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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Zaire'
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1
Bosumbe, Imbata. "Relations entre l'Etat zaïrois et l'Eglise du Christ au Zaïre (1970-1986)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213408.
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Omasombo, Tshonda Jean. "Formation sociale et lutte de classes: réflexions sur l'histoire sociale du Zaïre, 1940-1974." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213425.
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Nelson, Howard A. "Partnership in Zaire a proposal for a new methodology for the Free Church mission in Zaire /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1992. http://www.tren.com.
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Rukatsi, Hakiza. "L'intégration des immigrés au Zaïre: le cas des personnes originaires du Rwanda." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213309.
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Gerein, Nancy M. "An evaluation of growth monitoring in Zaire." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1988. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682449/.
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Growth monitoring has become a major component of most child health programmes in developing countries over the past two decades. The rationale for this activity is discussed and examined critically in the light of the evidence from previous studies and from a detailed evaluation of three child health care programmes in rural Zaire which included growth monitoring. The monthly sessions to which mothers brought their children were observed, the health workers were interviewed, and information was obtained on programme costs, supervision, and health records in all three programmes. A survey of the knowledge and practices of 547 mothers of children under five years of age was carried out in one programme's catchment population. A total of 497 consultations were observed in the three programmes as part of the evaluation. The consultations lasted between 30 seconds and five minutes each, with a mean of two minutes. Mothers and children spent three to eight hours at the clinic in order to receive these brief consultations, ten minutes of group health education, and if necessary, immunizations. Whilst staff measured and recorded weights accurately, they failed to take any specific actions in one-third of children who had growth faltering. Similarly, no counselling was given to one-third of mothers whose children were ill and/or had growth faltering, called "at-risk" children. Generally, the quality of advice and referral for illness was more satisfactory than the nutritional advice given mothers, which consisted of brief, standard directives. The at-risk children did not always receive special consultations by better-qualified staff. A household interview survey of 547 mothers of children under five assessed their understanding of the growth charts and their knowledge and reported practices with regard to child feeding and diarrhoea. Results showed that knowledge and practices improved with increased attendance at growth monitoring sessions, after controlling for the mother's educational level, tribe, socio-economic level and parity. Since nearly two-thirds of children attending the sessions were classified as at-risk, the value of individual screening by weighing is questionable. Not all at-risk children received interventions; of those who did, the quality of the interventions was frequently inadequate. Policy and programme recommendations for growth monitoring in child health programmes are described, and research needs identified.
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Okitasombo, Otoko. "La preuve en droit pénal zairois." Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100013.
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Kodondi, K. K. "Chenilles d'attacidae du zaire : composition et valeur nutritionnelle." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066276.
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L'objectif de ce travail consiste a etudier la composition chimique et les qualites nutritionnelles de trois especes de chenilles d'attacidae comestibles du zaire, fumees selon les techniques traditionnelles. Ces chenilles presentent des valeurs en moyenne de 7,1% d'humidite, 58,3% de proteines, 12,9% de lipides, 2,8% de glucides et 3,6% de cendres totales. L'analyse detaillee des proteines montre que les chenilles d'attacidae ont des valeurs elevees en lysine, valine, leucine, phenylelenine et en acide aspartique. Les acides amines soufres, l'isoleucine, l'histidine, le tryptophane et la proline sont moins abondants. L'analyse des lipides montre que les acides gras majoritaires sont acide palmitique (23,2%), acide stearique (22,3%), acide oleique (7,2%), acide linoleique (6,6%) et acide linoleique qui represente le tiers des acides gras totaux (35,8%). Les chenilles sont relativement pauvres en glucides (2,8%) et en elements mineraux (3,6%). Parmi les oligo-elements le cu, fe, m, et zn sont particulierement eleves. Les vitamines les plus importantes, presentes dans les chenilles sont la riboflavine, l'acide pantothenique et la niacine. Les experimentations sur rats wistar ont permis de montrer que les chenilles permettent une bonne croissance, toutefois inferieure a celle observee avec le regime complet contenant comme proteine la caseine. Cette etude confirme ce que laissait prevoir l'analyse chimique: une deficience relative en vitamines b1 et b6. Par leur richesse en proteines, les chenilles pourraient etre utilisees dans les regimes hyperprotidiques, dans les surveillances nutritionnelles de malnutrition proteino-energetique, ou chez les enfants en periode de sevrage et chez les femmes enceintes sous forme de poudre ou de soupe epaisse
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Kimura, Daiji. "SOCIAL INTERACTION AMONG THE BONGANDO IN CENTRAL ZAIRE." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/64981.
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Chiribagula, Nyumpa-Bashimba. "Vers une réforme du droit fiscal congolais: rationalisation du système d'imposition et de fiscalisation des activités économiques informelles :un impératif?" Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211311.
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White, Bob Whitman. "Modernity's spiral : popular culture, mastery, and the politics of dance music in Congo-Kinshasa." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0020/NQ44627.pdf.
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Fuku, Sala. "Le chomage des hauts diplomes - le cas du zaire." Caen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CAEN1189.
