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Journal articles on the topic 'Zambia – Economic conditions – 1964-'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Makuyana, Garikai, and Nicholas M. Odhiambo. "Public investment versus private investment: The case of Zambia." Journal of Governance and Regulation 3, no. 2 (2014): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v3_i2_p3.

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This paper highlights the growth dynamics of public and private investment in Zambia from 1964 to 2011. The evolution of the two components of investment in Zambia has been a product of market intervention and market-based policies. Initially, after its independence in 1964, the perpetuated market economy limited public investment growth to the basic infrastructural provision – for the first three years. However, the 1967 Mulungushi and the 1968 Matero nationalisation programmes brought about rapid expansion in public investment, especially from the early 1970s to the late 1980s. The market-ba

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2

Saungweme, Talknice, and Nicholas M. Odhiambo. "An Analysis of Public Debt Servicing in Zambia: Trends, Reforms and Challenges." Croatian International Relations Review 24, no. 81 (2018): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cirr-2018-0006.

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Abstract The main goal of this paper is to discuss the dynamics of public debt servicing – both domestic and foreign – in Zambia, tracing the trends, reforms and challenges over the period from 1964 to 2015. The paper shows that the exceptional rise in public debt servicing obligations in Zambia over the period under review has been principally due to high domestic and foreign interest rates, frequent debt rescheduling at commercial rates, and capitalisation of non-liquidated service obligations at commercial rates. Also revealed in the paper is the fact that prior to 2005, Zambia experienced

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3

Nesmashnyi, Alexander Dmitrievich, and Yulia Aleksandrovna Nikitina. "Local Hegemony: China’s Special Economic Zones in Mauritius and Zambia." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no. 1 (2020): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-1-97-114.

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Chinese Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Africa are part of the Belt and Road Initiative. They account for a fledgling research area in International Relations, with not much research on the topic. The authors regard traditional approaches in research of SEZs as incapable of grasping the difference between domestic (designed by the state on its own territory) and foreign (designed by a foreign state) SEZs. The concept of territoriality, though applicable only to foreign SEZs, has little to offer in terms of generating new knowledge. The research paper endeavours to offer new theoretical and co

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Melnyk, V. "Socio-economic and political pre-conditions of industrial poultry farming development in Ukraine (1953–1964)." History of Science and Biographical Studies, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 110–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/istnauka201702-07.

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MACOLA, GIACOMO. "‘IT MEANS AS IF WE ARE EXCLUDED FROM THE GOOD FREEDOM’: THWARTED EXPECTATIONS OF INDEPENDENCE IN THE LUAPULA PROVINCE OF ZAMBIA, 1964–6." Journal of African History 47, no. 1 (2006): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853705000848.

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Based on a close reading of new archival material, this article makes a case for the adoption of an empirical, ‘sub-systemic’ approach to the study of nationalist and postcolonial politics in Zambia. By exploring the notion of popular ‘expectations of independence’ to a much greater degree than did previous studies, the paper contends that the extent of the United National Independence Party's political hegemony in the immediate post-independence era has been grossly overrated – even in a traditional rural stronghold of the party and during a favourable economic cycle. In the second part of th

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Colson, Elizabeth. "The Father as Witch." Africa 70, no. 3 (2000): 333–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2000.70.3.333.

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AbstractIn the 1990s the feared witch among Tonga-speakers of Gwembe Valley, Zambia, is often the father, whose adult children accuse him of using witchcraft to gain power over the child's life force to use in his enterprises. Suspicions of the father arise from changing family dynamics associated with restricted economic opportunities and a changing agricultural system involving cash cropping where family labour is of vital importance. Witchcraft fears, as elsewhere in Zambia, have become more salient as worsening economic conditions have led to general malaise and the loosening of restraints

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Mercer, Helen. "Retailer–Supplier Relationships before and after the Resale Prices Act, 1964: A Turning Point in British Economic History?" Enterprise & Society 15, no. 1 (2014): 132–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/kht056.

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This article provides an analysis of the impact of the abolition of individual resale price maintenance (irpm) in 1964 on the relationships between retailers and suppliers and, wider, on defining features of the UK economic structure. It describes the role of irpm prior to 1964 in a complex competitive environment that existed across a range of goods and services. A key feature of this environment was the influence manufacturers had over retail margins and pricing. It shows how the 1964 Resale Price Act both unraveled this system and provided the legal prerequisite of today’s dominance by larg

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Penda, Chanda. "Personal Name Trends in Independent Zambia: A Reflection on the Fluidity of Living Heritage." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (2020): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.4.1.381.

