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1
Tsaurai, Kunofiwa. "Foreign capital flows, exports and growth in Zambia." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 5, no. 4 (2015): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv5i4art3.
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This study investigates the causality between FDI net inflows, exports and GDP using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) approach. The words foreign capital flows and FDI are used interchangeably in this study. The findings from the VECM estimation technique is six fold: (1) the study revealed a long run causality relationship running from exports and GDP towards FDI, (2) the study showed a non–significant long run causality relationship running from FDI and exports towards GDP and (3) the existence of a weak long run causality relationship running from FDI and GDP towards exports in Zambia. The study also found out that no short run causality relationship that runs from FDI and exports towards GDP, short run causality running from FDI and GDP towards exports does not exist and there is no short run causality relationship running from exports and GDP towards FDI. Contrary to the theory which says that FDI brings along with it a whole lot of advantages (FDI technological diffusion and spill over effects), the current study found that the impact of FDI in Zambia is not significant in the long run. This is possibly because certain host country locational characteristics that ensures that Zambia can benefit from FDI inflows are not in place or they might be in place but still not yet reached a certain minimum threshold levels. This might be an interesting area for further research. On the backdrop of the findings of this study, the author recommends that the Zambian authorities should formulate and implement export promotion strategies and economic growth enhancement initiatives in order to be able to attract more FDI.
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Mpundu, Mubanga, Jane Mwafulirwa, Mutinta Chaampita, and Notulu Salwindi. "Effects of Public Expenditure on Gross Domestic Product in Zambia from 1980-2017: An ARDL Methodology Approach." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 11, no. 2(J) (May 13, 2019): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v11i2(j).2825.
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The paper explored the fundamental changes in public expenditure and the resulting effect on the gross domestic product using an ARDL approach for time series data over the period 1980-2017. The control variables included foreign direct investment and current account balance. The objective was to determine changes which had occurred with regard to the performance of GDP since 1980. A quantitative method approach was used to ascertain the relationship between the variables and analysed using the E-views 9 software. Cointegration results showed a long run relationship between GDP and government expenditure. In this regard, changes in government expenditure have a strong converse effect on GDP. Government expenditure, which has increased significantly in the past decade, is seen to have had negative effects both in the short run and long run. Contrary to theory, increased government expenditure may not be ideal for growing the Zambian economy. This could be due to the allocation of this public expenditure, i.e. the 2018 Budget had 24% of the expenditure directed to economic activities. Thus it is recommended that government practice increased fiscal discipline or reallocated resources as their expansionary fiscal policies are not yielding the intended results. Additionally, policies to promote private investment may be more beneficial for the Zambian economy. On the other hand, increased investment is also recommended with government encouraging more investment promoting policies as FDI is observed to have a positive impact in the short run though insignificant in the long run. These should ensure more investors are encouraged to stay longer and the impacts/externalities of their investments be accrued to the nationals to ensure long run benefits. The Zambian government should also ensure that the country diversifies its export base and enhances its external debt management to ensure positive and consistent impact of Current Account Balance in the long run.
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Bright, Suzanna, and Chisomo Selemani. "The Development of Speech-Language Pathology in Zambia: A Reflection on the Current Landscape and Two Contrasting Training Models." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 2, no. 17 (January 2017): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/persp2.sig17.63.
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Functional approaches to disability measurement in Zambia reveals an overall disability prevalence rate of 13.4%, 4% of whom are recorded as having “speech impairment” (Zambia Federation of the Disabled [ZAFOD], 2006). Further, multidimensional poverty assessments indicate that 48.6% of Zambia's approximately 16 million citizens are impoverished. Currently, there are three internationally qualified speech-language pathologists (SLPs) providing services within Zambia's capital city, Lusaka. Given these statistics, it follows that a significant number of Zambian's, experiencing communication disability, are unable to access specialist assessment and support. Over the past decade, Zambia has seen two very different approaches to address this service gap—firstly, a larger scale top-down approach through the implementation of a formal master's degree program and more recently a smaller scale, bottom-up approach, building the capacity of existing professionals working in the field of communication disability. This article provides an overview of both programs and the context, unique to Zambia, in which they have developed. Authors describe the implementation challenges encountered and program successes leading to a discussion of the weakness and merits to both programs, in an attempt to draw lessons from which future efforts to support communication disability and SLP service development in Majority World contexts may benefit.
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Phiri, Joseph, Karel Malec, Socrates Kraido Majune, Seth Nana Kwame Appiah-Kubi, Zdeňka Gebeltová, Sylvie Kobzev Kotásková, Mansoor Maitah, Kamil Maitah, and Patricia Naluwooza. "Durability of Zambia’s Agricultural Exports." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010073.
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This paper establishes the determinants of the export durability of agriculture products in Zambia with specific attention to maize, sugar, cotton, and tobacco between 1996 and 2019. We find that approximately 39% of Zambia’s agricultural products were exported beyond the first year of trading and less than 10% lasted up to 6 years of trading. The mean and median duration of exporting agricultural products in Zambia was 1.7 years and 1 year, respectively. Among the products, maize had the highest export duration after the first year of trading, followed by sugar, tobacco, and cotton. Results of the discrete-time logit and probit models with random effects revealed that the duration of total agricultural products was significantly impacted by common colony, contiguity, partner’s gross domestic product (GDP), Zambia’s GDP, initial exports, and total exports. Of these factors, colonial history and Zambia’s GDP reduced export duration, while contiguity, partner’s GDP, initial exports, and total exports increased the durability of exports in Zambia. The effect of Zambia’s GDP was uniform across all individual agricultural products. Total exports also significantly impacted all other agriculture products in a similar manner except for maize. Export durability for cotton was significantly impacted by the Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), while the export durability of tobacco was significantly impacted by distance, contiguity, and partner’s GDP. To increase the duration of agriculture exports, we propose the exporting of finished agriculture products (and not just raw materials), which have a higher market value and duration probability. Farmers also need support with export subsidies, increased foreign market access (especially to economies with higher buying power), and negotiated favorable trade terms in the region and around the globe.
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Soko, U., and D. Lombe. "Participation in Improving Clinical Outcomes of Cancer Patients by Nongovernmental Organisations in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Case for Zambia." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 185s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.62600.
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Amount raised: $8000 Background and context: The Zambian Cancer Society (ZCS) is a nongovernmental organization dedicated to fighting cancer along the continuum of care. Until recently, ZCS had provided nonclinical social support to patients by donating food, toiletries, clothing and transport money. The Society also runs a patient navigation desk at the national Cancer Diseases Hospital, which provides information to patients, cancer survivors and their care givers. In 2017, ZCS in collaboration with Oncocurae Consultancy decided to participate in clinical outcomes by fundraising for service delivery costs. Aim: To improve clinical outcomes of cancer patients by filling in the financial gap in cancer care in Zambia. Strategy/Tactics: The Zambian Cancer Society engaged with technocrats in the field of oncology to understand the barriers to quality care and good outcomes for cancer patients treated at the national Cancer Diseases Hospital. Solutions within realistic budget lines were then proposed. Partners such as the Rotaract Club of Lusaka, Zambia Active Ambassadors, Zambians living in the UK and many more were sensitized to these needs for fundraising. Program process: Three main areas were identified: Knowledge gap in implementation of more conformal radiotherapy techniques. Pathology costs inhibitive for patients (especially pediatric oncology and breast cancer). Lack of organized preventative, screening and surveillance services at the cancer center. Costs and returns: Activity 1: Sponsorship for radiotherapist to attend the European Society of Medical Oncologists (ESMO) Africa Summit, in Cape Town. Cost: $1000 Return: Achieved networking and mentorship relationships with view to enhance skills and training opportunities. Activity 2: Provision of funds to allow for timely diagnosis of disease to enable treatment. Cost: ongoing Return: Immunohistochemistry is an important aspect to enable oncologists to make good treatment decisions but often too costly. Activity 3: Equipment for preventative, screening and surveillance clinic bought. Cost: $2700 Return: Launch of preventative, screening and surveillance clinic at Cancer Diseases Hospital. What was learned: Social support is very important for patients but lack of clinical support can turn a potentially curable disease into an incurable one in the LMICs. Leveraging of relationships between NGOs and goodwill sponsors can bridge financial gaps in poorly funded health care systems.
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Gebremeskel, Yordanos, Bupe Simuchimba, and Chonzi Mulenga. "Skills Gap, Innovation, and Firms Performance in Zambia." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2019): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n8p129.