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Pays potentiellement riche mais appauvri, le zaire se trouve confronte a des problemes d'emploi des hauts diplomes. On y observe un dysfonctionneent entre la formation scolaire et l'emploi. Les termes "hauts dimplomes" designent ici les personnes instruites ayant un diplome de l'enseignement superieur. Par "chomage des hauts dimplomes", nous entendons la recherche d'une premiere insertion professionnelle dans le monde du travail. Cette gestion renvoie a deux types de preoccupations : la gestion et l'efficacite du systeme de formation, et l'analyse des mecanismes de fonctionnement des marches du travail au zaire. Cette demarche nous conduiot d'abord a nous interroger sur l'adequaton entre la formtion et l'emploi dans lecontexte actuel de l'economie du pays; ensuite a reflechir sur la desarticulation constatee entre les deux systemes qui evoluent separement et enfin a approfondir les questions soulevees sur le terrain theorique concernant la notion du marche du travail et de son existence au zaire. Cette etude illustre l'hypothese selon laquelle le chomage des diplome est un signe de l'inadequation entre la formation et l'emploi. Elle revele que cette question ne s'explique pas exclusivement de facon simple par l'inadeqution entre le formation initiale et l'emploi. Sans doute, dans un systeme de developpement desarticule comme celui du zaire d'aujourd'hui, d'autres problemes lies a l'organisation et a la gestion de l'education et des activites de l'economie, et en particulier du marche de travail, doivent etre pris en comptePotientially rich but impovrtidhrf, zaire ins to employment problems of high graduates. We can remark a dysfunctionning between the scholastic education and employment. The terms "high graduates" designate here the qualified people with a diploma of higher education. Unemployment of high graduates" is deined as the investigation of a first professional integration into the workin life. This research refers to two types of concern : the management and efficiency of the training system, and the analysis of functioning mechanisms of labour markets in zaire. First, this approach leads us to question about the adequacy between training and employment in the current context of economy in the country; secndly to think on noted dislocation between two systems that developed separately, and finally to investigate the raised questions on a theoretical field : the concept of labour market as existing in zaire. This investigation illustrates the hypothesis that unemployment of high graduates is a sign of the inadequacy betwen traning and employment. Its show that this question is not enlighted exclusevely by the inadequacy between basic education and employment. Indoubtedly, in a dislocated development system such as that of zaire today, different problems must be considered, linked first to the organization and manangement of education; then to the economic activity, particularly labour market
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Bisengo, Kumbu. "Energy in Central Africa : with special reference to Zaire." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17226.
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Includes bibliographical references.In this thesis, the energy sector of the Central Africa region is investigated with a special attention to Zaire. The region's political trends, economic performance, demographic and social patterns as well as their implications in the development of the energy sector are presented. For each country of the region the resource potential and the ability to produce, distribute and use these energy resources, are analyzed. The potential for the development of energy resources of the region is examined and its future energy demand forecast. The scope for energy interchange inside and outside the region is analyzed and regional integration in the energy sector discussed. The findings of this thesis are: * there is an abundance of energy resources though not evenly distributed throughout the region, * there is a heavy reliance on woodfuel, and * there are many problems constraining the development of the energy sector. The principal issues facing the energy sector are: *the shortage of woodfuel due to the non-sustainability of supply, *the low reliability of power supply and the existence of surplus capacity in some countries, *the high supply cost of petroleum products, *the limited size of the local commercial fuel market and the lack of finance to develop domestic energy resources, *the low level of management and financial autonomy for energy utilities, *the lack of energy trade because of political instability, and institutional shortcomings. Forecasts of future energy consumption in the region indicate that woodfuel will continue to be the dominant energy form, followed by oil and electricity, and that electricity will play an increasing role. Recommendations for the woodfuel subsector relates to improving the production and utilization efficiency - valid also for the other energy carriers, increasing the supply through reforestation programmes and accelerating electrification. Other recommendations to improve the development of the energy sector include: * recovering energy supply cost through adequate pricing and improved collection practices, * reducing government interference and introducing private participation in the energy sector with the subsequent benefit of the transfer of new technology and managerial competence, and * strengthening energy institutions to enable them to improve planning, implementations, operations, and ensure the integration of traditional and commercial energy structures . The possibilities of energy interchange are large for oil and electricity, and energy trade could improve energy utilization, lower supply costs, etc. Under prevailing socio-economic conditions, regional integration is thought to be the only realistic strategy leading to the economic exploitation of energy resources and the adequate supply of energy to support industrial development of the region and to meet the social needs of its people. In this connection, major efforts should be directed towards the establishment of appropriate regional energy institutions, but political stability is a prerequisite to any effective energy integration.
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Ngomo, Okitembo Louis. "L'engagement politique de l'eglise catholique au zaire (1960-1992)." Strasbourg 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STR20028.
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Malgre ses ressources naturelles immenses, le zaire est devenu l'un des pays les plus pauvres du monde. De l'independance du pays, le 30 juin 1960, a la "marche d'espoir" du 16 fevrier 1966, l'eglise catholique a exerce un role politique non negligeable dans l'organisation de la societe au zaire. Dans la premiere partie, "une eglise en quete d'identite", nous montrons combien les eveques, tout en mettant progressivement en place "une societe chretienne" etaient favorables a l'emancipation politique du pays. Dans la deuxieme partie, "une eglise au service de la nation", nous decrivons le soutien mutuel entre l'eglise catholique et le regime mobutu, accuse de totalitarisme par mgr malula. Dans la troisieme partie, "une eglise engagee pour un mieux-etre", nous relatons le grand conflit entre l'eglise et l'etat en 1972, un conflit qui se transforme a l'affrontement entre le cardinal malula et le president mobutu, un conflit qui degenere a la persecution de l'eglise catholique et a l'exaltation de mobutu comme messie au meme titre que jesus-christ. Nous analysons enfin les differentes reactions de l'eglise catholique devenue, petit a petit, une force d'opposition au regime dictatorial de mobutuDespite its immense natural resources, zaire has become one of the poorest countries in the world. From the country's independence, june 30 th, 1960, until the "march of hope" february 16 th, 1992, the catholic church played an important political role in the organization of zaire's society. In the first part "a church in search of identy" we show how the bishops were favorable to the country's political emancipation, while progressively putting into place a "christian society". In the second part, "a church at the service of a nation", we describe the mutual support between the catholic church and the mobutu regime, accused of totalitarianism by bishop malula. In the third part, "a church commited to more well-being", we relate the great conflict between church andstate in 1972, a conflict which became a confrontation between cardinal malula aund president mobutu, a conflict which degenerated into the persecution of the catholic church and the exaltation of mobutu as messiah by the same right as jesus christ. Finally, we analyze the different reactions of the catholic church which has become, little by little, a force of opposition against the dicatorial regime of mobutu
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Molyneux, K. Gordon. "African Christian theology : processes of theological reflection in Zaire." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1988. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28454/.
