Journal articles: 'Yuan Shikai'

1

Young, Ernest P. "Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal." Chinese Historical Review 26, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1547402x.2019.1583932.

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KOJI, HIRATA. "Britain's Men on the Spot in China: John Jordan, Yuan Shikai, and the Reorganization Loan, 1912–1914." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 895–934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000455.

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AbstractIn this paper I examine British policy towards the Yuan Shikai government in China between 1912 and 1914 through a consideration of the role of Britain's ‘men on the spot’ in China (i.e. British diplomats and bankers resident there). In doing so, I synthesize two bodies of literature that rarely interact: British imperial history and work by China historians. Three main elements shaped British policy in China: first, British policy-makers were determined to support Yuan Shikai's consolidation of power in China; second, in the making of its China policy, the Foreign Office relied heavily on Britain's men on the spot; and, finally, these men were anxious about the vulnerability of the Yuan Shikai government and were therefore manipulated to a certain extent by Chinese politicians. I suggest that British policy-makers were reacting to, rather than controlling, Chinese politics and that in this period collaboration with British imperialism was a rational choice for the Yuan Shikai government.

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Zenghui, Xu. "Yuan Shikai and the Tongcheng School." Chinese Studies in History 51, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00094633.2018.1496751.

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Weigelin-Schwiedrzik, Susanne. "Book review: Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal." China Information 34, no. 2 (July 2020): 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x20927568i.

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Lam, Tong. "Policing the Imperial Nation: Sovereignty, International Law, and the Civilizing Mission in Late Qing China." Comparative Studies in Society and History 52, no. 4 (October 2010): 881–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417510000496.

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On 15 August 1902, a battalion of Chinese police officers under the command of Superintendent Zhao Bingjun marched into city center of Tianjin and toward the Yamen Complex, the ceremonial site where the Eight Power Alliance was handing back the city to Governor General Yuan Shikai after two years of occupation following the Boxer Uprising. As they approached the complex, allied officials and commanders, standing with Yuan Shikai and his entourage under a “Friendship Forever” banner, were shocked and dismayed. As one of the preconditions for its resumption of the control of the city, the Qing government had agreed to the allied demand that its troops would not enter the vicinity of Tianjin, and some allied officials had even thought that Yuan would be compelled to beg the allied forces to stay and continue to maintain law and order. Yuan Shikai's sudden show of forces was a slap in their faces and potentially a violation of an international agreement. “What is the meaning of this?” asked an allied representative with raised voice. “Look carefully. These are not troops,” Yuan replied with a smirk, “They are policemen.” Not knowing what to do, allied officials pointed fingers at each other, blaming the stupidity of those who had designed the agreement. “It is not we who are stupid,” one said, “It is Yuan Shikai who is so cunning.”

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Harrison, Henrietta. "Patrick Fuliang Shan. Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal." American Historical Review 125, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz638.

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7

Polit, Jakub. "Pożegnanie z łotrem? Yuan Shikai w świetle nowych badań." Prace Historyczne 147, no. 3 (2020): 505–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.20.028.12482.

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Parting with a villain? Yuan Shikai in light of new research Yuan Shikai, the military strongman of late Qing Empire, talented administrator and reformer, crucial figure during the 1911 (Xinhai) Republican Revolution, president with dictatorial power and, finally, a self-proclaimed emperor, is the most controversial figure of 20th-century China. After his death during the civil war that his actions provoked, historiography (communist and non-communist) portrayed Yuan as traitor and chief villain. In following years Yuan was almost unanimously denounced by Soviet (S.L. Tikhvinsky, O. Nepomnin) and Western (L. Sharman, E. Hummel) historiography. His first biography, written by Jerome Ch’en in 1960, fully upheld this portrait. Significant studies (1968 and 1977) of Ernest P. Young, based on important primary sources, went unnoticed at the time. It was also the case with Stephen McKinnon’s volume on Yuan as brilliant Qing official in Tianjin and Beijing between 1901 and 1908. During the two last decades of the 20th century some smaller studies changed this unfavorable portrait. In the eyes of Marie-Claire Bergère, Madleine Ch’i, Luke Kwong and Henerietta Harrison, Yuan appears as a far-sighted statesman and defender of Chinese raison d’état. The last biography written by Patrick Fuliang Shan portrays Yuan as an extremely power-hungry and astute politician and as a conservative reformer and modernizer, at the same time. His political failure was both his personal tragedy and a catastrophe of the Chinese nation.