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This study examines the interaction between employees’ skill, innovation and firm’s performance. A skilled labour force has a significant impact on the innovation, performance and long-term competitiveness of the firm. Due to a weak educational system coupled with limited training facilities, most Zambian firms still face challenges in acquiring the required skilled workforce. The World Bank Skills Survey Zambia 2016 is used for the empirical analysis on 350 small, medium, and large enterprises. A binomial logit model is used for the innovation model and OLS regression model for performance measurement. We employ sales growth as a measure of firm performance. The results show that the number of professional & skilled employees and trainings were important factors of innovation. Furthermore, we find that innovation and location have an impact on the firms’ performance as measured by sales growth.
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Buser, Julie M., Carol J. Boyd, Cheryl A. Moyer, Alice Ngoma-Hazemba, Davy Zulu, Jessy Taona Mtenje, Andrew D. Jones, and Jody R. Lori. "Operationalization of the Ecological Systems Theory to Guide the Study of Cultural Practices and Beliefs of Newborn Care in Rural Zambia." Journal of Transcultural Nursing 31, no. 6 (May 14, 2020): 582–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659620921224.
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Introduction: A wide gap in knowledge exists about the factors associated with newborn care in rural Zambia. In this year of the nurse and midwife, the purpose of this article is to provide transcultural researchers with an example of how Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory (EST) can be used to guide an exploration of the cultural practices, knowledge, and beliefs of newborn care and health-seeking behaviors in rural Zambia. Methodology: Based on the EST, maternal knowledge represents the microsystem while family and community members embody the mesosystem. Health care organization denotes the exosystem with culture representing the macrosystem and health policy the chronosystem. Results: Numerous implications for transcultural nursing practice emerged from this adaptation of the ecological systems approach. Findings reveal a maternal dualism faced by Zambian mothers as they navigate the complex interplay between cultural newborn care practices and evidence-based newborn care promoted by the health care system. Discussion: Based on our proposed operationalization of the EST for a transcultural nursing study, the EST can be applied globally, further validating the theory.
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Lissin, Polina, Arnold Hamapa, Misaki Kobayashi, Joshua Smith-Sreen, Lauren Etter, Rachel Pieciak, Euphrasia Mukuka, et al. "Relative advantages and compatibility of a biometric patient identification tool in Zambia: a qualitative analysis." Gates Open Research 5 (July 15, 2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13265.1.
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Background: The Scanning Ears for Child Health (SEARCH) system is a biometric patient identification tool which uses a pattern recognition algorithm to translate an image of the ear into a unique identifier. If integrated into an electronic medical records (EMR) system, it would provide a patient identification solution that replaces unreliable paper, under-five card (UFC), or number-based identifiers. This study aims to understand the relative advantage of the biometric system, the sociocultural and pragmatic compatibility, and the extent of UFC deterioration over time. Methods: Interviews on impressions of the novel biometric patient identification tool were conducted in urban and rural settings in Zambia. Focus group discussions included 59 participants and key informant interviews included 5 healthcare workers and 2 government officials. Transcripts were coded into thematic categories for analysis. We sought to understand 1) the perceived relative advantage of a biometric system over the traditional UFCs among Zambian mothers, 2) the perceived sociocultural compatibility of a biometric system in the healthcare setting, and 3) pragmatic compatibility of the proposed system. Results: We found that the current UFC system presents issues for continuity of care and quality of data management, therefore posing disadvantages relative to the proposed system. Sociocultural and pragmatic barriers to acceptance included the existing fear of Satanism and electrical power issues throughout Zambia. Mothers and healthcare workers expressed that adoption of the biometric system could be successful given efforts to sensitize the community. Conclusions: Switching to an EMR backed by biometric identification would fill a critical gap in Zambian healthcare information systems and has numerous perceived advantages in both urban and rural settings. We determine that strategies for implementation should be localized, context informed, and conducted by trusted community members with knowledge of best approaches to diffusing information and a deep understanding of the novel biometric system.
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Mambwe, M., E. M. Mwanaumo, F. Phiri, and K. Chabota. "The Construction Subcontracting Policy Framework for Developing Local Contractors Capacities in Zambia." Journal of Construction Business and Management 4, no. 1 (April 27, 2020): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/jcbm.4.1.644.
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The Zambian construction industry, like many developing countries, has over the past years experienced an imbalance in the distribution of works between local and foreign contractors. In a bid to bridge the gap, the Government of the Republic of Zambia in 2012 introduced a policy on subcontracting which provided for mandatory subcontracting of 20% of all major contracts to local contractors. There has however been outcries from subcontractors that the policy has not been beneficial. The study sought to investigate subcontracting practices in order to develop a framework for building capacity for local contractors within the construction industry in Zambia. The objective of the study was to explore the regulatory requirements on subcontracting in Zambia and establish the 20% subcontracting policy inadquescies . The study adopted the mixed-method approach in which both semi-structured interviews (main contractors, sub-contractors consultants and project owners) and survey questionnaire were adopted for primary data collection. The questionnaire was distributed to 70 respondents and a response rate of 71% was attained. The investigation was conducted on 40 projects implemented in Zambia between 2012 and 2015. The study established four major deficiencies of the policy which include: subcontractors do not participate early in the procurement process and are introduced after contract is awarded; no clear guidelines on the implementation of the policy; subcontractors do not take part in determining works; and it is difficult to grow capacity of local contractors using the 20% subcontracting policy because contractors engaged to be main on projects do not show interest in developing and building local contractors capacity due to lack of incentives. A framework was developed that can be used to meet the study objectives and that of the policy in subcontracting and reduce the current inadequacies. The study recommended the use of the proposed framework by the government to reduce the current gaps.
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Maringa, Wairimu M., Peter N. Mwangi, Julia Simwaka, Evans M. Mpabalwani, Jason M. Mwenda, Ina Peenze, Mathew D. Esona, M. Jeffrey Mphahlele, Mapaseka L. Seheri, and Martin M. Nyaga. "Molecular Characterisation of a Rare Reassortant Porcine-Like G5P[6] Rotavirus Strain Detected in an Unvaccinated Child in Kasama, Zambia." Pathogens 9, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9080663.
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A human-porcine reassortant strain, RVA/Human-wt/ZMB/UFS-NGS-MRC-DPRU4723/2014/G5P[6], was identified in a sample collected in 2014 from an unvaccinated 12 month old male hospitalised for gastroenteritis in Zambia. We sequenced and characterised the complete genome of this strain which presented the constellation: G5-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. The genotype A8 is often observed in porcine strains. Phylogenetic analyses showed that VP6, VP7, NSP2, NSP4, and NSP5 genes were closely related to cognate gene sequences of porcine strains (e.g., RVA/Pig-wt/CHN/DZ-2/2013/G5P[X] for VP7) from the NCBI database, while VP1, VP3, VP4, and NSP3 were closely related to porcine-like human strains (e.g., RVA/Human-wt/CHN/E931/2008/G4P[6] for VP1, and VP3). On the other hand, the origin of the VP2 was not clear from our analyses, as it was not only close to both porcine (e.g., RVA/Pig-tc/CHN/SWU-1C/2018/G9P[13]) and porcine-like human strains (e.g., RVA/Human-wt/LKA/R1207/2009/G4P[6]) but also to three human strains (e.g., RVA/Human-wt/USA/1476/1974/G1P[8]). The VP7 gene was located in lineage II that comprised only porcine strains, which suggests the occurrence of independent porcine-to-human reassortment events. The study strain may have collectively been derived through interspecies transmission, or through reassortment event(s) involving strains of porcine and porcine-like human origin. The results of this study underline the importance of whole-genome characterisation of rotavirus strains and provide insights into interspecies transmissions from porcine to humans.
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Olp, Landon N., Adrien Jeanniard, Clemence Marimo, John T. West, and Charles Wood. "Whole-Genome Sequencing of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus from Zambian Kaposi's Sarcoma Biopsy Specimens Reveals Unique Viral Diversity." Journal of Virology 89, no. 24 (September 30, 2015): 12299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01712-15.