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Personal name usage in Zambia, as is common elsewhere, has undergone changes – reflecting the overall cultural and historical changes in the nation. This article identifies the changes which took place in personal naming patterns in Zambia since independence and discusses the wider socio-cultural and political factors which caused the changes in personal naming patterns in independent Zambia. The period after independence in 1964 represents a complex of various interacting histories of the nation, which have significantly impacted naming patterns. These incl

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VonDoepp, Peter. "Resisting Democratic Backsliding: Malawi’s Experience in Comparative Perspective." African Studies Review 63, no. 4 (2019): 858–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2019.62.

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AbstractWhy does collective resistance to democratic backsliding emerge in some contexts and not others? The experience of Malawi in 2011–2012 offers an opportunity to explore this question. In the face of attacks on democratic rights and institutions, large-scale popular and civil society mobilization challenged the government’s authoritarian tendencies. Drawing on collective action theories and comparing Malawi’s experience to that of Zambia, VonDoepp argues that Malawi’s resistance arose in an environment that was favorable to its emergence. Economic conditions had generated grievances agai

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10

Allen, William A. "The British attempt to manage long-term interest rates in 1962–1964." Financial History Review 23, no. 1 (2016): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565016000044.

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The British monetary authorities tried to encourage lower long-term interest rates through their government debt management operations between 1962 and 1964, following the Radcliffe report's recommendation that they should have an objective for long-term rates, and with the intention of supporting the government's pursuit of faster economic growth. The implementation of the policy was complicated by the Bank of England's role as a market maker in the government securities market, and beset by misunderstandings among the monetary authorities. The policy was abandoned when the conditions of stro

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Bellin, Eva. "Contingent Democrats: Industrialists, Labor, and Democratization in Late-Developing Countries." World Politics 52, no. 2 (2000): 175–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887100002598.

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Many classic works of political economy have identified capital and labor as the champions of democratization during the first wave of transition. By contrast, this article argues for the contingent nature of capital and labor's support for democracy, especially in the context of late development. The article offers a theory of democratic contingency, proposing that a few variables, namely, state dependence, aristocratic privilege, and social fear account for much of the variation found in class support for democratization both across and within cases. Conditions associated with late developme

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Mwamba, Jonathan Simbeya. "Analysis of Space Manipulation in an Informal Urban Settlement: The Case of Ng’ombe in Lusaka, Zambia." International Journal of Social Science Studies 8, no. 6 (2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v8i6.4971.

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Urban informality remains a consistent challenge and matter of debate by planners and policymakers in the urbanising cities of sub-Saharan Africa. A common manifestation of urban informality in African cities is the sprawling informal settlements that constitute the only available housing option for the majority of the urban poor. The analysis of informal urban settlement’s environmental composition, physical modelling and socio-economic and policy analysis have been areas of recent study. However there is limited literature on how the urban poor communities in Zambia manipulate their social,

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Fosu, Augustin Kwasi. "Occupational Mobility of Black Women, 1958–1981: The Impact of Post-1964 Antidiscrimination Measures." ILR Review 45, no. 2 (1992): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204500206.

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This study finds that between 1965 and 1981, black women's occupational mobility rose relative to that of white women and white men by about 20% and 24%, respectively, and that more than half of these gains remain even after controlling for pre-existing trends, cyclical economic conditions, education, and factors potentially influencing the labor supply. No evidence is found to support the null hypothesis that this pattern is explained in significant measure by a decline in the labor supply of black women. The author argues, instead, that the results reflect the effects of Title VII of the 196

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Mwanza, Aaron D., Pei Wen Hao, and Mike H. White. "A Selection of Possible Pitfalls on the Usage of Empirical Models in the Rational Seal Design Method of South Africa." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 1336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.1336.

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A large portion of surfaced roads in Zambia have asphalt as part of their pavement structure. Most of these surfaces and to some extent base layers are in a deplorable state. This situation, coupled with unfavorable economic conditions, leaves highway authorities with a huge backlog on highways sustainability. The past practice of “worst-first” is still a common principle other than maintaining pavements earlier in their service life to reduce life cycle costs. In order to include pavement preservation as a pavement network strategy, road surface sealing is adopted. This paper is focused on a

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Mutinta, Mutinta, Mundia Muya, and Balimu Mwiya. "An Integrated Green Building Assessment Tool for Low-Cost Housing Development in Zambia." Sustainability in Environment 6, no. 3 (2021): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v6n3p1.

