Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Zambia Livingstone'

Tourism is a booming industry in Livingstone, Zambia. Over the past decade, an influx of foreign investment has completely transformed the local economy, contributing to a meteoric rise in tourist arrivals, expenditures, and new businesses. This has provided more jobs to the local workforce, created more opportunities for small business, and produced greater government revenues. As a result, the Zambian government has made tourism one of its highest priority development sectors. As large-scale tourism is a recent phenomenon in Livingstone, both the national and local governments have been forced to respond retroactively to the needs and effects of the growing sector. This has led to a policy framework for tourism that is largely uncoordinated and inconsistent, and in some cases outdated. With the approval of Zambia's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper in 2003, there is now an additional mandate to include the promotion of poverty reduction within government tourism sector activities. The following thesis provides an examination of the tourism economy in Livingstone, Zambia - identifying opportunities for promoting poverty reduction through this growing sector. Using a strategic planning approach adopted by UN-Habitat, this paper identifies and prioritizes objectives and opportunities for pro-poor tourism in Livingstone. This begins with the compilation of tourism and poverty related data outlined in a situation assessment, followed by an analysis of key stakeholders active in the sector. A broad vision is then established and key issues and objectives are identified and streamlined. Using simple decision-analysis tools' to structure and assess alternatives, potential pro-poor tourism opportunities are then assessed in relation to the objectives. The four-highest ranking opportunities were chosen for further analysis. They are listed below according to rank. 1. Small business support - including business development services, registration and licensing, informal sector activity, and issues of land tenure and title. 2. Credit and Finance - including expanded micro-credit programming 3. Marketing - including pro-poor and SME marketing programs and a sustainable tourism certification program 4. Training and Capacity Building - including the expansion of public sector programs and the monitoring and regulation of private sector activities. 1 Decision analysis is a discipline that comprises the philosophies, theories, methodologies, and professional practices for addressing important decisions in a formal manner (Howard, 1984).
Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate

The aim of this study was to assess the factors associated with HIV risk behaviours in women in Livingstone, Zambia. A cross-sectional analytical survey using a structured questionnaire was carried out in two sites in Livingstone, which were selected on the basis of differences in socio-economic status. Married women and women in the urban community are at high risk of contracting HIV and every effort should be made to ensure that HIV/AIDS programmes help to reduce their vulnerability to HIV infection.

The district health report for Livingstone, Zambia, outlined an increasing prevalence of HIV/AIDS iun the district. In 1998 the prevalence wsas at 29%, in 2000 at 30%, in 2002 at 31.8% and in 2004 at 31%. This was above the national prevalence of 20% according to CBoH statistics of 2004. The district has been implementing the HIV/AIDS prevention in various organizations during the past 3 years. Most of the organizations implementing the HIV/AIDS preventive activities do not work collaboratively with other sectors and this has resulted in un-coordinated activities and wstage of the limited resources. This exploratory qualitative study aimed at undestanding participants' perceptions of factors influencing coordination between different organizations that are involved in the implementation of HIV/AIDS activities, and to note the impact that this had in the implementation of activities in a multisectoral approach to HIV/AIDS prevention.

The purpose of this study was to identify the physical needs of the elderly with regard to physiotherapy services in the Livingstone district in Zambia. The objectives were to determine the knowledge of the elderly on the role of physiotherapy in the care of the elderly
the barriers to utilization of the services
the prevalence of physical problems and it also examined associations between education, knowledge and utilization of physiotherapy services in the district.

