rating scale intended for use as a screening instrument. The YEPS was designed to function as a companion measure to the Youth Internalizing Problems Screener (YIPS), facilitating the screening of broad mental health problems among students in secondary school settings. Analyses presented herein were conducted with the same small, preliminary samples of urban high-school students as those reported on for the initial development and validation of the YIPS (Sample 1: n = 177, Sample 2: n = 219). Results suggest that responses to the YEPS showed a sound, unidimensional factor structure that is internally consistent, providing initial evidence for the purported internal structure of the measure. Findings also showed that YEPS scores had meaningful associations with other self-reported, theoretically relevant mental health variables, providing initial convergent evidence in favor of construct interpretation. Taken together, preliminary psychometrics support the validation argument for the interpretation and use of YEPS scores as a brief measure of adolescents’ general externalizing problems. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

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Vaughn, Michael G., Christopher P. Salas-Wright, Matt DeLisi, and Brandy R. Maynard. "Violence and Externalizing Behavior Among Youth in the United States." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 12, no. 1 (March 15, 2013): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204013478973.

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Martinez, William, and Antonio J. Polo. "Neighborhood Context, Family Cultural Values, and Latinx Youth Externalizing Problems." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 47, no. 11 (August 30, 2018): 2440–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0914-6.

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Davies, Patrick T., Joanna K. Pearson, Dante Cicchetti, Meredith J. Martin, and E. Mark Cummings. "Emotional insecurity as a mediator of the moderating role of dopamine genes in the association between interparental conflict and youth externalizing problems." Development and Psychopathology 31, no. 3 (May 6, 2019): 1111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000634.

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AbstractThis study tested whether the association between interparental conflict and adolescent externalizing symptoms was moderated by a polygenic composite indexing low dopamine activity (i.e., 7-repeat allele of DRD4; Val alleles of COMT; 10-repeat variants of DAT1) in a sample of seventh-grade adolescents (Mean age = 13.0 years) and their parents. Using a longitudinal, autoregressive design, observational assessments of interparental conflict at Wave 1 predicted increases in a multi-informant measurement of youth externalizing symptoms 2 years later at Wave 3 only for children who were high on the hypodopaminergic composite. Moderation was expressed in a “for better” or “for worse” form hypothesized by differential susceptibility theory. Thus, children high on the dopaminergic composite experienced more externalizing problems than their peers when faced with more destructive conflicts but also fewer externalizing problems when exposed to more constructive interparental conflicts. Mediated moderation findings indicated that adolescent reports of their emotional insecurity in the interparental relationship partially explained the greater genetic susceptibility experienced by these children. More specifically, the dopamine composite moderated the association between Wave 1 interparental conflict and emotional insecurity 1 year later at Wave 2 in the same “for better” or “for worse” pattern as externalizing symptoms. Adolescent insecurity at Wave 2, in turn, predicted their greater externalizing symptoms 1 year later at Wave 3. Post hoc analyses further revealed that the 7-repeat allele of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene was the primary source of plasticity in the polygenic composite. Results are discussed as to how they advance process-oriented Gene x Environment models of emotion regulation.

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Leban, Lindsay. "The Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Gender on Developmental Trajectories of Internalizing and Externalizing Outcomes." Crime & Delinquency 67, no. 5 (January 24, 2021): 631–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128721989059.

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Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are linked to problematic outcomes, but it remains unclear how ACEs affect developmental patterns of harmful behavior, and whether this varies by gender. This study examined these relationships among 868 youth participating in the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect. Group-based trajectory models identified five trajectories of internalizing and six trajectories of externalizing outcomes. Multinomial logistic regression models examined the relationships between ACEs, gender, and the interaction between the two on trajectory group membership. Higher ACEs were associated with elevated internalizing and externalizing trajectories, and boys who experienced higher ACEs were at a heightened risk of exhibiting elevated externalizing trajectories. Findings shed light on the importance of gender in developmental responses to victimization and adversity.

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Rogosch, Fred A., Assaf Oshri, and Dante Cicchetti. "From child maltreatment to adolescent cannabis abuse and dependence: A developmental cascade model." Development and Psychopathology 22, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 883–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579410000520.