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Büttner, Clemens. "Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal by Patrick Fuliang Shan." Twentieth-Century China 45, no. 1 (2020): E—3—E—5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2020.0003.

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9

Fang, Qiang. "Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal by Patrick Fuliang Shan." China Review International 24, no. 2 (2017): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2017.0024.

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10

Hickman, John. "Yuan Shikai: A Reappraisal by Patrick Fuliang Shan." Journal of Global South Studies 36, no. 2 (2019): 427–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gss.2019.0028.

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11

Yong, Ma. "From constitutional monarchy to republic: The trajectory of Yuan Shikai." Journal of Modern Chinese History 6, no. 1 (June 2012): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2012.670512.

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12

Wu, Shengqing. "Nostalgic Fragments in the Thick of Things: Yuan Kewen (1890–1931) and the Act of Remembering." Journal of Chinese Literature and Culture 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 239–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/23290048-7497297.

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Abstract This article delves into the nexus of nostalgia, memory, and visuality by examining the images, objects, and events surrounding Yuan Kewen's remembrances of his father, Yuan Shikai, and their family estate in Huanshang. It also considers Zhang Boju's remembrance of his interactions with Yuan Kewen as another layer of historical memory. Phenomenological analysis of the act of remembering, especially in the work of Edward Casey, will be shown to yield rich insights when applied to China's early twentieth-century Republican culture. Surviving fragments—poems, anecdotes, photographs, and paintings—replete with sensuous and affective images of the past become the loci of memory in which these historical figures lived. Lamentation and reminiscence are also conducted through performance of historical dramas whose gestures of mourning and remembrance allowed Yuan to cultivate feelings of perpetual nostalgia through personal artistic expressions. The act of remembering became symptomatic for Yuan, Zhang, and to a large extent the entire generation of literati who experienced drastic social-political changes in the twentieth century.

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13

Xiao-Planes, Xiaohong. "La construction du politique dans la Chine du début du XXe siècle. L'action des élites locales du Jiangsu." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 55, no. 6 (December 2000): 1201–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahess.2000.279912.

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RésuméAu début du XXe siècle, la Chine connaît une crise dramatique. La nécessité d'une modernisation devient urgente. Une mobilisation des élites locales se développe alors dans un contexte de coopération entre certains hauts fonctionnaires ministériels ou provinciaux et des réformateurs du milieu privé : industriels, marchands, lettrés. Malgré les réticences du pouvoir impérial, les élites locales imposent leur participation à l'élaboration de nouvelles structures de coopération et de partage des responsabilités entre l'État et la société. Une reconstruction politique s'ébauche ainsi. Elle aboutira à l'instauration d'un pouvoir régional, malheureusement brisé, en 1913, par le coup de force de Yuan Shikai.

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14

Zhang, Hong. "Yuan Shikai and the Significance of his Troop Training at Xiaozhan, Tianjin, 1895–1899." Chinese Historical Review 26, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1547402x.2019.1583920.

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15

Quanying, Zhou. "Heavily Bombard Tao Zhu—a Yuan Shikai-Type Person Who Wrested the Fruits of the Cultural Revolution." Contemporary Chinese Thought 32, no. 4 (July 2001): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/csp1097-1467320488.

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16

Kirby, William C. "China Unincorporated: Company Law and Business Enterprise in Twentieth-Century China." Journal of Asian Studies 54, no. 1 (February 1995): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2058950.