This is a qualitative study whose purpose was to investigate the community radio education practices and the museum outreach education activities with a view to understanding how a museum-radio partnership may be used to engage the Livingstone community in environment and sustainability learning. Environment and sustainability issues require a community approach in order to bring about sustained responses to environmental challenges. As such, the study worked with social learning ideas of engaging the community in environment and sustainability learning. The data was generated mainly from face-to-face semi-structured interviews involving three community radio stations, Radio Listener Clubs and museum experts. The data generated was then presented to a strategy workshop involving the Livingstone Museum and Radio Musi-otunya staff. Arising from this workshop, recommendations were made about the possibility of the museum working in partnership with the radio to engage the community in environmental education. The study has shown that much of the museum environmental education activities have been confined to exhibitions and lectures within the museum building, which has affected the number of people being serviced by the museum. These education activities are arranged such that museum expert-led knowledge is presented to the audience with minimal community engagement on the environmental learning content. The study has also shown that community radio programming provides opportunities for community-led social learning which the Livingstone Museum could make use of to engage the community in environmental learning. Community radio programming allows community participation through Radio Listener Clubs, in identification and presentation of local environmental issues. This makes it a suitable tool to address locally relevant environmental issues, by the local community. Environmental issues are different from one place to another. Therefore environmental education approaches that bring issues into the museum may fail to address the different environmental education issues in different community context. The study concludes by recommending that Livingstone Museum should explore the use of community radio so that their expert knowledge and that of the radio producers could be used to shape environmental education programmes to go beyond awareness-raising.

Magister Public Health - MPH
Introduction: Zambia is among the countries in the sub-Saharan African region most severely affected with HIV/AIDS. Approximately 1.2 million (14%) Zambians were living with HIV in 2010. Zambia introduced antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the public sector in 2002, starting with two pilot sites, and rolling it out throughout the country in 2004 and 2005. To date,approximately 350,000 people have accessed HIV treatment. The long-term success of ART programs depends on optimal adherence to ART by patients.In 2010 Livingstone General Hospital (LGH), the setting for the current research had over 7,000 enrolled for HIV care of whom 3,880 patients were on ART. By the end of June 2011, it was reported that 343 patients in this hospital were between 2 to 30 days late for their medication refill appointments. This meant that these patients had missed more than one dose, and thus not meeting the required 95% of medication for viral suppression. This study explored the barriers to medication adherence experienced by ART patients at Livingstone General Hospital (LGH). Methodology: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted. Six focus group discussions(FGD) were conducted with 42 patients on ART, and follow up semi-structured interviews with 7 patients identified during the FGDs. FGDs and semi-structured interviews were audio-tape recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic and content analysis of transcribed data was done. Results: The study found that the barriers to ART adherence included socio-economic factors such as poverty, use of traditional complementary and alternative medicines (TCAM) and religious beliefs. Patient related factors reported to negatively affect adherence were HIV related-stigma and discrimination, alcohol use, low literacy and education levels, busy daily schedules and forgetfulness. Regimen related factors included experiencing side effects to medication and complexity of treatment regimen. Negative staff attitudes, traveling long distances to health facility, long waiting times, lack of confidentiality, poor health information and poor patient-health provider relationships were the health system factors that negatively impacted on ART adherence. Conclusion: The combination and complexity of factors affecting adherence identified in this study have posed a challenge to adherence to ART. People have been forced to make adjustments to their routine lives in order to accommodate ART. The most problematic factor identified was the use of TCAM in combination with ART or as replacement of ART.

Magister Public Health - MPH
Being healthy (‘feeling fine’) and health deterioration (‘getting sick’) were key health concerns among PLHIV prior to ART initiation. PLHIV often referred living with HIV as ‘being sick’ and experiencing poor health when already infected with HIV as ‘very sick’ and this perception about sickness and wellness partly determined the need and value placed on accessing HIV services. Motivations for starting treatment included needing to maintain or regain health, encouragement from HCWs, relatives and friends and believing in the effectiveness of ART to improve health. Prevention of HIV transmission to others was not cited to influence uptake. The majority of PLHIV reported stringent adherence to ART; even a half-hour delay in taking treatment was sometimes defined by participants as ‘non-adherence’. Initial reminders for taking ART (setting alarm, placing pills where visible) fell away as daily medication became routine. However, daily uptake of treatment had its own psychosocial and economic consequences which PLHIV had to navigate. With few exceptions, when taking the first line regimen, most PLHIV experienced both temporal (hallucinations, vomiting) and long-term (dizziness and irregular heartbeat) side-effects attributed to ART, which although not considered life threatening, could undermine ART adherence. HIV status disclosure was both limited and selective (mainly to spouses, close relatives, friends and co-workers) and deemed as promoting adherence to treatment and access to HIV services. HIV/AIDS stigma persisted even among relatively healthy PLHIV due to links with ‘promiscuity’, hampering disclosure and access to HIV services. Competing demands on participants’ time, especially livelihood activities, also disrupted accessing services. Good relationships between HCWs and PLHIV promoted access to services.