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Green building rating tools developed to assess the impact of buildings on the environment may not have all the appropriate methods and criteria for different environmental, economic, social and cultural conditions in the world. Assessment tools should be developed to meet minimum green building standards and aspirations. The challenge in developing countries like Zambia is that there is limited access to green building rating tools and a lack of technology and resources to have local tools. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to select methods and criteria for assessing green low-cost

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16

HERMANN, JENNIFER. "Financial Structure and Financing Models: The Brazilian Experience over the 1964–1997 Period." Journal of Latin American Studies 34, no. 1 (2002): 71–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x01006290.

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The article analyses the Brazilian experience in financing economic activity from the 1964–67 reform until the 1990s. Two issues are addressed: first, what conditions explain the development of a model based on public and external credit in Brazil, quite different from the capital market based system conceived in the 1964–67 reform? Second, what are the perspectives for the development of an alternative model in the country, led by the national private sector? Based on international experience, two alternatives are considered: a) the expansion of the capital market, in order to make possible l

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Elgammal, Mohammed M., Fatma Ehab Ahmed, and David G. McMillan. "The information content of US stock market factors." Studies in Economics and Finance 37, no. 2 (2020): 323–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-10-2019-0385.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider the economic information content within several popular stock market factors and to the extent to which their movements are both explained by economic variables and can explain future output growth. Design/methodology/approach Using US stock portfolios from 1964 to 2019, the authors undertake three related exercises: whether a set of common factors contain independent predictive ability for stock returns, what economic and market variables explain movements in the factors and whether stock market factors have predictive power for future output g

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Gooding, M. J., P. S. Kettlewell, W. P. Davies, and T. J. Hocking. "Effects of spring nitrogen fertilizer on the Hagberg falling number of grain from breadmaking varieties of winter wheat." Journal of Agricultural Science 107, no. 2 (1986): 475–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960008730x.

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Hagberg falling number (HFN) is used to estimate alpha-amylase activity in wheat grain (Perten, 1964) and it is utilized by flour millers and the Intervention Agencies of the European Economic Community as a grain quality measurement for breadmaking (Anon. 1983). High nitrogen fertilizer application can lead to lodging and can decrease HFN (Brun, 1982). This may result from damp conditions around the ear encouraging germination, and therefore increasing alpha-amylase activity (Stewart, 1984). However, since nitrogen application can also delay maturity, it has been suggested that this influence

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19

Madden, M., M. Karidozo, W. Langbauer, F. Osborn, A. Presotto, and R. Parry. "GEOSPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN-WILDLIFE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS FOR SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2021 (June 30, 2021): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2021-281-2021.

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Abstract. Human-Elephant Conflict (HEC) is a global concern that requires geospatial data collection, analysis and geovisualization for decision support and mitigation. Bull African elephants, (Loxodonata africana), are often responsible for breaking fences, raiding crops and causing economic hardship in local communities in Botswana, Zimbabwe and Zambia. Methods for monitoring and understanding elephant movements are needed to mitigate conflict, find ways for coexistence and secure the future of Africa’s elephant populations. Researchers from academia and conservation organizations are partne

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Udelsmann Rodrigues, Cristina, Patience Mususa, Karen Büscher, and Jeroen Cuvelier. "Boomtown Urbanization and Rural-Urban Transformation in Mining and Conflict Regions in Angola, the DRC and Zambia." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (2021): 2285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042285.

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Starting from temporary settlements turning into permanent urban centers, this paper discusses the transformations taking place through the process of so-called ‘boomtown’ urbanization in Central and Southern Africa. Based on data collected in Angola, Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, the paper identifies the different conditions for migration and settlement and the complex socio-economic, spatial, as well as political transformations produced by the fast growth and expansion of boomtowns. Different historical and contemporary processes shape boomtown urbanization in Africa, from co

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Altar, Hande. "Türkiye’de İç Göçün Sanattaki İzdüşümleri: Gurbet Kuşları Filmine Medyalararası Bir Bakış." Göç Dergisi 5, no. 1 (2018): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/gd.v5i1.589.

