Journal articles on the topic 'Zambia. Department of Agriculture. Research Branch'

SUMMARYThe Adaptive Research Planning Team in Luapula Province (ARPT-LP) is one of nine provincial teams in Zambia conducting farming systems research within the Research Branch of the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Development. ARPT-LP has been relatively successful in developing a partnership with farmers, involving them in both the planning and implementation of the team's research programme. This paper examines the formal and informal occasions on which farmers have been involved in the team's activities, with examples to illustrate how farmers' opinions have influenced decisions made by ARPT-LP. The factors which have influenced the frequency and quality of the scientists' interaction with farmers are discussed.

Agricultural science in the Komi Republic dates back to 1911, when the Pechora Agricultural Experimental Station was opened on the initiative of the Northern researcher A.V. Zhuravsky. It was the first scientific institution of such specialization in the north of Russia above 65° north latitude. Zhuravsky identified the main tasks facing the agricultural science of the North: the development of agriculture (improvement of soil fertility, development of swamps for agricultural use), meadow and crop production, including vegetable growing, floriculture and fruit growing. He also defined the basis of agricultural production in the North – animal husbandry. While carrying out the studies, A.V. Zhuravsky Institute of AgroBiotechnologies solves all the problems raised. The modern structure of the Institute has three departments: the Department of Agriculture of the Far North, the Department "Pechora Experimental Station" and the Department of Agricultural Genomics organized on the basis of the youth laboratory in 2019. Over the past 20 years, the Institute has produced 12 varieties of perennial grasses, seven of which have been zoned. Among new breeding achievements are Pamyati Zhuravskogo Serpukh crowned (Serratula coronata L.) variety with an increased content of biologically active substances, potato varieties Zyryanets and Vychegodsky for food purpose, resistant to drought, cancer pathogen and golden nematode, highly resistant to late blight. Research on the technology of production of complex forms of nematocidal and insecticidal bio-preparations as a means of protecting agricultural crops from various soil-dwelling phytophages has begun. Thanks to the efforts of the Institute staff, in close cooperation with the farmers of the Arctic region of the Komi Republic, the Pechora sheep breed was preserved, and breeding work with rare native groups was widely developed. The Institute is the only agricultural research institution in the Komi Republic that provides scientific support for Nothern reindeer husbandry.

Integral calculus is a branch of mathematics concerned with the determination, properties, and application of integrals. It is predominantly used in technical applications. Technical engineers, statics, physicists and others use it in their calculations on practice. There was a requirement from practice for technical universities to include integral calculus in their curricula. The subject Mathematics for Technicians is taught at the Department of Mathematics, the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The content of this subject is to teach its students to calculate indefinite and definite integral. Our research analysed students' knowledge in counting indefinite and definite integral. We used the methodology of evaluation and comparison of test results taken in the 8th week of the term and at the end of the term. The main hypothesis saying that the results of students’ tests taken at the end of the term are better that those taken in the mid- term has confirmed to be correct.

Integral calculus is a branch of mathematics concerned with the determination, properties, and application of integrals. It is predominantly used in technical applications. Technical engineers, statics, physicists and others use it in their calculations on practice. There was a requirement from practice for technical universities to include integral calculus in their curricula. The subject Mathematics for Technicians is taught at the Department of Mathematics, the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The content of this subject is to teach its students to calculate indefinite and definite integral. Our research analysed students' knowledge in counting indefinite and definite integral. We used the methodology of evaluation and comparison of test results taken in the 8th week of the term and at the end of the term. The main hypothesis saying that the results of students’ tests taken at the end of the term are better that those taken in the mid- term has confirmed to be correct.

Integral calculus is a branch of mathematics concerned with the determination, properties, and application of integrals. It is predominantly used in technical applications. Technical engineers, statics, physicists and others use it in their calculations on practice. There was a requirement from practice for technical universities to include integral calculus in their curricula. The subject Mathematics for Technicians is taught at the Department of Mathematics, the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The content of this subject is to teach its students to calculate indefinite and definite integral. Our research analysed students' knowledge in counting indefinite and definite integral. We used the methodology of evaluation and comparison of test results taken in the 8th week of the term and at the end of the term. The main hypothesis saying that the results of students’ tests taken at the end of the term are better that those taken in the mid- term has confirmed to be correct.

The aim is to analyze the bibliographic series based on the National Scientific Agricultural Library of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. The methods are source analysis, in particular, the use of traditional methods of classification and critique of documentary sources, its identification, analysis and synthesis. Scientific novelty. The article covers the topics of the most popular series “Agrarian Science of Ukraine in Persons, Documents, Bibliographies”, that was founded in 1998. The theoretical and practical contribution in the development of a strategy for managing the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine by well-known scientists M. Vavilov, O. Kvastsnyky, P. Sloskin, K. Gedroits, V. Resemlo, I. Lukinov, O. Alesho, S. Tretyakov, B. Yenken, A. Sko­rohodko, O. Bugutsky, D. Lykhvar, A. Sapegin, V. Pe­re­sipkin, C. Frankfurt, O. Kalachikov, M. Krav­chenko, M. Zubets, P. Prokopovych, V. Kudashev is revealed. Originality. Thematic blocks of serial editions are devoted to issues of the role of academic scientific institutions in scientific and methodological support and coordination of scientific researches, development of some branches of agriculture, with its general characterization are set. Main results. The significance of serial publications as an information resource for studying the history of the forming and development of agricultural research work, the formation of a network of branch scientific institutions, the extension of agrarian education, the establishment of scientific schools and areas in agrarian science, actualization of the scientific heritage for solving urgent issues of the present, etc. The most numerous block of editions is devoted to the development of academic branch science, which took place within the framework of the functioning of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Department of Agricultural Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, the Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Southern Department of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. Conclusions. It is shown that serial editions, created on the basis of a wide range of diverse sources, mainly Ukrainian archival funds, periodicals, statistical materials, scientific literature, promote the representation and evaluation of the activities of some agricultural scientists and research teams in the departmental, regional and sectoral aspects. Practical meaning. The article will contribute to the expansion of the source resource for the study of the formation and development of the agricultural researching work in Ukraine.

July 7, 2019 marks the 60th anniversary of the renowned scientist in the field of plant physiology and microbiology, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Higher School of Ukraine, Head of the Department of Botany and Zoology of the Ternopil National Pedagogical University and University Svitlana Vasylivna was born in the village of Ishkiv, Koziv district, Ternopil region, to a family of teachers. She started schooling at the Ishkiv eight-year school and later Ternopil Secondary School #8, which she graduated with honours in 1976. In August 1977, she entered Ternopil Pedagogical Institute, Natural Sciences faculty. She graduated with honors in 1982 and got qualification of a teacher of chemistry and biology Since July 1982, Svitlana Vasylivna's work has been associated with the Department of Botany (now the Department of Botany and Zoology of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University), where she became an assistant at the laboratory of plant physiology and biology. As a laboratory assistant, S.V. Pyda commenced her first scientific studies concerned with nitrogen nutrition of legumes supervised by Professor, Head of the Symbiotic Nitrogenation Department of the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine Yukhym Polikarpovych Starchenko, candidates of biological sciences, professor of the Department of Botany of Ternopil Pedagogical Institute Vekirchyk Kuzma Mykolaiovych and associate professor Butnytskyi Ivan Mykolaiovych. From 1989 to 1993 S.V. Pyda carried out scientific research at National Botanical Garden M.M. Hrishko NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv) supervised by professor, head of allelopathy department Holovko Erast Anatoliiovych. May 26, 1994 as a result of scientific research S.V. Pyda became a successful defense of a Ph.D. thesis for the degree of Candidate of Biological Sciences in the specialty 03.00.12 – plant physiology in the specialized scientific council of the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine entitled: «Allelopathic and symbiotic features of lupine at different levels of nitrogen nutrition». During her postgraduate studies, in 1990 S. V. Pyda was transitioned to the position of Assistant Professor of the Department of Botany of Ternopil Pedagogical Institute, and after the defense of her Ph.D. thesis in January 1995 – to the post of Senior Lecturer, Associate Professor of Botany – on December 25, 1997. Pyda S.V. was given the academic title of Associate Professor of Botany. Pyda S.V. managed to combine her teaching career with scientific research concerned with a wide range of questions of plant physiology, biochemistry and ecology, microbiology, agriculture. Her major research focuses on the biological fixation of molecular nitrogen by legumes, allelopathic and biochemical features of species of the genus Lupine and some floral-ornamental plants, problems of chemical interaction between plants in natural and artificial phytocenoses, microorganisms and agriculture. Her 13-year-long scientific work found its expression in the manuscript of the doctoral dissertation, successfully defended on June 14, 2007 for the degree of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences in the specialized academic council of the Uman Agrarian University (now Uman National University of Horticulture) entitled: “Physiology of symbiosis of Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) – Lupinus L.: allelopathic analysis” specialty 03.00.12 – plant physiology. On April 1, 2008, after a significant achievement in the scientific and pedagogical field, the decision of the Scientific Council of the Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University Pyda S.V. was appointed the professor of the Department of Botany. On January 20, 2011, by the decision of the Attestation Board of the Ministry of Education and Science, Pyda S.V. was awarded the academic title of Professor of Botany. Since November 26, 2014 prof. Pyda S.V. has been the head of the Department of Botany and Zoology after the merging of the departments of Botany and Zoology. Svitlana Vasylivna Pyda’s legacy comprises 342 works, including 4 monographs, 7 utility model patents, over 30 scientific articles, 2 textbooks, 7 methodological tutorials, 1 bibliographic index, 2 e-courses etc. Professor S.V. Pyda has been teaching at the University for many years the disciplines "Plant Physiology", "Microbiology with the Fundamentals of Virology", "Research Methods", "Nutrition and Productivity of Plants", "Mechanisms of Plant Productivity". She is also a teacher of Ternopil Oblast Territory -Municipal Branch of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, a member of the jury and head at the numerous competitions of city and all-Ukrainian importance, the head of the Ternopil branch of the Ukrainian Society of Plant Physiologists and Ternopil branch of the Society of microbiologists of Ukraine. For a significant contribution to the teacher training courses, the introduction of modern technologies of education and upbringing of student youth and the support of gifted students, Svitlana Vasylivna Pyda was elected Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Higher School of Ukraine, awarded by Ternopil state administration, Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil Oblast Ecological and Naturalistic Center student youth, Ternopil Regional Communal Territorial Branch of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, NAS of Ukraine, Ministry of Education and Science, etc. Svitlana Vasylivna considers herself a happy person because she had the best teachers – Yavonenko A.F., Vekirchyk K.M., Shusta I.V., Barna M.M., Butnytskyi I.M., Shymanska V.A., Kuzmovych L.G., Orchuk K.I., Talposha V.S., Grushka S.I., Yakovleva V.O., Yakovenko B.V., Kuratova T.S., colleagues and scholars such as Y. P. Starchenko, E.A. Golovko, V.P.Patyk, I.P. Grygoryuk, friends, and sincere and friendly people. She is a role model and we all appreciate her dignity, integrity, high spirits and loyalty to Ukraine and science.

