Journal articles: 'Zambia women'

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Okenwa, Leah, and Stephen Lawoko. "Social Indicators and Physical Abuse of Women by Intimate Partners: A Study of Women in Zambia." Violence and Victims 25, no. 2 (April 2010): 278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.2.278.

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Intimate partner physical abuse (IPPA) of women is a societal problem with sinister implications on health. IPPA has been integrally linked to social status though the direction of association remains elusive, not the least in sub-Saharan Africa. This article investigated the association between IPPA and social status of women in Zambia. Data comprising 3,969 currently partnered women were retrieved from the 2001 Zambian Demographic and Health Survey and analyzed using chi-square test and logistic regression. IPPA augmented with low education, income-generating activity, access to information, autonomy over household health issues, and having tolerant attitudes toward IPPA. Tolerant attitude toward IPPA and illiteracy were independent risk factors for IPPA. Educational interventions are recommended to prevent IPPA in Zambia.

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Gray, Ronald H., Robert T. Kambic, Claude A. Lanctot, Mary C. Martin, Roselind Wesley, and Richard Cremins. "Evaluation of natural family planning programmes in Liberia and Zambia." Journal of Biosocial Science 25, no. 2 (April 1993): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000020538.

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SummaryStudies to evaluate use-effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of natural family planning (NFP) were conducted in Liberia and Zambia. The Liberian programme provided uni-purpose NFP services to 1055 clients mainly in rural areas; the Zambian programme provided NFP services integrated with MCH to 2709 clients predominantly in urban areas. The one-year life table continuation and unplanned pregnancy rates were 78·9 and 4·3 per 100 women-years in Liberia, compared to 71·2 and 8·9 in Zambia. However, high rates of loss to follow-up mandate caution in interpretation of these results, especially in Zambia. More women progressed to autonomous NFP use in Liberia (58%) than in Zambia (35·3%). However, programme costs per couple-year protection were lower in Zambia (US$25·7) than in Liberia (US$47·1). Costs per couple-year protection were higher during learning than autonomy, and declined over time. These studies suggest that NFP programmes can achieve acceptable use-and cost-effectiveness in Africa.

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Lasong, Joseph, Yuan Zhang, Simon Afewerki Gebremedhin, Sampson Opoku, Chrissie Stansie Abaidoo, Tamara Mkandawire, Kai Zhao, and Huiping Zhang. "Determinants of modern contraceptive use among married women of reproductive age: a cross-sectional study in rural Zambia." BMJ Open 10, no. 3 (March 2020): e030980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030980.

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ObjectiveZambia is among the world’s top 10 countries with higher fertility rate (5.5 births/woman); unmet family planning need for births spacing (14%) and limiting births (7%). Women in rural Zambia (24%) are reported to have unmet need for family planning than those in urban areas (17%). This study was conducted to ascertain factors associated with modern contraceptive use among rural Zambian women.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingRural Zambia.ParticipantsSecondary data of 4903 married or cohabiting rural women (15–49 years) after filtering out the pregnant, urban based and unmarried women from 2013 to 2014 Zambian Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) were analysed using SPSS V.22. Multiple logistic regression, Pearson’s χ2and descriptive statistics were performed to examine factors associated with modern contraceptive use.ResultsFactors that were positively associated with contraceptive use were respondent’s education (secondary adjusted ORs (AOR = 1.61, p≤0.002); higher (AOR = 2.39, p≤0.050)), wealth index (middle class, (AOR = 1.35, p≤0.005); rich (AOR = 2.04, p≤0.001) and richest (AOR = 1.95, p≤0.034)), high parity (1–2 (AOR = 5.31, p≤0.001); 3–4 (AOR = 7.06, p≤0.001); 5+ (AOR = 8.02, p≤0.001)), men older than women by <10 years (AOR = 1.50, p≤0.026) and women sensitised about family planning at health facility (AOR = 1.73, p≤0.001). However, old age (40–49 years (AOR = 0.49, p≤0.001)), other religions (Protestants, African traditionalists and Muslims) (AOR = 0.77, p≤0.007), ever had pregnancy miscarried, aborted or stillbirth (AOR = 0.78, p≤0.026) and women without knowledge of number of children husband desires (AOR = 0.71, p≤0.001) were negatively associated with contraceptive use.ConclusionModern contraceptive use in rural Zambia among currently married women of reproductive age group is relatively low (43%). We recommend that appropriate interventions are instituted to increase contraceptive access and use especially among uneducated older rural Zambian women.

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Kangwa, Jonathan. "Indigenous African Women’s Contribution to Christianity in NE Zambia – Case Study: Helen Nyirenda Kaunda." Feminist Theology 26, no. 1 (August 22, 2017): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0966735017711871.

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This article explores the contribution of indigenous African women to the growth of Christianity in North Eastern Zambia. Using a socio-historical method, the article shows that the Presbyterian Free Church of Scotland in North Eastern Zambia evangelized mainly through literacy training and preaching. The active involvement of indigenous ministers and teacher-evangelists was indispensable in this process. The article argues that omission of the contribution of indigenous African women who were teacher-evangelists in the standard literature relating to the work of the Presbyterian Free Church of Scotland in North Eastern Zambia exposes a patriarchal bias in mission historiography. In an effort to redress this omission, the article explores and evaluates the contribution and experience of an indigenous African woman, Helen Nyirenda Kaunda. Based on relevant research the article concludes that indigenous African women were among the pioneers of mission work in North Eastern Zambia.

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Kangwa, Jonathan. "The Legacy of Peggy Hiscock: European Women’s Contribution to the Growth of Christianity in Zambia." Feminist Theology 28, no. 3 (May 2020): 316–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0966735020906940.

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The history of Christianity in Africa contains selected information reflecting patriarchal preoccupations. Historians have often downplayed the contributions of significant women, both European and indigenous African. The names of some significant women are given without details of their contribution to the growth of Christianity in Africa. This article considers the contributions of Peggy Hiscock to the growth of Christianity in Zambia. Hiscock was a White missionary who was sent to serve in Zambia by the Methodist Church in Britain. She was the first woman to have been ordained in the United Church of Zambia. Hiscock established the Order of Diaconal Ministry and founded a school for the training of deaconesses in the United Church of Zambia. This article argues that although the nineteenth- and twentieth-century missionary movement in Africa is associated with patriarchy and European imperialism, there were European women missionaries who resisted imperialism and patriarchy both in the Church and society.