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ABSTRACTKaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Both KSHV and KS are endemic in sub-Saharan Africa where approximately 84% of global KS cases occur. Nevertheless, whole-genome sequencing of KSHV has only been completed using isolates from Western countries—where KS is not endemic. The lack of whole-genome KSHV sequence data from the most clinically important geographical region, sub-Saharan Africa, represents an important gap since it remains unclear whether genomic diversity has a role on KSHV pathogenesis. We hypothesized that distinct KSHV genotypes might be present in sub-Saharan Africa compared to Western countries. Using a KSHV-targeted enrichment protocol followed by Illumina deep-sequencing, we generated and analyzed 16 unique Zambian, KS-derived, KSHV genomes. We enriched KSHV DNA over cellular DNA 1,851 to 18,235-fold. Enrichment provided coverage levels up to 24,740-fold; therefore, supporting highly confident polymorphism analysis. Multiple alignment of the 16 newly sequenced KSHV genomes showed low level variability across the entire central conserved region. This variability resulted in distinct phylogenetic clustering between Zambian KSHV genomic sequences and those derived from Western countries. Importantly, the phylogenetic segregation of Zambian from Western sequences occurred irrespective of inclusion of the highly variable genes K1 and K15. We also show that four genes within the more conserved region of the KSHV genome contained polymorphisms that partially, but not fully, contributed to the unique Zambian KSHV whole-genome phylogenetic structure. Taken together, our data suggest that the whole KSHV genome should be taken into consideration for accurate viral characterization.IMPORTANCEOur results represent the largest number of KSHV whole-genomic sequences published to date and the first time that multiple genomes have been sequenced from sub-Saharan Africa, a geographic area where KS is highly endemic. Based on our new sequence data, it is apparent that whole-genome KSHV diversity is greater than previously appreciated and differential phylogenetic clustering exists between viral genomes of Zambia and Western countries. Furthermore, individual genes may be insufficient for KSHV genetic characterization. Continued investigation of the KSHV genetic landscape is necessary in order to effectively understand the role of viral evolution and sequence diversity on KSHV gene functions and pathogenesis.
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Simwaka, Julia, Mapaseka Seheri, Gina Mulundu, Patrick Kaonga, Jason M. Mwenda, Roma Chilengi, Evans Mpabalwani, and Sody Munsaka. "Rotavirus breakthrough infections responsible for gastroenteritis in vaccinated infants who presented with acute diarrhoea at University Teaching Hospitals, Children’s Hospital in 2016, in Lusaka Zambia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): e0246025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246025.
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Background In Zambia, before rotavirus vaccine introduction, the virus accounted for about 10 million episodes of diarrhoea, 63 000 hospitalisations and 15 000 deaths in 2015, making diarrhoea the third leading cause of death after pneumonia and malaria. In Zambia, despite the introduction of the vaccine acute diarrhoea due to rotaviruses has continued to affect children aged five years and below. This study aimed to characterise the rotavirus genotypes which were responsible for diarrhoeal infections in vaccinated infants aged 2 to 12 months and to determine the relationship between rotavirus strains and the severity of diarrhoea in 2016. Methods Stool samples from infants aged 2 to 12 months who presented to the hospital with acute diarrhoea of three or more episodes in 24 hours were tested for group A rotavirus. All positive specimens that had enough sample were genotyped using reverse transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). A 20-point Vesikari clinical score between 1–5 was considered as mild, 6–10 as moderate and greater or equal to 11 as severe. Results A total of 424 stool specimens were tested of which 153 (36%, 95% CI 31.5% to 40.9%) were positive for VP6 rotavirus antigen. The age-specific rotavirus infections decreased significantly (p = 0.041) from 2–4 months, 32.0% (49/118) followed by a 38.8% (70/181) infection rate in the 5–8 months’ category and subsequently dropped in the infants aged 9–12 months with a positivity rate of 27.2%. 38.5% of infants who received a single dose, 34.5% of those who received a complete dose and 45.2% (19/42) of the unvaccinated tested positive for rotavirus. The predominant rotavirus genotypes included G2P[6] 36%, G1P[8] 32%, mixed infections 19%, G2P[4] 6%, G1P[6] 4% and G9P[6] 3%. Discussion and conclusion Results suggest breakthrough infection of heterotypic strains (G2P[6] (36%), homotypic, G1P[8] (32%) and mixed infections (19%) raises concerns about the effects of the vaccination on the rotavirus diversity, considering the selective pressure that rotavirus vaccines could exert on viral populations. This data indicates that the rotavirus vaccine has generally reduced the severity of diarrhoea despite the detection of the virus strains.
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Banda, Boniface, and Pailet Chewe. "Circulation Regulations and Their Effect on User Return of Books." International Journal of Library and Information Services 10, no. 2 (July 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijlis.20210701.oa12.
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The problem of delays in returning library books is common to all categories of library users at the University of Zambia. However, little is known about what causes the delay in returning the borrowed books. To address this gap, the authors investigated circulation policies at Zambia’s leading academic library. The objective was to establish the effect of library regulations on the return of library books. Using a survey method, the study targeted 90 full-time students who were randomly selected. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences while qualitative data were coded and analyzed thematically. The results revealed that circulation policies have an effect on returning the borrowed books by users. These findings provide a useful contribution to the dearth of literature on this subject and offer valuable information to inform future planning.
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Malambo, Tseko, and Qinghui Huang. "Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting as an Alternative Domestic Water Resource in Zambia." Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 04, no. 13 (2016): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gep.2016.413003.
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Mbao, Melvin L. M. "The Investment Act, 1986 of Zambia." Journal of African Law 30, no. 2 (1986): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300006574.
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Twenty years ago Zambia was riding a wave of seemingly unstoppable prosperity. Income per capita was the highest amongst sub-Saharan African countries. The high copper prices on which Zambia's wealth was based enabled the government to pursue ambitious social welfare programmes. However since the second half of 1974 the bottom has fallen out of the copper market as a result of recession in most of the copper-consuming countries and technical advances in industry which have reduced the need for copper. In the decade since then Zambia's economy has deteriorated progressively as can be gleaned from these statistics: GDP per capita in constant (1970) prices declined by about 25 per cent, between 1974 and 1983; per capita incomes fell by 44 per cent, during 1974—85 period; the level of real imports in 1984 was only 40 per cent, of the average level in the early 1970s; scarcity of foreign exchange has reduced capacity utilisation to low levels (in the last quarter of 1985 it was estimated that the industrial sector was operating only at about 30 per cent, of capacity and in some individual companies the situation was so serious that some once-thriving factories had had to close down for lack of essential spares and raw materials) and the investment rate fell from 41 per cent, in 1975 to about 12 per cent, in 1984. The expenditure in the public sector for operation and maintenance is underfunded, resulting in marked deterioriation of standards in public services, especially health and education.
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Kabelenga, Isaac. "Zambian elders’ experiences and perceptions of the generation gap." Anthropological Researches and Studies 7, no. 1 (January 15, 2017): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26758/7.1.1.
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Odhiambo, Nicholas M. "The Impact Of Inflation On Financial Sector Development: Experience From Zambia." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 28, no. 6 (October 26, 2012): 1497. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v28i6.7357.
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This study examines the impact of inflation on financial development in Zambia during the period between 1980 and 2011. The study attempts to answer two critical questions: 1) Is there a long-run relationship between inflation and financial sector development in Zambia? 2) Does inflation in Zambia have any negative effect on financial sector development? The study uses the recently developed ARDL-bounds testing approach to examine this linkage. In order to address the problem of omission of variable bias, the study incorporates other variables, such as government expenditure, trade volume and GDP per capita in the financial development model, alongside inflation thereby, creating a simple multivariate model. Using the domestic credit to the private sector as a proxy for financial development, the study finds that there is a long-run relationship between inflation and financial development in Zambia. The study also finds that there is a distinctively negative relationship between inflation and financial development. The results apply, irrespective of whether the model is estimated in the short run or in the long run.
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Kauye, Felix. "Management of mental health services in Malawi." International Psychiatry 5, no. 2 (April 2008): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600005531.
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Malawi is a country in sub-Saharan Africa bordering Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia. It has an area of approximately 118000 km2 and is divided into northern, central and southern regions. It has an estimated population of 13 million, 47% of whom are under 15 years of age and just 5% over 60 years. Its economy is largely based on agriculture, with tobacco being the main export. The projected growth in gross domestic product (GDP) for 2007 was 8.8%; GDP per capita was $284 per annum.
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BARTON, STUART JOHN. "Why Zambia failed." Journal of Institutional Economics 11, no. 4 (November 6, 2014): 803–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137414000526.