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African Christian Theology' represents attempts on the part of African Christians to 'own' their theological reflection, rather than borrow it from others. This in turn means taking seriously their African heritage or 'identity'. Chapter 1 of the thesis examines the theological quest in the broader context of political, educational, literary, and religious factors in sub-Saharan Africa. All of these fields display a parallel search for 'personhood', a determination to move from being object to being subject. Considerable attention is paid to the causes and dynamics of religious Independency. 'African Theology' has not emerged from the Independent churches, but it is sympathetic to their cause and has taken up theologically some of their concerns. The remaining three chapters of the thesis are devoted to the one country of Zaire, and more specifically, to three contrastive 'styles' of theological reflection. It is the argument of the thesis that 'theologizing' is done in a wide range of sectors of society. Chapter 2 examines the most prominent and (to the West) most familiar of these processes of theologizing, - the academic and literary one. Selected to Illustrate this process is Kinshasa's Faculty of Catholic Theology. Reflecting the Faculty's historical links with the rigorous academic standards of its mother-university Louvain (Belgium), it has achieved international recognition as one of Black Africa's foremost centres of research and was at the centre of the debate on 'African Theology' in the 1960s. The Faculty's emphasis on publication has contributed significantly to the influence of the institution. Academic research and publication might constitute the most prestigious sector of the theological process, and the most 'exportable' in the international literary world, but It represents only a small part of the total scene of African Christians expressing and communicating their beliefs. Chapter 3 looks to the other end of the spectrum as it explores the area of 'oral theology' illustrated by the 'inspired' hymns of the Kimbanguist Church. The distinct characteristics of orality as opposed to literacy are considered. The oral sphere does not lend itself to neat, logical analysis as does the academic sector, yet it lies closer to the heart of spirituality, and to overlook it is to neglect a major aspect of African Christianity. Finally, Chapter 4 explores an experiment in Protestant contextual theologizing in North-East Zaire: seminars designed to effect an interaction between the gospel and contextual Issues. Involving participants who combined some theological background with close acquaintance with the 'grassroots' scene, these 'Gospel and Culture Seminars' might be placed somewhere between the oral and literary spheres. From this 'broad-spectrum' understanding of the total theological picture, the Conclusion seeks to draw out implications for theology Itself, for theological education, and for theological educators in Africa today.
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GUNDEL, MARTINE. "Enquete sur les medicaments dans le systeme de sante zairois." Lille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL2M376.
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Apema, Alimasi. "Synthèse phytosociologique des végétations aquatique et semi-aquatique du Zaire." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212554.
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Nickson, Patricia Jane. "The implementation of primary health care in North Eastern Zaire." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291717.
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Mwaka, Lusala Lona. "Schematic priming and the teaching of EFL reading in Zaire." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1992. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10020195/.
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Toronzoni, Ngama-Nzombio. "Description du ngbandi: Langue oubanguienne du nord-ouest du Zaire." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/270336.
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Slover, Curtis H. "Informal financial groups in rural Zaire : a club theory approach /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487757723997114.
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Trautman, Adam Zachariah. "From Zaire to the DRC: A Case Study of State Failure." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4596.
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The issue of state failure within the international system has been a perplexing phenomenon in our increasingly mobile and modern society. The question of why some states succeed in developing into strong states within the international environment and why some fail is a question often overlooked. The focus of this thesis will be on three key factors that contribute towards state failure. The research will show how these three key factors: outdated state infrastructure, lack of economic development, and external intervention contribute to the occurrence of this phenomenon. Analyzing these key factors will highlight how state failure occurs within a case study. The chosen state for the focus of this thesis will be the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). By focusing on this case I plan to cross-reference factors that have been commonly used to gauge state failure. This will show that external factors, as well as internal factors can cause detrimental obstacles in state development. The unit of examination of these three factors will be focused on the DRC. My research will show that the three key factors are the reason why the DRC became a failed state and that due to external events the DRC was able to maintain an image of a stable environment, while the citizens of the country suffered. As a result of the rising influence of globalization and the push for development in the international system state failure has become a preoccupation for scholars.
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Makoundi, Bruno. "Politique d'austerite et politique d'ouverture : application au congo et au zaire." Besançon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BESA0001.
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La presente these est une etude comparative portant sur les resultats des politiques d'austerite et d'ouverture appliquees au congo et au zaire. Dans la premiere partie, on analyse les questions et le mode de financement des plans de developpement des deux pays qui devaient satisfaire les besoins fondamentaux de populations en allouant les investissements dans les secteurs juges prio ritaires par les pouvoirs publics - chapitres i a v. La deuxieme partie rend compte des resultats de la gestion rentiere des deux economies par leurs dirigeants qui ont conduit a l'adoption des politiques d7austerite et d'ou verture du f. M. I et de la banque mondiale. Elle expose le coeur du modele economique des deux institutions et ceux proposes aux deux pays, tout en rappelant les contextes socioeconomique et culturel du congo et du zaire au moment de leur application - chapitres vi a viii. Enfin, la troisieme partie inscrit la question de la portee et des limites des p. A. S a repousser les frontieres de la crise economique et financiere sevissant dans les deux pays; et pose le probleme du modele alternatif qui puisThe following themis is a comparative study which deals with the results of the austerity and opening programs settled in congo and zaire. The purpose of the first part is to analyse the topics and ways of financing related to the development projects of these two countries. These development plans were supposed to meet the basic needs of their populations by allowing invest ments in the sectors which should have priority, according to local authorities - chapiters i to v. The second part stresses the results of the mismanagement of the two economies. The authorities have actually conducted a management based on annuities, which has brought about the acceptance of the implementation of austerity programs proposed by the i. M. F. And the world bank. This part also insists on the core of the economic model proposed by these two institutions in one hand, and by congo and zaire on the other band. Here, it will be useful to show what the social, economic and cultural conditions of each of these
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KANANGILA, CIMENA. "Le mariage des chretiens baluba du kasai (zaire). Problematique d'une inculturation." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR20034.