The aim of the study was to investigate the experience of dental care and oral hygiene, and the knowledge about gingivitis, periodontitis and dental caries among teacher students, in Livingstone, Zambia. Another aim was to investigate whether oral health was included in the curriculum. The study was carried out among teacher students at David Livingstone College of Education. The questionnaire consisted of 32 questions. 150 questionnaires were handed out, an external reduction appeared of 15 questionnaires and altogether 135 students participated in the study. The results showed that 74 of the students had never received dental care, while 59 had received dental care. The main reason why they had been seeking dental care was toothache. Toothbrush and toothpaste were the most common agents used for cleaning teeth. The overall knowledge about oral diseases was good. Most of the teacher students had received information about oral health in previous schools. The teacher students were positive to inform about oral health when they start practicing as teachers but they requested more information and knowledge to be familiar with the topic.
Syftet med studien var att undersöka erfarenheten av tandvård och oral hygien samt kunskap om gingivit, parodontit och karies bland lärarstudenter i Livingstone, Zambia. Ett annat syfte var att undersöka om oral hälsa var en del utav läroplanen. Studien utfördes bland lärarstudenter vid David Livingstone College of Education. Enkäten bestod av 32 frågor. 150 enkäter delades ut, ett externt bortfall på 15 enkäter förekom och sammanlagt deltog 135 lärarstudenter i studien. Resultaten visade att 74 av lärarstudenterna aldrig hade fått tandvård medan 59 hade fått tandvård. Det huvudsakliga skälet till att de hade uppsökt tandvård var tandvärk. Tandborste och tandkräm var de vanligaste hjälpmedlen vid tandrengöring. Kunskapen om orala sjukdomar var i det stora hela god. De flesta lärarstudenterna hade fått information om oral hälsa i tidigare skolor. Lärarstudenterna var positivt inställda till att informera om oral hälsa när de börjar praktisera som lärare, men de efterfrågade mer information och kunskap om ämnet.

A matched case-control study was carried out to identify the factors associated with the nutritional status of children in Livingstone district, Zambia. A trained field researcher collected data on demographic, feeding practices and socio-economic factors in matched groups of underweight children and normal weight children from the mothers/caregivers of the children. Interviews, using a structured pre-tested questionnaire, were used to obtain the data. All children aged from six to fifty-nine months admitted at Livingstone General Hospital during the months of October to December, 2003 with a weight for age below &ndash
2SD from the median of the reference population formed the underweight children (cases). The total was 47 children. The cases were then matched according to sex and age to 47 normal weight children attending the under five clinic at Livingstone General Hospital during the same months, with a weight for age above &ndash
2SD from the median of the reference population (controls). The final sample was 94 children. Weights were recorded using the same scale in the outpatient&rsquo
s department prior to admission and during the under five clinic session. Interviews then took place in a separate room after the clinic nurse had attended them. A separate visit was then made to the homes of the children on a different day. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used to measure strengths of associations. Results revealed that the basic causes of underweight were the poor economic state of the country, unfavorable policies and insufficient government support in the areas of health, education, agriculture, housing and employment. Underlying causes were inadequate access to food, inadequate care of children, poor access to health services and unhealthy living environments, while immediate causes were poor food intake and disease. Low educational and literacy levels of the mothers/caregivers, unemployment and lack of sufficient finances to access basic necessities such as food, housing and health contributed to underweight.