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Hızla artan iç göç hareketinin bir sonucu olarak Türkiye 50’li ve 60’lı yıllarda bir dizi yeni sorunla tanışmıştır. Bu dönemde iç göçün yol açtığı sorunlar üzerine düşünen gerçekçi yazarlar ve yönetmenler bu konuyu toplumsal bir mesele olarak ele alan edebi eserler yazmış ve filmler yönetmişlerdir. Halit Refiğ’in 1964 yapımı Gurbet Kuşları filmi de bu türden filmlere bir örnektir. Turgut Özakman’ın 1961 yılında yazdığı Ocak adlı oyunundan uyarlama olup, Orhan Kemal’in 1962 tarihli iç göçü konu alan romanıyla aynı adda olan film medyalararası ilişkiler barındırmaktadır. Filmde medyalararası alı

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Zavyalova, Elena B., and Ekaterina I. Shumskaia. "The path of catching and the path of innovative development: what will Russia choose?" RUDN Journal of Economics 27, no. 4 (2019): 743–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-4-743-752.

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Over the past half century, global GDP growth has been exceptionally rapid, helped by significant labor force growth and increased labor productivity. Employment growth from 1964 to 2014 decreased from 1.7 to 0.3 % per year. Over the past 20 years, overall productivity growth in OECD countries has also slowed significantly. However, the introduction of digital technology is already changing the picture for the better in developed countries. Therefore, achieving the desired economic growth is seen in increasing labor productivity through the active development and implementation of key technolo

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Kim, Jung-Hoon, Kyungjin Lee, Ui Min Jerng, and Goya Choi. "Global Comparison of Stability Testing Parameters and Testing Methods for Finished Herbal Products." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (October 20, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7348929.

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Quality consistencies of drug products are essential to guarantee expected therapeutic activities, and achieving consistent qualities for herbal products is challenging because of their physicochemical complexities and inherent variabilities. Regulatory authorities worldwide have issued regulations or guidelines for stability testing parameters and testing procedures for herbal products stored in proposed conditions. These testing parameters and methods for finished herbal products are detailed in the guidelines and regulations issued by 5 global authorities and 15 countries, that is, the Asso

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Tayali, Esnart Mwaba, and Kwesi Atta Sakyi. "The Health and Well-being of Low Paying Jobs in Southern Africa: Case Study of Security Guards in Zambia." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 4 (2020): 229–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.74.8105.

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As concerns for employee well-being across all sectors increase, security guards in Southern Africa and the rest of Africa at large attract less attention in human resource management. Well-being is pivotal for positive psychological feeling of workers, and also conducive for economic growth. Employee well-being has positive effects on company performance, profitability and growth. Therefore, employee well-being is a cardinal factor across the globe. Security guards, like any other employees, deserve decent conditions of service, which promote their overall well-being. Youths who lack sufficie

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Foryś, Iwona. "Gentrification on the Example of Suburban Parts of the Szczecin Urban Agglomeration." Real Estate Management and Valuation 21, no. 3 (2013): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2013-0021.

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Abstract Gentrification is a term first used by Ruth Glass in 1964 in reference to the process of taking over and revitalizing the degraded housing resources in the London Borough of Islington by their middle class owners. Ruth Glass discerned the impact of the improved living conditions in the gentrified area on ownership conditions, the appreciation of prices of land and houses, and changes in the social class structure. Nowadays, we can observe three types of changes taking place in gentrified parts of cities: economic, social and cultural ones. The author of this article presents the evolu

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Lahme, Anne Mutunda, Ruth Stern, and Diane Cooper. "Factors impacting on menstrual hygiene and their implications for health promotion." Global Health Promotion 25, no. 1 (2016): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975916648301.

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Background: In the lives of women, puberty is marked by the onset of menarche. From this stage onwards until menopause, reproductive health and menstrual hygiene are important aspects of women’s lives. In Zambia’s Western Province, the natural process of menstruation is a taboo and dealt with secretly. Information and knowledge about menstruation and menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls is inadequate. This paper explores the factors influencing the understanding, experiences and practices of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls in Mongu District, Western Province of Zambia. Methods: An

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GEORGAKOPOULOS, Panagiotis, Ilias S. TRAVLOS, Ioanna KAKABOUKI, Charis-Konstantina KONTOPOULOU, Anastasia PANTELIA, and Dimitrios J. BILALIS. "Climate Change and Chances for the Cultivation of New Crops." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 44, no. 2 (2016): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha44210533.