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Le mariage catholique chez les baluba du kasai se presente, en fait, comme une culture dans la culture. L'evangelisation a introduit le rituel latin pour la celebration du mariage des catholiques africains. Ce rituel est cense s'identifier au sacrement, si bien qu'il ne laisse aucune place aux realites africaines. Le mariage traditionnel baluba n'est pas repris de l'interieur par le sacrement de l'eglise. Le mariage catholique demeure etranger au mariage coutumier. Un fosse separe en tout cas les deux, d'ou des conflits et des tensions graves entre la conception du mariage dans la societe traditionnelle baluba et les lois canoniques de l'eglise issues de la culture occidentale. Pour mettre fin a cette dichotomie, nous n'avons envisage qu'une orientation : voir comment introduire la qualification sacramentelle a l'interieur du mariage traditionnel baluba. Ce qui est en cause, c'est l'inculturation des rites chretiens dans les societes africainesCatholic marriage for the balubas of the kasai province appears as a culture within a culture. Evangelization has meant that the latin ritual is used for the celebration of marriage between african catholics. This ritual has become so closely identified with the sacrament that there is no place in it for african elements. The church's sacrament makes no attempt to transform the traditional baluba marriage from within. Catholic marriage is totally foreign to their marriage customs. In any event there is a deep gulf between the two so that serious tensions arise between the conception of marriage in traditional baluba society and the church's canon law which is a product of western culture. We can see only one possibility of ending this dichotomy, namely to try and find a way of introducing the sacramental character into traditional baluba marriage. At stake is the cultural assimilation of christian rights into african society
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Kenrick, Justin. "Mbuti hunter-gatherers and rainforest conservation in the Ituri Forest, Zaire." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21335.
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Based on anthropological fieldwork in Zaire, this thesis focuses on the relationship between Mbuti hunter-gatherers, their Bila farming neighbours and their forest environment. Earlier descriptions of Mbuti/Bila relations as being essentially one of opposition (e.g. those of Colin Turnbull) are shown to reflect the nature of colonial control rather than the fundamental interdependence which exists between these two groups. The way people attempt to cope with extractive economic forces is examined historically and in present Mbuti involvement in gold extraction. Local responses to the Forest Reserve (created in 1992) are shown to range from viewing it as resource appropriation to viewing it as a marriage. The author's study of daily Mbuti life in the forest highlights the importance of economic exchange with the Bila, and the impact of broader political forces. Conflict, gender and power are examined in the Bila/Mbuti nkumbi circumcision ritual, and in the Mbuti molimo ritual. For the Mbuti and the Bila the forest is not sacred in itself: the interactions of past generations with the forest render it sacred. This experience of the forest encompasses fearing sorcery and the evil spirits of the dead, and attempting to control and manipulate - or trusting, joking and sharing with - the "forest as ancestors". The nature of the Mbuti net hunt, demand-sharing, and sharing with the forest in song and ritual, are ultimately centred in egalitarianism and their strong identification with the forest. The argument advanced in this thesis supports that of writers such as Nurit Bird-David and Tim Ingold who argue that identity, for the Mbuti and other hunter-gathers, can be grounded in a sense of sharing with a living environment. However it collapses Ingold's absolute opposition between Mbuti and Western approaches to the environment arguing that - although Mbuti cosmology tends towards an identification with the environment, and Cartesian cosmology tends towards a belief in separation and opposition - in practice both the Mbuti and people in the West move between these opposing modes. Conversation projects in the Ituri are shown to embody a Cartesian cosmology which sees humans as separate from the environment, the latter being essentially a passive realm for humans to exploit or protect. Recent developments in these projects, combined with policies which would support local peoples' cosmology of inclusion, suggests a conservation approach which seeks to deepen, rather than restrain, local peoples' involvement with their environment.
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Ramirez, Francis. "Histoire du cinéma colonial au Zaire au Rwanda et au Burundi." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37593967j.
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Biselela, Tshimankinda. "The learning of English by bilingual speakers of Ciluba and French in Zaire : problems and solutions." Thesis, Durham University, 1990. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6624/.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the teaching of English as a foreign language in Zaire in general and Eastern Kasai in particular. For it is evident from personal experience and evidence from examination results that this learning is in general not satisfactory, and particularly poor as far as learners' mastery of oral fluency is concerned. The aim of the thesis is therefore to analyze the learning situation in order to clarify the factors which might be causing this unsatisfactory situation. We take two approaches to this analysis: a theoretical review of the situation and an empirical study of teaching and learning. The thesis thus falls into four parts. In Part One, we describe the learners’ historical and sociolinguistic background and the Zairean educational situation in general and the problems of teaching English in particular. In Part Two, we review the situation in Zaire -and in Eastern Kasai in particular- by an analysis of the literature on language learning and the insights it can give us into the Zairean problem. This review deals first with issues in foreign language teaching. It also focusses however on literature on bilingualism since Zairean learners are always bilingual in, at least, one local language and the French they learn on entry to the education system. Intuitively, we might assume that bilingual learners will be at an advantage in learning a foreign language, and Zairean learners should therefore be in a good position to learn English. Our review of the relevant literature examines the objective evidence for this intuitive assumption and suggests that, other things being equal, bilingual individuals should be good learners of foreign languages. We conclude therefore that other factors in the situation may be responsible for the unsatisfactory standards. Part Three is an analysis of some of those factors, based on an empirical investigation. It is at this point that the thesis focusses more precisely on Eastern Kasai where fieldwork was carried out. Pupils and students, teachers, and inspectors and administrators were given questionnaires and interviews, and lessons were observed in four secondary schools. Many factors were found to be causing problems in EFL learning. Part Four deals with the most important of these factors and their implications, our recommendations for future practice and further research, and the conclusion., The following factors were identified as having a detrimental effect on this learning: learners' lack of motivation to go on/ perseverance, which is caused by the overemphasis teaching methods put on accuracy. This in turn means that every thing done or said in lessons is teacher-centred and teacher-dominated, and this contributes to a reduction in the already scarce opportunities and frequencies of use of English by the learners. We therefore recommend that, to increase learners' motivation to learn (to speak) English, teaching methods and teachers should allow them much more freedom of speech, thus stressing (oral) fluency. This will result in these learners opening up, and in methods becoming more learner-oriented, with the ultimate aim of having them learner-centred. In our conclusion, we give a summary of the thesis, namely its purpose, the way we followed to reach it, the results we got, and our recommendations for future practice and research.