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Abstract:Daron Acemoglu, James Robinson and others are explaining divergent economic histories with qualitative measures of institutional quality – including Acemoglu and Robinson's popular inclusive/extractive dichotomy. While quantitative studies have sort to confirm these links using econometric proxies, few empirical accounts have shownhowthese proxies, or indeed the institutions they seek to represent actually influenced economic growth. This study helps fill that gap by testing whether evidence in Zambia's post-colonial history supports a proposed econometric link between its institutional quality and its slow economic growth. Support for this link is found in foreign investors’ interpretation of declining institutional constraint on Zambia's President as the potential for increased policy volatility, and as such an economic inducement to delay critical investment to Zambia's capital constrained economy. These findings add weight to the institutional argument in general, as well as present one concrete example in history of a mechanism through which institutional quality affected economic growth.
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Bing, Eric G., Megan L. Brown, Anthony Cuevas, Richard Sullivan, and Groesbeck P. Parham. "User Experience With Low-Cost Virtual Reality Cancer Surgery Simulation in an African Setting." JCO Global Oncology, no. 7 (March 2021): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00510.
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PURPOSE Limited access to adequate cancer surgery training is one of the driving forces behind global inequities in surgical cancer care. Affordable virtual reality (VR) surgical training could enhance surgical skills in low- and middle-income settings, but most VR and augmented reality systems are too expensive and do not teach open surgical techniques commonly practiced in these contexts. New low-cost VR can offer skill development simulations relevant to these settings, but little is known about how knowledge is gained and applied by surgeons training and working in specific resource-constrained settings. This study addresses this gap, exploring gynecologic oncology trainee learning and user experience using a low-cost VR simulator to learn to perform an open radical abdominal hysterectomy in Lusaka, Zambia. METHODS Eleven surgical trainees rotating through the gynecologic oncology service were sequentially recruited from the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka to participate in a study evaluating a VR radical abdominal hysterectomy training designed to replicate the experience in a Zambian hospital. Six participated in semi-structured interviews following the training. Interviews were analyzed using open and axial coding, informed by grounded theory. RESULTS Simulator participation increased participants' perception of their surgical knowledge, confidence, and skills. Participants believed their skills transferred to other related surgical procedures. Having clear goals and motivation to improve were described as factors that influenced success. CONCLUSION For cancer surgery trainees in lower-resourced settings learning medical and surgical skills, even for those with limited VR experience, low-cost VR simulators may enhance anatomical knowledge and confidence. The VR simulator reinforced anatomical and clinical knowledge acquired through other modalities. VR-enhanced learning may be particularly valuable when mentored learning opportunities are limited.
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Henning, Margaret J., Joseph M. Zulu, Charles Michelo, Stephanie Simmons Zuilkowski, and Candace Hubner. "Adolescent Mothers’ Experiences With Community Health Assistants in Rural Zambia." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 40, no. 4 (December 26, 2019): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272684x19896737.
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Adolescent health demands specific attention because adolescents have the lowest levels of health-care coverage of any age-group globally. The main objective as addressed in this article was to explore the lived experience of adolescent mothers and the services provided to them by community health assistants (CHAs) in rural Zambia. Because the number of adolescent mothers in rural Zambia is so high, it is even more critical to describe the lived experiences of health care among these young women with particular emphasis on primary health care as delivered by CHAs in rural Zambia. We used a mixed-methods design to address our research questions. Data were collected from nine focus groups, which were conducted with young mothers from four provinces and 10 districts ( n = 60). To support our effort to better understand the delivery of maternal and child health care in rural Zambia, key informant interviews were conducted with adolescent mothers ( n = 12). We also conducted surveys ( n = 44) and one-on-one interviews ( n = 22) with CHAs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study focused on the intersection of adolescents, maternal child health, and CHA delivery of care in Zambia. The results of our study suggest opportunities for change to operational practices within the rural health-care setting and the need to develop structured and age-appropriate services that focus on adolescents. This work addresses the gap in research for adolescents in health care in rural Zambia and brings attention to the unique health-care needs of adolescent mothers within the rural health-care setting.
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Ncube, Douglas. "Agricultural Distortions and Economic Growth in Southern Africa: Evidence from Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe (1970-2011)." Open Agriculture Journal 11, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501711010035.
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Introduction:The first decade of 2000 was considered Africa’s decade of unprecedented growth as it was the fastest growing region in the world. This growth is believed to have largely been a benefit of the commodity super-cycle which is beginning to tail-off. Analysts perceive that growth in Africa is currently more threatened by global trends and region specific risks around agriculture and politics.Statement of the problem:It has been noted that African countries have experienced stagnant or declining agricultural productivity growth rates, increasing rural poverty, hunger and malnutrition coupled with low competitiveness in global markets over the decades.Methodology:Using the database on Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, the World Development Indicators and the Penn World Tables, the determinants of economic growth in Southern Africa and the impacts of a pro or anti agricultural policy regime on economic growth were investigated. In this study, three Southern Africa countries were investigated, that is, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe.Results:The Panel Data Analysis results suggest that 1% decrease in the degree of anti-agriculture policy bias results in a 0.1% increase in real per capita GDP. Further, 1% increase in the share of gross capital formation in GDP results in 0.04% increase in real per capita GDP.Conclusion:The study showed that reducing direct and indirect, implicit and explicit taxation to agriculture relative to non-agriculture sector would result in improved economic growth in the three Southern African countries of Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.
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Evans, Alice. "‘For the Elections, We Want Women!’: Closing the Gender Gap in Zambian Politics." Development and Change 47, no. 2 (March 2016): 388–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dech.12224.
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Kayaga, S., and C. Kadimba-Mwanamwambwa. "Bridging Zambia's water service gap: NGO/community partnerships." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 159, no. 3 (September 2006): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wama.2006.159.3.155.
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Mwanang'ono, Mulambwa. "Proposed Synergies between Indigenous and Modern Systems of Environmental Education in Addressing Development Planning in Zambia." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (March 31, 2012): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.1.1.367.
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The study drew inspiration from the need to counteract the ensuing failures of
modern systems in addressing development challenges especially at local level
despite several efforts by government to invest resources in poverty reduction
and general developmental interventions. The study identified the alienation of
indigenous knowledge systems in the mainstream modern systems of Environmental
Education (EE) and development planning as a compounding problem that accounted
for development stagnation in the communities. This alienation created the gap in
knowledge since modern systems were generally found to be inadequate in addressing
developmental issues, particularly at a local level. The lack of local relevance of most
modern systems justified the call for integration of indigenous systems.
The study focused on the need to establish linkages between the modern and
indigenous systems of environmental education and their influence on development
planning in Zambia. In so doing, the study proposed an approach to remedy the
alienation of indigenous systems in the mainstream processes of EE and development
planning by suggesting a synergy between the two systems. The study involved
an assessment of some inherent policies, strategies, processes, methodologies and
perceptions about EE and development planning. It, therefore, largely dealt with non-
concrete ideas to which the reader is introduced. This point is crucial in appreciating
the main orientation of the study.
Descriptive research design was applied with qualitative approaches. The respondents
were purposively sampled and included government officers and other modern experts,
NGOs, and traditional leaders. A comparative analysis of modern systems was further
made through a global dimension where the Zambian modern system and that of
selected foreign countries, Germany and Montenegro were reviewed.
The study established that the approaches applied in environmental education and
general nature conservation were related to the country’s guiding principles which also
reflected the overall vision, where it existed. Furthermore, a number of environmental
policy instruments were examined and the following were identified as the main
instruments: Direct regulation, Indirect regulation, Self-regulation, and A combination of the above instruments.
Proposed Synergies Between Indigenous and Modern Systems of Environmental Education
From the study results, differences in perceptions of and approaches to environmental
education were evident at both country and individual levels. For instance, while in
Zambia, environmental education was a school subject, in Germany it was not but
its ideals were generally incorporated in the teaching of all subjects. In Montenegro,
too, there was no school subject called environmental education but the concept had
greatly influenced the school curriculum such that emphasis was put on environmental
content in all the subjects, focusing more on human-nature relationships.
The study also showed that direct regulation had been prioritised in Zambia
compared to self-regulation and this had a bearing on public participation in
development decision-making processes which are largely carried out in the planning
cycles. Varying perceptions were also identified at individual level among the modern
experts interviewed both in Zambia and those from other countries. However, existing
opportunities for synergy formulation at all levels were identified and based on these a
synergy was suggested.
Arising from the above observations the study recommended, among other things,
that the modern systems should adopt a broadened approach that promotes direct
contact with nature from a multi-dimensional perspective. This would also call for
curriculum and planning systems review to create an enabling education policy
and planning framework that would provide practical support to such an approach.