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Climate change is one of the greatest environmental, economic and social challenges in the history of mankind and nowadays is considered as the biggest environmental problem of the world. Climate change has a significant global impact and therefore Greece has to deal with its effects as well. Agriculture has been unfavourably affected in recent years, as the current and anticipated conditions in many cases seem to be rather prohibitive for the prosperity of the cultivated crops. On the contrary, these new conditions have made it possible for new plant species previously cultivated only in subt

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Makate, Marshall, Steve Whetton, Robert J. Tait, et al. "Tobacco Cost of Illness Studies: A Systematic Review." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 4 (2019): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz038.

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Abstract Introduction To identify studies reporting costs arising from tobacco use and detail their (1) economic approaches, (2) health outcomes, and (3) other cost areas included. Methods We searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, EconLit, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2008 and April 2018 in English. Eligible articles reported tobacco-related costs and included all tobacco-using populations (multinational, national, subpopulations, and involuntary smokers). All economic approaches that resulted in monetary outcomes were included. We reported USD or converted local curren

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Damião, Paulo Henrique Silveira. "DEMANDAS COLETIVAS DE TRABALHO DE JUIZ DE FORA (MG) E A ATUAÇÃO DO TRIBUNAL REGIONAL DO TRABALHO DA 3ª REGIÃO DURANTE A PRIMEIRA DÉCADA DA DITADURA MILITAR BRASILEIRA (1964-1974) * COLLECTIVE WORK ACTIONS IN JUIZ DE FORA (MG) AND THE PERFOMANCE OF “TRIBUNAL REGIONAL DO TRABALHO DA 3ª REGIÃO” DURING THE FIRST DECADE OF THE BRAZILIAN CIVIL-MILITARY DICTATORSHIP (1964-1974)." História e Cultura 8, no. 2 (2019): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.18223/hiscult.v8i2.2627.

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Busca-se refletir sobre a atuação dos trabalhadores e sindicatos de Juiz de Fora na Justiça do Trabalho durante o contexto de autoritarismo da ditadura militar brasileira, especificamente na sua primeira década (1964-1974). O uso da justiça trabalhista como instrumento para se buscar a garantia de direitos e melhores condições de trabalho em um contexto de autoritarismo se revela através da análise dos autos processuais dos processos coletivos impetrados pelas representações dos trabalhadores da referida cidade, tramitados no Tribunal Regional do Trabalho da 3ª Região (TRT3). Pretende-se capta

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Muhartono, Rizky, Ahmad Zamroni, and Zahri Nasution. "EVALUASI KEBIJAKAN PENGATURAN SISTIM BAGI HASIL (Kasus Implementasi Undang-undang Bagi Hasil (UUBH) No. 16/1964 pada Perikanan Rumpon di Kabupaten Badung, Bali)." Jurnal Kebijakan Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 2, no. 2 (2012): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jksekp.v2i2.9278.

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Tulisan ini didasarkan pada hasil penelitian yang dilaksanakan di Desa Kedonganan, Kabupaten Badung, Bali. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan evaluasi terhadap implementasi UU Bagi Hasil No. 16/1964. Pendekatan studi kasus diterapkan dalam penelitian ini. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan responden yang dipilih berdasarkan metode purposive sampling. Responden yang terpilih merupakan nelayan rumpon yang telah bekerja minimal satu tahun. Mengacu pada pendekatan evaluasi kebijakan, analisis mencakup aspek materi, aspek implementasi dan aspek faktor penentu. Dari pendekatan analisi

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McNaughton, Douglas. "‘Constipated, studio-bound, wall-confined, rigid’: The Influence of British Actors’ Equity on BBC Television Drama, 1948–72." Journal of British Cinema and Television 11, no. 1 (2014): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2014.0189.

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Critical orthodoxies around the multi-camera television studio characterise it as a ‘theatrical’ space, driven by dialogue and performance. Troy Kennedy Martin (1964) decried television drama's essential naturalism, demanding a more filmic form of drama in a polemic which has strongly influenced critical thinking on multi-camera studio television. Caughie (2000) suggests that Armchair Theatre created a ‘space for acting’, but in the main, the studio is seen as a constraining and interiorising dramatic site, in thrall to liveness and reliant on theatrical unities. This article draws on research

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Astthorsson, Olafur S., Héðinn Valdimarsson, Asta Gudmundsdottir, and Guðmundur J. Óskarsson. "Climate-related variations in the occurrence and distribution of mackerel (Scomber scombrus) in Icelandic waters." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 7 (2012): 1289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss084.