Magister Public Health - MPH
Background: HIV counselling and testing is important as a gateway to accessing prevention, treatment, care and support services. Studies have shown that couples who are married or are in a stable heterosexual relationship are at risk of transmitting HIV infection to each other if one partner is infected. The uptake of couples counselling and testing (CHCT) by males in Livingstone is very low despite the fact that they are the decision makers in most homes. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the factors determining the uptake of CHCT amongst males in a long term heterosexual relationship who came to a health facility for HIV counselling and testing in Livingstone, Zambia and their perceived benefits of CHCT. Methodology: A case control study was conducted with cases being men age 21 years and above, who were married/cohabiting or were in a steady heterosexual relationship for six months and more and had jointly tested for HIV as a couple, and controls were men age 21 years and above, who were married/cohabiting or were in a steady relationship for six months and more and came to be tested for HIV alone without a partner. The structured questionnaires were administered to a total of 294 participants (147 controls, 147 cases) who were recruited from three public health facilities and one private facility in Livingstone between August and September 2013.Results: The only 2 factors independently associated with testing for HIV via CHCT was, talking about HIV as a couple‟ which positively affected CHCT and „had a previous HIV test as a couple‟ which negatively affected CHCT. Findings indicate that „talk about HIV as a couple‟ was a strong independent predictor of CHCT in the multivariate analysis; however it was uncertain whether it was a predictor of CHCT or a consequence of CHCT. It is probable that having already „had a previous HIV test as a couple‟ the participants would not see the need for testing via CHCT again. Other factors that were significantly associated with uptake of CHCT on bivariate analysis but were not significant on multivariate logistic regression analysis included those that are associated with a greater likelihood of CHCT: think CHCT is beneficial /useful, know partners HIV status, know positive things about CHCT and talk about sexual issues as a couple. Other factors negatively associated with uptake of CHCT were: ever tested for HIV before, informed partner about HIV status, think partner is at risk of contracting HIV, think self is at risk of contracting HIV, low self-risk-rating of HIV infection and marital status. Conclusion: The decision for a couple to go for CHCT is probably relatively complex, because most of the factors measured were linked to each other and it was difficult to separate them to identify if a factor on its own was able to influence the uptake of CHCT. However a couple that communicates with each other about HIV issues is likely to be motivated to go for CHCT.

The exotic plant Lantana camara L. has invaded the riparian areas of the Victoria Falls World Heritage Site in Livingstone, southern Zambia, threatening native plant communities which support populations of species of special concern. I trialled the mechanical control method of manual uprooting and 3 different herbicides applied through paint brushing of an imazapyr concentrate at 250g. l¯¹, spraying on cut stumps with metsulfron methyl at 600g.l¯¹, and foliar spraying on re-emergent lantana foliage with glyphosate at a dosage of 166g. l¯¹ in July 2008 in 20 100m2 treatment plots, 5 invaded control plots and 5 uninvaded controls. Follow-up treatments for re-sprouting lantana stumps and emerging seedlings were undertaken in June 2009. I measured effectiveness of the methods using adult lantana mortality in June 2009 and lantana seedling density in the different treatment plots during the follow-up exercise. The cost of the various methods and human labour applied were compared across the four treatments at initial clear and at follow-up. All treatments recorded a high adult lantana mortality rate, though there were no significant differences in lantana adult mortality amongst the treatments. Overall, uprooting had the highest adult mortality, followed by imazapyr, metsulfron and lastly glyphosate. Germination of lantana seedlings after clearing was high for all treatments but with no significant differences occurring between the treatments. Both adult lantana mortality and seedling density were however significantly different from the control. With labour included, chemical costs were far higher relative to uprooting, though uprooting costs were the highest when it came to the follow-up because of the emerging seedlings and some resprouting stumps. The effects of mechanical and chemical treatments on vegetation composition in the cleared areas were also assessed in order to detect any non-target and medium term effects of treatments. Contrary to expectation, none of the chemicals showed any significant effects on vegetation composition in the short and medium-term and no significant differences were found in plant species richness, diversity and seedling density between invaded and uninvaded plots at baseline, in October 2008 and in September 2009. In order to determine potential for unaided vegetation recovery in the riparian areas of the study site after lantana clearing, I conducted an investigation of soil seed banks and seed rain using 60 seed bank samples measuring 1800m³ collected from 30 invaded and uninvaded plots. Using the seedling emergence method, 1, 991 seedlings belonging to 66 species representing 27 families germinated from the seed bank. Sedges (Cyperaceae family) were the most abundant taxa in the seed banks from invaded areas, followed by Ageratum conyzoides, lantana, Triumfetta annua and Achyranthes aspera which also occurred in the uninvaded soil seed banks. The seed banks from uninvaded plots were dominated by the grass Oplismenus hirtellus. Overall, species richness, diversity and seedling density from seed banks in invaded areas did not differ significantly from seed bank in uninvaded areas and there was a low similarity in species composition when above ground vegetation was compared to seed banks from invaded and uninvaded areas. It would appear if natural regeneration occured from the current seed bank in disturbed areas, future vegetation would largely comprise of short lived, early successional species in the short term as the seed bank is dominated by non-native herbaceous weedy species. From the seed traps investigating seed rain, a total of 27 species numbering 623 individual seeds were found in the thirty 1m² seedtraps distributed in invaded and uninvaded areas at the five sites, over an intermittent period of three months. Lantana had the highest monthly arrival rate in the seed traps followed by Phoenix reclinata and Ricinus communis. The number of species with invasive potential found in the seed traps located in invaded areas was more than that found in seed traps under native vegetation cover by far. Considerable forest remnants still occur around the invaded sites, and these could serve as an important source for long-term natural re-establishment of native vegetation if seed availability by animals and wind dispersal continues, while the re-invasion of lantana is prevented by ongoing follow-ups and futher clearing of lantana invaded areas. It is concluded that while uprooting and other treatments are effective in the control of lantana, its successful control in the Victoria Falls World Heritage Site will require extensive clearing to keep it from reinvading infested areas after clearing as shown by the seed rain data. The high seedling density of lantana in the seed banks and in the cleared areas shows the need for ongoing follow-up in order to deplete soil stored seed banks. There is need for longer term research to establish what the exact follow-up requirements are in order to contain lantana re-infestation and create favourable micro-sites for native species to establish. It is predicted that ongoing lantana control in the cleared plots will most likely initiate long-term community recovery.

Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
jfl2010
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The past forest management strategies in Zambia did not allow participation of local communities in the management of Forest Reserves and sharing of benefits. The Zambia forest sector was reviewed between 1987 and 1997 culminating into the National Forestry Policy of 1998 and Forests Act of 1999, which provided for joint or participatory forestry management and share of derived benefits. In 2000, the Forestry Department initiated a pilot project to develop and implement JFM. This study was conducted in Dambwa JFM area in Livingstone to evaluate local people’s participation in JFM; perceptions on the effect of JFM on local livelihoods; and the impact of JFM on forest condition. The study was conducted through the use of household questionnaires, interviews with key informants, focus group discussions, field observation, and vegetation assessment. The results showed that more than half (68%) of the respondents were aware of JFM and almost the same number (64%) participated in JFM project. Participation of men in JFM activities was higher than women, although more women attended meetings than men. The results further showed that local management structures existed at district, forest area and village levels for coordination of JFM activities. Forest User Groups (FUGs) were also established in the area. The prominent FUG was the Mungongo oil pressing and was the only FUG functional at the time of the study. Forest Management Committee, Village Resources Management Committee and FUG members were found to be more involved in JFM activities than other members of the local community. Only a small number (8%) of local people reported improvement in household socio-economic conditions after the introduction of JFM, while the majority (79%) perceived the Forestry Department to be the major beneficiary in the JFM. The study revealed that there was a loss of enthusiasm in JFM among local people largely due to the absence of economic benefits and limited decision-making powers. However, the relationship between local people and Forestry Department was reported to have improved. The overall forest stocking was found to be low (219 SPH) with nearly all (90%) of the stems below 30 cm DBH, including the selected valuable tree species of Baikiaea plurijuga, Pterocarpus angolensis, Guibourtia coleosperma, Afzelia quanzensis and Colophospermum mopane. This implies that the forest area was previously overexploited rendering it uneconomical for commercial exploitation to provide benefits to local people on sustainable basis. However, the results showed a lot of saplings (10,000 SPH) in the Forest Reserve signifying adequate regeneration, including that of the valuable species, except for Afzelia quanzensis and Guibourtia coleosperma. The abundant natural regeneration implies that there was adequate forest protection and management following the introduction of JFM, which enhances regeneration. It is recommended that the Forestry Department should continue with public awareness on JFM to increase understanding and stakeholders’ involvement. The Forests Act of 1999 should be commenced and amended to support full implementation of JFM. The value of the forest also needs to be enhanced to increase benefit for local people and long-term conservation.