On February 6-7, 2019, the Department of Botany and Zoology of the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University hosted “Scientific readings” dedicated to the 120th anniversary of the discovery of double fertilization in angiosperms made by S. Navashyn, the professor of Saint Volodymyr University.The conference was attended by 7 doctors of sciences, professors, 12 candidates of sciences, associate professors, teaching staff and assistants of the Department of Botany and Zoology, Department of General Biology and Methods of teaching of sciences of TNPU, research fellows of the Ternopil branch of the “Institute of Soil Protection of Ukraine”, undergraduate and postgraduate students of the chemical and biological faculty.The conference program included both plenary and section meetings, discussions. Questions highlighted covered such key areas:Actual problems of embryology, cytomebrology and reproductive biology of flowering plants (Magnoliophyta).Current trends in development of modern biology, ecology and pedagogy of higher education.At the plenary meeting (chairman S.V. Pyda, doctor of agricultural sciences, professor, head of the Department of Botany and Zoology), the reports were delivered by M. M. Barna, doctor of biology, professor of the Department of Botany and Zoology, L.S. Barna, candidate of Pedagogy, Associate Professor of the Department of General Biology and Methods of Teaching Sciences, N.V. Herts and O.B. Matsiuk, Associate Professors of the Department of Botany and Zoology (N.V. Hertz presented a speech entitled “Serhii Navashyn, the professor of Saint Volodymyr University, 1857-1930, dedicated to the 120th anniversary of the discovery of double fertilization in angiosperms”); M. M. Barna, doctor of biology, professor of the Department of Botany and Zoology, and L.S. Barna, Associate Professor of the Department of General Biology and Methods of Teaching Sciences made a keynote statement under the title ‘“Historical Account and Controversial Nature of Discovery of Double Fertilization in Angiosperms by by S. Navashyn”; H.Ya. Zhyrska, Associate Professor of the Department of General Biology and Methods of Teaching Sciences, and Professor A.V. Stepaniuk made a report on the “Consistency crucial to the mental representation of “double fertilization” in the minds of high school students; V.V Hrubinko, Doctor of Biology, Professor, Head of the Department of General Biology and Methods of Teaching Sciences made a report on “Adaptation Strategies of Waterside Plants to Pollution of Hydroecosystem with Hard Metals”.All the reports were assisted with multimedia devices.The closing meeting chaired by S.V Pyda, Doctor of Agriculture, Professor, Head of the Department of Botany and Zoology of TNPU summed up the presentations and passed the resolution of “Science Readings”.

The present experiment was carried out at one field of the research station (B) belongs to Horticulture Department/College of Agriculture/ Baghdad University during the summer season of 2017 in order to study the effect of the inoculation with the mycorrhizae and spray with FeSO4 and Anti-Transpirant (Armurox) on some growth characters and yield of okra Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench. The experiment was lay out as a factorial experiment (2x3x2) in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The total number of treatments was twelve. The three factors of the experiment included; the inoculation with mycorrhizae (M) (0 and 10 g. plant-1), spray with FeSO4 (F) (0, 0.5, and 1g.L-1), and the Anti-Transpirant ‘Armurox’ (A) (0 and 5 ml.L-1). The results showed that the three factors and their interactions had significant effects on most of the growth characters measured. The inoculation with the mycorrhizae was superior in giving higher values of plant height, number of branches and total number of leaves per plant; 139.97 cm, 15.00 branch. plant-1 and 165.85 leaf. plant-1, respectively. The M1F0A0 combination treatment recorded the highest number of branches per plant (16.50) while the M1F2A1 treatment recorded the highest values of plant height (145.66 cm), total leaves number (170.33 leaf. plant-1), leaf area (731.36 dcm-2. plant-1), number of pods (19.20 pod. plant-1), and plant yield (809.40 g. plant-1).

Journal of Plant Studies wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.Journal of Plant Studies is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/reviewer and e-mail the completed application form to jps@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 1Adriana F. Sestras, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, RomaniaAna Simonovic, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", SerbiaArthur T. O. Melo, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, United StatesBing Wang, Iowa State University, United StatesChrystian Iezid Maia e Almeida Feres, Tocantins Federal University, BrazilHoma Mahmoodzadeh, Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, IranKinga Kostrakiewicz-Gieralt, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, PolandKirandeep Kaur Mani, California seed and Plant Labs, Pleasant Grove, CA, United States of AmericaMalgorzata Pietrowska-Borek, Poznan University of Life Sciences, PolandMartina Pollastrini, University of Florence, ItalyMassimo Zacchini, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), ItalyMelekber Sulusoglu, Arslanbey Vocational School Kocaeli University, TurkeyMontaser Fawzy Abdel-Monaim, Plant Pathology Res. Instatute, Agric. Res. Center, EgyptPanagiotis Madesis, Institiute of Applied Biosciences (CE.R.T.H.)/INAB, GreecePeter R. Greene, BGKT Consulting Ltd. Huntington, New York 11743, United StatesRosana Noemi Malpassi, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, ArgentinaSaid Laarabi, University Mohammed V/Ministry of National Education, MoroccoSlawomir Borek, Adam Mickiewicz University, PolandSuheb Mohammed, University of Virginia, United StatesVikas Mishra, Paher University, IndiaXiaomin Wu, Loyola University Chicago, United StatesYa-Yi Huang, Institution of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan

AbstractThe walnut twig beetle (WTB),Pityophthorus juglandisBlackman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), vectors a fungus,Geosmithia morbidaKolařík, Freeland, Utley, and Tisserat (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), which colonises and kills the phloem of walnut and butternut trees,JuglansLinnaeus (Juglandaceae). Over the past two decades, this condition, known as thousand cankers disease (TCD), has led to the widespread mortality ofJuglansspecies in the United States of America. Recently the beetle and pathogen were discovered on severalJuglansspecies in northern Italy. Little is known about the extra-generic extent of host acceptability and suitability for the WTB. We report the occurrence of both the WTB andG. morbidain three species of wingnut,Pterocarya fraxinifoliaSpach,Pterocarya rhoifoliaSiebold and Zuccarini, andPterocarya stenopterade Candolle (Juglandaceae) growing in the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository collection in northern California (NCGR) and in the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden in southern California, United States of America. In two instances (once inP. stenopteraand once inP. fraxinifolia) teneral (i.e., brood) adult WTB emerged and were collected more than four months after infested branch sections had been collected in the field. Koch’s postulates were satisfied with an isolate ofG. morbidafromP. stenoptera, confirming this fungus as the causal agent of TCD in this host. A survey of the 37PterocaryaKunth accessions at the NCGR revealed that 46% of the trees had WTB attacks and/or symptoms ofG. morbidainfection. The occurrence of other subcortical Coleoptera associated withPterocaryaand the first occurrence of the polyphagous shot hole borer, a species nearEuwallacea fornicatusEichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), inJuglansare also documented.