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Keller, Bonnie B. "Struggling in Hard Times: The Zambian Women's Movement." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 17, no. 2 (1989): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700009112.

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The Women's Decade has had a substantial impact in Zambia. Before 1975 there was virtually no discussion about the economic and political situation of the nation's women. Since 1985, however, many of the issues raised during the Decade have been made specific to the Zambian situation by a small national women's movement. Professional women active in the movement have focused on changes in policy making and planning processes to improve women's economic situation, rather than on political mobilization and participation.

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Hansen, Karen Tranberg. "Gender and housing: the case of domestic service in Lusaka, Zambia." Africa 62, no. 2 (April 1992): 248–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160457.

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AbstractLusaka is a city originally designed and built for European residents, to meet European needs and comforts. In the colonial period the African residents were either domestic servants living within European households’ compounds or were other contracted wage-labourers who were confined to the areas of south-western Lusaka specifically allocated to them. Europeans preferred male domestic help; women and children living at close quarters were thought to be potentially disruptive and were therefore discouraged from moving into the towns. A gender division between town and country was created; so too were cultural assumptions about gender, housing and employment, assumptions still widely held today.Pressure to find waged employment in Zambia has increased, and as a result the population of Lusaka is growing rapidly and shelter is in increasingly short supply. The article argues that domestic employment is still the largest single segment of the urban wage-labouring population. The historically constructed cultural assumptions about gender and housing have led to differential access to housing for men and women. Now that more and more women are seeking waged employment, the article uses their relation to domestic employment as an instance through which to explore the wider position of women in Zambia, and to initiate, it is hoped, some gender awareness in Zambian housing policy.

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Harrison, Elizabeth. "Men, Women and Work in Rural Zambia." European Journal of Development Research 12, no. 2 (December 2000): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09578810008426765.

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Taghavi, Katayoun, Misinzo Moono, Mulindi Mwanahamuntu, Partha Basu, Andreas Limacher, Taniya Tembo, Herbert Kapesa, et al. "Screening test accuracy to improve detection of precancerous lesions of the cervix in women living with HIV: a study protocol." BMJ Open 10, no. 12 (December 2020): e037955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037955.

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IntroductionThe simplest and cheapest method for cervical cancer screening is visual inspection after application of acetic acid (VIA). However, this method has limitations for correctly identifying precancerous cervical lesions (sensitivity) and women free from these lesions (specificity). We will assess alternative screening methods that could improve sensitivity and specificity in women living with humanimmunodeficiency virus (WLHIV) in Southern Africa.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a paired, prospective, screening test accuracy study among consecutive, eligible women aged 18–65 years receiving treatment for HIV/AIDS at Kanyama Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia. We will assess a portable magnification device (Gynocular, Gynius Plus AB, Sweden) based on the Swede score assessment of the cervix, test for high-risk subtypes of human papillomavirus (HR-HPV, GeneXpert, Cepheid, USA) and VIA. All study participants will receive all three tests and the reference standard at baseline and at six-month follow-up. The reference standard is histological assessment of two to four biopsies of the transformation zone. The primary histological endpoint is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade two and above (CIN2+). Women who are VIA-positive or have histologically confirmed CIN2+ lesions will be treated as per national guidelines. We plan to enrol 450 women. Primary outcome measures for test accuracy include sensitivity and specificity of each stand-alone test. In the secondary analyses, we will evaluate the combination of tests. Pre-planned additional studies include use of cervigrams to test an automated visual assessment tool using image pattern recognition, cost-analysis and associations with trichomoniasis.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from the University of Zambia Biomedical Research Ethics Committee, Zambian National Health Regulatory Authority, Zambia Medicines Regulatory Authority, Swissethics and the International Agency for Research on Cancer Ethics Committee. Results of the study will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberNCT03931083; Pre-results.

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Kaliwile, Chisela, Charles Michelo, Tyler Titcomb, Mourad Moursi, Moira Donahue Angel, Chelsea Reinberg, Pheobe Bwembya, Robyn Alders, and Sherry Tanumihardjo. "Dietary Intake Patterns among Lactating and Non-Lactating Women of Reproductive Age in Rural Zambia." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2019): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020288.

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Insufficient dietary intake, micronutrient deficiencies, and infection may result in malnutrition. In Zambia, an estimated 14% of women are vitamin A-deficient, ~50% are anemic, 10% are underweight, and 23% are overweight/obese. A cross-sectional survey determined food and nutrient intakes of randomly selected Zambian women (n = 530) of reproductive age (15–49 years). Dietary intake data were collected using interactive multiple-pass 24-h recalls. Carbohydrate, fat, protein, and selected micronutrient intakes were estimated. Prevalence of adequate intakes were determined using the estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method and comparisons between lactating and non-lactating women were made by two-sample t-tests. The response rate was 98.7%. Overweight/obesity occurred in 20.7% (95% confidence interval (CI: 17.2, 24.5)). Almost all micronutrient intakes were inadequate, with values between 22.3% and 99.9%. Mean iron intake was >EAR, and 8.2% of women tested (12/146, 95% CI: 4.1, 13.0) were anemic (hemoglobin <115 g/L). Calcium intake was higher in lactating than non-lactating women (p = 0.004), but all intakes need improvement. Vitamin intakes in rural Zambian women are inadequate, suggesting a need for health promotion messages to encourage intake of locally available micronutrient-dense foods as well as supplementation, fortification, and biofortification initiatives. Nutritional support is important because maternal nutrition directly impacts child health.

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Mambwe, Patricia. "Self-delay for Timely Antenatal Care, Rituals and Heavy-Handed in-laws: Cultural Practices Killing Pregnant Women in Zambia- Lundazi district." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 8, no. 4 (December 27, 2020): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.08.04.art009.