The promotion of culture, which was identified as a storage device for indigenous
knowledge, was also recommended to be prioritised.
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Nyoni, Kumbuso Joshua, Anesu Maronga, Paul Gerard Tuohy, and Agabu Shane. "Hydro–Connected Floating PV Renewable Energy System and Onshore Wind Potential in Zambia." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 5330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175330.
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The adoption of a diversification strategy of the energy mix to include low-water consumption technologies, such as floating photovoltaics (FPV) and onshore wind turbines, would improve the resilience of the Zambian hydro-dependent power system, thereby addressing the consequences of climate change and variability. Four major droughts that were experienced in the past fifteen years in the country exacerbated the problems in load management strategies in the recent past. Against this background, a site appraisal methodology was devised for the potential of linking future and existing hydropower sites with wind and FPV. This appraisal was then applied in Zambia to all the thirteen existing hydropower sites, of which three were screened off, and the remaining ten were scored and ranked according to attribute suitability. A design-scoping methodology was then created that aimed to assess the technical parameters of the national electricity grid, hourly generation profiles of existing scenarios, and the potential of variable renewable energy generation. The results at the case study site revealed that the wind and FPV integration reduced the network’s real power losses by 5% and improved the magnitude profile of the voltage at nearby network buses. The onshore wind, along with FPV, also added 341 GWh/year to the national energy generation capacity to meet the 4.93 TWh annual energy demand, in the presence of 4.59 TWh of hydro with a virtual battery storage potential of approximately 7.4% of annual hydropower generation. This was achieved at a competitive levelized cost of electricity of GBP 0.055/kWh. Moreover, floating PV is not being presented as a competitor to ground-mounted systems, but rather as a complementary technology in specific applications (i.e., retrofitting on hydro reservoirs). This study should be extended to all viable water bodies, and grid technical studies should be conducted to provide guidelines for large-scale variable renewable energy source (VRES) integration, ultimately contributing to shaping a resilient and sustainable energy transition.
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Fwasa K Singogo and Emmanuel Ziramba. "An Analysis of Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittances in Southern Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 11, no. 4(J) (September 26, 2019): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v11i4(j).2919.
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The study analyzed macroeconomic determinants of remittances in Southern Africa and used annual data for the period ranging from 2003-2016. The macroeconomic determinants used include: remittances themselves, inflation rate, GDP growth rate, nominal exchange rate, broad money and age dependency ratio. A panel study was carried out using both the fixed and random methods of which the random method was found to be most appropriate. The countries included in the study were Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland and Zambia. It was found that of the variables used, only changes/improvements in the home countries’ economic environment and the exchange rate were statistically significant.
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Mulenga, Gloria M., Lars Henning, Kalinga Chilongo, Chrisborn Mubamba, Boniface Namangala, and Bruce Gummow. "Insights into the Control and Management of Human and Bovine African Trypanosomiasis in Zambia between 2009 and 2019—A Review." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 3 (July 11, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030115.
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Tsetse transmitted trypanosomiasis is a fatal disease commonly known as Nagana in cattle and sleeping sickness in humans. The disease threatens food security and has severe economic impact in Africa including most parts of Zambia. The level of effectiveness of commonly used African trypanosomiasis control methods has been reported in several studies. However, there have been no review studies on African trypanosomiasis control and management conducted in the context of One Health. This paper therefore seeks to fill this knowledge gap. A review of studies that have been conducted on African trypanosomiasis in Zambia between 2009 and 2019, with a focus on the control and management of trypanosomiasis was conducted. A total of 2238 articles were screened, with application of the search engines PubMed, PubMed Central and One Search. Out of these articles, 18 matched the required criteria and constituted the basis for the paper. An in-depth analysis of the 18 articles was conducted to identify knowledge gaps and evidence for best practices. Findings from this review provide stakeholders and health workers with a basis for prioritisation of African trypanosomiasis as an important neglected disease in Zambia and for formulation of One Health strategies for better control and/or management of the disease.
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Sichone, Joseph, Martin C. Simuunza, Bernard M. Hang’ombe, and Mervis Kikonko. "Estimating the basic reproduction number for the 2015 bubonic plague outbreak in Nyimba district of Eastern Zambia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): e0008811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008811.
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Background Plague is a re-emerging flea-borne infectious disease of global importance and in recent years, Zambia has periodically experienced increased incidence of outbreaks of this disease. However, there are currently no studies in the country that provide a quantitative assessment of the ability of the disease to spread during these outbreaks. This limits our understanding of the epidemiology of the disease especially for planning and implementing quantifiable and cost-effective control measures. To fill this gap, the basic reproduction number, R0, for bubonic plague was estimated in this study, using data from the 2015 Nyimba district outbreak, in the Eastern province of Zambia. R0 is the average number of secondary infections arising from a single infectious individual during their infectious period in an entirely susceptible population. Methodology/Principal findings Secondary epidemic data for the most recent 2015 Nyimba district bubonic plague outbreak in Zambia was analyzed. R0 was estimated as a function of the average epidemic doubling time based on the initial exponential growth rate of the outbreak and the average infectious period for bubonic plague. R0 was estimated to range between 1.5599 [95% CI: 1.382–1.7378] and 1.9332 [95% CI: 1.6366–2.2297], with average of 1.7465 [95% CI: 1.5093–1.9838]. Further, an SIR deterministic mathematical model was derived for this infection and this estimated R0 to be between 1.4 to 1.5, which was within the range estimated above. Conclusions/Significance This estimated R0 for bubonic plague is an indication that each bubonic plague case can typically give rise to almost two new cases during these outbreaks. This R0 estimate can now be used to quantitatively analyze and plan measurable interventions against future plague outbreaks in Zambia.
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Curry, Caitlin J., Paula A. White, and James N. Derr. "Mitochondrial Haplotype Diversity in Zambian Lions: Bridging a Gap in the Biogeography of an Iconic Species." PLOS ONE 10, no. 12 (December 16, 2015): e0143827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143827.
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Mwalupaso, Wang, Rahman, Alavo, and Tian. "Agricultural Informatization and Technical Efficiency in Maize Production in Zambia." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 2451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082451.
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The cropland productivity gap between Africa and the rest of the world is widening. Fortunately, increasing farmers’ access to useful agricultural information reduces the costs of searching for information, thereby leading to higher agricultural productivity and sustainability. This study investigates the association between the adoption of mobile phones to collect agricultural information and farmers’ technical efficiency (TE) in Zambia. Different from previous studies, we focus on the actual use of mobile phones by farmers rather than mere ownership. Farmers were selected using a two-stage sampling procedure, and the Cobb-Douglas (CD) production function is adopted to estimate the association using two approaches—the conventional stochastic production frontier (SPF) and propensity score matching-stochastic production frontier (PSM-SPF) model. In both cases, we found that the use of mobile phones is significantly and positively associated with farmers’ TE. However, the conventional SFP model exaggerates the TE scores by 5.3% due to its failure to mitigate biases from observed variables. Regarding the agricultural growth indicators (income and output) related to TE, a close inspection reveals that increasing mobile phone use to close the TE gap between the two groups could result in a 5.13% and 8.21% reduction in severity of poverty and extreme poverty, respectively. Additional research is essential to corroborate the findings and analyze the potential causal mechanisms. Our study provides strong evidence to promote mobile phone use in agricultural production in rural Zambia.
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Sasaki, Michihito, Yasuko Orba, Satoko Sasaki, Gabriel Gonzalez, Akihiro Ishii, Bernard M. Hang’ombe, Aaron S. Mweene, Kimihito Ito, and Hirofumi Sawa. "Multi-reassortant G3P[3] group A rotavirus in a horseshoe bat in Zambia." Journal of General Virology 97, no. 10 (October 13, 2016): 2488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000591.
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Likashi, Danny Vumbi, Ravi Paul, and Luty Jason. "The Proportion of Binge Drinking Among Female Social Drinkers of Kalingalinga in Lusaka, Zambia: A Pilot Study." Global Psychiatry 2, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gp-2019-0005.