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Mende, Omalanga. "Les comportements d'agression envers les out-groups: le cas de l'armée zaïroise." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213423.
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Mupier, Robert M. Ramsey David D. "Economic education in the secondary schools of Zaire a problem-driven approach /." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1994. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9510427.
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Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 1994.Title from title page screen, viewed March 28, 2006. Dissertation Committee: David D. Ramsey, Michael A. Nelson (co-chairs), Ram D. Singh. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 293-301) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Romaldi, Christa. "A Quiet Revolution? Youth Perception of State and Church Ideology in Zaire." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28867.
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This thesis focuses on the power struggle between Mobutu's administration and the Catholic Church as it played out in the realm of education. In particular, it focuses on how state ideology, meaning authenticity and Mobutism, pervaded education through textbooks and teaching materials in 1970s Zaire and how the Catholic Church attempted to resist state ideology through education as well. Discourse analysis was used to determine how state dogma and Church opposition were disseminated to youth via educational materials. Furthermore, I examine how and why youth responded to this power struggle through the examination of painting, music and literature created by the 1970s cohort as they aged. Again, discourse analysis is used to understand the meanings conveyed through the art. Youth, I argue, have rejected Mobutu and his ideologies and remain uncertain, perhaps even suspicious, of the Catholic Church's role in Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo).
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Hohnstein, Nicole M. "Determining the Reservoir Species of Zaire Ebola Virus: A Proposed Epidemiological Survey." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1394.
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Ebola virus (EBOV) is a re-emerging zoonotic virus (it is transmitted between animals and humans) that causes acute hemorrhagic fever and a high fatality rate in humans. First reported in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), the virus is transmitted between humans through direct contact with body fluids of an infected person, causing fever, weakness, diarrhea, abdominal pain, cramping, nausea and vomiting in those affected. There is neither a licensed vaccine nor an approved treatment for Ebola virus in human patients. The reservoir species for Ebola virus is similarly unknown, as many studies have attempted yet failed to isolate living virus from potential candidates. The widely accepted and circulated hypothesis based on preliminary findings of outbreaks past is that bat species, specifically the fruit bat species Hypsignathus monstrosus, Epomops franqueti and Myonycteris torquata are potential reservoirs. Recent reports, especially concerning findings from the 2014 Ebola outbreak, have determined that insectivorous bats could similarly be reservoir species. Successful isolation of a live virus from a bat species found through a widened sampling of a variety of bat species would confirm the hypothesis that bats, either fruit or insectivorous, are the reservoir species for Ebola virus.
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PENDJE, GENEVIEVE. "Strategies de regeneration de neuf essences commerciales de foret tropicale (mayombe, zaire)." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066422.
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Cette etude, autoecologique et chorologique, menee sur 9 essences de valeur en foret du mayombe au zaire, analyse successivement la phenologie de la fructification, la production des diaspores (chapitre 3) et leur dissemination (chapitre 4), la survie des graines et des stades de croissance (chapitre 5). Ces variables determinent les caracteristiques de la regeneration naturelle et permettent d'expliquer la repartition des formes juveniles et des adultes et donc la dynamique des populations etudiees. Le role determinant de quelques disseminateurs efficaces est mis en relief pour les cinq especes zoochores etudiees alors que, pour les trois especes anemochores et l'espece autochore, ce sont les facteurs environnementaux qui sont soulignes. La diversite des reponses ecologiques aux pressions du milieu repartit les taxons selon un gradient pour chaque parametre d'etude. La these du continuum est ainsi confirmee. Il resulte de la combinaison des modalites reproductives et des modalites d'etablissement et de croissance autant de strategies de regeneration que d'especes etudiees. On distingue cependant quatre groupes d'arbres selon la structure spatiale et la structure demographique de leur regeneration. Les especes heliophiles a dispersion efficace (strategie de type r) caracterisent la phase de restauration. Les especes tolerantes a dispersion agregative et efficace ainsi que les especes tolerantes a dispersion aleatoire, participent a la phase de maturation. Enfin, les especes a faible dispersion sciaphiles ou tolerantes (strategie de type k), caracterisent la phase homeostatique du cycle sylvigenetique
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Downey, Kristen M. "Quest for political change : popular struggles for regime transition in former Zaire." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3761.
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Steiner, Richard L. "A program to help the Mennonite Church in Zaire become self-supporting." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1994. http://www.tren.com.
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VERNEX, ALAIN. "Contribution de divers facteurs a l'espace inter-genesique : a propos d'une enquete effectuee au zaire aupres de 109 femmes." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO1M233.
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Mwanza, Wa Mwanza Hugo. "Transport et implantation des équipements socio-collectifs dans une métropole tropicale: Kinshasa (Zaire)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212384.
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Basue, Babu Kazadi Greg. "L'action internationale en faveur de la démocratie en Afrique : le cas du Zaire." Nancy 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN20010.