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This study examined socio-cultural practices surrounding maternal deaths in Lundazi district –Zambia. The practices stealthily affect antenatal care received by antenatal women with subsequent maternal complications and deaths. Four Focus Group Discussions involving 40 members of Small Motherhood Action Groups (SMAGs) were conducted in March 2018.This study found that pregnant women in Lundazi district- Zambia delay to initiate antenatal care until 6th or 7th month of their pregnancy. The reasons given include fear of witchcraft stealing the human embryo for magic. Pregnant women are delayed further as they seek traditional medicines from Traditional Healers for pregnancy protection. Other pregnant women cannot attend antenatal care consistently because their mothers-in-law want them to do what is considered beneficial for a woman traditionally- do house chores or join the team going to the maize field. Late antenatal initiation is a crisis. It is an emergency in waiting for which some pregnant women never recover.

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Mbizvo, Michael T., Nicole Bellows, Joseph G. Rosen, Stephen Mupeta, Chisha A. Mwiche, and Ben Bellows. "Family Planning in Zambia: An Investment Pillar for Economic Development." Gates Open Research 3 (May 8, 2019): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12989.1.

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Family planning represents a ‘best buy’ in global efforts to achieve sustainable development and attain improvements in sexual and reproductive health. Ensuring access is amongst key transformative strategies that underpin health and sustainable development. It confers fertility choices on women and couples within a human rights framework. By meeting contraceptive needs of all women, significant public health impact and development gains accrue. At the same time, governments face the complex challenge of allocating finite resources to competing priorities, each of which presents known and unknown challenges and opportunities. As such, there is a need to carefully consider the estimated costs and benefits for each proposed investment in health, education, social welfare, and security. Zambia has experienced a slow but steady increase in contraceptive prevalence, with slight decline in total fertility rate (TFR), over the past 20 years. Increasing voluntary modern contraceptive use among women offers opportunities to reduce unintended pregnancy while effectively harnessing the demographic dividend in order to bolster socioeconomic outcomes for households and communities. Drawing from the Zambian context, we present a case for making investments in voluntary family planning (FP), underpinned by a human rights framework, as a pillar for accelerating development and socio-economic advancement. Through multilevel interventions aimed at averting unintended pregnancies, Zambia – and other low- and middle-income countries – can reduce their age dependency ratios and harness economic growth opportunities awarded by the demographic dividend while improving the health and quality of life of the population.

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Hindin, Michelle J. "Women's input into household decisions and their nutritional status in three resource-constrained settings." Public Health Nutrition 9, no. 4 (June 2006): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005865.

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AbstractObjectiveTo understand the role of women's input into household decisions as a possible factor contributing to women's undernutrition in settings where HIV/AIDS and drought have constrained household resources.Design and settingThree cross-sectional surveys of non-pregnant women in partnerships without a birth in the last 3 months were analysed. Factors associated with chronic energy deficiency (CED), defined as body mass index of < 18.5 kg m−2, were assessed among 1920 women in Zimbabwe, 2870 women in Zambia and 6219 women in Malawi.ResultsPrevalence of CED was 4.2% in Zimbabwe, 13.5% in Zambia and 6.7% in Malawi. In Malawi, women with less input into decisions were more likely to have CED. After multivariable adjustment, each additional decision made by the partner increased the odds of CED in Malawi by 1.08 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.15); each additional decision made by the woman decreased the odds of CED by 0.90 (95% CI 0.88–0.97). Malawian women with all the final say or with partners with no final say had significantly more CED than expected (odds ratio (OR) = 2.88, 95% CI 1.42–5.83 and OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.06–2.52, respectively), and removing these points increased the magnitude and significance of the linear trends. In Zambia, the relationship was found for urban women only and no associations were found in Zimbabwe.ConclusionsInput into household decisions may be a key factor in the cycle of drought and CED. Women with both low input and CED may lose productive capacity, putting them at greater risk of food insecurity and potentially HIV/AIDS in high prevalence settings.

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Ashraf, Nava, Erica Field, and Jean Lee. "Household Bargaining and Excess Fertility: An Experimental Study in Zambia." American Economic Review 104, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): 2210–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.7.2210.

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We posit that household decision-making over fertility is characterized by moral hazard since most contraception can only be perfectly observed by the woman. Using an experiment in Zambia that varied whether women were given access to contraceptives alone or with their husbands, we find that women given access with their husbands were 19 percent less likely to seek family planning services, 25 percent less likely to use concealable contraception, and 27 percent more likely to give birth. However, women given access to contraception alone report a lower subjective well-being, suggesting a psychosocial cost of making contraceptives more concealable. (JEL C78, D12, D82, I31, J13, J16, O15)

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BANKOLE, AKINRINOLA, ANN E. BIDDLECOM, KUMBUTSO DZEKEDZEKE, JOSHUA O. AKINYEMI, OLUTOSIN AWOLUDE, and ISAAC F. ADEWOLE. "DOES KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY AND MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION AFFECT THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HIV STATUS AND FERTILITY PREFERENCES AND CONTRACEPTIVE USE? NEW EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA AND ZAMBIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 46, no. 5 (December 16, 2013): 580–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932013000655.

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SummaryThe increasing availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and drug regimens to prevent mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) has probably changed the context of childbearing for people living with HIV. Using data from 2009–2010 community-based surveys in Nigeria and Zambia, this study explores whether women's knowledge about ART and PMTCT influences the relationship between HIV status and fertility preferences and contraceptive behaviour. The findings show that women living with HIV are more likely to want more children in Nigeria and to want to limit childbearing in Zambia compared with HIV-negative women. While there is no significant difference in contraceptive use by women's HIV status in the two countries, women who did not know their HIV status are less likely to use contraceptives relative to women who are HIV-negative. Knowledge about ART reduces the childbearing desires of HIV-positive women in Nigeria and knowledge about PMTCT increases desire for more children among HIV-positive women in Zambia, as well as contraceptive use among women who do not know their HIV status. The findings indicate that knowledge about HIV prevention and treatment services changes how living with HIV affects childbearing desires and, at least in Zambia, pregnancy prevention, and highlight the importance of access to accurate knowledge about ART and PMTCT services to assist women and men to make informed childbearing decisions. Knowledge about ART and PMTCT should be promoted not only through HIV treatment and maternal and newborn care facilities but also through family planning centres and the mass media.