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AbstractA developmental cascade model tested associations among child maltreatment, internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, social competence, and cannabis abuse and dependence symptoms in a longitudinal cohort (N= 415). Nested structural equation models evaluated continuity and cross-domain influences among broad multi-informant constructs across four developmental periods: age 7 to 9, 10 to 12, 13 to 15, and 15 to 18. Results indicated significant paths from child maltreatment to early externalizing and internalizing problems and social competence, as well as to cannabis abuse and dependence (CAD) symptoms in adolescence. Youth CAD symptoms were primarily related directly to child maltreatment and externalizing problems. Childhood internalizing symptoms contributed to later childhood decreases in social competence, which predicted increases in late adolescent externalizing problems. Using a developmental psychopathology framework, results are discussed in relation to cascade and transactional effects and the interplay between problem behaviors during childhood and development of CAD symptoms during early and late adolescence.

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Sharp, Carla, Francesca Penner, and Karin Ensink. "Reflective Function and Borderline Traits in Adolescents." Journal of Personality Disorders 34, Supplement B (September 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2019_33_416.

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Despite the developmental roots of the relation between attachment-based reflective function (RF) and borderline pathology, there is a lack of empirical studies examining this link in youth. We examined this link taking into account potential relations between RF and internalizing and externalizing pathology. A total of 421 clinical adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 completed the Child Attachment Interview (CAI; Shmueli-Goetz, Target, Fonagy, & Datta, 2008), which was coded using the Child and Adolescent Reflective Functioning Scale (CARFS; Ensink, Target, & Oandasan, 2013), alongside a self-report measure of borderline pathology and parent-reported measures of internalizing and externalizing pathology. Exploratory analyses revealed no direct relation between RF and borderline features or internalizing psychopathology but a negative relation with externalizing pathology. Moderation analyses showed that externalizing pathology moderated the relation between RF and borderline pathology. Implications for understanding the various ways in which impaired RF may present in adolescents with BPD are discussed.

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Frank, Cairina E., Kathy N. Speechley, Jennifer J. Macnab, and M. Karen Campbell. "Infants Born Large for Gestational Age and Developmental Attainment in Early Childhood." International Journal of Pediatrics 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9181497.

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Objectives. To investigate if an association exists between being born large for gestational age (LGA) and verbal ability or externalizing behaviour problems at ages 4-5 years. Method. A secondary analysis was conducted using the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, including singleton births in 2004-2005 followed till 4-5 years (n=1685). LGA was defined as a birth weight > 90th percentile. Outcomes included poor verbal ability (scoring < 15th percentile on the Revised Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) and externalizing behaviour problems (scoring > 90th percentile on externalizing behaviour scales). Multivariable logistic regression with longitudinal standardized funnel weights and bootstrapping estimation were used. Results. Infants born LGA were not found to be at increased risk for poor verbal ability (aOR: 1.16 [0.49,2.72] and aOR: 0.83 [0.37,1.87] for girls and boys, resp.) or externalizing behaviour problems (aOR: 1.24 [0.52,2.93] and aOR: 1.24 [0.66,2.36] for girls and boys, resp.). Social factors were found to impact developmental attainment. Maternal smoking led to an increased risk for externalizing behaviour problems (aOR: 3.33 [1.60,6.94] and aOR: 2.12 [1.09,4.13] for girls and boys, resp.). Conclusion. There is no evidence to suggest that infants born LGA are at increased risk for poor verbal ability or externalizing behaviour problems.

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Glatz, Terese, Melissa Lippold, Todd M. Jensen, Gregory M. Fosco, and Mark E. Feinberg. "Hostile Interactions in the Family: Patterns and Links to Youth Externalizing Problems." Journal of Early Adolescence 40, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 56–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431618824718.

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In line with family systems theory, we examined patterns of hostile interactions within families and their associations with externalizing problems among early-adolescent children. Using hostility scores based on observational data of six dyadic interactions during a triadic interaction ( n = 462; i.e., child-to-mother, mother-to-child, child-to-father, father-to-child, mother-to-father, father-to-mother)—latent profile analysis supported three distinct profiles of hostility. The low/ moderate hostile profile included families with the lowest levels of hostility across dyads; families in the mutual parent-child hostile profile scored higher on parent-child hostility, but lower on interparental hostility; the hostile parent profile showed higher levels of parent-to-child and interparental hostility, but lower child-to-parent hostility. Concerning links to youth outcomes, youth in the mutual parent-child hostile profile reported the highest level of externalizing problems, both concurrently and longitudinally. These results point to the importance of examining larger family patterns of hostility to fully understand the association between family hostility and youth adjustment.