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AbstractObjectivesAlcohol is a psychoactive substance with dependence-producing properties. Alcohol’s harmful use causes large burden diseases like social and economic burden in societies. Binge drinking is one of the commonest forms of alcohol misuse and has been on an increase among many young women, who find alcohol a source of pleasure and enjoyment when they have timeout with friends and peers. Since binge drinking involves consumption of alcohol on an irregular basis, it may not be viewed as a hazardous form of alcohol use by many drinkers. The present study is aimed at estimating the proportion of female binge drinkers in the population of female social drinkers in Kalingalinga township of Lusaka, the capital city of Zambia. We hypothesised that the proportion of binge drinking in the population of female social drinkers is significantly high.MethodsThrough snowball sampling, 100 questionnaires (i.e., Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-AUDIT) were successfully distributed to and collected from the female social drinkers aged 20–39 years between August and September, 2016. A two-fold process was followed in identifying the binge drinkers; screening for hazardous alcohol drinkers by identifying those that scored 8 points or above in the first place, and thereafter, identifying binge drinking characteristics from the hazardous drinkers by following scores from the first three questions on the AUDIT.ResultsThe results reviewed that 54 of the 100 participants had some form of hazardous alcohol use and 30 of the 54 hazardous drinkers possessed some binge drinking characteristics. The proportion of female binge drinkers in a population of female alcohol drinkers was estimated to be 0.556 (56.6%), while in the general population, it was estimated to be 0.094. This implies that 9.4% of women aged 20–39 years of Kalingalinga in Lusaka engage in alcohol binge drinking, consuming on average 7–9 drinks on occasion almost on a weekly basis. Further, if 56% of all female alcohol drinkers aged 20–39 years seem to engage in some form of alcohol binge drinking, it means that that binge drinking is the highest form of alcohol misuse among these female drinkers.ConclusionThe results of the present study suggest that there is more alcohol binge drinking among the female social drinkers of Kalingalinga in Lusaka, with an estimated proportion of 0.556 (55.6%) among the female alcohol drinkers and 0.094 (9.4%) in the general population of females aged between 20–39 years. The implication is that alcohol binge drinking seems to be the highest form of alcohol misuse among female drinkers in Kalingalinga.
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Luengo Gascón, Elvira. "María Zambrano: "La confesión: género literario" como lenguaje del sujeto." Tropelías: Revista de Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada 1, no. 18 (January 9, 2012): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_tropelias/tropelias.201218559.
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María Zambrano presenta en su obra algunas claves en muchos de sus escritos que se reiteran y reaparecen en La Confesión: género literario, texto sobre el que nos detenemos en estas páginas. Claves que encierran un lenguaje del sujeto entendido como confesión (Zambrano, 1943) que se comunica en la escritura bajo el secreto y la soledad (Zambrano, 1934); como visión moderna de la fragmentación del ser, de autobiografía imposible (Revilla, 2005) y de desafío al planteamiento masculino de la cultura occidental (Tomassi, 2001). A su vez, conecta con las corrientes poéticas y filosóficas más importantes de la historia de la humanidad analizando la Razón vital del existir transformándola en Razón poética. La mirada femenina de Zambrano muestra un vacío en la filosofía y la necesidad de encontrar la intimidad, la identidad del sujeto y la figura propia en el encuentro con la realidad total, esto es, con la memoria como presencia y sede del conocimiento. María Zambrano presents in her writings some clues, many of which are repeated and reappear in La Confesión: género literario, text on which we dwell on these pages. These clues contain a language of the subject treated as confession (Zambrano, 1943) which communicates in writing under the secret and loneliness (Zambrano, 1934); as modern view of the fragmentation of being, of impossible autobiography (Revilla, 2005) and challenge to the male approach to Western culture (Tomassi, 2001). In turn, it connects with the most important poetic and philosophical currents of human history by analyzing the Vital Reason transforming it into Poetic Reason. Zambrano’s female view shows a gap in the philosophy and the need to find privacy, the subject's identity and the own figure in the encounter with the total reality, that is, with memory as presence and location of knowledge.
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Makgetla, Neva Seidman. "Theoretical and Practical Implications of I.M.F. Conditionality in Zambia." Journal of Modern African Studies 24, no. 3 (September 1986): 395–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00007096.
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Zambia has faced an economic crisis since 1975. Living standards for most of the population have deteriorated sharply, with falling real wages and a drop in G.D.P. per capita by about a quarter. At the same time, the gap between the high- and low-income groups has probably widened.Zambia's economic difficulties originated in international factors. In the two decades of independence, and unusually high degree of external dependency, inherited from the colonial era, continued to chatacterise the economy. Imported inputs accounted for at least one-third of all costs in mining and manufacturing, as may be seen from Table I. Meanwhile, the production of copper and relate minerals contributed a steady nine-tenths of export revenues. But in 1975, the terms of trade for copper plummeted by nearly 50 per cent, and merchandise imports promptly contracted by almost one-quarter, seriously affecting production. Since then the price of copper has stagnated.
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Sadiq Umar, Abubakar, Isah Mohammed Bello, Joseph Chukwudi Okeibunor, Pascal Mkanda, Godwin Ubong Akpan, Daudi Manyanya, Shibeshi Messeret Eshetu, et al. "The Effect of Real Time Integrated Supportive Supervision Visits on the Performance of Health Workers in Zambia." Journal of Immunological Sciences Special Issue, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29245/2578-3009/2021/s2.1109.
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The use of online Integrated Supportive Supervision (ISS) is aimed to improve the quality of services provided by front line health workers. This work is aimed to document the effects of ISS on the performance of health workers in Zambia using selected key surveillance and immunization process indicators. ISS data on WHO ODK server of all Integrated Supportive Supervisory (ISS) visits that were conducted in Zambia between 1st January 2018 to 30th September 2018 were analysed to determine the Percentage point difference between the first and the most recent ISS visits in order to determine whether an observed gap during first ISS visit had persisted during the most recent ISS visit. Our study demonstrated that ISS has remarkable percentage point increase between the first and the most recent ISS visits on availability of an updated monitoring chart, health workers knowledge of AFP case definition and AFP case files. However, there exist variations in the frequency of ISS visits across the provinces of the country. Future research effort should consider assessing the quality of the ISS data through periodic data validation missions.
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Syamuleya, Vivienne Nambule, Isaac Sing’ombe, Fridah Mutalife, Sikhanyiso Mutemwa, Elliot Kafumukache, and Krikor Erzingatsian. "The anatomy of the Lamina terminalis and Cisterna Chiasmatica: A cadaveric study at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia." Anatomy Journal of Africa 8, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 1452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aja.v8i1.183966.
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The Lamina Terminalis represents an important neuroanatomical structure by which third Ventriculostomy could be performed into the subarachnoid space through the Cisterna Chiasmatica. Recent studies have indicated a role for Lamina Terminalis fenestration in approaching pathologies of the third ventricle. However, there is limited knowledge on the anatomical features, variations and the vasculature of the Lamina Terminalis in a Zambian population. This study was aimed to explore the anatomy of the Lamina Terminalis, the Cisterna Chiasmatica and its neurovascular relationships as seen in a Zambian population and compare with the findings in the literature. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional design in which 32 post-mortem human cadaveric brains were systematically sampled. The Lamina Terminalis region was examined in 27 male cadavers and five female cadavers of age range between 25 and 66 years (mean 34.1 ± 9.2years). Data was collected using a data collection form, entered and analyzed by descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22. Mean and standard deviations were used to describe variables. The base of the brain was detached from the floor of the cranial cavity and the Lamina Terminalis exposed fully by retracting both optic nerves and the optic Chiasma posteroinferiorly. Thetriangular Lamina Terminalis measurements were performed as the distance between the midportion of the upper aspect of the chiasma and the lower aspect of the anterior commissure (height), which averaged 8.6 ±1.0mm. The distance between the medial edges of the optic tracts (base) averaged 13.1 ±1.1mm and the area averaged 56.9 ± 11.6mm2. The Lamina Terminalis membrane showed variations in appearance; 20 were transparent with a large dark midline gap and 10 were less translucent with a slender midline gap and two were indistinct. The Cisterna Chiasmatica was observed as a dilated subarachnoid space adjacent to the Optic Chiasma. For neurovascular relationships, 24 cadavers showed arterioles arising from the posterosuperior aspect of the anterior cerebral artery to perforate the anterior perforating substance(s), supplying the chiasma, and optic tracts; whereas, eight cadavers showed arterioles arising posteroinferiorly and ramifying on the Lamina Terminalis. The Lamina Terminalis membrane is variably developed. There are variations in the membrane appearance, measurements and neurovascular relationships. These findings will supplement a knowledge gap in neuroanatomy and help prevent complications during Lamina Terminalis fenestration in approaching pathologies of the third ventricle.Key words: Lamina Terminalis, Cisterna Chiasmatica, Third Ventriculostomy
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Kaonga, Naomi, Bernard M. Hang’ombe, Athumani M. Lupindu, and Abubakar S. Hoza. "Detection of CTX-M-Type Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Salmonella Typhimurium in Commercial Poultry Farms in Copperbelt Province, Zambia." German Journal of Veterinary Research 1, no. 2 (July 2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2021.2.0011.