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Li, Jessica, Rachel Parker, Kristin Wall, Lisa Haddad, and Susan Allen. "2120 Long-acting reversible contraceptive uptake in female sex workers and single mothers in Rwanda and Zambia." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2, S1 (June 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2018.292.

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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) has been well established as the most cost-effective form of contraception, but LARC usage in developing countries remains low. As part of a multi-center parent study on HIV incidence, we implemented an integrated family planning program to increase LARC uptake in single women in Rwanda and Zambia. We aim to evaluate rates of LARC uptake, LARC discontinuation and incident pregnancy following family planning counseling. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We enrolled 3 cohorts of single sexually active HIV-negative women between the ages of 18–45 years: single mothers (SM) in Zambia, female sex workers (FSW) in Zambia and FSW in Rwanda. Participants were followed every 3 months for up to 5 years. At each visit, we discussed fertility goals and counseled participants on HIV risk reduction and contraceptive options. Eligible participants (not pregnant, already using a LARC method, or using a permanent contraceptive method) were offered a LARC method, specifically the copper IUD or Jadelle implant. Data was collected on demographic factors, sexual behavior, sexual and reproductive history, and gynecological exams and laboratory tests were performed if necessary. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In total, 458 Rwandan FSW, 555 Zambian FSW, and 521 Zambian SM were enrolled, with a median follow-up time of 6 months, 12 months, and 9 months, respectively. Accounting for any LARC uptake during longitudinal follow-up, our preliminary results show an increase in LARC usage from 21% at screening to 51% at the end of follow-up among Rwandan FSW, an increase from 12% to 42% in Zambian FSW and an increase from 18% to 44% in Zambian SM. We hypothesize that demographic factors (e.g., younger age, higher education level) and sexual history (e.g., greater number of sexual partners, any STIs or reproductive health disturbances) will be associated with increased rates of LARC uptake. We also hypothesize that LARC users will have significantly lower proportions of contraceptive method discontinuation and incident pregnancy compared to non-LARC users. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: FSW and SM are disproportionately affected by high rates of unintended pregnancy, which can lead to obstetric complications and poor psychosocial outcomes. It is imperative that family planning interventions in developing countries target these populations to overcome obstacles in reproductive health and promote gender equality. Our study will provide necessary insights to an integrated family planning program, which will guide future efforts to design, implement and evaluate family planning initiatives for high-risk populations.

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Mbizvo, Michael T., Nicole Bellows, Joseph G. Rosen, Stephen Mupeta, Chisha A. Mwiche, and Ben Bellows. "Family Planning in Zambia: An Investment Pillar for Economic Development." Gates Open Research 3 (July 27, 2020): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12989.2.

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Family planning represents a ‘best buy’ in global efforts to achieve sustainable development and attain improvements in sexual and reproductive health. By meeting contraceptive needs of all women, significant public health impact and development gains accrue. At the same time, governments face the complex challenge of allocating finite resources to competing priorities, each of which presents known and unknown challenges and opportunities. Zambia has experienced a slow but steady increase in contraceptive prevalence, with slight decline in total fertility rate (TFR), over the past 20 years. Drawing from the Zambian context, including a review of current policy solutions, we present a case for making investments in voluntary family planning (FP), underpinned by a human rights framework, as a pillar for accelerating development and socio-economic advancement. Through multilevel interventions aimed at averting unintended pregnancies, Zambia – and other low- and middle-income countries – can reduce their age dependency ratios and harness economic growth opportunities awarded by the demographic dividend while improving the health and quality of life of the population.

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Chisembele, Maureen, Violeta J. Rodriguez, Megan R. Brown, Deborah L. Jones, and Maria L. Alcaide. "Intravaginal practices among young HIV-infected women in Lusaka, Zambia." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 2 (July 12, 2017): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417721438.

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Intravaginal practices (IVP) are linked to bacterial vaginosis (BV), obstetric/gynecological complications, and HIV. Late adolescent and young adult (LAYA) women in Zambia have high rates of HIV. Adult and mature (AM) HIV-infected women in Zambia engage in IVP for hygiene, health, and sexuality reasons; however, to our knowledge, IVP use among LAYA women has not been examined. This study compares IVP use between LAYA and AM women to identify age-specific factors to target when developing IVP reduction interventions for LAYA women. LAYA (≤25 years; n = 24) and AM (>25 years; n=124) HIV-infected women completed self-administered demographic, HIV history, sexual risk factor, and IVP measures. LAYA and AM women were then compared. Number of sexual partners, sexual activity, or condom use did not differ between groups. Rates of IVP in the prior month with different products were similar, though LAYA women used soap more frequently (96% versus 74.2%, p = 0.034). LAYA women were more likely to use products for hygiene reasons (soap 83% versus 43%; cloth, paper, or wipes 50% versus 17%, p < 0.05); and AM women to use products to please sexual partners (cloth 20% versus 56%, p = 0.074). Interventions tailored to LAYA women may be needed to reduce IVP and subsequent BV as LAYA women may have different reasons for engaging in IVP, in comparison with AM women. Reduced IVP among LAYA women may decrease the risk for HIV transmission to sexual partners and newborns and is urgently needed in settings with high prevalence of IVP, BV, and HIV infections, such as Zambia.

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Castillo, Marcela C., Nurain M. Fuseini, Katelyn Rittenhouse, Joan T. Price, Bethany L. Freeman, Humphrey Mwape, Jennifer Winston, et al. "The Zambian Preterm Birth Prevention Study (ZAPPS): Cohort characteristics at enrollment." Gates Open Research 2 (July 15, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12820.3.