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Burt, Keith B., and Glenn I. Roisman. "Competence and psychopathology: Cascade effects in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development." Development and Psychopathology 22, no. 3 (June 24, 2010): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579410000271.

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AbstractExisting longitudinal research on the interplay between externalizing problems, internalizing problems, and academic and social competence has documented “cascading” effects from early aggressive/disruptive behavior through impairments in competence, leading to symptoms of depression and anxiety. The primary aim of the current study was to replicate such work using the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development while also extending the developmental window of investigation of cascades back into early childhood. Participating families (N= 1,160) completed questionnaire measures of externalizing, internalizing, and social competence (maternal report), as well as individual assessment of academic achievement, spanning five time points from age 54 months through age 15 years. A series of nested structural equation models tested predicted links across various domains of competence and psychopathology. Results were consistent with prior research, demonstrating cross-domain effects from early externalizing problems through effects on both academic and social competence into later internalizing problems. Effects held across gender and were largely unaffected by inclusion of socioeconomic status, early caregiving, and early cognitive ability as covariates in the model.

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Gonzales-Backen, Melinda. "Parenting Practices and Adjustment Profiles among Latino Youth in Rural Areas of the United States." Social Sciences 8, no. 6 (June 12, 2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8060184.

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On average, Latino adolescents in the United States (U.S.) are at an elevated risk for developing internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviors, and engaging in binge drinking. Latino youth in rural U.S. contexts may be particularly at risk. Parent–adolescent relationships may be associated with each of these indicators of maladjustment, as well as the co-occurrence of these issues. In the current study, adjustment profiles based on internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviors, and binge drinking among 198 Latino adolescents (Mage = 15.90, SD = 1.47) living in rural areas of the United States were examined. Further, the association of adjustment profiles with parental behavioral involvement, parental monitoring, and familial ethnic socialization was tested. Four adjustment profiles emerged from a cluster analysis (i.e., low risk, internalizing risk, externalizing risk, co-occurring risk). Results indicated that adolescents in the co-occurring risk profile reported the lowest levels of parental monitoring compared to the other three profiles, lower familial ethnic socialization compared to the low risk and internalizing risk profiles, and lower parental behavioral involvement compared to the internalizing risk profile. The findings have implications for family-based, culturally informed interventions to encourage positive adjustment among Latino adolescents in rural areas of the United States.

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Barclay, N. L., T. C. Eley, B. Maughan, R. Rowe, and A. M. Gregory. "Associations between diurnal preference, sleep quality and externalizing behaviours: a behavioural genetic analysis." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 5 (September 14, 2010): 1029–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710001741.

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BackgroundCertain aspects of sleep co-occur with externalizing behaviours in youth, yet little is known about these associations in adults. The present study: (1) examines the associations between diurnal preference (morningness versus eveningness), sleep quality and externalizing behaviours; (2) explores the extent to which genetic and environmental influences are shared between or are unique to these phenotypes; (3) examines the extent to which genetic and environmental influences account for these associations.MethodQuestionnaires assessing diurnal preference, sleep quality and externalizing behaviours were completed by 1556 young adult twins and siblings.ResultsA preference for eveningness and poor sleep quality were associated with greater externalizing symptoms [r=0.28 (95% CI 0.23–0.33) and 0.34 (95% CI 0.28–0.39), respectively]. A total of 18% of the genetic influences on externalizing behaviours were shared with diurnal preference and sleep quality and an additional 14% were shared with sleep quality alone. Non-shared environmental influences common to the phenotypes were small (2%). The association between diurnal preference and externalizing behaviours was mostly explained by genetic influences [additive genetic influence (A)=80% (95% CI 0.56–1.01)], as was the association between sleep quality and externalizing behaviours [A=81% (95% CI 0.62–0.99)]. Non-shared environmental (E) influences accounted for the remaining variance for both associations [E=20% (95% CI −0.01 to 0.44) and 19% (95% CI 0.01–0.38), respectively].ConclusionsA preference for eveningness and poor sleep quality are moderately associated with externalizing behaviours in young adults. There is a moderate amount of shared genetic influences between the phenotypes and genetic influences account for a large proportion of the association between sleep and externalizing behaviours. Further research could focus on identifying specific genetic polymorphisms common to both sleep and externalizing behaviours.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Youth externalizing'

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