The main goal of breeding and seed-growing work with perennial grasses is the creation and reproduction of intensive varieties that are distinguished by high productivity, adaptability, and resistance to adverse factors. The tasks of varietal seed production of perennial grasses in the taiga zone include the preservation of biological and economically useful properties inherent in the variety during its reproduction; ensuring timely implementation of variety change and variety renewal; accelerated multiplication of seeds of new varieties. It is important to cultivate each crop according to modern scientifically based varietal technologies that are developed for the conditions of the region. To create highly productive seed herbage and successful harvesting, it is necessary to take into account the biological characteristics of species and varieties. The choice of seed farming methods is determined by the ability of populations to retain their valuable properties in the process of seed reproduction. When developing promising methods of seed production of new generation varieties, it is necessary to study the reaction of plants to stressful phenomena and develop agrotechnical methods that allow plants to adapt to them with a minimum decrease in seed productivity. The development of seed production of perennial cereal grasses in the extreme soil and climatic conditions of the taiga zone contributes to the growth and stabilization of the gross harvest of seeds with high sowing qualities. The article presents the main results for 2015-2019. on perennial cereal grasses in the Narym Department of Breeding and Seed Production of the Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture and Technology - a branch of the SFNCA RAS. Seed growing is carried out according to the traditional scheme. Due to adaptive varieties, the agroecological zoning of seed production is being improved. The aim of this work is to summarize the results of seed production on perennial grasses in the taiga zone of the Tomsk region.

On September 4, 2020, at the 82nd year, died a well-known scientist in the branch of technology for the production the products of livestock, candidate of agricultural sciences Petro Dmytrovych Shust. D. Shust was born on January 23, 1939 in the village of Plysetsky, Vasylkiv district, Kyiv region. In 1957 he entered the zootechnical faculty of the Ukrainian Agricultural Academy, which he successfully graduated in 1962. From 1962 to 1975 he worked in the Ternopil region as a senior zootechnician of the regional state pedigree station, main zootechnician of the Borshchiv Administration of Agriculture, manager of the inter-collective farm fattening point, proxy head of the executive committee of the district Council of People's Deputies. From 1975 to 1978 he was the superior guild of the livestock of a specialized farm in production pork (bacon) of the state farm “Kyivsky” in the Kyiv-Sviatoshynskyi district of the Kyiv region. From 1978 to 1979 he was the main zootechnician of the Republican Trust of Experimental Farms and Elite-Seminal State Farms of Scientifically Experienced Institutions of the Ministry of Agriculture of Ukraine. From 1979 to 1996 he was the director of the Experimental Station of the Beef Cattle Husbandry “Vorzel” of the Ukrainian Agricultural Academy. For these years, under his leadership, created a strong material and technical base for the spending the educational process for students and research work of postgraduate students and researchers of the station and the academy. An incubative guild, an experimental greenhouse and a farm-laboratory with fragments of various technologies for keeping and milking cattle, system of manure removal, watering of pastures were built. Working as the director of the station, P. D. Shust in 1986 defended his dissertation. In 1996, Petro Dmytrovych worked as a leading zootechnician department of the milk of the Main Administration of Animal Husbandry with the State Pedigree Inspectorate of the Ministry of Agriculture of Ukraine, and from 1997 to 2000 – superior of the production department, proxy general director PU “Kyivtvarynprom”. During his work in the production he four times was elected a deputy of the district and twice the city Councils of People's Deputies, awarded the order “Badge of Honor”, the medal "For Valiant Work", 5 gold and 6 silver medals EAPE of the USSR. From 2000 to 2002 – senior researcher of the Laboratory of Feeding and Using Pastures of the Institute of the Beef Cattle Husbandry UAAS, from 2002 to 2011 – manager of the Laboratory of Technology of the Beef Cattle Husbandry of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics NAAS. Working as the manager of the laboratory, Petro Dmytrovych in 2008 received a certificate of a senior researcher in the specialty of technology for the production the products of livestock. The scientific work of the scientist was turned at studying the dynamic growth of animal, digestion nutrients of feeds and balance of nitrogen, efficiency of feeds, growth muscular, bony and adipose tissues, transformation of feeds, accumulation of protein in organism and slaughter qualities of animals, raised in conditions of variable regime of feeding. Under his leadership have been developed the following technologies: rational use and preservation of natural forage lands (meadows and pastures); creation of cultivated pastures on the basis of multicomponent grass mixtures of different term of reaching pasture maturity; creation of a pasture conveyor for cattle of the meat direction of productivity. P. D. Shust's scientific achievement include about 100 scientific works, 10 patents and copyright certificates. He was an extraordinary person, friendly, frank, sensitive, sincere, truthful man and a professional in his affair. Petro Dmitrievich will forever remain a model for colleagues, friends and relatives. The bright memory of him will live in our hearts. The collective of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V.Zubets of NAAS.

Gray mold caused by Botrytis spp. is one of the most economically important diseases of cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) worldwide. From April to June 2011, strawberries with symptoms resembling gray mold disease were collected from different locations (Chesnee, Florence, Lexington, McBee, Monetta, and North Augusta) in South Carolina. Fruit infections began as small, firm, light brown lesions that enlarged quickly, becoming covered with a gray, fuzzy mass of spores followed by a soft rot. To isolate the causal agent, spores from symptomatic fruit were suspended in 1% Tween 20, streaked onto the surface of potato dextrose agar plates, and incubated at 22°C. Fungal colonies from single spores were at first colorless and later became gray to brown when the conidiphores and conidia developed. Conidia were identified by their morphological characteristics: an average size of 14 × 9 μm, ellipsoid to rounded without internal structure, and with a scar on the point of union to the conidiophore (1). Sclerotia produced in culture were hard, dark, irregular shaped, and formed after 2 weeks. The pathogen was identified as Botrytis cinerea Pers.: on the basis of morphology and confirmed by a restriction digest with ApoI of the 413-kb PCR amplification product obtained with BA2f/BA1r primers (2). Koch's postulates were conducted by inoculating 10 surface-sterilized strawberries with a conidial suspension (105 spores/ml) of a randomly chosen B. cinerea isolate previously characterized; 10 control fruit received sterile water without conidia. The inoculated fruit were incubated for 3 days at room temperature in air-tight plastic bags. Inoculated fruit developed typical gray mold symptoms with gray sporulating lesions. The developing spores on inoculated fruit were confirmed to be B. cinerea. All control fruit remained healthy. For many Botrytis spp., the internal transcribed spacer region does not reveal nucleotide variations and thus is useless for species identification. We used additional, more appropriate genetic markers for molecular-based species identification and verified that strawberries in South Carolina are affected by gray mold disease caused by B. cinerea. To our knowledge, this is the first scientific report of B. cinerea causing gray mold of strawberry in South Carolina. References: (1) W. R. Jarvis. Botryotinia and Botrytis Species: Taxonomy, Physiology and Pathogenicity. A Guide to the Literature. Monograph no. 15. Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Branch, Ottawa, 1977. (2) K. Nielsen et al. Plant Dis. 86:682, 2002.

One hundred ninety clonal accessions of Corylus, including species and various interspecific hybrids of C. avellana, C. americana, C. heterophylla, C. colurna, and C. fargesii, were assessed for their response to field exposure to the eastern filbert blight (EFB) pathogen, Anisogramma anomala, in New Jersey, where the fungus is native. Plants were obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Clonal Germplasm Repository and Oregon State University, the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, and the National Arbor Day Foundation. Additional plant material was acquired from the Morris and Holden Arboreta and from private nurseries in Amherst, NY, and Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada. The accessions were chosen based on their resistance to EFB in Oregon, a region where A. anomala is not native, or anecdotal reports and grower observations of tolerance or resistance to the disease. Trees were planted in the field from 2002 through 2009 in New Jersey where they were exposed to EFB yearly through field inoculations and natural spread. In Jan. 2012, they were visually evaluated for the presence of EFB. The cankers were measured, and the proportion of diseased wood was calculated for susceptible trees. Nearly all accessions reported to be resistant to EFB in Oregon maintained at least a useful level of tolerance in New Jersey with a number remaining free of cankers. However, several accessions developed small to medium-sized cankers and showed branch dieback, including offspring of C. avellana ‘Gasaway’. Most C. americana and C. heterophylla accessions remained free of EFB, although variation in EFB response was found in hybrids of these species with C. avellana, ranging from no signs or symptoms to severe EFB. Nearly half of the C. colurna × C. avellana hybrids developed cankers, whereas each of the C. fargesii accessions and most grower selections developed in eastern North America remained free of EFB. The results document the existence of a wide diversity of Corylus germplasm that expresses resistance or a high level of tolerance to EFB in New Jersey and confirms previous reports that C. americana is highly resistant to the disease. Interestingly, most C. heterophylla and the C. fargesii were also found to be resistant despite originating in Asia where A. anomala has not been found. The various interspecific hybrids show the potential for incorporating EFB resistance from wild species through breeding. The results provide further evidence of differences in disease expression in Oregon and New Jersey, where isolates differ and disease pressure may be higher.