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Background: Sub-Saharan Africa bears a disproportionate burden of preterm birth and other adverse outcomes. A better understanding of the demographic, clinical, and biologic underpinnings of these adverse outcomes is urgently needed to plan interventions and inform new discovery. Methods: The Zambian Preterm Birth Prevention Study (ZAPPS) is a prospective observational cohort established at the Women and Newborn Hospital (WNH) in Lusaka, Zambia. We recruit pregnant women from district health centers and the WNH and offer ultrasound examination to determine eligibility. Participants receive routine obstetrical care, lab testing, midtrimester cervical length measurement, and serial fetal growth monitoring. At delivery, we assess gestational age, birthweight, vital status, and sex and assign a delivery phenotype. We collect blood, urine, and vaginal swab specimens at scheduled visits and store them in an on-site biorepository. In September 2017, enrollment of the ZAPPS Phase 1—the subject of this report—was completed. Phase 2, which is limited to HIV-uninfected women, reopened in January 2018. Results: Between August 2015 and September 2017, we screened 1784 women, of whom 1450 (81.2%) met inclusion criteria and were enrolled. The median age at enrollment was 27 years (IQR 23–32) and median gestational age was 16 weeks (IQR 13–18). Among women with a previous pregnancy (n=1042), 19% (n=194) reported a prior miscarriage. Among parous women (n=992), 41% (n=411) reported a prior preterm birth and 14% (n=126) reported a prior stillbirth. The HIV seroprevalence was 24%. Discussion: We have established a large cohort of pregnant women and newborns at the WNH to characterize the determinants of adverse birth outcomes in Lusaka, Zambia. Our overarching goal is to elucidate biological mechanisms in an effort to identify new strategies for early detection and prevention of adverse outcomes. We hope that findings from this cohort will help guide future studies, clinical care, and policy.

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Castillo, Marcela C., Nurain M. Fuseini, Katelyn Rittenhouse, Joan T. Price, Bethany L. Freeman, Humphrey Mwape, Jennifer Winston, et al. "The Zambian Preterm Birth Prevention Study (ZAPPS): Cohort characteristics at enrollment." Gates Open Research 2 (December 4, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12820.2.

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Background:Sub-Saharan Africa bears a disproportionate burden of preterm birth and other adverse outcomes. A better understanding of the demographic, clinical, and biologic underpinnings of these adverse outcomes is urgently needed to plan interventions and inform new discovery. Methods:The Zambian Preterm Birth Prevention Study (ZAPPS) is a prospective observational cohort established at the Women and Newborn Hospital (WNH) in Lusaka, Zambia. We recruit pregnant women from district health centers and the WNH and offer ultrasound examination to determine eligibility. Participants receive routine obstetrical care, lab testing, midtrimester cervical length measurement, and serial fetal growth monitoring. At delivery, we assess gestational age, birthweight, vital status, and sex and assign a delivery phenotype. We collect blood, urine, and vaginal swab specimens at scheduled visits and store them in an on-site biorepository. In September 2017, enrollment of the ZAPPS Phase 1 – the subject of this report – was completed. Phase 2 – which is limited to HIV-uninfected women – reopened in January 2018. Results:Between August 2015 and September 2017, we screened 1784 women, of whom 1450 (81.2%) met inclusion criteria and were enrolled. The median age at enrollment was 27 years (IQR 23–32) and thee median gestational age was 16 weeks (IQR 13–18). Among parous women (N=866; 64%), 21% (N=182) reported a prior miscarriage, 49% (N=424) reported a prior preterm birth, and 13% (N=116) reported a prior stillbirth. The HIV seroprevalence was 24%. Discussion:We have established a large cohort of pregnant women and newborns at the WHN to characterize the determinants of adverse birth outcomes in Lusaka, Zambia. Our overarching goal is to elucidate biological mechanisms in an effort to identify new strategies for early detection and prevention of adverse outcomes. We hope that findings from this cohort will help guide future studies, clinical care, and policy.

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Lawoko, Stephen. "Factors Associated With Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence: A Study of Women in Zambia." Violence and Victims 21, no. 5 (October 2006): 645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.21.5.645.

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Demographic, social, and empowerment factors associated with attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV) were investigated in a random sample of women (n = 5,029) aged 15–49 years in Zambia. Data was retrieved from the Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001–2002 (2003). The findings indicated demographic, social, and structural differences in attitudes toward IPV. Married/previously married and less educated women, employees in the agricultural sector, and women with a history of IPV were more likely to tolerate IPV. In addition, structurally disempowered women (i.e., women lacking access to information and autonomy in household decisions) were more likely to justify IPV than more-empowered peers. Most variables remained significant even when possible confounding was adjusted for using a logistic regression. The findings are discussed and implications for prevention as well as methodological issues considered.

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Pinder, Leeya F., Aaron Shibemba, Victor Kusweje, Jean-Baptiste Nzayisenga, Hector Chiboola, Mary Amuyunzu-Nyamongo, Catherine Mwaba, et al. "Implementation of a Single-Visit Approach to Breast Care in Zambia." Journal of Global Oncology 3, no. 2_suppl (April 2017): 7s—8s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2017.009449.

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Abstract 11 Background: System-level barriers to care and low levels of awareness lead to late-stage presentation of breast disorders in resource-constrained environments. Simulating Zambia’s successful screen and treat approach to cervical cancer prevention, we designed and implemented an algorithm to improve breast care efficiency. Methods: In collaboration with the Zambian Ministry of Health and with support from the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation, we initially expanded breast care capacity in Zambia through on-site training of mid- and high-level health care providers by international experts. By using this cadre of local experts, we then implemented a rural breast care camp of 1-week duration, during which breast self-awareness, psychosocial counseling, clinical breast examination, breast ultrasound, ultrasound-guided breast biopsy, histologic analysis of biopsy specimens, and treatment were offered to participants in a single-visit format. Results: Four hundred seventy-five women were evaluated during the camp. The mean age of participants was 34.5 (± 13.0) years. The majority of women were multiparous (81.9%), breast-fed (78.5%), and reported hormone use (54.1%). Abnormalities were detected on clinical breast examination in 33 women, 27 of which required ultrasound. Lesions were confirmed in 17 and evaluated by using ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy (12) or fine-needle aspiration (five). On-site imprint cytology was performed on all specimens and later confirmed by histology, with a concordance of 100%. Two cancers were detected. Three women with benign lesions underwent same-day surgery after histologic confirmation. Conclusion: Similar to the see-and-treat approach for cervical cancer prevention, the single-visit algorithm has the potential to vastly improve breast care efficiency in low-resource environments ( Fig 1 ). [Figure: see text] Funding: Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Leeya F. Pinder No relationship to disclose Aaron Shibemba No relationship to disclose Victor Kusweje No relationship to disclose Jean-Baptiste Nzayisenga No relationship to disclose Hector Chiboola No relationship to disclose Mary Amuyunzu-Nyamongo No relationship to disclose Catherine Mwaba Research Funding: Mylan (Inst) Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Fresenius Susan Citonje Msadabwe Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: AstraZeneca Pavlo Lermontov No relationship to disclose Edgar Chikontwe No relationship to disclose Groesbeck P. Parham No relationship to disclose