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Cette étude propose une approximation à un thème crucial dans la consolidation du régime démocratique et de la dignité humaine: l’idée de solidarité des autres peuples avec ceux du Zaïre-Congo en vue de la démocratisation de l’état de ce pays. De même, l'action internationale en faveur de la démocratie en Afrique: le cas du Zaïre est un type de rapports qui s'instituent entre les acteurs de la société internationale avec le Zaïre, et ce, à des degrés très divers. Ces rapports peuvent être de coopération, d’aide ou de contrainte à la démocratisation. Ainsi, un rôle éminent est- il dès lors assigné aux peuples dans ladite relation, mais à travers l’état. De nos jours, la prise en compte de l’impératif démocratique par les différents acteurs internationaux a des implications directes sur le phénomène étatique africain. Aussi convient- il d’examiner le rôle rempli par les acteurs qui interviennent dans ce processus avant d’aborder l’efficacité des mesures prises pour la démocratisation de la république démocratique du Congo. Il s' agit en définitive, de retracer la problématique contemporaine du droit public en général et du droit international public en particulier par rapport aux évolutions récentes d' une part, et d' autre part, d' essayer de résoudre les éventuelles contradictions avec la pratique internationale actuelle. Celle-ci se caractérise tant par des facteurs divers qui motivent l’intervention que par un droit encore largement dominé par le principe de la souverainetéThis paper proposes an approximation a crucial theme within the consolidation of the democratic regime and the human dignity: the idea of solidarity between Zaire-Congo peoples and other peoples with regard of the democratization of this state. So has the international action in favor of democracy in Africa: the Zaire case is a one within this kind of relationships establish between the performers of the international society with Zaire, but in several levels. This relation could be the co-operation, aid or coaction for the democratization. Really this is an important role assigned in this relationship to these peoples, although through the state. Nowadays, the democratic imperative has been taken into account by the different international performers. This fact has direct consequences on the African state's phenomenon. For this reason, it should be interesting to study the role undertaken by these performers, as well as, the effectiveness of measures taken for the democratization of democratic republic of Congo. Definitively, it is an actual questioning of revising the public law in general and international public law in particular on one hand in relation to its recent evolution, on the other, in trying to resolve the eventual contradictions with contemporary international practice. This practice is characterized by different factors conducting the intervention as well as an international law still dominated by the principle of sovereignty
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MUNDABI, FALA MBOM. "Effort national et dependance exterieure dans le systeme economique du zaire (1960-1983)." paris 8, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA080299.
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La structure socio-economique du zaire etait equilibree avant la colonisation. Cet equilibre qui s'articulait autour du clan et de la famille etait rompu avec la colonisation par le mecanisme de l'introduction de l'economie monetaire. Celle-ci a fait eclater le systeme de parente. La solidarite et la reciprocite des actes de production se sont effondrees. La vertu du beau temps est devenue vice de temps de l'espoir. Apres l'independance politique, l'etat zairois va chercher a acceder a l'independance economique. Certaines mesures ont ete mises en place depuis 1960. Cette politique economique qui avait une base nationaliste va echouer suite aux incoherences et aux contraintes internes et externes. Ces mesures vont donner naissance a une bourgeoisie parasitaire qui ne fait que soutenir chaque fois une politique impopulaire au vu de la masse desheritee. L'etat renforce son alliance avec la bourgeoisie neo-coloniale et bureaucratique. L'echec de cette politique economique va renforcer la structure de dependance du pays et transformer ses rapports vis-a-vis de l'exterieur. Cette transformation des rapports va entrainer le repli de la belgique, la penetration de la france et l'arrivee de fmi. En fait, la politique economique du zaire est et sera pour longtemps un instrument de dependance economique et de maintien du statu quoThe socio0economic structure of zaire was in equilibrium before the colonization. Based upon the family and the clan, that equilbrium was upset with the colonization through the introduction of money. The kinship system was dislocated. Consequently, there was no longer a community of interests. After the political independence, the stade was engaged to reach the economic independence. Some measures were adopted since 1960. Despite its nationalistic basis, that economic policy failed. This was due to external andinternal constraints but these measures allowed the development of a parasitic middle-class which is about to support any unpopular policy. Links between the government and the neo-colonial and bureaucratic middle-class were strengthened. The failure of the economic policy contributed to reinforce the structure of dependency of the country and to transform its relations with foreign countries. With these transformations, the belgium withdrew, giving way to the french penetration, also followed by the i. M. F. In fact, the economic policy of zaire is and will be for a long term an instrument of economic dependency and keeping of the status quo
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Butler, Ronald C. "A program for recruiting and training leadership for the Christian Churches in Zaire." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1994. http://www.tren.com.
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Kabengele, Munanga. "Os Basanga de Shaba : um grupo étnico do Zaire : ensaio de antropologia geral /." São Paulo : FFLCH-USP, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb349419737.
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Ihobe, Hiroshi. "Male-male relationships of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Wamba,Republic of Zaire." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/86436.
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Nettle, Daniel. "The evolution of linguistic diversity." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243588.
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Olofio, Ben O. "Single party and national integration in Africa the case of the MPR in Zaire." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1987. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3252.
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The aim of this study was to determine whether or not the Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution (MPR) as a single political party in Zaire has brought about national integration in the country. The Charter of the Party, herein referred to as the Nsele Manifesto, states that "the MPR intends to restore the state authority and the union of the Zaireans for the sake and the grandeur of the Republic." Carried out from a historical materialist perspective, the study comes up with three major findings. First, from a behavioral standpoint the MPR has implemented a vertical integration in Zaire as opposed to horizontal integration. Second, from a materialist viewpoint the MPR, in its relations to the means of production with the environment, has become a major factor in the class structure in Zaire. Third, the issue of ethnicization of power which, as of late has become one of great interest to social scientists in general and to students of Zairean politics in particular, has been given enough attention in this study. However, this research takes the position that scholars should be cautious in their effort to apprehend the processes of power diffusion on the one hand, and the dialectics of class and ethnicity on the other hand. Indeed, to overemphasize one aspect such as ethnicization of power leads to an obscurantist explanation of a socio-political reality as complex as contemporary African politics dictates. Moreover, for scholars interested in qualitative social change, such an approach fails to comprehend contradictions underlying the political make up of Zaire. Only a thorough analysis of these contradictions can enable one to seize the essential significance concealed behind the party slogan of "MPR=SERVIR."