During February 2004, diseased double impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) plants were received from a commercial grower in southern California. The upper surfaces of symptomatic leaves were pale yellow with no distinct lesions. Diseased leaves later wilted, and severely affected leaves abscised from the stem. At the nursery, only double impatiens plants in the Fiesta series were infected, and some cultivars were more heavily infected than others. Disease incidence in cv. Sparkler Hot pink was nearly 100%. The interior of infected leaves was colonized by coenocytic mycelium. A conspicuous white growth was observed only on the underside of leaves. Sporangiophores were hyaline, thin walled, emergent from stomata, and had slightly swollen bases. Sporangiophore branching was distinctly monopodial. Smaller sporangiophore branches were arranged at right angles to the supporting branches, and tips of branches measured 8 to 14 μm long. Sporangia were ovoid and hyaline with a single pore on the distal ends. Distal ends of sporangia were predominantly flat but occasionally had a slight papilla. Short pedicels were present on the attached ends. Sporangia measured 19.4 to 22.2 (-25.0) μm × 13.9 to 16.7 (-19.4) μm. Oospores were not observed in leaf tissue. On the basis of symptoms and morphology of the organism, the pathogen was identified as Plasmopara obducens J. Schröt. Pathogenicity tests were done on double type cvs. Fiesta, Tioga Red, and Tioga Cherry Red and on single type cvs. Cajun Watermelon and Accent Lilac. Plants were spray inoculated with sporangiospore suspensions (1 × 104 sporangiospores per milliliter), incubated for 24 h in a dew chamber (18 to 20°C), and then maintained in a greenhouse (22 to 24°C). Symptoms and signs of downy mildew developed after 12 days only on inoculated cv. Fiesta plants, and the pathogen morphology matched that of the originally observed pathogen. Nontreated control plants did not develop downy mildew. To our knowledge, this is the first report of downy mildew on impatiens in California. P. obducens is one of two causal agents of downy mildew of impatiens (2,4). The other pathogen, Bremiella sphaerosperma, has dichotomous sporangiophore branching and causes lesions with well-defined margins (2,4). In the United States, the disease has been recorded in the eastern and northeastern states and in Indiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, and Wisconsin (3). In Canada, the disease has been recorded in Manitoba and Quebec (1). References: (1) I. L. Conners. An Annotated Index of Plant Diseases in Canada and Fungi Recorded on Plants in Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, Publication 1251, 1967. (2) O. Constantinescu. Mycologia 83:473, 1991. (3) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, 1989. (4) G. W. Wilson. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 34:387, 1907.

Цель исследований – дать оценку сохраняемости и болезнеустойчивости современных сортов и гибридов моркови столовой и определить корреляционные зависимости влияния биохимических показателей качества на сохраняемость и степень поражения моркови столовой различными видами болезней в процессе хранения. Исследования проводились в 2011–2016 годах во ВНИИО – филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦО по общепринятым методикам. В биохимической лаборатории отдела земледелия и агрохимии содержание сухого вещества определяли высушиванием до абсолютно сухого веса, общего сахара – по Бертрану, аскорбиновой кислоты – по Мурри, нитраты – ионоселективным методом. При характеристике моркови столовой важнейший показатель, определяющий его качество – количество сухого вещества и сахаров. В процессе хранения были выявлены следующие болезни моркови: серая гниль (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.), белая гниль (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.)), белая парша (Rhizoctonia carotae Rad.), альтернариоз (Alternaria radicina M., Dr. et E.). В большей степени сортообразцы моркови столовой поражались серой гнилью. Лучшими по сохраняемости сортообразцами были Корсар (94,6%), F1Берлин (94,5%), Берликум Роял (94,1%) и F1 Звезда (94%). Сохраняемость у зарубежных сортов и гибридов моркови столовой была немного выше, чем у отечественных (на 0,4%) как за счет меньшей величины убыли массы (6,3% против 6,4%), так и потерь от болезней (1,6% против 1,9%). Сохраняемость корнеплодов моркови находится в прямой корреляционной зависимости от содержания сухого вещества (r=+0,41), каротиноидов (r=+0,39), моносахаров (r­=+0,30) и суммы сахаров (r=+0,27). Проявление серой гнили находится в обратной корреляционной связи с содержанием сухого вещества и каротиноидов (r=-0,37 и r=-0,35 соответственно), белой парши – в прямой корреляции с содержанием сухого вещества , моносахаров и дисахаров (r= +0,21; r= +0,39; r= -0,41 соответственно), белой гнили в обратной корреляционной связи с содержанием сухого вещества, моносахаров и дисахаров. The purpose of the research is to assess the persistence and disease resistance of modern varieties and hybrids of carrots and to determine the correlation between the influence of biochemical quality indicators on the persistence and degree of damage to carrots by various types of diseases during storage. The research was conducted in 2011–2016 at ARRIVG – branch of FSBSI FSVC, according to generally accepted methods. In the biochemical laboratory of the Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry, the dry matter content was determined by drying to absolutely dry weight, total sugar – by Bertran, ascorbic acid – by Murri, nitrates – by the ion-selective method. When describing carrots, the most important indicator that determines its quality is the amount of dry matter and sugars. During storage, the following diseases of carrots were detected: gray rot (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.), white rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.), white scab (Rhizoctonia carotae Rad.), alternariasis (Alternaria radicina M., Dr. et E.). To a greater extent, varieties of table carrots were affected by gray rot. The best preserved varieties were Corsar (94.6%), F1 Berlin (94.5%), Berlicum Royal (94.1%) and F1 Zvezda (94%). The persistence of foreign varieties and hybrids of table carrots was slightly higher than that of domestic ones by 0.4%. both due to a smaller amount of weight loss (6.3% vs. 6.4%) and losses from diseases (1.6% vs. 1.9%). The persistence of carrot root crops is directly correlated with the content of dry matter (r=+0.41), carotenoids (r=+0.39), monosaccharides (r=+0.30) and the amount of sugars (r=+0.27). The manifestation of gray rot is in inverse correlation with the content of dry matter and carotenoids (r=-0.37 and r=-0.35, respectively), white scab is in direct correlation with the content of dry matter (r= +0.21; r= +0.39; r= –0.41, respectively), white rot is in inverse correlation with the content of dry matter, monosaccharides and disaccharides.

Посевы лука репчатого занимают более 95% площади, находящейся под всеми видами лука. Из-за высоких вкусовых и питательных качеств лук репчатый – одна из самых распространенных овощных культур в нашей стране – он занимает 64 тыс. га и располагается на третьем месте, уступая капусте и томату. Увеличение объемов производства лука репчатого происходит не только за счет увеличения площадей, занимаемых культурой, но и за счет роста урожайности. Это достигается внедрением в производство новых высокопродуктивных сортов и гибридов, повышением общей культуры земледелия и уровня технологии возделывания. Наряду с созданием гетерозисных гибридов в настоявшее время продолжается и селекция сортов, которые демонстрируют высокие показатели при выращивании в однолетней культуре. Цель исследований: провести испытание образцов репчатого лука разного географического происхождения в однолетней культуре; оценить по основным хозяйственно ценным признакам и выделить в качестве генисточников наиболее адаптивные по основным параметрам. Экологическое испытание 18 образцов репчатого лука отечественной и зарубежной селекции проводили в 2019–2020 годах на опытном участке отдела селекции и семеноводства ВНИИО – филиала ФГБНУ «Федеральный научный центр овощеводства» с постановкой опытов в открытом грунте. В течение вегетационного периода проводили фенологические, биометрические измерения и морфологическое описание образцов согласно методическим указаниям «Изучение и поддержание в живом виде мировой коллекции лука и чеснока». В качестве стандарта использовали сорт Форвард отечественной селекции и зарубежный гибрид F1 Премито. Интенсивность воскового налета на образцах оценивали визуально. Выделены образцы в качестве генисточников хозяйственно ценных признаков: по округлой и округло-плоской форме луковицы выделено 13 образцов, по желто-коричневой окраске сухих покровных чешуй выделено 6 образцов, по содержанию сухого вещества выше 11,0% выделено 7 образцов. Onion crops cover more than 95% of the area under all types of onions. Due to its high taste and nutritional qualities, it is one of the most common vegetable crops in our country-it occupies 64 thousand hectares and is in third place, behind cabbage and tomato. The increase in onion production is not only due to an increase in the area occupied by the crop, but also due to an increase in yield. This is achieved by introducing new highly productive varieties and hybrids into production, increasing the overall culture of agriculture and the level of cultivation technology. Along with the creation of heterotic hybrids, the selection of varieties that show high rates when grown in an annual crop is currently continuing. The purpose of the research: to test samples of onions of different geographical origin in an annual crop; to evaluate the main economically valuable characteristics and to identify the most adaptive sources for the main parameters. Environmental testing of 18 samples of onions of domestic and foreign selection was carried out in 2019–2020 at the experimental site of the Department of selection and seed production of ARRIVG – branch of FSBSI FSVC research center for vegetable growing with the staging of experiments in the open ground. During the growing season, phenological, biometric measurements and morphological description of samples were performed in accordance with the guidelines «Study and maintenance of the world collection of onions and garlic». As a standard, the Forward variety of domestic selection and the foreign F1 hybrid Premito were used. The intensity of wax coating on the samples was assessed visually. Samples were identified as sources of economically valuable traits: 13 samples were identified for the round and round-flat shape of the bulb, 6 samples were identified for the yellow-brown color of dry integumentary scales, and 7 samples were identified for the dry matter content above 11.0%.