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Abstract Astthorsson, O. S., Valdimarsson, H., Gudmundsdottir, A., and Óskarsson, G. J. 2012. Climate-related variations in the occurrence and distribution of mackerel (Scomber scombrus) in Icelandic waters. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: . Based on long-term investigations on sea temperature in Icelandic waters, five climatic periods are defined from the mid-1880s until today. These are a cold period between 1880 and 1920, a warm period between 1921 and 1964, a cold period between 1965 and 1971, one of intermediate conditions (alternating warm and cold) between 1972 and 1995, and final

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Захарова, Галина, and Galina Zakharova. "STRATEGIC VECTORS OF DEVELOPMENT THE AGRARIAN SECTOR OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 14, no. 2 (2019): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5d3e1732366a74.99146672.

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Over the past century, the directions of agricultural development have radically changed. In the first half of the twentieth century, the main problem was the fight against hunger, providing the population with bread. Interruptions in the supply of bread in 1917 caused riots and led to the February Revolution in Russia. In the early 20s, in order to fight hunger, a new economic policy was introduced, which gave the peasants the opportunity to restore agriculture. At the end of the 1920s, collectivization, started with the aim of increasing agricultural production to meet the country’s growing

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Levenstein, Margaret C., and Valerie Y. Suslow. "What Determines Cartel Success?" Journal of Economic Literature 44, no. 1 (2006): 43–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/002205106776162681.

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Following George Stigler (1964), many economists assume that incentive problems undermine attempts b firms to collude to raise prices and restrict output. But the potential profits from collusion can create a powerful incentive as well. Theory cannot tell us, a priori, which effect will dominate: whether or when cartels succeed is thus an empirical question. We examine a wide variety of empirical studies of cartels to answer the following questions: (1) Can cartels succeed? (2) If so, for how long? (3) What impact do cartels have? (4) What causes cartels to break up? We conclude that many cart

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Hendrawan, Arie, Bambang Tri Atmojo, and Wahyu Rizki Pratama. "Demokrasi Brazil: Bagaimana Brazil Melewati Fase Transisi dan Konsolidasi Demokrasi?" Insignia: Journal of International Relations 7, no. 2 (2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2020.7.2.2584.

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Abstrak  Pada tahun 2014, skor indeks demokrasi Brazil sempat menyentuh angka 7.38, tetapi kemudian terus jatuh seiring dengan krisis politik yang mendera negara terbesar di Amerika Latin tersebut. Meskipun demikian, dari segi politik dan ekonomi, Brazil masih relatif lebih mapan dibandingkan dengan negara-negara Amerika Latin lain yang dibuktikan dengan keikutsertaannya dalam grup ekonomi utama (G-20). Hal itu membuat penulis tertarik untuk menganalisis, bagaimana Brazil mampu melewati fase transisi dan membangun konsolidasi demokrasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif ek

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Savytskyi, M. "PRYDNIPROVSKA STATE ACADEMY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE ON THE WAY OF MODERNIZATION AND TRANSFORMATION INTO “GREEN” UNIVERSITY." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.230221.7.712.

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Formulation of the problem. Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture is a recognized educational and scientific center in the field of architecture and construction, which has outstanding traditions and achievements, realizes its mission in ensuring innovative development of Ukraine through infrastructure projects and programs, creation of fixed assets, housing and public construction. In 2020 Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture celebrated its 90th anniversary. However, higher engineering and construction education in Yekaterinoslav − Dnip

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Santoro, Licia, Francesco Putzolu, Nicola Mondillo, Maria Boni, and Richard Herrington. "Influence of Genetic Processes on Geochemistry of Fe-oxy-hydroxides in Supergene Zn Non-Sulfide Deposits." Minerals 10, no. 7 (2020): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10070602.