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MASSAMBA, ANDRE. "Strategie (s) energetique (s) dans les pays de grands lacs africains (zaire, rwanda, burundi)." Paris 10, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA100016.
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Grand’Eury, Sylvie. "Le parler Ngbaka Minagende, langue oubanguienne du Zaire : unités de base, prédication et énonciation." Nancy 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NAN21023.
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L’objet de notre travail est de démontrer que les supports thématiques assurent la cohérence de la langue, analysée sur le plan phonologique et grammatical. Cette cohérence est la résultante de deux phénomènes conjoints et complémentaires: la prédication et l'énonciation. Après plusieurs séjours d'investigation sur le terrain, notre choix pour la restitution des informations s'est arrêté sur le modèle d'Emilio Bonvini élabore lors de la description du Kasim. - l'ensemble de la matière se divise en deux parties: 1. Description des unités de base, qui met en place les principaux supports et les outils qui permettent à la langue d'exister et d'être reconnue comme telle : présentation des principales données ethnolinguistiques et linguistiques de l'ethnie, phonologie et phonétique du domaine segmental et tonétique, et tonologie du domaine mélodique. 2. Prédication et énonciation. Sont examinés ensuite les principaux phénomènes predic. Et non prédicatifs, en tant qu'éléments structurels au sein du schème et dans les séquences de schèmes (morphosyntaxe), ainsi que les phénomènes opératoires de la prédication et de l'énonciation, en relation avec le verbal et le nominal, l'énonce et ses variations. Nous concluons en déterminant dans quelle mesure le choix de fonder cette morphosyntaxe sur une théorie linguistique constitue un procédé qui met en évidence la richesse de la langue ngbaka, richesse qui n'aurait pu être perçue de la même manière avec une méthode d'analyse traditionnelleMy purpose is to show that the tonematic supports ensure the cohesion of the language, both at phonematic and grammatical levels. This cohesion is the result of two phenomena, which are closely linked and complementary: the predication and the performance. - After several field research campaigns, I decided to adopt the model of Emilio Bonvini, elaborated when he described the Kasim language. The work is divided into two parts : 1. Description of the basic units of the language which enable this language to exist and to be identified as such; i. E. Presentation of the main ethnolinguistic and linguistic information, phonetics and phonematics of the segmental and tonic domain, as well as the tonology of the melodic domain. 2. Predication and performance. I then analyze the main performative and non performative phenomena as structural elements within the scheme and in scheme sequences. These morphosyntactic phenomena are correlated with the verbal and nominal elements. - i conclude in demonstrating to what extend my analysis is based upon a linguistic theory which shows much better than usual and traditional approaches how rich the Ngbaka language is
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Haggerty, Patricia Ann. "Community-based hygiene education to reduce diarrhoeal disease in rural Zaire : a prospective, longitudinal study." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412227.
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Esterhuyse, Harrie Willie. "A comparative study of governance and state development in post-colonial Botswana and Zaire/ DRC." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20182.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to explore the interaction between governance and development in post-colonial Africa. The departure point of the thesis was the understanding that the state remains a pre-eminent actor in the international system. Keeping this assumption in mind, the study made use of a comparative analysis; comparing governance and development in Botswana with governance and development in Zaire/the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), focusing on the post-colonial era. The importance of this research lies in its contribution to the debate on the role of the state in post-colonial Africa. It explores the influence of institution formation and policy implementation by governments (in other words, governance) on development. Understanding the effect of governance on development can have invaluable lessons for other African states in their efforts to develop further. The research question, which guided the thesis thus, was: in the era of the pre-eminence of the state, making use of a comparison between Botswana and Zaire/DRC, what is the influence and effect, of state institution formation and policy implementation (governance) by governments, on state development in terms of economical-, political- and social development? The two main variables were governance and development. Development was sub-divided into three indicators: political, economic and social development. Governance was evaluated in terms of being seen as poor or good governance, as per the World Bank’s definition and understanding of governance. Zaire/DRC, as an example of a failed state, was analysed first, followed by Botswana, selected for its arguably “best practice” experience. For each country the analysis was subdivided into three phases as per the theoretical framework of Chazan, Lewis, Mortimer, Rothchild, and Stedman’s book, Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa (1999). Their book describes three stages of change in African state development in the post-colonial era (Chazan-framework). This framework uses the Chazan-framework and thus subdivides the post-colonial era into: the concentration (centralisation) phase, the elaboration phase, and finally the reconsideration of state power phase. The research found that Zaire/DRC followed a process of state collapse in the post-colonial era, whereas in sharp contrast Botswana experienced positive state development. Since independence Zaire continuously practised poor governance whilst Botswana largely practiced good governance. This was true in all three phases of the Chazan-framework. At the same time, or perhaps due to poor governance, Zaire continuously experienced negative development in all three development categories whilst Botswana continuously experienced positive development in all three development categories, again perhaps due to good governance. The research concludes that even though Botswana is not necessarily an example of a perfect state, it is special in an African context, because of its good governance record. This study does not draw direct relationships between good governance and development, but finds that Botswana probably benefited greatly in development due to the implementation of good institutions, good government policies and general good governance. The research also found that states benefit when their governments practice and adopt policies that are anti-corruption, pro-democracy, pro-competition, pro public-private partnerships, and pro market-orientated economics. In addition, the following are also conducive to good governance: leadership with integrity, peaceful and regular leadership changes, clear distinction between government (party) and the state, and empowered government oversight institutions that act, even against the government itself when needed. The practice of good governance is thus shown to be supportive of long-term development.