Relevance of research topic. The number of Ukrainian holding-type organizations and their land bankcontinues to grow, "displacing" small and medium-sized producers from the agricultural economy.Since 2019, state policy has been refocusing on forced support for small and small-scale farms, and after the Ukrainian decentralization reform the leadership of the united territorial communities of the new tools they received depends on the development of small and medium-sized businesses. Formulation of the problem. Today, the actualization of local economic development requires significant financial resources from the united territorial communities. And the formation of their budget depends on the effectiveagricultural sector operation. After the Ukrainian reform of local self-government and decentralization, the economic development of the territories and of Ukraine as a whole, depends on the using of new tools and resources by the community leadership. The solution of theagrarian sphere problems of the united territorial communities is in the plane ofsmall agrarian entrepreneurship state support, strengthening of the state control over the activity of large agro-traders, as well as their social and financial responsibility to the united territorial communities. Analysis of recent research and publications. Theoretical questions on the study of small agrarian entrepreneurship in the development of united territorial communities were engaged in such scientists of the Institute of Economics of NASU, Institute of Agrarian Economics of NAAS of Ukraine, as Shemyakin D., Finagina O. V., Lysetsky A. S., Onishchenko O. M., and other national and foreign scientists. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The issue of the impact of decentralization on theagricultural sector development of the united territorial communities needs to be detailed and further researched. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The article aim is to investigate the theoretical aspect of organizational and legal foundations of the formation of united territorial communities in Ukraine, assess thesmall agricultural business current state and trace its relationship with the activities of united territorial communities for economic development. Method or methodology for conducting research. The set of general scientific methods of cognition and special methods of economic research are used in the work. Among them: analysis and synthesis, generalization and comparison, system-structural and comparative analysis, systematic method of cognition of economic processes and phenomena, index method and method of statistical groupings for analysis of united territorial communities activity development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The article considers the theoretical aspect of organizational and legal foundations of the united territorial communities formation in Ukraine, assesses the current state of small agricultural business and reveals it’s main relationships with the united territorial communities activities for region economic development. Territorial communities are voluntary associations of residents of city, village and settlement councils, which directly receive funding from the state budget for the development of education, medicine, sports, culture, and social protection. Financial support from the state gives more opportunities to local communities to implement their own projects. The more active the territorial community, the more projects will be implemented and theterritorial communityprofitability level will be higher, which it will spend on the development of territories. This is the main incentive to attract additional investment to improve people's living standards. In 2020, theUkrainian Cabinet of Ministers adopted 24 orders on the definition of administrative centers and approval ofregional community’s territories. There are 1469 territorial communities in our country. After the launch of the decentralization process in Ukraine – the transfer of powers and resources to places from which the community itself determines the direction of funding, small communities require forresource lack for rural development. The solution has beena decision to consolidate several councils by merging, which allowed communities to use common resources for territorial development. Ukraine owns 60.3 million hectares, which is about 6% of Europe's territory.There are 32.7 millionarable land hectares of land in the structure ofUkrainian agricultural territory, of which almost 9 million are used as pastures, hayfields and other agricultural lands. The quarter of agricultural land was never distributed, remaining on the balance of the state. Thus, state and the communal property include 10.5 million hectares of agricultural land, which is 26% of the total area, of which 3.2 million hectares – in the permanent use of state enterprises, 2.5 million hectares – in stock, and the rest – for rent. Almost 40% of the total number of Ukrainian enterprises in the agricultural sector and 38% of the area of agricultural land cultivated by agricultural enterprises are absorbed by agricultural holdings and large agricultural traders. On June 1, 2019, there were more than 160 large agricultural holdings in the country, they cultivate more than 3.6 million hectares of agricultural land. Thus, today in Ukraine the number of holding-type organizations and their land bank continues to grow, "displacing" small and medium-sized producers from the agricultural economy. Thecommunity agrarian branch is a complex multi-sectoral system, the individual subsystems of which are unevenly represented in different territorial formations, but are in close interaction with each other. The role of small agrarian businesses in the development of united territorial community’sagriculture is constantly growing. In recent years, the share of farms has increased by 30%. With the development of farming in the agricultural regions of Ukraine, the opportunities to solve the problem of employment in rural areas and the revival of territories in general are increasing. Therefore, state support for agricultural producers is an important step in order to obtain funds for small business development in the agro-industrial sector. If earlier the preference of vectors of state support was in large agro-traders, then from 2019 the policy of the state was reoriented to the strengthened support of small and small-scale farms. Such support is confirmed by financial preferences for small agribusiness through regional branches of the Ukrainian State Farm Support Fund. Agricultural cooperatives will receive state support through cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture of Ukraine with the assistance of the Department. Thus, today the promissory note form of payment has been abolished, and 70% of the cost of their equipment has been reimbursed for cooperatives. As a result of the crisis of 2014-2016, many Ukrainians started doing business and many successful cases of micro and small agricultural enterprises operating in the regions appeared in the country. However, barriers to rural development are a lack of financial resources and a lack of economic knowledge. Therefore, in order to maximally support farms and agro-industrial entrepreneurship in rural areas by the state, high-quality interaction and communication on the ground is needed. Thus, in addition to financial support, the state program also includes advising agricultural producers. Experienced specialists will help to structure the business, calculate the financial and create a business plan. In 2020, the budget of financial support for the agro-industrial sector of Ukraine is set at 4 billion UAH, which is only 43% of the limit – does not meet 1% of GDP. the real need for financial state support of a key sector of Ukraine's economy. The implementation of the program of financing micro and small agribusiness has great potential not only in the country, but also within each united territorial community. Each of them, which participates in the program of state support of small agrarian business, annually receives about 75 thousand UAH of taxes to its budget. On a national scale, this is an additional UAH 75 million ($ 3.06 million) in taxes to local budgets over 5 years. The possibility of organizational and legal forms of micro and small agribusiness, according to the current legislation of Ukraine, to hire labor – partially solves the problem of unemployment in rural areas. A significant contribution is also made by micro and small agribusiness in increasing the volume of gross domestic product in Ukraine. Small and medium business in Ukraine brings 55% of gross domestic product to the country's economy, and micro and small business 16%, while in Europe the figure is twice as high, and their efficiency is 10 times higher than in our country. It is the subjects of small and medium-sized businesses in the field of agriculture that are powerful catalysts and stimulators of business activity, determine the unification of all participants in economic relations in the country. Therefore, state support and effective development of united territorial community’sagribusiness create the basis for the emergence and functioning of the institutional environment. Thus, giving 12% of Ukraine's GDP and providing jobs for members of the local community, small agribusiness entities need the development of agricultural equipment suppliers, agricultural processors, research institutions that conduct breeding work and develop modern technologies, logistics infrastructure, market structures, as well as institutions of agricultural education. The agro-industrial sphere of the community is the main means of ensuring the socio-economic development of territorial united territorial communitiesand the effective functioning of rural areas. However, the distribution of agricultural land and land ownership remains an urgent problem for united territorial communities, as in addition to the territorial base, the land is a means of agricultural production. The population of the united territorial community is the main consumer of agricultural products produced by small agricultural enterprises. So, it provides a reproduction of labor for the industry. The vector of development of united territorial community’sagricultural production depends on the availability of natural, productive and labor resources of the community. The most energy-intensive are the production of vegetable crops, sugar beets, potatoes, industrial crops, as well as certain livestock industries, which are more often engaged in by farms and small agricultural enterprises. The study found that in Ukraine, government measures are the main obstacle to the development of agro-industrial entrepreneurship in united territorial communities, because it creates an extremely unfavorable climate for the development of small and medium enterprises or prohibits it altogether. For many years in a row, the sources of budget formation, which are generally local taxes, remain a significant problem in the development of agriculturally oriented united territorial communities. The limitation of incomes of agricultural enterprises and the population is the low efficiency of agricultural enterprises, the main reason for which is the low wages of peasants. The reason for this problem in the agricultural sector is low productivity, which forms the added value of agricultural products. Examining the structure of Ukrainian small agrarian business, its players in general education were classified into two large groups: 1. Farmers and agricultural producers living and working in rural areas. They live in a society within the lands of which they rent shares, pay all the necessary taxes, provide residents of general education with jobs, finished agricultural products at affordable prices. 2. Farmers who are registered in Ukrainian cities, however, use the land of the community, paying only the rent of agricultural land, depleting them due to non-compliance with crop rotations. Such agro-traders enjoy state support, soft loans and other preferences, receive super-profits and in no way contribute to the development of agricultural areas and society. These are the activities of large agro-industrial holdings, the form of interaction with rural general education and the mechanisms of social responsibility which need to be worked out with the help of the following measures by the government and agricultural producers: 1) development and restoration of the infrastructure of the united territorial communities and its elements used by agricultural holdings; 2) use of modern ecologically safe agrotechnologies. 3) training of qualified specialists in the field of agro-industrial complex, their employment in modern agro-industrial companies; 4) state support, restoration and preservation of recreational and health facilities of the united territorial communities, including agricultural lands, which are leased by large agricultural holdings; 5) involvement in the economic activity of the agricultural holding of farms on a partnership basis. Thus, partnerships and cooperation between large agricultural holdings and small agricultural producers of united territorial communities can contribute not only to the development of small agricultural businesses in Ukraine, but also to the socio-economic development of society and rural areas in general. The field of application of results. Thescientific research results on the problems of small agricultural entrepreneurship in the development of united territorial communities can be used in the field of state regulation of agribusiness and united territorial communities to support local agricultural producers. Conclusions according to the article. The agro-industrial sphere of the communities is the main means of ensuring the socio-economic development of territorial communities and the effective functioning of rural areas, because the development of farming opportunities increases the problem of rural employment and the revival of territories in general. That is why state support for agricultural producers is an important step to obtain funds for small business development in the agro-industrial sector.