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On April 22, 1903, the qing court ordered zai-zhen, a Manchu prince; Yuan Shikai, the most powerful Chinese Governor-General of the realm; and Dr. Wu Tingfang, the former Chinese minister to the United States, to compile a commercial code. The edict charging them with this responsibility noted that “of the many government functions, the most important is to facilitate commerce and help industries” (Li 1974a:210). On January 21, 1904, the newly created Ministry of Commerce (Shangbu) issued China's first Company Law (Gongsilü)The Company Law was the first modern law drafted by the Imperial Law Codification Commission, whose work was part of the Qing government's reformist “new policies” in the wake of China's recent humiliations at the hands of Japan and the Western powers. In giving highest priority to enacting a law governing the organization of commercial companies, the Qing government had several interlocking objectives.

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17

BEVAN, PAUL. "Zhou Xicheng's “Guizhou Auto Dollar”: Commemorating the Building of Roads for Famine Relief." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 29, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186318000561.

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AbstractIn 1926 Zhou Xicheng, Governor of Guizhou, China, obtained a new car from an American Motor Company, the first car ever to find its way to this remote Chinese province. Road construction in Guizhou was well underway when the American engineer O. J. Todd, a member of the China International Famine Relief Committee, was invited that year to assist in its continued development. Governor Zhou had his own methods for the speedy and effective building of roads and recruited local people, the army, and even large teams of school children to assist in construction. It is likely that his work methods had taken their inspiration from Sun Yat-sen's plans as outlined in his book The International Development of China of 1920; plans that Sun Yat-sen further promoted in the writing of a letter to Henry Ford in which he requested the industrialist's assistance in the improvement of the motor industry in China. In 1928, in an effort to commemorate his own role in China's road construction projects, Zhou Xicheng had a coin struck. Instead of showing an image of his own head or that of another luminary such as Sun Yat-sen or Yuan Shikai - as had been common with coins of the first decades of the twentieth-century - this one yuan silver coin shows an image of his beloved motor car.

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18

Shambaugh, David. "The Soldier and the State in China: The Political Work System in the People' Liberation Army." China Quarterly 127 (September 1991): 527–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000031052.

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The military is a key actor in the political life of many nations. Across the developing and socialist worlds, the armed forces have served as far more than guarantors of national security as they sustain civilian elites in power or often seize it themselves. In China there has been a long tradition of military rule during much of the modern era–one need think only of Li Hongzhang and the Beiyang Army, the Republic's first president General Yuan Shikai, the warlords of the 1920s, or Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and theGuominjun(the twin sibling of the ruling Guomindang). In post-1949 China former and active-duty military officers (as well as the military as an institution) have been central actors in the political life of the nation, effectively administering the country from 1949–52 and 1967–73. However, this article is not so much about the militarization of politics in China as about the politicization of the military.

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19

Chang, Adam. "Reappraising Zhang Zhidong: Forgotten Continuities During China’s Self-Strengthening, 1884-1901." Journal of Chinese Military History 6, no. 2 (November 10, 2017): 157–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341316.

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Abstract The recent historiography of China’s late nineteenth-century Self-Strengthening movement emphasizes the successes in Chinese state building. My research expands upon this trend through the perspective of the prominent governor-general Zhang Zhidong 張之洞 (1837-1909) and his military reforms. From 1884 to 1901, Zhang consistently pursued the creation of new military academies and western-style armies with the aim of providing an army capable of defending China. At the turn of the century, Zhang’s military apparatus was arguably one of the best in China. However, his role as a military pioneer of this era was often obscured by the wider narratives of Chinese reforms or subsumed under the reforms of more notorious officials such as Li Hongzhang or Yuan Shikai. Ultimately, the study of Zhang Zhidong’s reforms reveals an often-missed continuity in successful military reform starting in the 1880s and contributes to the developing historical narratives of successful late Qing state building.

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20

Curry, Ramona. "Benjamin Brodsky (1877-1960): The Trans-Pacific American Film Entrepreneur – Part Two, Taking A Trip Thru China to America." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 18, no. 2 (2011): 142–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656111x603681.