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In supergene Zn non-sulfide deposits, the Fe-oxy-hydroxides (FeO/OH) are mainly concentrated in the residual zones (gossan) on top of the oxidized ore bodies, although they can also be found throughout the whole weathering profile coexisting with the primary and secondary ore assemblages. Fe-oxy-hydroxides are rarely pure as they form in systems where a wide range of metals, most of them of economic importance (e.g., Zn, Pb, Co, REE, Sc, Ga, Ge, V, etc.), freely circulate and can be “captured” under specific conditions. Although their occurrence can be widespread, and they have a potential to

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Lam, Terence Y. M., and Njavwa Siwingwa. "Risk management and contingency sum of construction projects." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 22, no. 3 (2017): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmpc-10-2016-0047.

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Purpose Most organisations do not have established guidelines for the estimation and management of contingency funds. The purpose of this paper is to identify the risk factors at the construction phase causing project cost overruns, and a reliable method for the estimation of contingency sum is established. Design/methodology/approach Combined qualitative–quantitative exploratory methods were used. Qualitative interviews were conducted with five expert practitioners working in a Public Works Department in Zambia to determine how contingency sum is estimated and to explore what risk factors sho

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Lorier, Estrellita, Maria Stella Zerbino, and Lucia Miguel. "Seasonal Occurrence of Different Grasshoppers Species (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) in Uruguay." International Journal of Biology 8, no. 4 (2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v8n4p21.

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<p class="1Body">This paper aims at knowing the seasonal occurrence of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) in Uruguay. The populations of these native herbivores are generally in equilibrium, although population increases were recorded under certain conditions, causing significant economic loss. The population was monitored during five seasons on sites located in the departments of Florida and Durazno. The insects were categorized into young nymphs (I, II and III), older nymphs (IV and V), and adults. At each sampling time, data from the different sites were grouped to calculate the pe

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Pochukalin, A. Ye, S. V. Pryima, and O. V. Rizun. "BREEDING HERITAGE OF DAIRY-MEAT CATTLE OF UKRAINE – BROWN CARPATIAN CATTLE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 58 (November 29, 2019): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.58.18.

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The prolonged breeding process of transformation of primitive but adapted forms of brown color to the conditions of Transcarpathia region, by crossing to 1972 (breeding approbation) and improvement to 2014 (deprivation of the last breeding status of breeding status of Brown Carpathian cattle), in Ukraine, unfortunately lost its resources (breeding) for the existence of the Brown Carpathian cattle. The purpose of the study was to analyze the Brown Carpathian cattle by major economic useful features, livestock dynamics and genealogical structure. Materials and methods of research. Th

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Carrasco Choque, Freddy, and Rudy Francheska Castillo Araujo. "Human capital and job opportunities according to educational level in Perú." Universidad Ciencia y Tecnología 25, no. 110 (2021): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47460/uct.v25i110.475.

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Education promotes progress and economic and social growth, improves the quality of life of the population. The first objective of the study was to identify people's income according to the years of schooling, the second was to estimate the income gap according to gender, residence and working conditions, the third was to identify the return of education, work experience towards the income of the Peruvian inhabitants. Parametric tests and the two-stage Heckman model were used to obtain the results. The data come from the National Household Survey. Income differs according to schooling. There a

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Krishna, Kamini. "The Future of Industry in Zambia: Will Engagement with India mean a New Phase of Development?" Journal of the Institute for African Studies, June 10, 2019, 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2019-47-2-22-35.

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Voices in both African and international communities argue that African industrialization has to catch up with the global economy. The former United Nations Secretary General, Ban Ki-Moon, once commented that the industrialization needs to speed up in Africa so that it can act as a stimulus for economic transformation in the continent. Additionally, it is a proven fact that countries cannot sustain themselves by being only consumers, and that they can only prosper if they also engage in production. Both India and Zambia experienced colonial economic plunder, for years and both countries felt t

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Ngoma, Hambulo, Arild Angelsen, Thomas S. Jayne, and Antony Chapoto. "Understanding Adoption and Impacts of Conservation Agriculture in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Review." Frontiers in Agronomy 3 (June 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2021.671690.

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Conservation Agriculture (CA) aims to concurrently promote agricultural productivity, local livelihoods, climate resilience and other environmental objectives. We review the emerging evidence base in Eastern and Southern Africa to address whether CA is climate smart and why adoption rates by smallholders remain generally very low. We first develop an adoption framework that can be used to assess when and where the different components of CA are expected to be adopted under different conditioning factors and consider options to make CA climate smart. Our results suggest that CA can contribute p

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Traini, Claudia, Corinna Kleinert, and Steffen Schindler. "Does tracking really affect labour-market outcomes in the long run? Estimating the long-term effects of secondary-school tracking in West Germany." Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/175795920x16062248132253.