The research " The Effect of Applicated Ash Sawdust on Swamp Land (Indralaya) For Vegetative Growth of Red Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) var. Cemeti ’’ has done, from September to November 2017. It was conducted at green house and Pest Diseases Plant Laboratory, Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, University of Sriwijaya. This research was aimed to know the effect of applicated ash sawdust on vegetative growth of red pepper. The Completely Randomized Design with treatments are : 10, 20, and 30 g/ kg marshland and without ash sawdust (control), with 6 replicates each treatments. The result showed that applicated ash sawdust on measure 10 g/ kg soil significantly on number of growth 53.28 cm and number of branch 9.2, but not differ on dry weight of red pepper.Keywords : Swamp land, ash sawdust, branch, red pepper

The current paper aims at building Proposed Organizational Structure For Agricultural Initiative Media in Iraq for observing the opinions of the employees working in the Agricultural initiative and those working in the media and agricultural sector on three levels as to measure suitability of Proposed informational Organizational Structure . In order to carry out goals of the research, a questionnaire has been prepared andincluded fifth scale consisting of 115 items distributed on 6 space and 22 axils. The research has been carried out on cluster random sample with 50% of all offirst. Iraqi governorates of southern, middle and northern (15) except Kurdistan governorates, withKirkuk governorate assign for the north (the area of the research) while Baghdad, Diyala, Karbala, Al-Najaf for the middle, and Basra,Maysan and The Qar for the south. Seconed.employees agriculturedistributedon three levels, the first level includes the supreme committee of agriculture initiative in the center and branch committees in the governorates, the second level includes informational department employees in directorates of agriculture and informational sector in agricultural training and instructions , while the third level includes agricultural employees working in the centers and agricultural departments . Through having the scale of informational organizational structure offered to the sample of the research , it has finally reached to items of building proposed organizational structure by using the following scale: the item within the finished form for building the structure has been obtained a larger average than the proposed average amounted (3 degree) ; the result was to remain all items in the final form for building the proposed informational organizational structure in all three levels of the research sample. Then, it has been reached to build the finished form of the proposed informational organizational structure of agricultural initiative Media. The researcher has recommended tonecessarily provide necessities to succeed this proposed informational organizational structure of agricultural initiative Media since being considered as a basic element for succeeding the High Committee of Agricultural Initiative.

ABSTRACT Potency of Distilled Water of Several Parts of Coffee Plant as Attractant of Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampeii Ferr.) in Laboratory Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampeii Ferr.) is one of coffee plant pests, causing fruit damage up to 50 percent. One of control technicques to eliminate the adult female is the use of attractants obtained from parts of coffee plant. The aim of this research was to know the potency of distilled water of parts of coffee plant as attractant to control coffee berry borer. Research was done in the Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, from February to July 2015. Experiment was conducted in a Randomized Block Design. The treatments were control without distilled water (P0), coffee exocarp distilled water (P1), coffee berry distilled water (P2), coffee leaves distilled water (P3), and coffee branch distilled water (P4). Each treatment was replicated five times. The result showed that distilled water of coffee plant had a potency as attractant of coffee berry borer. Distilled water of coffee bean at the concentration of 4% had the strongest effect, attracting coffee berry borer of 8.8 female adult. The effectiveness of coffee plant distilled water in attracting coffee berry borer lasted three days. Keyword: Distilled water, Attractant, Coffee berry borer ABSTRAK Penggerek buah kopi (PBKo, Hypothenemus hampei Ferr.) merupakan hama utama tanaman kopi yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan hingga 50%. Salah satu teknik pengendalian imago betina PBKo yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan menggunakan senyawa atraktan yang terkandung di dalam bagian tanaman kopi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi air sulingan bagian tanaman kopi sebagai atraktan terhadap hama PBKo. Percobaan dilakukan di Laboratorium Entomologi, Departemen Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Padjadjaran pada bulan Februari 2015 sampai dengan Juli 2015. Metode yang digunakan adalah eksperimen dengan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan perlakuan yaitu tanpa pemberian air sulingan (P0); air sulingan kulit buah kopi (P1), biji kopi (P2), daun kopi (P3), dan ranting kopi (P4) dengan konsentrasi masing-masing sebesar 2%, 4% dan 6%. Masing-masing perlakuan diulang sebanyak lima kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan air sulingan bagian tanaman kopi berpotensi sebagai atraktan terhadap hama PBKo. Rata-rata jumlah imago betina PBKo terbanyak yang tertarik yaitu pada air sulingan biji kopi pada konsentrasi 4% sebanyak 8,8 ekor betina. Masa aktif dari semua air sulingan yang berperan sebagai atraktan dalam menarik imago betina PBKo yaitu selama 3 hari. Kata kunci: Air sulingan, Aatraktan, Penggerek buah kopi

Рассматриваемая в статье проблема поражения растений огурца (Cucumis sativus L.) корневой гнилью, которая возникает во всех типах культивационных сооружений, основная и при селекции и семеноводстве этой культуры. Возделывание монокультуры приводит к увеличению и накоплению и увеличению инфекционной нагрузки грунта. Цель работы поиск источников устойчивости и оценка селекционного и линейного материала огурца для создания гетерозисных гибридов с устойчивостью к фузариозному увяданию (корневой гнили). Исследования проведены во ВНИИО филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦО в двух культурооборотах в условиях поликарбонатных необогреваемых грунтовых теплиц в течение 2017-2019 годах. Технология выращивания общепринятая в хозяйстве. Лабораторные исследования проведены в лаборатории иммунитета отдела селекции и семеноводства ВНИИО филиал ФГБНУ Федеральный научный центр овощеводства . Исследования проведены на инцухт-линиях партенокарпического огурца, был апробирован экспресс-метод Закладка семян огурца, в суспензию спор исследуемых патогенов с последующей высадкой семян в стерильные опилки . В результате микрокопирования получены три штамма чистой культуры гриба рода Fusarium, представлено их описание и методика выделения изолятов. В работе описано приготовление суспензии спор гриба для заражения, расчет количества спор, подготовка стерилизованных древесных опилок, процесс дезинфекции семян, указаны благоприятные условия для развития и распространения гриба рода Fusarium. Представлена шкала учета степени поражения корневой системы сеянцев огурца в фазу развития первого настоящего листа. Схема опыта предполагала пять вариантов, которая включала тестирование новых полученных штаммов грибов рода Fusarium выделенных с пораженной корневой системы огурца в поликарбонатных необогреваемых грунтовых теплицах при мониторинге пораженности растений огурца корневой гнилью во втором культурообороте, в качестве стандарта был использован штамм гриба Fusarium oxysporum идентифицированный при исследованиях сотрудниками ГНУ Всероссийского научно исследовательского института овощеводства А.В. Поляковым, А.А. Ткачевой, И.И. Тарасенковым и Н.К. Бирюковой в качестве контроля - вода стерильная дистиллированная. Представлены результаты оценки пораженности проростов грибами р. Fusarium в сравнениии со стандартом и контролем. Сделан вывод, что мониторинг пораженности растений огурца корневой гнилью в грунтовых теплицах, позволяет отслеживать развитие и распространение очагов болезни растений, идентифицировать и определить агрессивность возбудителя в конкретных производственных условиях, и как следствие, вовремя принимать меры для предотвращения эпифитотий. Установлено, что у стандарта, физиологическая раса гриба Fusarium oxysporum более агрессивна по сравнению с выделенными штаммами, так как она полностью преодолевает устойчивость данного генотипа. Определен контроль восприимчивости к Fusarium oxysporum.The problem of affection of cucumber plants by root rot, which occurs in all types of cultivation facilities, considered in the article, is also fundamental in the selection and seed production of this crop. The cultivation of monoculture leads to accumulation and increase of infectious soil load. The purpose of the research work is to find sources of resistance and evaluate the breeding and line cucumber material for creating heterosis hybrids with resistance to Fusarium wilt (root rot). The research was carried out in ARRIVG - branch of FSBSI FSCVG in two crop rotations in polycarbonate unheated ground greenhouses during 2017-2019. Cultivation technology is generally accepted in agriculture. Laboratory tests were conducted in the immunity laboratory of the Selection and Seed Production Department of ARRIVG branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of Federal Scientific Vegetable Center. The research was carried out on inbreeding lines of a parthenocarpic cucumber the express method Putting cucumber seeds into spore suspension of the studied pathogens with subsequent planting out in acepticized sawdust was tested. As a result of micro-coping, three strains of pure culture of Fusarium fungus are obtained, their description and method of obtaining of isolates are presented. The research work describes the preparation of a suspension of fungal spores for inoculation, the calculation of the number of spores, the preparation of acepticized sawdust, the process of seed disinfection the favorable conditions for the progression and spread of the Fusarium fungus are stated. The scale of accounting for the degree of damage of the root system of cucumber seedlings in the phase of development of the first real leaf is presented. The scheme of the experiment had five options and included testing of new Fusarium fungus strains obtained from the affected cucumber root system in polycarbonate unheated ground greenhouses with monitoring the affection of cucumber plants with root rot in the second crop rotation a strain of Fusarium oxysporum fungus was used as a standard, it was identified during the research by the staff of the All-Russian Research Institute of Vegeculture: A.V. Polyakov, A. A. Tkacheva, I. I. Tarasenkov and N. K. Birukova as a control, sterile distilled water was used. The results of evaluation of affection of seedlings with Fusarium fungi in comparison with the standard and control are presented. It is concluded that monitoring of cucumber plants affected by root rot in ground greenhouses allows controlling the progress and spread of centers of infection, identifying and determining the pathogene aggressivity in specific production conditions, and as a result, taking timely measures to prevent epiphytoties. It is found that the standard has more aggressive physiological race of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum in comparison with obtained strains, since it completely overcomes the resistance of this genotype. The control of susceptibility to Fusarium oxysporum is determined.