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In Zambia, poultry is a rapidly increasing sector contributing 4.8% of the Agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP), thus providing a significant income-generating activity. Worldwide, poultry is a major reservoir of Salmonella with an increasing incidence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains. ESBLs are enzymes produced by bacteria and are capable of inactivating a wide range of beta-lactam antibiotics. Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium are the most important foodborne serotypes in many countries, infecting both humans and animals and are transmitted to humans through the food supply chain. CTX-M ESBLs have been described in Salmonella Typhimurium isolates with resistant genes located on transferable plasmids. This study aimed to detect S. Typhimurium, their antimicrobial resistance, and CTX-M-type ESBL Producing strains in commercial poultry farms in Copperbelt Province, Zambia. Five districts were considered for this study, where one poultry farm per district was randomly selected for sampling. An overall number of 384 fecal samples were analyzed using microbiological and molecular methods. S. Typhimurium was detected at 17.7% (CI: 14.2%-21.8%) in commercial poultry farms in Copperbelt Province, of which 12.8% (CI: 9.8%-16.5%) were found harboring the CTX-M-Type ESBL genes. S. Typhimurium isolates showed 88.2% resistance to at least one antimicrobial compound. All the isolates showed 100% resistance to tetracycline, followed by ampicillin and amoxicillin at 91.2%. These isolates also showed 58.8% resistance to cefotaxime and 54.4% to ceftazidime. Detection of CTX-M ESBL producing Salmonella Typhimurium suggests the contamination of chicken food chain at farm level and calls for public health protection measures.
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Patel, Archana A., Leah Wibecan, Owen Tembo, Prisca Kalyelye, Manoj Mathews, and Ornella Ciccone. "Improving paediatric epilepsy management at the first level of care: a pilot education intervention for clinical officers in Zambia." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e029322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029322.
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ObjectiveEpilepsy affects approximately 50 million people globally, with approximately 80% living in low/middle-income countries (LMIC), where access to specialist care is limited. In LMIC, primary health workers provide the majority of epilepsy care, despite limited training in this field. Recognising this knowledge gap among these providers is an essential component for closing the epilepsy treatment gap in these regions.SettingIn Zambia, the vast majority of healthcare is provided by clinical officers (COs), primary health providers with 3 years post-secondary general medical education, who predominantly work in first-level health centres around the country.ParticipantsWith cooperation from the Ministry of Health, a total of 10 COs from 4 surrounding first-level health centres around the capital city of Lusaka participated, with 9 completing the entire course.InterventionCOs were trained in a 3-week structured course on paediatric seizures and epilepsy, based on adapted evidence-based guidelines.ResultsPreassessment and postassessment were conducted to assess the intervention. Following the course, there was improved overall knowledge about epilepsy (69% vs 81%, p<0.05), specifically knowledge regarding medication management and recognition of focal seizures (p<0.05), improved seizure history taking and appropriate medication titration (p<0.05). However, knowledge regarding provoked seizures, use of diagnostic studies and general aetiologies of epilepsy remained limited.ConclusionsThis pilot project demonstrated that a focused paediatric epilepsy training programme for COs can improve knowledge and confidence in management, and as such is a promising step for improving the large epilepsy treatment gap in children in Zambia. With feasibility demonstrated, future projects are needed to expand to more rural regions for more diverse and larger sample of primary health provider participants and encompass more case-based training and repetition of key concepts as well as methods to improve and assess long-term knowledge retention.
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Verelst, Bram. "Managing inequality: the political ecology of a small-scale fishery, Mweru-Luapula, Zambia." Journal of Political Ecology 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v20i1.21744.
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This paper starts from the perspective that resource management approaches are based upon a body of environmental knowledge. By analysing fisheries management in Mweru-Luapula, Zambia, I argue that this body of environmental knowledge has 1) remained largely unchanged throughout the recent shift to co-management and 2) is to a great extent based upon general paradigmatic conventions with regard to common property regimes. The article outlines the historical trajectories of both resource management and the political ecology of Mweru-Luapula's fishing economy. Using a relational perspective – by looking at interaction of the local fishing economy with external developments, but also by examining socioeconomic relations between individual actors – this article exposes constraints and incentives within the local fishing economy that are not absorbed in the current co-management regime. These findings challenge both policy goals and community-based resource management itself. I argue that governance of small-scale fisheries – in order to close the gap between locally based understandings, policy and legislation – should always be built upon all dimensions (social, economic, ecological, and political) that define a fisheries system.Keywords: co-management, common-property resource management, political ecology, Mweru-Luapula fishery, Zambia.
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Msusa, Kennedy Ngwende, and Taonaziso Chowa. "Establishing a strategic thinking approach at the University of Zambia." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, no. 5 (September 20, 2020): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i5.828.
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The purpose of this study was to establish the use of strategic thinking variables in a public university, the University of Zambia. Nine constructs of strategic thinking variables in this study are framed as strategic thinking general, thinking in time, intently focused, systems perspective, intelligent opportunism, hypothesis-driven, reframing, reflecting, and environmental analysis. A qualitative research design encompassing a review of documents and archival records, direct observation, and sense-making informed the evidence gathered in this study. The pre-strategic thinking phase covers the period 1966 to 1993, while the nascent strategic thinking phase covers the period 1994 to 2012 and the evolutionary strategic thinking phase covers the period 2013 to 2022. The findings of this study have revealed that in the pre-strategic thinking phase, the University was guided by the national development agenda for human capital development. The absence of an Institutional strategic plan and associated strategy documents points to a disconnection between optimal strategy and the strategic intentions of the University managers. In both the nascent strategic thinking phase and the evolutionary phase, significant gaps exist in the utilization of strategic thinking variables thinking in time, reframing, reflecting, environmental analysis, focused intent, and intelligent opportunism. This study suggests the University of Zambia should engage employees in the use of strategic thinking variables, with a view to increasing the chances of organizational success. Further, it seems possible that the hitherto limited use of strategic thinking as a practice in the University of Zambia may be hindering the achievement of organizational set goals. Through this conceptualization, this paper has attempted to fill a gap in strategic thinking literature as it pertains to public universities
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Skyt Nielsen, Helena, and Michael Rosholm. "The public-private sector wage gap in Zambia in the 1990s: A quantile regression approach." Empirical Economics 26, no. 1 (March 22, 2001): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001810000051.
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Hern, Erin. "In the Gap the State Left: Policy Feedback, Collective Behavior, and Political Participation in Zambia." Studies in Comparative International Development 52, no. 4 (August 4, 2016): 510–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12116-016-9226-6.
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Naluonde, Tabonga, Christina Wakefield, Laurie Markle, Anne Martin, Chanda Tresphor, Rim Abdullah, and David A. Larsen. "A disruptive cue improves handwashing in school children in Zambia." Health Promotion International 34, no. 6 (October 12, 2018): e119-e128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day080.
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Abstract Behavioral economics hold great promise in changing patterns of behavior that influence human health. Handwashing with soap is one such behavior that is important in reducing exposure to pathogens, and in school-age children, handwashing helps reduce absenteeism through the prevention of respiratory and diarrheal diseases. However, the gap between knowledge on the importance of handwashing and actual handwashing practice, especially with soap, persists. Many traditional behavior change communication approaches have failed in achieving and sustaining improved handwashing practices. Cognitive psychology research on habits as well as nudge theory, a component of behavioral economics predicated on the idea of making a behavior as easy as possible to do, suggests that introducing a disruptive cue into the environment may be able to interrupt current habitual neurological patterns to effect and then sustain behavior change. We used a participatory process to identify and introduce a locally appropriate disruptive cue to improve handwashing behavior in schools in Zambia. We then utilized a school-randomized controlled trial to test the soap-on-a-rope in 50 government schools in Namwala District of Southern Province. Two outcomes were considered among school children; washing hands with water and using soap while washing hands. Following the intervention, soap use was more likely in intervention schools than control schools [Odds ratio = 7.23, 95% confidence interval = (1.76–29.71)], though both intervention and control schools saw an increase in handwashing without soap. This low-cost intervention could be scaled throughout Zambia and may work well in other countries of similar circumstances.