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Cameron, Elisabeth L. "Women=Masks: Initiation Arts in North-Western Province, Zambia." African Arts 31, no. 2 (1998): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3337519.

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Hoover, Deborah A. "Revealing the Mbusa as Art Women Artists in Zambia." African Arts 33, no. 3 (2000): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3337688.

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Ngoma, Catherine Mubita, and Ruth T. Mbukwa. "Use of health institutions by pregnant women in Zambia." African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 2, no. 1 (January 2008): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ajmw.2008.2.1.28095.

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Kusanthan, Thankian, Sidney Mwaba, and J. Menon. "Factors Affecting Domestic Violence among Married Women in Zambia." British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science 12, no. 2 (January 10, 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjesbs/2016/20140.

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Fylkesnes, K., R. Mubanga Musonda, Nkandu P. Luo, and Roland Msiska. "HIV infection among antenatal women in Zambia, 1990–1993." AIDS 10, no. 5 (May 1996): 555–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199605000-00022.

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Desai, Bhupat M., and N. V. Namboodiri. "Agricultural Development under the New Economic Environment: A Case of Zambia." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 23, no. 4 (October 1998): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919980408.

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The case featured in this issue discusses Zambia's agricultural development particularly in the context of the new economic environment. Zambia is unique compared to most developing countries in that its share of agriculture in national income is less than 20 per cent while its share of work-force is over 80 per cent. Even the percentage of people living in absolute poverty is high. Also⁄ labour in general is underutilized and 75 per cent of agricultural labour compose of women. Thus⁄ according to Bhupat Desai and Namboodiri⁄ there is a compelling case for developing agriculture. Readers are invited to send their responses on the case to Vikalpa office.

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Ngoma, Flora. "Role of Women Empowerment Clubs in Poverty Reduction in Zambia." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 6, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol6.iss4.1013.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of women empowerment clubs in poverty reduction in Zambia. The study targeted some women empowerment groups in different parts of the country. The objectives of this study were as follows; to find out if women’s clubs contribute to poverty reduction among women, to examine the challenges that women’s club experiences and to determine measures that could be put in place to overcome the challenges. The research design of the study was a survey design which used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. A sample of 50 women was selected from 10 women empowerment clubs in various parts of Zambia which include Lusaka, Chinsali and Senanga. The data was collected using questionnaires. The findings of the study revealed that women have been empowered by the clubs. They have acquired skills and knowledge that some of them have used to start small businesses. These small businesses help the women to earn an income that helps them to run their households and send children to school. The study therefore recommended that the government and other stakeholders must help in financing the women empowerment clubs and a local and international market should be created to allow women to sell whatever the make and produce in their empowerment group or clubs.

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Bonawitz, Rachael, Kathleen Lucy McGlasson, Jeanette L. Kaiser, Thandiwe Ngoma, Jody Lori, Carol Boyd, Godfrey Biemba, Davidson H. Hamer, and Nancy A. Scott. "Maternity Waiting Home Use by HIV-positive Pregnant Women in Zambia: Opportunity for Improved Prevention of Maternal to Child Transmission of HIV." International Journal of MCH and AIDS (IJMA) 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.267.

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Background: Maternity waiting homes (MWHs), defined as residential lodging near health facilities, are an intervention to improve access to maternal care recommended by the World Health Organization. Little is known about utilization of MWHs by HIV-positive women. This paper describes: 1) maternal awareness and utilization of MWHs in rural Zambia among HIV-positive women, and 2) health outcomes for HIVpositive women and their infants with regards to utilization of MWHs. Methods: Data were collected from recently delivered women (delivered after 35 weeks in the previous 12 months) living >9.5 km from 40 health facilities in rural Zambia. For our analysis, primary outcomes were compared between self-identified HIV-positive and HIV-negative women in the sample. Primary outcomes include: 1) awareness of MWHs and 2) utilization of MWHs. We summarized simple descriptive statistics, stratified by maternal self-reported HIV status. We conducted bivariate analyses using chi-square tests, t-tests and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results: Among 2,381 women, 50 (2.4%) self-identified as HIV-positive. HIV-positive women were older and had more pregnancies and children than HIV-negative women (p<0.001). There was no difference in awareness of MWHs, but HIV-positive women were more likely to use a MWH than HIV-negative women. There was no difference in receipt of infant antiretroviral prophylaxis between women who did or did not stay at a MWH. Conclusion and Global Health Implications: Though HIV prevalence in this sample was lower than expected, MWHs may represent a useful strategy to improve prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in high prevalence, low-resource settings. Key words: Maternity waiting homes • HIV • PMTCT • Zambia

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Pillai, Vijayan K., and Diana Opollo. "Latent Class Analysis of Reproductive Decision Making in Zambia." African and Asian Studies 11, no. 3 (2012): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341238.

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Abstract Coale (1973) pointed out that a first step in the transition to modern contraceptive use involves making calculated choices with respect to fertility and use of contraception. As women become aware of the fertility choices, they are likely to actively seek information and become engaged in reproductive decision making. Research studies on the role of social network on contraceptive decision making in Zambia are few and far. The objective of this study is to examine women’s strategies and approaches to fertility decision making in Zambia. The sample is gathered from two poor income neighborhoods in Kitwe, Zambia. The sample consists of women from 163 households. Latent class analysis provides a useful technique for identifying the presence of distinct strategies with respect to birth control. Though several heterogeneous categories with respect to various reproductive strategies were expected, only two categories were identified. The first category (latent class) is composed of women who engage in spousal communication with respect to fertility, acquire information though seeking and receiving advices from close social relations on reproductive issues, and are aware of the high cost of raising children. Implications of our finding for family planning programs are discussed.