Kangatarianism is the rather inelegant word coined in the first decade of the twenty-first century to describe an omnivorous diet in which the only meat consumed is that of the kangaroo. First published in the media in 2010 (Barone; Zukerman), the term circulated in Australian environmental and academic circles including the Global Animal conference at the University of Wollongong in July 2011 where I first heard it from members of the Think Tank for Kangaroos (THINKK) group. By June 2017, it had gained enough attention to be named the Oxford English Dictionary’s Australian word of the month (following on from May’s “smashed avo,” another Australian food innovation), but it took the Nine Network reality television series Love Island Australia to raise kangatarian to trending status on social media (Oxford UP). During the first episode, aired in late May 2018, Justin, a concreter and fashion model from Melbourne, declared himself to have previously been a kangatarian as he chatted with fellow contestant, Millie. Vet nurse and animal lover Millie appeared to be shocked by his revelation but was tentatively accepting when Justin explained what kangatarian meant, and justified his choice on the grounds that kangaroo are not farmed. In the social media response, it was clear that eating only the meat of kangaroos as an ethical choice was an entirely new concept to many viewers, with one tweet stating “Kangatarian isn’t a thing”, while others variously labelled the diet brutal, intriguing, or quintessentially Australian (see #kangatarian on Twitter).There is a well developed literature around the arguments for and against eating kangaroo, and why settler Australians tend to be so reluctant to do so (see for example, Probyn; Cawthorn and Hoffman). Here, I will concentrate on the role that ethics play in this food choice by examining how the adoption of kangatarianism can be understood as a bargain struck to help to manage grief in the Anthropocene, and the limitations of that bargain. As Lesley Head has argued, we are living in a time of loss and of grieving, when much that has been taken for granted is becoming unstable, and “we must imagine that drastic changes to everyday life are in the offing” (313). Applying the classic (and contested) model of five stages of grief, first proposed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in her book On Death and Dying in 1969, much of the population of the western world seems to be now experiencing denial, her first stage of loss, while those in the most vulnerable environments have moved on to anger with developed countries for destructive actions in the past and inaction in the present. The next stages (or states) of grieving—bargaining, depression, and acceptance—are likely to be manifested, although not in any predictable sequence, as the grief over current and future losses continues (Haslam).The great expansion of food restrictive diets in the Anthropocene can be interpreted as part of this bargaining state of grieving as individuals attempt to respond to the imperative to reduce their environmental impact but also to limit the degree of change to their own diet required to do so. Meat has long been identified as a key component of an individual’s environmental footprint. From Frances Moore Lappé’s 1971 Diet for a Small Planet through the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organisation’s 2006 report Livestock’s Long Shadow to the 2019 report of the EAT–Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems, the advice has been consistent: meat consumption should be minimised in, if not eradicated from, the human diet. The EAT–Lancet Commission Report quantified this to less than 28 grams (just under one ounce) of beef, lamb or pork per day (12, 25). For many this would be keenly felt, in terms of how meals are constructed, the sensory experiences associated with eating meat and perceptions of well-being but meat is offered up as a sacrifice to bring about the return of the beloved healthy planet.Rather than accept the advice to cut out meat entirely, those seeking to bargain with the Anthropocene also find other options. This has given rise to a suite of foodways based around restricting meat intake in volume or type. Reducing the amount of commercially produced beef, lamb and pork eaten is one approach, while substituting a meat the production of which has a smaller environmental footprint, most commonly chicken or fish, is another. For those willing to make deeper changes, the meat of free living animals, especially those which are killed accidentally on the roads or for deliberately for environmental management purposes, is another option. Further along this spectrum are the novel protein sources suggested in the Lancet report, including insects, blue-green algae and laboratory-cultured meats.Kangatarianism is another form of this bargain, and is backed by at least half a century of advocacy. The Australian Conservation Foundation made calls to reduce the numbers of other livestock and begin a sustainable harvest of kangaroo for food in 1970 when the sale of kangaroo meat for human consumption was still illegal across the country (Conservation of Kangaroos). The idea was repeated by biologist Gordon Grigg in the late 1980s (Jackson and Vernes 173), and again in the Garnaut Climate Change Review in 2008 (547–48). Kangaroo meat is high in protein and iron, low in fat, and high in healthy polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid, and, as these authors showed, has a smaller environmental footprint than beef, lamb, or pork. Kangaroo require less water than cattle, sheep or pigs, and no land is cleared to grow feed for them or give them space to graze. Their paws cause less erosion and compaction of soil than do the hooves of common livestock. They eat less fodder than ruminants and their digestive processes result in lower emissions of the powerful greenhouse gas methane and less solid waste.As Justin of Love Island was aware, kangaroo are not farmed in the sense of being deliberately bred, fed, confined, or treated with hormones, drugs or chemicals, which also adds to their lighter impact on the environment. However, some pastoralists argue that because they cannot prevent kangaroos from accessing the food, water, shelter, and protection from predators they provide for their livestock, they do effectively farm them, although they receive no income from sales of kangaroo meat. This type of light touch farming of kangaroos has a very long history in Australia going back to the continent’s first peopling some 60,000 years ago. Kangaroos were so important to Aboriginal people that a wide range of environments were manipulated to produce their favoured habitats of open grasslands edged by sheltering trees. As Bill Gammage demonstrated, fire was used as a tool to preserve and extend grassy areas, to encourage regrowth which would attract kangaroos and to drive the animals from one patch to another or towards hunters waiting with spears (passim, for example, 58, 72, 76, 93). Gammage and Bruce Pascoe agree that this was a form of animal husbandry in which the kangaroos were drawn to the areas prepared for them for the young grass or, more forcefully, physically directed using nets, brush fences or stone walls. Burnt ground served to contain the animals in place of fencing, and regular harvesting kept numbers from rising to levels which would place pressure on other species (Gammage 79, 281–86; Pascoe 42–43). Contemporary advocates of eating kangaroo have promoted the idea that they should be deliberately co-produced with other livestock instead of being killed to preserve feed and water for sheep and cattle (Ellicott; Wilson 39). Substituting kangaroo for the meat of more environmentally damaging animals would facilitate a reduction in the numbers of cattle and sheep, lessening the harm they do.Most proponents have assumed that their audience is current meat eaters who would substitute kangaroo for the meat of other more environmentally costly animals, but kangatarianism can also emerge from vegetarianism. Wendy Zukerman, who wrote about kangaroo hunting for New Scientist in 2010, was motivated to conduct the research because she was considering becoming an early adopter of kangatarianism as the least environmentally taxing way to counter the longterm anaemia she had developed as a vegetarian. In 2018, George Wilson, honorary professor in the Australian National University’s Fenner School of Environment and Society called for vegetarians to become kangatarians as a means of boosting overall consumption of kangaroo for environmental and economic benefits to rural Australia (39).Given these persuasive environmental arguments, it might be expected that many people would have perceived eating kangaroo instead of other meat as a favourable bargain and taken up the call to become kangatarian. Certainly, there has been widespread interest in trying kangaroo meat. In 1997, only five years after the sale of kangaroo meat for human consumption had been legalised in most states (South Australia did so in 1980), 51% of 500 people surveyed in five capital cities said they had tried kangaroo. However, it had not become a meat of choice with very few found to eat it more than three times a year (Des Purtell and Associates iv). Just over a decade later, a study by Ampt and Owen found an increase to 58% of 1599 Australians surveyed across the country who had tried kangaroo but just 4.7% eating it at least monthly (14). Bryce Appleby, in his study of kangaroo consumption in the home based on interviews with 28 residents of Wollongong in 2010, specifically noted the absence of kangatarians—then a very new concept. A study of 261 Sydney university students in 2014 found that half had tried kangaroo meat and 10% continued to eat it with any regularity. Only two respondents identified themselves as kangatarian (Grant 14–15). Kangaroo meat advocate Michael Archer declared in 2017 that “there’s an awful lot of very, very smart vegetarians [who] have opted for semi vegetarianism and they’re calling themselves ‘kangatarians’, as they’re quite happy to eat kangaroo meat”, but unless there had been a significant change in a few years, the surveys did not bear out his assertion (154).The