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AbstractPart One of this essay traced a biography for Benjamin Brodsky and revealed surprising facets of the production of his 1916 feature-length travelogue A Trip Thru China. Part Two addresses the film's genre inscription and cinematic qualities and relates its embedded values to its enthusiastic reception across America 1916-18. Although the ethnographic documentary pays admiring tribute to laboring men and women throughout China, it also valorizes the moribund Chinese empire, as embodied in Brodsky's ultimate patron in China, President Yuan Shikai. While fully eschewing the "Yellow Menace" U.S. discourse of its period, Trip humorously delineates the East and West as essentially different. The rare work's exceptional critical and popular success from California to New York City points to Brodsky's skilled showmanship and ability to engage the support of independent movie distributors and investors. Why, then, the essay considers in conclusion, did Brodsky's subsequent experiences after his shift in 1917 to making films in Japan, including the feature-length travelogue Beautiful Japan (1918), so diverge in its outcome from his early filmmaking career in China?

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21

Janey Chao, Sheau-yueh. "A model for Chinese transnational migration through the Americas: the Canadian experience." Collection Building 33, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cb-10-2013-0039.

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Purpose – This article was based on the information from The 5th International Conference of Institutes and Libraries for Chinese Overseas Studies held in the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, BC, Canada in which the author was a presenter in session 4.2.9a of the Early life of Yuan Shikai and the formation of Yuan family. The paper aims to include comprehensive analysis and development of the history of Chinese migration. An annotated bibliography of suggested readings was offered to highlight the subject knowledge for further research in this area. Design/methodology/approach – The paper includes comprehensive analysis and development of the history of Chinese migration and the experiences and family histories of overseas Chinese in Canada. An annotated bibliography of suggested readings was offered to highlight the subject knowledge for further research in this area. Findings – The paper offers full description and comprehensive analysis of the history of Chinese migration and overseas Chinese studies in Canada. A bbibliography of suggested readings was offered for further research in this area. Research limitations/implications – This research study has a strong subject focus on Chinese migration, overseas Chinese studies, and resource-sharing in the subject area. It is a specific field for research in Asian studies. Practical implications – The result of this study will assist students, researchers, and the general public in the area of overseas Chinese studies and developing their interests in the social and historical value of Chinese migration history and resource-sharing in the area. Originality/value – Very little research has been done in the area of Chinese migration and historical development. The paper would offer historians, sociologists, ethnologists, librarians, administrations, professors, as well as students in the fields of Asian history, anthropology, sociology, political science, geography, and other Asian-related interdisciplinary studies.

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22

Togni, Monica de. "Self-government and 1911 in China: Revolution or Continuity in the Political Participation in Sichuan Province?" MING QING YANJIU 17, no. 01 (February 14, 2012): 165–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24684791-01701007.

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The process that led to the creation of self-government organs, and their activities in the first years of their existence, shows a consistent continuity between the imperial and the republican institutions, but also some changes in the institutional behaviour of the representatives of the local communities before and after the 1911’s revolution. The different meaning attributed to the institutional reforms as they appear to have been interpreted by the Qing Court, from the interpretations by the local society - a tools to control the political activism of the local notables vs a means to play a more active role in the local policy -, did not interfere with the creation of the organs of self-government, a part of the new structure to be built for the constitutional monarchy scheduled through imperial edicts on 27th August, 1908. The local activism and activities, as they are illustrated for Sichuan province through provincial and county archive documents, local gazetteers and reviews, show contradictory tendencies even as relates to some officials, and part of local communities anticipating sometimes the dispositions by the central government for the implementations of self-government, and some resistance by the people who had the right to vote in the participation to the preparatory process for the poll. However, the flourishing of self-government councils of the lower level and the fields of their interventions as representatives of the local communities show a very positive attitude on part of the local communities that continued until Yuan Shikai closed them down in 1914. This study will be concentrating on this aspect and will include, among other things, the case-study of Xuanhan county in north-western Sichuan, where a powerful local lineage played a very relevant role, taking advantage of the disruption of the provincial institutional order.

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23

"Yuyan Yiyi Zhicheng: Zizhu de Yiyi yu Shizai 语言•意义•指称：自主的意义与实在 (Autonomous Language: A Possible Theory of Meaning). By YE Chuang. Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe, 2010. 404pp.￥45. ISBN: 730116687." Frontiers of Philosophy in China 6, no. 1 (January 25, 2011): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11466-011-0132-8.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Yuan Shikai'

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