Magister Public Health - MPH
In recognition of high dual burden of tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency virus(HIV) in Sub-Saharan Africa, the World Health Organization (WHO, 2004) provided guidance for implementing integrated HIV/TB services. This strategy has been implemented using different models ranging from partial to fully integrating, and evaluations of these models have been conducted to determine their effectiveness. The aim of this study was to describe and contrast the effectiveness of different models of implementation of HIV and TB integration at primary care level within the Tuberculosis (TB) programme in Livingstone District, Zambia The specific objectives of the study included; 1. To describe the models of integrated HIV and TB services that are currently implemented at four health facilities within the TB programme in Livingstone District at primary health care level. 2. To describe and contrast the coverage and quality of HIV diagnosis in the Tuberculosis(TB) programme achieved in the different facilities representing fully and partially integrated models of service delivery. 3. To describe and contrast the coverage and quality of HIV prevention activities in the Tuberculosis (TB) programme achieved in the different health facilities representing fully and partially integrated models of service delivery. 4. To describe and contrast the coverage and quality of HIV care activities received by coinfected clients in the Tuberculosis (TB) programme in the different facilities representing fully and partially integrated models of service delivery. 5. To describe the quality and outcomes of TB diagnosis and treatment in the different facilities representing fully and partially integrated models of service delivery. A research design using quantitative methodologies: a cross sectional survey and structured observations or review of patient records (quantitative) were used. The records of 814 TB clients notified in 2010 served as the study population while the sample of 464 (232 from partially and 232 from fully integrated) were randomly selected. Two data collection tools namely: patient record and HIV/TB register review; facility staff interviews (key informant interviews) were used and the results were analyzed using Epi info statistical package. In the study, all respondents gave informed consent and no personal information was collected from the retrospective record review. The HIV prevention interventions in this study were rated below 30% except for of HIV education (97%). Statistically significant differences (p-value<0.001) existed for condom provision at facility level. Poor performance reported for STI screening (below 2%) and PMTCT information (below 15%). The HIV testing rate was 94% among TB clients which was higher than the counseling coverage of 88%. Statistically significant differences (p value <0.001) at facility level existed for clients who received HIV test results. Sixty three percent (63%) of TB clients were also co- infected with HIV. ART assessment for TB clients was below 40% and statistically significant differences (p value=<0.001) between facilities were identified for this indicator. ART assessment of TB clients at the same facility they tested for HIV was above 50% for all facilities. The continuation of cotrimoxazole was poor at 38% and statistically significant differences (p value=<0.001) were identified for this indicator between facilities. Sputum testing was 85% while the cure rate was poor at 28% average for all facilities. Statistically significant differences (p-<0.001) were noticed at model level for clients cured. Although HIV prevention and care services were introduced in the TB program in Livingstone,they were not comprehensive enough to respond to the high HIV and TB co-infectivity. For HIV prevention, other than HCT and HIV education, the rest of the critical interventions such as condom provision, STI screening and treatment, and PMTCT intervention were neglected. The HIV care services such as ART assessment and CPT implementation were also poor. There is need to put in place systems to improve these services in the district to improve treatment outcomes. The differences that were noted in performance for the majority of the indicators were mainly at facility level as being a fully integrated facility did not guarantee effective integration or better performance.

Magister Commercii (Information Management) - MCom(IM)
Health information systems (HIS) have much to offer in managing healthcare costs and in improving the quality of care for patients. However, the adoption of HIS can cause problems to health professionals in terms of efficiency as well as to the entire health organization in terms of acceptability and adaptability. The development of a national Information and Communication Technology (ICT) policy in Zambia was initiated in 2001 through an extensive consultation process which involved academics and civil society organizations. The aim of using ICT is to improve the quality of health service delivery at local levels. Maramba and Mahatma Gandhi Clinics are the largest primary health care (PHC) clinics in Livingstone and have been prioritized for the implementation of an electronic medical record (EMR) system. The current study explored health care workers' perceptions and experiences of the use of ICTbased EMR and factors that could determine acceptability of EMR at Maramba and Mahatma Gandhi clinics to feed into future program improvement.