ethical calculations around eating kangaroo are complicated by factors beyond the strictly environmental. One Tweeter advised Justin: “‘I’m a kangatarian’ isn’t a pickup line, mate”, and certainly the reception of his declaration could have been very cool, especially as it was delivered to a self declared animal warrior (N’Tash Aha). All of the studies of beliefs and practices around the eating of kangaroo have noted a significant minority of Australians who would not consider eating kangaroo based on issues of animal welfare and animal rights. The 1997 study found that 11% were opposed to the idea of eating kangaroo, while in Grant’s 2014 study, 15% were ethically opposed to eating kangaroo meat (Des Purtell and Associates iv; Grant 14–15). Animal ethics complicate the bargains calculated principally on environmental grounds.These ethical concerns work across several registers. One is around the flesh and blood kangaroo as a charismatic native animal unique to Australia and which Australians have an obligation to respect and nurture. Sheep, cattle and pigs have been subject to longterm propaganda campaigns which entrench the idea that they are unattractive and unintelligent, and veil their transition to meat behind euphemistic language and abattoir walls, making it easier to eat them. Kangaroos are still seen as resourceful and graceful animals, and no linguistic tricks shield consumers from the knowledge that it is a roo on their plate. A proposal in 2009 to market a “coat of arms” emu and kangaroo-flavoured potato chip brought complaints to the Advertising Standards Bureau that this was disrespectful to these native animals, although the flavours were to be simulated and the product vegetarian (Black). Coexisting with this high regard to kangaroos is its antithesis. That is, a valuation of them informed by their designation as a pest in the pastoral industry, and the use of the carcasses of those killed to feed dogs and other companion animals. Appleby identified a visceral, disgust response to the idea of eating kangaroo in many of his informants, including both vegetarians who would not consider eating kangaroo because of their commitment to a plant-based diet, and at least one omnivore who would prefer to give up all meat rather than eat kangaroo. While diametrically opposed, the end point of both positions is that kangaroo meat should not be eaten.A second animal ethics stance relates to the imagined kangaroo, a cultural construct which for most urban Australians is much more present in their lives and likely to shape their actions than the living animals. It is behind the rejection of eating an animal which holds such an iconic place in Australian culture: to the dexter on the 1912 national coat of arms; hopping through the Hundred Acre Wood as Kanga and Roo in A.A. Milne’s Winnie-the-Pooh children’s books from the 1920s and the Disney movies later made from them; as a boy’s best friend as Skippy the Bush Kangaroo in a fondly remembered 1970s television series; and high in the sky on QANTAS planes. The anthropomorphising of kangaroos permitted the spectacle of the boxing kangaroo from the late nineteenth century. By framing natural kangaroo behaviours as boxing, these exhibitions encouraged an ambiguous understanding of kangaroos as human-like, moving them further from the category of food (Golder and Kirkby). Australian government bodies used this idea of the kangaroo to support food exports to Britain, with kangaroos as cooks or diners rather than ingredients. The Kangaroo Kookery Book of 1932 (see fig. 1 below) portrayed kangaroos as a nuclear family in a suburban kitchen and another official campaign supporting sales of Australian produce in Britain in the 1950s featured a Disney-inspired kangaroo eating apples and chops washed down with wine (“Kangaroo to Be ‘Food Salesman’”). This imagining of kangaroos as human-like has persisted, leading to the opinion expressed in a 2008 focus group, that consuming kangaroo amounted to “‘eating an icon’ … Although they are pests they are still human nature … these are native animals, people and I believe that is a form of cannibalism!” (Ampt and Owen 26). Figure 1: Rather than promoting the eating of kangaroos, the portrayal of kangaroos as a modern suburban family in the Kangaroo Kookery Book (1932) made it unthinkable. (Source: Kangaroo Kookery Book, Director of Australian Trade Publicity, Australia House, London, 1932.)The third layer of ethical objection on the ground of animal welfare is more specific, being directed to the method of killing the kangaroos which become food. Kangaroos are perhaps the only native animals for which state governments set quotas for commercial harvest, on the grounds that they compete with livestock for pasturage and water. In most jurisdictions, commercially harvested kangaroo carcasses can be processed for human consumption, and they are the ones which ultimately appear in supermarket display cases.Kangaroos are killed by professional shooters at night using swivelling spotlights mounted on their vehicles to locate and daze the animals. While clean head shots are the ideal and regulations state that animals should be killed when at rest and without causing “undue agonal struggle”, this is not always achieved and some animals do suffer prolonged deaths (NSW Code of Practice for Kangaroo Meat for Human Consumption). By regulation, the young of any female kangaroo must be killed along with her. While averting a slow death by neglect, this is considered cruel and wasteful. The hunt has drawn international criticism, including from Greenpeace which organised campaigns against the sale of kangaroo meat in Europe in the 1980s, and Viva! which was successful in securing the withdrawal of kangaroo from sale in British supermarkets (“Kangaroo Meat Sales Criticised”). These arguments circulate and influence opinion within Australia.A final animal ethics issue is that what is actually behind the push for greater use of kangaroo meat is not concern for the environment or animal welfare but the quest to turn a profit from these animals. The Kangaroo Industries Association of Australia, formed in 1970 to represent those who dealt in the marsupials’ meat, fur and skins, has been a vocal advocate of eating kangaroo and a sponsor of market research into how it can be made more appealing to the market. The Association argued in 1971 that commercial harvest was part of the intelligent conservation of the kangaroo. They sought minimum size regulations to prevent overharvesting and protect their livelihoods (“Assn. Backs Kangaroo Conservation”). The Association’s current website makes the claim that wild harvested “Australian kangaroo meat is among the healthiest, tastiest and most sustainable red meats in the world” (Kangaroo Industries Association of Australia). That this is intended to initiate a new and less controlled branch of the meat industry for the benefit of hunters and processors, rather than foster a shift from sheep or cattle to kangaroos which might serve farmers and the environment, is the opinion of Dr. Louise Boronyak, of the Centre for Compassionate Conservation at the University of Technology Sydney (Boyle 19).Concerns such as these have meant that kangaroo is most consumed where it is least familiar, with most of the meat for human consumption recovered from culled animals being exported to Europe and Asia. Russia has been the largest export market. There, kangaroo meat is made less strange by blending it with other meats and traditional spices to make processed meats, avoiding objections to its appearance and uncertainty around preparation. With only a low profile as a novelty animal in Russia, there are fewer sentimental concerns about consuming kangaroo, although the additional food miles undermine its environmental credentials. The variable acceptability of kangaroo in more distant markets speaks to the role of culture in determining how patterns of eating are formed and can be shifted, or, as Elspeth Probyn phrased it “how natural entities are transformed into commodities within a context of globalisation and local communities”, underlining the impossibility of any straightforward ethics of eating kangaroo (33, 35).Kangatarianism is a neologism which makes the eating of kangaroo meat something it has not been in the past, a voluntary restriction based on environmental ethics. These environmental benefits are well founded and eating kangaroo can be understood as an Anthropocenic bargain struck to allow the continuation of the consumption of red meat while reducing one’s environmental footprint. Although superficially attractive, the numbers entering into this bargain remain small because environmental ethics cannot be disentangled from animal ethics. The anthropomorphising of the kangaroo and its use as a national symbol coexist with its categorisation as a pest and use of its meat as food for companion animals. Both understandings of kangaroos made their meat uneatable for many Australians. Paired with concerns over how kangaroos are killed and the commercialisation of a native species, kangaroo meat has a very mixed reception despite decades of advocacy for eating its meat in favour of that of more harmed and more harmful introduced species. Given these constraints, kangatarianism is unlikely to become widespread and indeed it should be viewed as at best a temporary exigency. As the climate warms and rainfall becomes more erratic, even animals which have evolved to suit Australian conditions will come under increasing pressure, and humans will need to reach Kübler-Ross’ final state of grief: acceptance. In this case, this would mean acceptance that our needs cannot be placed ahead of those of other animals.ReferencesAmpt, Peter, and Kate Owen. Consumer Attitudes to Kangaroo Meat Products. Canberra: Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, 2008.Appleby, Bryce. “Skippy the ‘Green’ Kangaroo: Identifying Resistances to Eating Kangaroo in the Home in a Context of Climate Change.” BSc Hons, U of Wollongong, 2010 <http://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/103>.Archer, Michael. “Zoology on the Table: Plenary Session 4.” Australian Zoologist 39, 1 (2017): 154–60.“Assn. 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