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Agol, Dorice, Peter Harvey, and Javier Maíllo. "Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 1 (November 21, 2017): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.032.
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Abstract There is much anecdotal evidence related to the importance of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in schools for girls' educational progression, yet a lack of comprehensive quantitative studies on linkages between WASH and educational indicators disaggregated by gender and grade. This paper aims to fill that gap by testing the hypothesis that the presence of water and sanitation facilities in schools can increase female-to-male enrolment ratios and reduce repetition and drop-out-ratios for girls, especially at ages when they menstruate. Quantitative analyses were undertaken of Education Management Information System (EMIS) data collected from over 10,000 schools in Zambia, to explore relationships between WASH facility provision in schools and enrolment, repetition and drop-out ratios disaggregated by gender and grade. Results indicated that improved sanitation provision in schools was correlated with high female-to-male enrolment ratios, and reduced repetition and drop-out ratios, especially for girls. A t-test revealed significant gender differences in grades 5–8 when many girls start to experience their menstrual cycle. Improved water supply in schools, however, did not reveal the same relationship. The findings confirm possible linkages between adequate toilets in schools and educational progression of girls.
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Phiri, Joseph, and Pinar Guven-Uslu. "Social networks, corruption and institutions of accounting, auditing and accountability." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 32, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 508–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-07-2017-3029.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate institutions of accountability in Zambia in order to understand how social networks may influence such institutions not to discharge their mandates as expected from time to time. The study equally seeks to explore how social networks may perpetuate corrupt activities and compromise the functioning of institutions of accountability. Design/methodology/approach The conceptual framework adopted in this study draws on insights from social network theory (SNT) and Bourdieu’s ideas of capital to devise a critical lens for investigating network activity and its influence on the functioning of institutions of accountability. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with respondents drawn from different institutions of accountability. Social network analysis was conducted through content analysis. Findings Research findings highlight the presence of networks of a corrupt nature operating within government structures and some institutions of accountability. Manifested in the form of systemic and familial archetypes, these networks appear to be championed and propelled by senior government officials like controlling officers and other actors of a political nature including ministers and presidents. Most of these corrupt activities are organised through brokerage mechanisms that interface internal and external networks. Research limitations/implications Due to the clandestine nature of corruption activities, however, the study was unable to determine measures of centrality and density since these details were not forthcoming during interviews. Such information could only become available if willing individuals involved in corruption could be identified so that they explain who they conduct their corruption with together with the number of connections involved and the most influential individuals in those networks. Social implications This study helps us to understand that activities of a corrupt nature are often undertaken through well-connected groups and networks that make it difficult for institutions of accountability to detect and untangle such activity. The study also suggests that accountants and other accountability actors may have forgotten that accounting is not just a technical discourse for enhancing one’s economic status but is an ethical profession as well. There is a great need to put institutions in place which should hold everyone, including the president and ministers, accountable to the Zambian people in the light of wrongdoing. Dismantling the corrupt network activities inferred from the data entails a complete top-down change in systems of politics, governance, wealth distribution and social values. Originality/value This study contributes towards filling the gap of undertaking accounting research of a critical nature focussed on African contexts (Rahaman, 2010). The paper is equally an attempt at providing empirical flesh to Laughlin’s (1991) framework on organisational transformations through complementing that framework with SNT. The study is also among the first to draw on the experiences and insights of actors working within institutions of accountability to highlight accountability challenges within an African context.
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Patel, Archana A., Ornella Ciccone, Kafula Lisa Nkole, Prisca Kalyelye, Lauren Sham, Agnieszka Kielian, Tamar Berger, et al. "Development and Evaluation of a Pediatric Epilepsy Training Program for First Level Providers in Zambia." Global Pediatric Health 7 (January 2020): 2333794X2096871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x20968718.
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Introduction. The developing world continues to face challenges in closing the large treatment gap for epilepsy, due to a high burden of disease and few experienced providers to manage the condition. Children with epilepsy are susceptible to higher rates of developmental impairments and refractory disease due to delays or absence of appropriate management as a result. We demonstrated that a structured education intervention on pediatric epilepsy can improve knowledge, confidence, and impact clinical practice of first level providers in Zambia. Methods. Three first-level facilities across Zambia were included. After initial pilot versions and revisions, the final course was implemented at each site. Pre- and post-intervention knowledge and confidence assessments were performed. Additionally, chart reviews were conducted prior to intervention and 4 months after completion of training at each site to assess change on management. Results. Twenty-three of the original 24 participants from all 3 sites completed the training; 48% clinical officers, 43% nurses, 9% other expertise. Of the 15 concepts tested by knowledge assessment, 12 showed trends in improvement, 7 of which were significant ( P < .05). Chart reviews demonstrated significant improvement in documentation of seizure description ( P = .008), seizure frequency ( P = .00), and possible causes of seizures/epilepsy ( P = .034). Discussion. Key elements of success to this program included hands on clinical skills building and case-based teaching, development of a program with direct and ongoing input from the target audience, and inclusion of assessments to monitor impact on clinical practice. Future studies looking at health outcomes are necessary to determine sustained impact.
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Fiedler, John L., Keith Lividini, Rodah Zulu, Gladys Kabaghe, John Tehinse, and Odilia I. Bermudez. "Identifying Zambia's Industrial Fortification Options: Toward Overcoming the Food and Nutrition Information Gap-Induced Impasse." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 34, no. 4 (December 2013): 480–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482651303400412.
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Chilufya, Foster, and Daniel Ndhlovu. "Factors Affecting Academic Performance of In-Service Students in Science Education: A Case of The University of Zambia." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.2.1.439.
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The study sought to determine factors that affected academic performance of in-service students in Science Education Degree Programme at the University of Zambia. The study was motivated by the knowledge gap as to why it was common in Science Education at the University of Zambia for both school leavers and in-service students to be excluded from school, repeat courses or change to non-science programmes due to poor academic performance. In order to have in-depth understanding of the phenomenon being studied, a case study design was used. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used to collect data from 88 respondents. Simple random and purposive sampling procedures were used to select the study sample. 80 students were selected by simple random sampling procedure. This procedure was used in order to allow all the students to have an equal chance to be selected for the sample. Purposive sampling procedure was used in order to select the lecturers and tutors. The procedure was used to select the lecturers and tutors because they were the only ones with adequate knowledge about Science Education Degree programme at the level of lecturers which the researchers were inquiring. The study findings showed that several factors adversely affected academic performance of the in-service students who were studying Science Education Degree programme at the University of Zambia. These included; inadequate supportive lecturer-student relationship, combining Science with Mathematics in one programme, dilapidated classroom infrastructure especially the laboratories, too much content in the curriculum of which some was considered irrelevant to what was taught in schools, personal life problems and responsibilities, pace at which material were being delivered in class was too fast for them, poor attendance to lectures and laboratories by students themselves. In addition, students were stressed by their own poor academic performance and they had difficult to comprehend advanced concepts in Mathematics. Based on these findings, the study recommended that (1) the school of Education should introduce a programme in Science Education specifically for student training to be teachers of science, (2) review its current curriculum so that its content relates with what is taught in schools, (3) in order to support the students who felt the pace of delivery was too fast for them, there was need to encourage group discussion among them,(4) the school should provide a conducive learning environment by preparing classroom infrastructure and providing adequate learning materials.
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Jegede, Ademola Oluborode. "The Protection of Indigenous Peoples’ Lands by Domestic Legislation on Climate Change Response Measures: Exploring Potentials in the Regional Human Rights System of Africa." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 24, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 24–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02401003.
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The need for protecting indigenous peoples’ lands as human rights in domestic legislation dealing with climate change response measures, that is, initiatives meant to address adverse effects of climate change, has been emphasised in a range of resolutions and decisions made under the auspices of the United Nations Human Rights Council (unhrc) and the United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention (unfccc). Where domestic legislation on climate change response measures fails to protect adequately indigenous peoples’ lands, what potentials exist within the African human rights system? Using Nigeria, Zambia and Tanzania as illustration, this article demonstrates how key legislation dealing with climate change response measures fails to protect indigenous peoples’ lands in Africa. It then explores potentials within the African regional human rights system for addressing the inadequate gap existing within domestic legislation on the protection of indigenous peoples’ lands in the context of climate change response measures in Africa.