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Hangoma, Peter, Maio Bulawayo, Mwimba Chewe, Nicholas Stacey, Laura Downey, Kalipso Chalkidou, Karen Hofman, Mpuma Kamanga, Anita Kaluba, and Gavin Surgey. "The potential health and revenue effects of a tax on sugar sweetened beverages in Zambia." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 4 (April 2020): e001968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001968.

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The global burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has been rising. A key risk factor for NCDs is obesity, which has been partly linked to consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs). A tax on SSBs is an attractive control measure to curb the rising trend in NCDs, as it has the potential to reduce consumption of SSBs. However, studies on the potential effects of SSB taxes have been concentrated in high-income countries with limited studies in low-income and middle-income countries. Using data from the 2015 Zambia Living Conditions Monitoring Survey (LCMS) data, the 2017 Zambia NCD STEPS Survey, and key parameters from the literature, we simulated the effect of a 25% SSB tax in Zambia on energy intake and the corresponding change in body mass index (BMI), obesity prevalence, deaths averted, life years gained and revenues generated using a mathematical model developed using Microsoft Excel. We conducted Monte Carlo simulations to construct 95% confidence bands and sensitivity analyses to account for uncertainties in key parameters. We found that a 25% SSB would avert 2526 deaths, though these results were not statistically significant overall. However, when broken down by gender, the tax was found to significantly avert 1133 deaths in women (95% CI 353 to 1970). The tax was found to potentially generate an additional US$5.46 million (95% CI 4.66 to 6.14) in revenue annually. We conclude that an SSB tax in Zambia has the potential to significantly decrease the amount of disability-adjusted life years lost to lifestyle-related diseases in women, highlighting important health equity outcomes. Women have higher baseline BMI and therefore are at higher risk for NCDs. In addition, an SSB tax will provide government with additional revenue which if earmarked for health could contribute to healthcare financing in Zambia.

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Zulu, William, and Henry Mbaya. "SOME MISSIOLOGICAL IMPERATIVES OF THE “CHRISTIANISATION” OF CINAMWALI AS CILANGIZO IN THE REFORMED CHURCH IN ZAMBIA." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 42, no. 3 (March 7, 2017): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/2066.

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This study deals with the adaptation of the traditional Ngoni girls’ initiation rite of Cinamwali into Christian Cilangizo in the Women’s Guild in the Reformed Church in Zambia. It highlights the role of the Women’s Guild in transforming the traditional values and structures of Cinamwali into the Christian Cilangizo, with a view to determine which carries Christian values and meaning amongst girls and women in the Reformed Church in Zambia.

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Kaunda, Mutale Mulenga. "Ukukupukula Pampoto: Cultural Construction of Silence Regarding Gender-Based Violence among Pentecostal Married Women in Zambia." Feminist Theology 30, no. 1 (September 2021): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09667350211030859.

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Currently Pentecostalism has become endemic especially because of the changing landscape of Christianity in Zambia where most Christians have shifted faith allegiance from the mainline Eurocentric missionary founded churches to newer churches with charismatic leaders. The Pentecostal Church has been encouraging women’s empowerment in public spheres while subtly expecting them to submit totally and often uncritically to their husbands in private spheres. This article seeks to evaluate the ambivalence of women’s silence regarding spousal violence in Pentecostal Church in Zambia and how the silence is secretly encouraged by some older women within the church.

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Castillo, Marcela C., Nurain M. Fuseini, Katelyn Rittenhouse, Joan T. Price, Bethany L. Freeman, Humphrey Mwape, Jennifer Winston, et al. "The Zambian Preterm Birth Prevention Study (ZAPPS): Cohort characteristics at enrollment." Gates Open Research 2 (May 2, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12820.1.

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Background: Sub-Saharan Africa bears a disproportionate burden of preterm birth and other adverse outcomes. Not only is the background rate of preterm birth higher than in North America and Europe, but many facilities lack essential equipment and personnel resources to care for preterm neonates. A better understanding of the demographic, clinical, and biologic underpinnings of preterm birth is urgently needed to plan interventions and inform new discovery. Methods: The Zambian Preterm Birth Prevention Study (ZAPPS) is a prospective antenatal cohort established at the Women and Newborn Hospital of the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka, Zambia. We recruit pregnant women from the antenatal clinics of district health centers and the UTH for study participation. Women undergo ultrasound examination to determine eligibility by gestational age criteria. Enrolled participants receive routine antenatal and postnatal care, lab testing, midtrimester cervical length measurement, serial fetal growth monitoring and careful assessment of birth outcomes. Results: Between August 2015 and September 2017, we screened 1784 women, of whom 1450 (81.2%) met inclusion criteria and were enrolled. The median age at enrollment of study participants is 27 years (IQR 23–32). Participants are enrolled at a median gestational age of 16 weeks (IQR 13–18). Among all parous participants (N=866; 64%), 21% (N=182) reported a prior miscarriage, 49% (N=424) reported a prior preterm birth, and 13% (N=116) reported a prior stillbirth. The HIV seroprevalence in our cohort is 24%. Discussion: We have established a large antenatal cohort to characterize the epidemiological and biological determinants of adverse birth outcomes in Lusaka, Zambia. Findings from this cohort will help guide future studies, clinical care, and policy in the prevention and treatment of adverse birth outcomes.

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Chola, Mumbi, and Charles Michelo. "Proximate Determinants of Fertility in Zambia: Analysis of the 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey." International Journal of Population Research 2016 (April 14, 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5236351.