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om die interaksie tussen regering en ontwikkeling in post-koloniale Afrika te ondersoek. Die tesis gaan uit vanuit die oogpunt dat die staat steeds ‘n dominante akteur in die internasionale stelsel is. Die studie het gebruik gemaak van ‘n vergelykende ontleding. Regeringstyl en ontwikkeling in post-koloniale Afrika is met mekaar vergelyk. Die vergelyking is getrek tussen Botswana en Zaïre/Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo (DRK). Die belangrikheid van die navorsing lê in die bydrae tot die debat oor die rol van die staat in Afrika in die post-koloniale era. Dit bekyk die belangrikheid van instellingskepping en beleids-implementering (met ander woorde, regeerstyl of regering) deur regerings in terme van invloed op die ontwikkeling van state in Afrika. Beter begrip van hierdie verhouding kan waardevolle lesse bevat vir ander Afrikastate in hul pogings om verder te ontwikkel. Die navorsingsvraag wat die tesis gelei het was dus: in die era van die voorrang van die staat, en deur gebruikmaking van ‘n vergelykende studie tussen Botswana en Zaïre/DRK, wat is die invloed en effek van staatsinstelling-vorming en van beleids-implementering (regering) deur regerings, op staatsontwikkeling in terme van ekonomiese-, politieke- en sosiale ontwikkeling? In hierdie studie was regering en ontwikkeling die twee belangrikste veranderlikes gewees. Ontwikkeling is onderverdeel in drie aanwysers: politieke, ekonomiese en maatskaplike ontwikkeling. Regering is geëvalueer in terme van wat gesien word as swak of goeie regering, volgens die Wêreldbank se definisie en begrip van goeie regering. Zaïre/DRK is eerste as ‘n voorbeeld van 'n mislukte staat ontleed, gevolg deur Botswana, gekies vir sy veronderstelde "beste praktyk"-ervaring. Die analise vir elk van hierdie lande is onderverdeel in drie fases, soos gebaseer op die teoretiese raamwerk van Chazan, Lewis, Mortimer, Rothchild, en Stedman in, Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa (1999) (die Chazan-raamwerk). Hierdie raamwerk onderverdeel die post-koloniale era in: die konsentrasiefase (sentraliseringsfase), die uitbreidingsfase en uiteindelik die fase van die heroorweging van staatsmag. Die navorsing bevind dat Zaïre 'n proses van ineenstorting van die staat in die post-koloniale era ervaar het, terwyl Botswana in skrille kontras positiewe staatsontwikkeling ervaar het. Hierdie tendens was aanwesig in al drie fases van die Chazan-raamwerk. Sedert onafhanklikheid het Botswana ook goeie regering toegepas terwyl Zaïre/DRK meestal swak regering toegepas het. Terselfdertyd, dalk ook weens swak regering, het Zaïre/DRK voortdurend negatiewe ontwikkeling ervaar in al drie van die ontwikkelings kategorieë, terwyl Botswana voortdurend, moontlik te danke goeie regering, positiewe ontwikkeling in al drie die ontwikkelingskategorieë ervaar het. Die navorsing kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat, selfs al is Botswana nie noodwendig ‘n voorbeeld van 'n perfekte staat nie, dit steeds weens ‘n goeie regeringstradisie, uniek is in Afrika-konteks. Alhoewel hierdie studie nie 'n direkte verhouding tussen goeie regering en ontwikkeling probeer bevestig het nie, bevind dit wel dat Botswana moontlik in terme van ontwikkeling, weens die implementering van goeie instellings, goeie regeringsbeleid en algemene goeie regering, baie voordeel getrek het. Die navorsing bevind ook dat state voordeel trek wanneer hul regerings beleid aanvaar en toepas wat teen korrupsie is, maar wat demokratiese ideale, markkompetisie, openbare-private vennootskappe en markgeoriënteerde ekonomiese aktiwiteite bevorder. Goeie regering word ook bevorder deur leierskap met integriteit, vreedsame en gereelde verandering van leierskap, duidelike onderskeid tussen die regering (party) en die staat, sowel as nie-regeringsinstellings met die mag om as oorsigliggame oor die regering te funksioneer. Die praktyk van goeie regering blyk dus langtermyn staatsontwikkeling te bevoordeel en te ondersteun.
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Burke, Joan F. "The Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur in Lower Zaire : a social and historical study." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306568.
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Colyn, Marc. "L'importance zoogeographique du bassin du fleuve zaire pour la speciation : le cas des primates simiens." Rennes 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989REN10029.
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Mulangwa-Kyomba, Katako. "Les disparités régionales du système d'enseignement zaïrois: étude diagnostique et politique de planification." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213530.
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Mulamba, Kashama. "Apologizing and complaining in Ciluba, French, and English : speech act performance by trilingual speakers in Zaire." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/774770.
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Most studies of pragmatic aspects of language learning have dealt mainly with two languages, a native language and a second or foreign language. None of these studies has investigated a multilingual situation where there is interaction among three different languages spoken by one person. Neither have they dealt with an African language as the first language.The present study was designed to discover the norms of the three languages under investigation and to see how people speaking a second and a foreign language, with different levels of fluency in each, can participate in the activity of the speech communities of the two languages without violating their socio-cultural norms, and what impact, if any, their knowledge of these languages has on each of the languages they speak.Data was elicited from monolingual English and French speakers and trilingual speakers native in Ciluba by written questionnaire, and from monolingual Ciluba speakers by oral interview. In addition, naturally occurring speech acts and TV dialogue were considered. It was found that for the speech acts of apologizing, complaining, and complimenting, Ciluba socio-cultural norms are different from those of English and French, which are similar to each other. In contrast to the socio-cultural norms of French and English, in Ciluba, social distance and relative power between the participants played an important role in deciding whether one of the three speech acts was to be performed or not. However, the results also revealed that, despite the difference in norms which exists between Ciluba and the other two languages, i.e., French and English, some subjects from the group of Ciluba monolingual speakers showed some similarities with the groups of French and English monolingual speakers in their responses to some items in the questionnaire. This deviation from the norms of their native Ciluba was hypothesized to be a result of their contact with the urban environment and its mixed culture.It was also discovered that the trilingual speakers (who were native in Ciluba) used in French and English pattern of address which is not used by native English and French speakers.Department of English