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This article aims to estimate to what extent track attendance in secondary education in Germany affects labour-market outcomes for individuals with similar starting conditions. We argue that track attendance creates path dependencies that lead to different positions in the occupational structure. We also investigate whether such effects vanish when we control for final educational attainment and whether they are moderated by social origin. We pooled the German Life History Study (GLHS 1964 and 1971) with the Adult Cohort of the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS-SC6), analysing the educati

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Traini, Claudia, Corinna Kleinert, and Steffen Schindler. "Does tracking really affect labour-market outcomes in the long run? Estimating the long-term effects of secondary-school tracking in West Germany." Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/175795920x16062248132253.

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This article aims to estimate to what extent track attendance in secondary education in Germany affects labour-market outcomes for individuals with similar starting conditions. We argue that track attendance creates path dependencies that lead to different positions in the occupational structure. We also investigate whether such effects vanish when we control for final educational attainment and whether they are moderated by social origin. We pooled the German Life History Study (GLHS 1964 and 1971) with the Adult Cohort of the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS-SC6), analysing the educati

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"Performance of Agricultural Regulated Markets in Tripura-A Quest for Rapid Development." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 2S11 (2019): 3219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b1421.0982s1119.

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Regulated market occupies a place of foremost importance in the contemporary agricultural marketing scenario of Tripura. It is very much helpful for economic growth of a state and as well as for a country. At present, there are 21 regulated markets in the state of Tripura. In this state, the first regulated market was establisl1ed in the year 1964 at Bishalgarh, west Tripura. Afterward, 3 markets were regulated in 1981 and 17 markets were regulated in 1986. Since 1986, no market of Tripura has been regulated. The Government of Tripura has taken several steps to streamline the regulated market

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Oliveira, Juliana, Afonso Belchior, Verônica D. da Silva, et al. "Marine Environmental Plastic Pollution: Mitigation by Microorganism Degradation and Recycling Valorization." Frontiers in Marine Science 7 (December 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.567126.

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Plastics are very useful materials and present numerous advantages in the daily life of individuals and society. However, plastics are accumulating in the environment and due to their low biodegradability rate, this problem will persist for centuries. Until recently, oceans were treated as places to dispose of litter, thus the persistent substances are causing serious pollution issues. Plastic and microplastic waste has a negative environmental, social, and economic impact, e.g., causing injury/death to marine organisms and entering the food chain, which leads to health problems. The developme

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Windapo, Abimbola. "Editorial." Journal of Construction Business and Management 4, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/jcbm.4.1.888.

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On behalf of the editorial team of the Journal of Construction Business and Management, I warmly welcome you to the seventh issue. In line with the objectives of the journal, the issue presents scholarly discussions on theoretical and empirical challenges confronting best practices and policies in infrastructure and engineering projects. The intention is to understand what is obtainable in practice and whether it aligns with theory to work on the gaps. The topics in this issue covered ethics in construction, accounting in construction projects, socio-economic impacts of civil works, entreprene

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Vydayko, Nataliya, and Yuriy Novohatniy. "Current assessment of risks of anthrax outbreaks in Ukraine." Online Journal of Public Health Informatics 9, no. 1 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7741.

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IntroductionAnthrax is an acute especially dangerous infectious disease ofanimals and humans.Bacillus anthracisis a potential bioterrorismtool. In Ukraine, there are favorable natural conditions for the spreadof anthrax. There are 13.5 thousand of constantly anthrax-troubledpoints. Anthrax epidemic situation in Ukraine could be characterizedas unstable. Because of the continuing reform of Ukrainian humanhealth entities, the State Sanitary Epidemiological Service (SSES) haslost its control functions and is remaining in an uncertain state, whichincreases possible risks.MethodsEpidemiological ana

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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. "Employment Mobility and the Belated Emergence of the Black Middle Class." Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2, 2021, 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp143.

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As the Covid-19 pandemic takes its disproportionate toll on African Americans, the historical perspective in this working paper provides insight into the socioeconomic conditions under which President-elect Joe Biden’s campaign promise to “build back better” might actually begin to deliver the equal employment opportunity that was promised by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Far from becoming the Great Society that President Lyndon Johnson promised, the United States has devolved into a greedy society in which economic inequality has run rampant, leaving most African Americans behind

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