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The role of proximate determinants in influencing fertility has been well documented worldwide. Bongaarts’ aggregate model of the proximate determinants (which focuses on marriage, contraception, abortion, and sterility) has been widely used to analyse the influence of proximate determinants on fertility. In Zambia, however, there is limited understanding of their effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of proximate determinants of fertility in Zambia using Bongaarts’ model. This was a cross-sectional analysis of women’s data from the 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS). A total of 7,146 women aged 15 to 49 years participated in the ZDHS. Bongaarts’ model was employed in the data analysis. Results showed that, overall, mean age was 27.8 years and rural-urban distribution was 56% and 44%, respectively. Marriage (40%) and postpartum infecundity (22%) accounted for the largest inhibiting effect on natural fertility from its biological maximum of 19.10. Contraception use accounted for only 3%. Therefore, in order to manage fertility in Zambia, policies and programmes should consider the effects of marriage, postpartum infecundity, and contraception on fertility. Without such targeted interventions, managing and maintaining population growth will remain a challenge in Zambia.

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Stringer, Elizabeth. "Declining HIV prevalence among young pregnant women in Lusaka, Zambia." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 86, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.045260.

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Thankian, Kusathan, Sidney O. C. Mwaba, and Anitha J. Menon. "Domestic Violence and Sexual Health among Young Women in Zambia." African Research Review 9, no. 4 (October 27, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v9i4.1.

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Mumba, Elizabeth. "Training for Women in Zambia: a Review of Selected Research." Studies in the Education of Adults 20, no. 2 (October 1988): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02660830.1988.11730512.

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Munro-Kramer, Michelle L., Nancy Scott, Carol J. Boyd, Philip T. Veliz, Sarah M. Murray, Gertrude Musonda, and Jody R. Lori. "Postpartum physical intimate partner violence among women in rural Zambia." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 143, no. 2 (September 5, 2018): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12654.

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Ngoma, Catherine, Janetta Roos, and Seta Siziya. "Exploring Sexual Behaviour of Women in Zambia: A Qualitative Study." British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science 12, no. 2 (January 10, 2016): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjesbs/2016/20387.

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Banda, Yolan, Victoria Chapman, Robert L. Goldenberg, Jeffrey S. A. Stringer, Jennifer F. Culhane, Moses Sinkala, Sten H. Vermund, and Benjamin H. Chi. "Use of Traditional Medicine among Pregnant Women in Lusaka, Zambia." Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13, no. 1 (January 2007): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2006.6225.

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Spring, Anita, and Art Hansen. "The underside of development: Agricultural development and women in Zambia." Agriculture and Human Values 2, no. 1 (December 1985): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01534995.

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OlaOlorun, Funmilola M., and John Casterline. "Empowering women through expanded contraceptive access in Nigeria and Zambia." Lancet Global Health 9, no. 10 (October 2021): e1349-e1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00388-0.

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Matambo, J., A. Manasyan, and S. Kapambwe. "A Decade of Cervical Cancer Screening: Trends of Incidence in Zambia (2007-2017)." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 33s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.63400.

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Background: Cervical cancer is a highly preventable disease and the major cause of cancer related illness and deaths in Africa. Cervical cancer screening to find precancers before becoming invasive cancer is a well-proven way to prevent cervical cancer. In Zambia alone, over 2000 cervical cancer cases are diagnosed each year accounting for over 30% of new cancer cases with a mortality of above 35%. Women access screening services regardless of HIV status as long as they are sexually active. Cervical cancer screening for HIV-positive women in Zambia remains low despite the high burden of the disease among this population. Aim: We aimed to determine the trends of incidence of cervical precancer lesions among women who ever presented for screening in Lusaka. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 95,520 women who presented for cervical cancer screening between 2007 and 2017 at 11 Lusaka district clinics that provide cervical cancer screening. Data were merged from these clinics and cleaned. Descriptive analyses and Logistic regression for data analysis was conducted. Results: The study showed that the mean age of screening among women that were HIV negative and HIV-positive was 34 years. About 12% of the women that screened had a positive VIA result from which 59% were HIV-positive. Results also showed the odds of 4 to be VIA positive when one is HIV-positive. Conclusion: We have data to show that there is an increased risk among HIV-positive women to be VIA positive in Zambia. HIV infected women should be targeted as priority for cervical cancer screening especially in the resource limited countries. Resources directed to HIV care programs in these settings should be leveraged and include cervical cancer screening.

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Kusanthan, Thankian, and Tamara Chansa-Kabali. "Contextual Factors Associated with Domestic Violence among Currently Married Women in Zambia: Findings from Zambia Demographic Health Survey." Archives of Current Research International 8, no. 4 (January 10, 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/acri/2017/34478.

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Kajoba, Gear. "Women and Land in Zambia: A Case Study of Small-Scale Farmers in Chenena Village, Chibombo District, Central Zambia." Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review 18, no. 1 (2002): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eas.2002.0002.

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Garenne, Michel, and Alan Matthews. "Voluntary medical male circumcision and HIV in Zambia: expectations and observations." Journal of Biosocial Science 52, no. 4 (October 14, 2019): 560–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000634.

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AbstractThe study analysed the HIV/AIDS situation in Zambia six years after the onset of mass campaigns of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC). The analysis was based on data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 2001, 2007 and 2013. Results show that HIV prevalence among men aged 15–29 (the target group for VMMC) did not decrease over the period, despite a decline in HIV prevalence among women of the same age group (most of their partners). Correlations between male circumcision and HIV prevalence were positive for a variety of socioeconomic groups (urban residence, province of residence, level of education, ethnicity). In a multivariate analysis, based on the 2013 DHS survey, circumcised men were found to have the same level of infection as uncircumcised men, after controlling for age, sexual behaviour and socioeconomic status. Lastly, circumcised men tended to have somewhat riskier sexual behaviour than uncircumcised men. This study, based on large representative samples of the Zambian population, questions the current strategy of mass circumcision campaigns in southern and eastern Africa.

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Kusanthan, Thankian, and Tamara Chansa-Kabali. "Women’s Attitudes towards Wife-beating among Currently Married Women in Zambia." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 19, no. 1 (April 21, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2018/41094.

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Sebatta, Christopher, and Mukata Wamulume. "Adoption of Improved Maize Farming Technologies by Women Farmers in Zambia." American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 6, no. 2 (January 10, 2015): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajea/2015/13889.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Zambia women'

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