Magister Educationis (Adult Learning and Global Change) - MEd(AL)
The study explored the efficacy of radio programs as a strategy for adult education for HIV/AIDS awareness intervention in the Livingstone District Zambia. Data was collected through a review of policies, including the HIV/AIDS/STI/TB Policy Guidelines (2008), National HIV and AIDS Strategic Framework (NASF2006-2010), PMTCT guidelines on HIV Prevention (2008), Zambia Information and Communication Policy (2007) and the Communication and Advocacy Strategy (NACAS, 2004). In addition semi-structured interviews were conducted with adults and young adults aged 23 to 58 years in Maramba catchment area. The research revealed that overall, there is a mixed picture of effectiveness of the use of radio for educating adults on HIV/AIDS prevention. Some of the most important factors that enable the effective use of radio in education of adults include sharing of experiences which result in increased understanding of issues among community members, community participation in radio listening groups also results in further sharing of information and active engagement with other community members on the topic of discussion and the use of local languages with the use of simple words and visual aids to take account of low literacy levels. In addition, there were important set of factors related to economic, social and cultural issues including gender inequalities, poverty and unemployment to mention a few. My research has identified the need to give greater consideration to adult education theory and adult learning principles in the design and delivery of the radio education programs. The research suggests that HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention strategies need an approach which takes account of adult education theory – to promote active involvement of learners in developing the curriculum of the radio programs and involvement of a range of stakeholders in designing and delivering the radio programs. My research also suggests that there is a need to adopt a critical perspective on the social, cultural and religious practices which influence the participation of both women and men in radio education programmes for HIV/AIDS prevention.

Background: Zambia has one of the highest rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) in the world. While the focus has been put on the prevalence and the consequences of physical, sexual and psychological violence, economic abuse has been a neglected area in research. Studies have shown that accepting attitudes toward IPV are the most prominent predictor of the occurrence of IPV while men’s attitudes toward IPV have not gained equal attention in research as women.  Aim: To explore women’s and men’s attitudes towards economic abuse in Livingstone, Zambia.  Methods: This study used a qualitative case study method consisting of semi-structured interviews with 17 women and men in four villages in Livingstone town. Transcripts were analyzed through a thematic analysis using the software NVivo 12 as an aid in facilitating the coding process.  Results: The husband not providing for the family was not acceptable by the respondents. As a result of this, men expressed constant feelings of societal pressure of being a good provider. Mixed and contradicting attitudes concerning preventing the wife from working or taking money without consent were shown. Preventing the wife from working or taking money were often justified as long as the husband could provide.  Conclusion: This study concludes that people’s overall attitudes towards economic abuse are strongly affected by traditional gender roles, where societal norms and expectations put on men should be questioned. Therefore, reducing the prevalence of economic abuse requires interventions targeting irresistible stereotypical norms concerning expectations on masculinities and femininities.

Background: Intimate partner violence is a major human rights problem, that affects all sexes of all ages in all societies. Men are the primary perpetrators, and women are more likely to get injured since the violence against women also tends to be more severe. The majority of the perpetrators of violence are in an intimate relationship and in many of the cases, alcohol is a significant contributor to the abuse. Aim: To investigate which societal factors drive and maintain the alcohol-related violence towards women and what coping strategies these women use to handle this form of violence in Livingstone, Zambia. Methods: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with 16 Zambian women who had experienced violence by alcohol abusive male partners was conducted. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: The results in this study shows that poverty is the source of this form of violence. It is not only the absence of money but also the presence thereof and the way in which this challenges the traditional gender roles. These traditional gender roles are changing because men do not take their responsibilities as providers. Women used emotion-focused and problem-focused strategies to cope with these stressful situations. Conclusion: This study concludes that poverty and the challenging of traditional gender roles perpetuate violence. These women, who are exposed to this violence are reaching out for help but are not getting the help they need, which is partly due to the society’s view of the importance of marriage.

This qualitative study was done in Livingstone, Zambia, and used focus group discussions to investigate the reasons that youths aged 15 to 24 years see as justifying, or compelling, their non-use of recommended methods for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV. It focused on four methods, namely abstinence, condom use, voluntary counseling and testing, and mutual faithfulness. The study found that non-adherence to HIV preventative methods is linked to variables in the process of adolescent growth and development, to contextual variables in society, to characteristics of products and services associated with these HIV preventative methods, and to disease characteristics of HIV itself. A key conclusion of this study is that to improve the effectiveness of HIV prevention programs among the youths it is essential that factors that hinder adherence to preventative methods are recognized and addressed.
Social Work
M.A.(Social Work)

Abstracts in English and Tsonga
This study explored the lack of integrating a scientific imagination and rationality in the hermeneutic and theological practices of neo-Pentecostal churches in the town of Livingstone, Zambia. Although the vantage point of the study was primarily practical theology, the researcher adopted both an interdisciplinary and a multidisciplinary approach. This assisted the researcher in understanding the different theoretical nuances that inform neo-Pentecostal theological practices as propagated by its proponents. An in-depth scientific analysis premised on the critical theory approach was conducted to find out whether or not neo-Pentecostal communicative practices contribute positively to the economic conditions of local church members in Livingstone. The theological framework for this study was based on the “pastoral cycle”, which ought to be at the very heart of any contemporary practical theology (Ballard & Pritchard 2006). The research methodology consisted of data collection, interpretation and analysis (comparing and contrasting primary sources in the light of the data collected). Research participants' personal narratives of their experience of neo-Pentecostal practices were heard in a semi-structured format. These aided in establishing ecclesiastical views on the causes of the lack of integrating a scientific imagination and rationality in neo-Pentecostal spiritual experience; and consequently informed the study on whether the current theological orientations of neo-Pentecostal congregations in Livingstone have a positive or negative impact on the economic conditions of members. Two forms of data collection were employed, namely qualitative interviews and observation instruments.
Ndzavisiso lowu wu langutisa ku pfumaleka ka vuanakanyi hi vuntshwa bya xisayense na ku va na ngqhondo eka mamfambiselo ya vulavisisi na vuxopaxopi ku hlamusela matsalelo na mafambiselo ya swa vugandzeri eka tikereke ta Pentakosta leyintshwa edorobeni ra Livingston, eZambia. Hambileswi masungulo ya ndzavisiso a ku ri mafambiselo ya vugandzeri, mulavisisi u tirhise fambiselo ra interdisciplinary na multidisciplinary. Leswi swi pfunete mulavisisi ku twisisa ku hambana eka swa thiyori leyi yi nga xiseketelo xa Pentakosta leyintshwa ya swa vugandzeri na mafambiselo ya kona tanhilaha swi endliwaka hi lava nga vachumayeri va yona pentakosta leyintshwa. Vuxopaxopi bya xisayense byi seketeriwe hi thiyori yo xopaxopa leyi nga endliwa ku kuma leswo xana mafambiselo ya Pentakosta leyintshwa ya pfuneta eka swiyimo swa ikhonomi eka swirho swa kereke swa yona eLivingston. Rimba ra swa vugandzeri eka ndzavisiso lowu wu seketeriwe hi ndzhenzheleko wa vurisi bya kereke ku nga "pastoral cycle", lowu wu faneleke ku va mbilu ya mafambiselo wahi na wahi ya vugandzeri (Ballard & Pritchard 2006). Methodoloji ya ndzavisiso a yi katsa ku hlengeletea vutivi, ku byi toloka no byi xopaxopa (ku kotlanisa na ku pimanisa swihlovo swa vutivi hi ku landza data leyi yi nga hlengeletiwa). Lava a va ri na xiavo eka ndzavisiso, va endle marungula ya vona na ntokoto wa vona hi mafambiselo ya Pentekosta leyintshwa ya yingiseriwile hi fomati yo ka yi nga kunguhatiwangi swinene ku nga semi-structured format. Leswi swi pfunete ekusunguleni mianakanyo ya kereke ya vukreste hi swivangelo swa ku pfumaleka ka ku hlanganisa na ku anakanya hi vuntshwa mavonelo na ntokoto eka swa moya hi swa Pentekosta leyintshwa; hi ku landza swona leswi, swi pfunete ndzavisiso hi leswo xana mavonelo yo hambana hi swa vugandzeri bya Pentakosta leyintshwa eka nhlengeletano eLivingston leswo xana yi na vuyelo lebyinene kumbe lebyi nga ri ku lebyinene eka swiyimo swa ikhonomi ya swirho. Ku tirhisiwe minxaka mimbirhi ya nhlengeleto ya vutivi, ku nga qualitative interviews na xitirho xa ku languta kunene leswi endlekaka (observation instruments).
Practical Theology
D. Th. (Practical Theology)